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Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A qualidade da água de mananciais superficiais depende das características de sua bacia hidrográfica e do tipo de uso do solo. A remoção da mata nativa para usos como agropecuária e urbanização reduz a infiltração, eleva o escoamento superficial e promove perda de solo, exportando sedimentos para os corpos hídricos e aumentando a turbidez (T) da água. Em estações de tratamento de água (ETAs), valores elevados de T implicam maior custo de tratamento. Assim, este trabalho estudou a variabilidade da T na ETA de Garça-SP de 2012 a 2022. A T e precipitação apresentaram correlação (p

The growing deficit of drinking water has motivated the scientific community to incorporate new methods and technologies to raise its quality. Magnetic treatment is presented as an innovative, economical, efficient, environmentally friendly and easy-to-apply technology. Based on the physical-chemical characteristics presented by the analyzed waters, favorable and significant effects are evidenced with the application of magnetic treatment for conductivity, pH and turbidity. It was observed that the pH in general increases its values up to 11.03%, while the turbidity decreases up to 44.44%. In the case of conductivity, its values show increases and decreases, reporting values of 0.31% and 2.79% respectively. These results could be the preamble for the study of flocculation coagulation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La presente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia del sulfato de aluminio y la moringa oleífera como coagulante para la remoción de la turbidez del agua del rio Caplina, ubicado en la región de Tacna al sur del Perú, para ello se preparó dosis de 1 , 2, 3, 4 y 5 g/L para cada coagulante, las cuales se le unto en el agua mencionada, midiendo previamente la turbidez que fue de 118 unidades nefelométricas de turbidez, y luego se realizó un test de jarras con dos etapas: primero, una agitación a 200 revoluciones por minuto durante 1 minuto, y después, una agitación a 40 revoluciones por minuto durante 15 minutos. Asimismo, se logró evaluar la eficiencia de la remoción de turbidez de los coagulantes. Los resultados fueron que el sulfato de aluminio tiene una remoción de 87.73 % como mínimo y 92.65 % como máximo, en el caso de la moringa oleífera fue de 88.68 % como mínimo y 92.04 % como máximo. Además, el diseño completamente al azar (DCA) permitió evidenciar que la dosis de 5 g/L, tanto en el sulfato de aluminio, como en la moringa es eficaz en la remoción de la turbidez. Con los datos obtenidos también se realizó un análisis de varianza que afirma que hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la media de remoción con sulfato de aluminio y Moringa oleífera presente en el agua del río Caplina, pudiendo afirmar ello con 95 % de confianza.

El avance tecnológico en el campo agroindustrial incrementa la cantidad de agua residual que sin ser tratada contamina el medioambiente. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la torta de semillas de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) en la clarificación del agua residual, de la elaboración de néctar de maracuyá, utilizando el método de prueba de jarras, con concentraciones de torta de moringa de 5, 12,5 y 20 g/l, con tiempos de agitación 10, 35 y 60 minutos para la extracción del extracto crudo; y, dosis del extracto crudo de la torta de moringa de 125, 175 y 225 mg/l. La mayor remoción de turbidez del agua residual se obtuvo con 20 g/l de extracto crudo de torta “moringa”, con tiempos de agitación para la extracción del extracto crudo de 35 y 60 minutos. Asimismo, la dosis de 125 mg/l presentó la mayor reducción de turbidez en un 82%. Los resultados obtenidos en la investigación demuestran que la torta de “moringa” es útil para tratar aguas residuales producidas en la elaboración de néctar de “maracuyá”, minimizando la turbidez de aguas residuales, como consecuencia una reducción del impacto ambiental por efluentes.

Context: The use of natural coagulants for water clarification is being globally researched due to their low cost, high biodegradability, and ability to replace highly toxic synthetic coagulants. Knowledge gap: The water of the Ciénaga Grande (Great Swamp in English) in Atlantico Department, Colombia, is used for cleaning, consumption, and food preparation by the inhabitants of the area. However, it does not comply with water quality for human consumption, as defined by the Resolution 2115 of 2007 regarding the turbidity parameter. For this reason, it is important to analyze the synergy generated by using the coagulant combination of moringa seeds and cassava starch in the search to improve its conditions. It is important to note that there are few reports in the literature on the simultaneous use of these coagulants. Purpose: This research aims to evaluate the clarification of the water from Ciénaga Grande using mixtures of natural coagulants composed of moringa seeds and cassava starch to reduce its turbidity. Methodology: The combinations of coagulants, moringa seeds, and cassava starch, were mixed with a ratio of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40, respectively. The turbidity and pH of Ciénaga Grande water were evaluated. In addition, clarification was simulated in accordance with the regulation NTC 3903 of 2010 with each treatment. It began with agitation at 120rpm for 1 min., then an agitation at 30rpm was carried out for 20 min., and, finally, it was left to sediment for 15 min. Then, a sample was extracted from each jar, and the final turbidity was measured. A factorial design was carried out for each coagulant combination, with six dose levels (mg/L) and one response variable, the final water turbidity (nephelometric turbidity unit, NTU). The analysis of variance ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test were carried out using 95% reliability. Results and conclusions: The treatment with the highest turbidity removal (NTU) was treatment 4, which has a 60:40 ratio of moringa seeds and cassava starch. Additionally, the turbidity parameter decreased by 80.4%. The doses used in treatments 1, 2, and 3 influenced the final turbidity of the water. It was concluded that high initial turbidity increases the coagulating activity of the natural mixture, causing a higher removal of such a parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Water & Landscape (WAL) / Agua & Territorio (AYT) is the property of Editorial de la Universidad de Jaen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La clarificación del agua es parte importante en el proceso del tratamiento del agua, el cual fundamentalmente se realiza utilizando sustancias inorgánicas, siendo posible también la utilización de sustancias orgánicas. Las semillas obtenidas de las vainas que produce el árbol conocido como moringa, tiene, entre sus múltiples beneficios reportados, su uso para la clarificación del agua. El objetivo de la presente revisión es difundir los trabajos realizados sobre el tratamiento del agua y la aplicación de las semillas de moringa, Moringa oleifera Lam., en la clarificación del agua como tratamiento primario en la eliminación de sólidos finos en suspensión. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de investigaciones publicadas en revistas indexadas en bases de datos de Latindesk, Scielo, Scientific Research, Redalyc y repositorios académicos publicados especialmente en español y algunos en inglés y portugués. Como resultado se citan los métodos tradicionales de purificación de agua y los tratamientos naturales, entre los que se destaca el uso de semillas de moringa, habiéndose realizado en diferentes partes del mundo estudios, que ponen en evidencia el potencial que tienen estas semillas para el tratamiento del agua, con la ventaja de no dejar residuos tóxicos en el agua tratada, comparativamente con el sulfato de aluminio que es el compuesto químico que generalmente se utiliza como agente coagulante en la potabilización del agua.

En el presente trabajo se ha investigado con detalle un episodio de crecida en un manantial kárstico destinado al abastecimiento de Ubrique (Serranía de Grazalema, provincia de Cádiz). Para ello se ha aplicado un conjunto de técnicas encaminadas a la caracterización del transporte de sedimento y de la presencia de Escherichia coli como indicador de contaminación fecal. Los resultados muestran las variaciones temporales de parámetros físico-químicos, la distribución de partículas y sus implicaciones directas en el transporte de bacterias en un manantial kárstico durante un episodio de lluvia intensa. Además, se analiza la utilidad del control continuo de dichos parámetros para el desarrollo de un sistema de medida y envío remoto de datos con el fin de prevenir la contaminación en manantiales destinados al consumo humano.

Contextualización: el uso de coagulantes naturales para la clarificación del agua se investiga mundialmente debido a sus bajos costos, alta biodegradabilidad y capacidad de sustituir a los coagulantes sintéticos altamente tóxicos. Vacío de conocimiento: el agua de la Ciénaga Grande del departamento del Atlántico en Colombia se utiliza para labores de limpieza, consumo y preparación de alimentos por los pobladores de la zona. Sin embargo, no cumple con la calidad del agua para consumo en relación al parámetro turbidez, definida por la Resolución 2115 de 2007; por tal motivo, es importante analizar la sinergia que se genera al emplear la combinación coagulante de semillas de moringa y almidón de yuca, en la búsqueda por mejorar sus condiciones. Es importante destacar que se presentan escasos reportes en la literatura sobre el uso simultáneo de estos coagulantes. Propósito: la presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la clarificación del agua de la Ciénaga Grande empleando mezclas de coagulantes naturales, conformadas por semillas de moringa y almidón de yuca para reducir su turbidez. Metodología: las combinaciones de coagulantes, semillas de moringa y almidón de yuca, se mezclaron con una relación 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 y 60:40, respectivamente. Se evaluó la turbidez y el pH al agua de la Ciénaga Grande; además, se simuló su clarificación según la NTC 3903 de 2010 con cada tratamiento; se inició con una agitación a 120 rpm por un tiempo de 1 min, después se realizó por 20 min una agitación a 30 rpm y finalmente, durante 15 min, se dejó sedimentar; después, de cada jarra se extrajo una muestra y se midió la turbidez final; se llevó a cabo un diseño factorial para cada combinación coagulante, con 6 niveles de dosis (mg/L) y una variable respuesta, turbidez final del agua (UNT), utilizando una confiabilidad del 95% se realizó un análisis de varianza ANOVA y el test de Duncan. Resultados y conclusiones: el tratamiento con mayor remoción de turbidez fue 4 UNT que tiene una relación 60:40 de semillas moringa y almidón de yuca; además, disminuyó este parámetro en 80.4%. Las dosis empleadas en los tratamientos 1, 2 y 3 influyeron sobre la turbidez final del agua. Se concluyó que una turbidez inicial alta aumenta la acción coagulante de la mezcla natural, provocando una mayor remoción de este parámetro.

Transparency is one of the main quality requirements for wines, it is achieved mainly from the clarification process. Calcium bentonite is the most widely used clarifying agent to date and one of the most efficient in winemaking. Due to the economic situation that our country presents, it is not possible to import all the raw materials necessary for the production of wines, such is the case of bentonite. This research evaluates the use of nationally produced mineral zeolite as a clarifier in wine production processes. Turbidity was used as the response variable of the clarification process and was measured using a TURBIQUANT® 3000 IR/T Turbidimeter. In this process, mixtures with different proportions of imported calcium bentonite and national mineral zeolite were used, to evaluate the potential of the latter as a clarifier for wines produced in Santiago de Cuba. The best results were achieved using mixtures of imported bentonite and natural zeolite, sedimentation for ten days, and then filtration with filter paper with a pore size of 10 to 13 μm. The turbidity of the control ferment decreased by 92, 9 % from 60 NTU to 4,3 NTU with the pure zeolite and by 95,45% to 2,7 NTU using 75 % bentonite and 25 % zeolite. The results of this research show that it is possible to use the Cuban natural zeolite as a clarifier in the wine production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clean water is essential for human health and the environment. Removing flakes during water treatment is crucial to eliminating suspended particles and contaminants. Optimum pH plays a key role in the efficiency of flocculation, allowing the formation of larger and denser flocs. Adjusting the pH correctly helps to neutralize the electrical charges of the particles and optimize the interaction between them. This results in more efficient removal of flakes and particles, improving the quality of the treated water. Aim: This study aims to determine the optimal pH for flocculation of water in Rio Cuiabá through the Jar Test. Methods: The Jar Test was used to determine the optimal pH of water flocculation in Rio Cuiabá, located in the city of Cuiabá - MT, Brazil. Water samples were mixed in 6 vials with different doses of coagulant, shaken and observed to identify the most effective dosage and pH. The test was carried out using two different coagulants: aluminum sulfate and polyaluminium chloride (PAC). Results and discussion: For the test with aluminum sulfate, the best pH values were found in flasks 4 to 6, where the pH was between 6.37 and 6.5, since, in these cases, the turbidity was almost null or null. In the case of PAC, the best pH was the neutral one, because at pH equal to 7.16 there was the lowest turbidity. Proper pH adjustment affected the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation, influencing the removal of suspended particles and the quality of treated water. The optimum pH promoted the formation of larger and denser flocs, improving particle removal efficiency. Water turbidity was also influenced by pH, and appropriate adjustments can facilitate particulate removal during coagulation and flocculation processes. Conclusions: The determination of the optimal flocculation pH is crucial to improve the quality of treated water, especially in relation to the removal of suspended particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agroindustrial Science is the property of Agroindustrial Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the coagulant power of cassava starch to clarify the water of the Malambo-Atlántico swamp and compare the results with the chemical substance most used for water treatment, aluminum sulfate. The simulation of this process was realized through the jar test, for which two coagulant solutions were prepared at 1% and doses of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L of each natural and chemical substance were used. The test started with a rapid agitation of 120 rpm for 1 minute, then shook slowly at 30 rpm for 20 minutes; finally the water was allowed to settle for 15 minutes. It was determinate that 20 mg/L of the chemical coagulant reduces the turbidity of the water from 39.1 to 1.80 NTU while 10 mg/L of the natural coagulant decreases it to 11.3 NTU. It was concluded that cassava starch represents a viable option to replace aluminum sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La coagulación es un proceso esencial en el tratamiento de aguas, por lo que requiere la adición de floculantes químicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la eficiencia de la pepa, cáscara y pulpa del tamarindo, como ayudante de coagulación de sulfato de aluminio para la remoción de turbidez en aguas para consumo humano. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar 6Ax6B de dos factores: factor A: seis tratamientos; factor B: concentraciones aplicadas (correspondientes a las seis dosis) con tres repeticiones por tratamiento; se aplicó la metodología Cepis con pruebas de jarras (300 y 40 rpm en mezcla rápida y floculación) para evaluar la turbidez en seis concentraciones (25, 30, 35, 40, 45 y 50 mg/l), aplicado en muestras simuladas de 100 UNT, encontrando que el tratamiento 4 presentó un porcentaje de remoción (96.6%) reduciendo a una turbidez de 3.40 UNTM; por otro lado, los tratamientos 1, 2, 5 y 6 presentaron una diferencia no significativa, con porcentajes de remoción promedio de 57.12, 57.02, 61.70 y 67.73%, respectivamente; el tratamiento 3 presentó el valor más bajo de remoción. El tratamiento 4 presentó un valor superior a los demás tratamientos. Por esa razón, la pepa de tamarindo es eficiente en la potabilización de las aguas como ayudante de coagulación de sulfato de aluminio.

Copyright of Boletín Geológico y Minero is the property of Instituto Tecnologico Geominero De Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este trabajo se clasificaron ópticamente 16 estaciones en la bahía de Cienfuegos en el período de 2009 a 2014 y se determinó la variación espacio-temporal del coeficiente de atenuación promedio de la luz, así como su relación con la clorofila a y los sólidos suspendidos. El coeficiente de atenuación promedio se estimó a partir de una relación empírica con la profundidad de Secchi y se comparó con los correspondientes determinados por Jerlov (1976) para determinar el tipo óptico de agua de cada estación. Se obtuvo un predominio de las aguas tipo C9 (más turbias), lo cual es reportado fundamentalmente en la desembocadura de los ríos, principalmente en el lóbulo norte de la bahía sometido a presiones antrópicas. La mayor variación de la atenuación se detectó entre los períodos de seca y lluvia, mostrando los mayores valores en lluvia presumiblemente debido al incremento de la concentración de nutrientes y de la turbulencia en la columna de agua. La variación espacial indicó que las estaciones 1 y 16 mostraron los mínimos y máximos valores de atenuación respectivamente debido a sus características hidrodinámicas. La relación del coeficiente de atenuación con los sólidos suspendidos en la superficie y a su vez el coeficiente de atenuación con la clorofila a arrojaron una marcada relación multifactorial.

Whey is a liquid by-product obtained by cheese elaboration, which is not completely used due to the large quantities produced. As a result, the whey is poured into rivers and soils and becomes a pollutant agent. The valorization of acid whey using membrane clarification was evaluated, where the effect of temperature and membrane cut-off were studied using acid whey. Permeability was three times higher at 70°C than 50°C (163.2±11.1 y 62.4±9.2 L/m2 .h, respectively) for membranes with a cut-off of 0.2 µm. Furthermore, the permeate flux for this cut-off was three, six and ten times higher compared with the cut-off of 300, 150 y 50 kDa at 70°C, respectively. The clarification stage was scaled-up with 0.2 µm membranes, achieving about 22 L of whey filtered for Batch mode until a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 5 with protein retention of 68%. In Fed-Batch mode, the retention of protein was 61%, but the filtration could be carried out for longer, reducing fouling and filtering almost the double of the quantity of whey compared with Batch mode. In all cases, the turbidity of permeates was lower than 12 NTU (reduction >99%), regardless of whey turbidity whose values might be superior to 12,000 NTU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The breeding of aquatic organisms (aquaculture) is highly relevant in the field of food production in Brazil and in the world. Maintaining a suitable environment through water quality control is essential for the viability of the entire production process. Design/methodology/approach: Consequently, the development and evaluation of an analysis equipment architecture was carried out. Research, Practical & Social implications: Among the parameters that determine the quality, the turbidity of the water, a measure of the degree of decrease of the transparency of the aquatic environment, was focused in this work. Originality/value: Using an alternative approach to calibration, the device was applied to monitor water turbidity in shrimp farming environments, in order to meet the needs of low cost, automation and remote monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A carga sedimentar fluvial pode indicar alterações na dinâmica ambiental em bacias hidrográficas, como processos intensificados de erosão, assoreamentos e diminuição de oxigênio disponível em rios e lagos, entre outros fatores. O objetivo desse estudo foi monitorar a vazão e a carga sólida em suspensão durante eventos pluviais de diferentes magnitudes próximo à foz do Ribeirão do Gama, em Brasília, Distrito Federal, e avaliar qual o nível de contribuição da produção de sedimentos ao lago Paranoá, entre dezembro de 2015 e março de 2016. Para isso, a vazão foi estimada por meio de medições discretas a vau com auxílio de molinete e método acústico. O nível foi obtido com linígrafo digital, permitindo estabelecer uma curva-chave a partir da equação exponencial. Amostradores manuais integradores e amostrador automático pontual foram utilizados para obter dados de descarga sólida. O tempo de concentração pluvial foi calculado para onze eventos monitorados, e testadas as correlações entre chuva, vazão, carga sólida e turbidez. Os resultados indicaram histereses com dois comportamentos: laço em oito e laço no sentido anti-horário. É possível inferir que a à produção de sedimentos na bacia do Ribeirão do Gama possui uma resposta direta relacionada ao escoamento superficial e infiltração de água no solo.

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water quality is a subject of intense scientific inquiry because of its repercussion in human’s life, agriculture or even energy generation. Remote sensing can be used to control water masses by analyzing biophysical variables. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Total Suspended Solids (SS) are a well-known feature of water quality. These variables have been measured in Sitjar reservoir (Castelló, Spain) as a part of the project Ecological Status of Aquatic Systems with Sentinel Satellites (ESAQS), in order to compare the results with satellite reflectance data. Two processes were compared to correct atmospherically the level 1C Sentinel 2 (S2) images. The results show that Case 2 Regional Coast Colour (C2RCC) method, with a Root Mean Square Error of 2.4 mg/m3 (Chl-a) and 3.9 g/m3 (SS) is a better tool for atmospheric correction in this scenario due to the low turbidity levels of water. Besides, in this paper we study the Chl-a and SS variability through April 2017 to March 2019 with fourteen S2 images with the automatic products from C2RCC correction, finding correlations between them and the climate and reservoir conditions. Chl-a increase from 0.4 mg/m3 to 9.5 mg/m3 while SS rise 18 g/m3 in this period, which makes Sitjar as an oligotrophic-mesotrophic system. The correlation results demonstrate an excellent correspondence between them (R2=0.9). Sitjar reservoir lost almost 40 hm3 at the beginning of the study, which it had a possible relationship with the increasing parameter values. Also discussed was the role played by the climatology in the reservoir conditions due to the changes in the water structure with seasons, which explains the ariability through the year.

No âmbito do tratamento de águas, busca-se sempre o avanço do conhecimento de novos métodos que não requerem extensão de plantas existentes, construção de reatores e que não gerem despesas excessivas. Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre a aplicação de campo magnético no tratamento de águas para consumo humano, analisando o comportamento dos parâmetros turbidez e cor aparente. O sistema de tratamento elaborado nesta pesquisa possui as características de filtração direta, sendo composto pelas etapas de coagulação e filtração. Um gerador de campo magnético foi construído e instalado para magnetizar a água antes e após a aplicação de coagulante. A partir da exposição de 8 mT, quando exposto campo magnético associado a aplicação de coagulante químico, foi possível verificar o auxílio do campo magnético na remoção de turbidez e cor aparente.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effectiveness of cassava starch in the primary treatment of residual waters. The study was carried out using the jar test technique by adding different doses of cassava starch at 1, 2 and 3% concentration. the different doses were compared with the optimal primary treatment of aluminum sulfate at a concentration of 1% that allows a 99.20% decrease in turbidity, 79,92% of total dissolved solids, 100% color and pH. Although pH levels decreased, they were kept within the maximum permissible limit of (6.5 - 8.5) pH. According to the tests carried out, the water treated with cassava starch is an alternative for the primary treatment of the water of the Shanusi River, since it allows us to comply with the requirements established in the sanitary standards of drinking water quality with regard to color and turbidity.

El presente trabajo evalúa la eficiencia del uso de la Moringa oleífera (M.O) como coagulante en el tratamiento de aguas de alta turbidez y carga orgánica. Inicialmente los resultados demostraron que el coagulante a base de las semillas de M.O pre-tratada con cloruro de sodio (NaCl 1.0 N) y usando una dosis de 0.74 g/L, alcanza remociones de 87.3% y 88.8% para turbidez y sólidos suspendidos totales (SST), asimismo valores de 25.9% y 26.3% para DBO5 y DQO respectivamente. En una segunda etapa, el coagulante, sometido a extracción Soxhlet y dosis de 0.5 g/L, muestran máximas eficiencia de 97.8%, 89.99%, 51.4% y 35.3% en la remoción de turbidez, SST, DQO y DBO5. Las más altas eficiencias obtenidas fueron alcanzadas mediante la previa extracción de aceites, grasas y otros componentes de la semilla de M.O. Estudios relacionados al reaprovechamiento de sub-productos de la extracción deben ser realizados.

A filtração em margem é uma técnica de tratamento de água, que utiliza poços de captação instalados nas margens de rios e lagos. Durante o processo de filtração, o sedimento do manancial está sujeito ao processo de colmatação. O processo de colmatação reduz a capacidade específica dos poços de captação, com reflexo direto nos custos de produção de água. Desta forma, o presente estudo avaliou o efeito desta colmatação na redução da condutividade hidráulica, porosidade total e turbidez, utilizando colunas preenchidas com meios filtrantes de 50 cm de profundidade, constituídos por grãos de areia e esfera de vidro de tamanhos distintos, de granulometria uniforme e mal graduados de acordo com sua distribuição granulométrica. A porosidade total dos meios filtrantes constituídos por areias fina e grossa foi reduzida em 54% e 41%, enquanto que as esferas de vidro finas e grossas reduziram em 44% e 25%, respectivamente. A condutividade hidráulica do meio filtrante formado por areia fina obteve a maior redução entre os meios filtrantes (1,2 log aproximadamente). Este estudo demonstrou que, além de outros importantes parâmetros, a cuidadosa avaliação das características físicas do sedimento do leito do manancial, no que se refere a forma, tamanho e distribuição granulométrica são essenciais para minimizar os impactos causados pelo processo de colmatação quando a técnica da filtração em margem é utilizada

Foram avaliadas a confiabilidade analítica e as diferenças entre leituras de turbidez de amostras de água bruta, decantada e filtrada, obtidas com quatro turbidímetros portáteis de duas marcas, seis equipamentos online de duas marcas e um turbidímeto de bancada. Apesar de diferenças terem sido observadas tanto entre equipamentos como entre operadores, por vezes estatisticamente significativas, estas foram de pequena magnitude, de tal forma que não comprometeriam a interpretação do atendimento / violação dos limites de 0,50 uT e 0,30 uT estabelecidos na norma brasileira de qualidade da água para consumo humano. Sugere-se, portanto, que o padrão de turbidez de água filtrada pode ser verificado independentemente do tipo de equipamento utilizado.

Transparency or turbidity is one of the main indicators in studies of water quality using remote sensing. Transparency can be measured in situ through the Secchi disc depth (SD), and turbidity using a turbidimeter. In recent decades, different relationships between bands from different remote sensing sensors have been used for the estimation of these variables. In this paper, several indices and spectral bands have been calibrated in order to estimate transparency from Sentinel-2 (S2) images from field data, obtained throughout 2017 and 2018 in Júcar basin reservoirs with a great variety of trophic states. Three atmospheric correction methods developed for waters have been applied to the S2 level L1C images taken at the same day as the field data: Polymer, C2RCC and C2X. From the spectra obtained from S2 and the SD field data, it has been found that the smallest error is obtained with the images atmospherically corrected with Polymer and a potential adjustment of the reflectivities’ ratio of the blue and green bands (R490/R560), which allow the estimation of SD with a relative error of 13%. Also the C2X method presents good adjustment with the same bands ratio, although with a greater error, while the correction C2RCC shows the worst correlation. The relationship between SD (in m) and turbidity (in NTU) has also been obtained, which provides an operational method for estimating turbidity with S2. The relationship for the different reservoirs between SD and chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended solids and dissolved organic matter, is also shown.

A qualidade da água captada para abastecimento desempenha papel significativo na seleção das tecnologias de tratamento. Esta qualidade pode ser determinada, de forma reduzida, através do Índice de Qualidade das Águas (IQA). Por meio do IQA, pode-se classificar os corpos hídricos em classes ou níveis de qualidade. Neste estudo, foi determinado o IQA em um ponto do ribeirão São Bartolomeu, no município de Viçosa-MG, especificamente, no reservatório de acumulação de água, localizado no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), onde há captação da água por parte do Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgotos (SAAE) para abastecimento de parte da zona urbana do município e captação por parte da UFV para abastecimento do campus. As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos: pH, turbidez, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, saturação de oxigênio, fósforo total, nitrogênio total, nitrato, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais (ST), sólidos dissolvidos totais (SDT), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos sedimentáveis (SP), alcalinidade, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. As amostragens de água foram realizadas durante o período seco, de março a julho de 2016. A determinação do IQA permitiu classificar as águas do trecho onde ocorre a captação para abastecimento como de média qualidade, portanto, são apropriadas para tratamento convencional visando o abastecimento público. Das variáveis estudadas, apenas os SDT e a DBO não atenderam aos padrões estabelecidos na Resolução Conama 357/2005 para rios de classe 2.

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Copyright of Inventum. Ingenieria, Tecnologia e Investigacion is the property of Corporacion Universitaria Minuto de Dios and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação do desempenho de uma nova configuração de reator anaeróbio híbrido (RAH) baseada no emprego de uma câmara de entrada de fluxo descendente seguida de uma câmara de fluxo ascendente. O RAH foi alimentado com esgoto sanitário e operado por um período de 240 dias com vazão afluente de 1,6 m3.h-1. Os resultados obtidos nessa fase experimental foram comparados com os obtidos em um reator UASB nas mesmas condições de clima e parâmetros operacionais. O reator híbrido apresentou estabilidade no processo de digestão anaeróbia e desempenho operacional eficiente, mostrando-se robusto para suportar choques de carga hidráulica e orgânica devido à variabilidade do esgoto típico da região sul do Brasil. A análise estatística dos resultados demostrou que o desempenho operacional dos reatores não apresentou diferença estatística significativa para remoção de DQO com valores de 66±15% e 62±17% e SST de 65±19% e 63±20%, para o RAH e o UASB respectivamente. A concentração de biomassa no RAH (3,7 kgSV.m-3) foi menor quando comparada ao reator UASB (12,4 kgSV.m-3); entretanto, esse fato não comprometeu a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica e de sólidos suspensos. Foi também demonstrada a viabilidade do uso da turbidez como parâmetro de controle operacional para a identificação de perda de lodo, mediante análise da relação SST e turbidez efluente.

Las plantas representan un recurso potencial para el tratamiento de aguas generadas en los sistemas productivos animales, presentando las semillas de Moringa oleifera Lam un gran poder coagulante, floculante y fitodesinfectante que permiten su aplicación en aguas porcícolas. Las muestras de aguas residuales fueron extraídas de granjas porcícolas, realizándose una caracterización inicial de las muestras en relación a variables físico-químicos y microbiológicas para exponerlas a concentraciones de extracto de semilla de EMOL a 0; 150; 250 mg/L en diferentes tiempos de lectura a 1, 24 y 48 horas. Las variables evaluadas fueron pH, conductividad eléctrica, sólidos totales disueltos,d ensidad óptica, temperatura, turbidez, Coliformes totales y fecales, Salmonela y Pseudomonas. Los parámetros físico-químicos confirmaron que cuando se utilizó M. oleifera en aguas residuales porcícolas, este demostró su eficacia en la reducción de turbidez con la concentración de 250 mg/L en los tres momentos (1, 24, 48 horas) evaluados. El poder fitodesinfectante de M. oleifera confirmó el evidente decrecimiento de las colonias de Coliformes totales y fecales, demostrando el mejor efecto cuando se utilizó 250mg/L a 48 horas de haber aplicado el extracto natural al agua residual.

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En esta investigación se realizó la evaluación del poder coagulante del sulfato de aluminio y la mezcla de sulfato de aluminio-almidon de yuca (Manihot esculenta) con una proporción 2:8, en el proceso de clarificación del agua de la Ciénaga Grande (Atlántico-Colombia). Para el registro de las características iniciales se efectuó un muestreo simple del agua. Posteriormente, en la etapa de simulación del proceso de clarificación se implementó el test de jarras, donde se observó la reducción de la turbidez que se obtuvo al utilizar el coagulante químico y la mezcla. Para finalizar se concluyó que el sulfato de aluminio logró un porcentaje de remoción del 70% con una dosis de 20 mg/L, mientras que para la mezcla de sulfato de aluminio-Almidón de yuca la eliminación de la turbidez fue de 71,06% con una dosis de 60 mg/L, partiendo de un valor inicial de 69 UNT.

Cortinas ou barreiras de redução de turbidez foram idealizadas para conter plumas de sólidos suspensos em corpos d’água. A captação de água com elevada turbidez causa o aumento de custos com produtos químicos e na gestão do lodo em estações de tratamento de água (ETA). Com a finalidade de reduzir a turbidez no manancial, o presente estudo avaliou o desempenho de 7 diferentes barreiras flutuantes utilizando geotêxteis com gramaturas de 130 a 600 g/m2 . A metodologia criada utilizou um canal de acrílico com duas barreiras em sequência, vazão de 2,4 L/min e concentração de sólidos de 1g/L. Os resultados apresentaram reduções média de turbidez entre 10 a 71%, retenção de massa de 1,3 a 22%, a perda de carga final em cada barreira variando entre 0,0 e 2,5 centímetros e o Jar-test apresentou valores de 15mg/L de coagulante para a amostra coletada após a barreira e 25mg/L para a água bruta.

A Área de Proteção Ambiental do Banhado Grande (APABG), unidade de conservação de uso sustentável do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), abriga áreas úmidas importantes à dinâmica da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Gravataí (BHRG) e à prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos. Realizou-se um diagnóstico, interpretando-se resultados de análises de amostragens (janeiro/2011 a janeiro/2013) nos três pontos da rede de monitoramento do rio Gravataí no interior da APABG. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de qualidade hídrica: demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, nitrogênio amoniacal, turbidez e Escherichia coli. Detectaram-se valores indicativos de graves perturbações, afetando abastecimentos público, industrial e agrícola. Nitrogênio e turbidez indicaram os resultados mais preocupantes, o primeiro em janeiro de 2011 e 2012 e o último em janeiro e novembro de 2012, quando foi decretada situação de emergência na BHRG. Manejo inadequado do sistema de cultivo de arroz pré-germinado, agravado por estiagens e uso de fertilizantes, foi apontado como o responsável. O estudo demonstrou a importância do atendimento às condicionantes de licenciamento e do monitoramento para a manutenção da qualidade ambiental em áreas protegidas.

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The determination of water turbidity in the beverage and food industries is extremely important for the final quality of the product. Based on this, the objective of the present work is to evaluate a new alternative methodology to determine the water turbidity of beverage and foods industries through the spectrophotometer at 550 nm using 10 mm optical path methacrylate cuvettes. The amplitude, accuracy, precision, standard curve, cuvettes of different materials (quartz and methacrylate) and comparison of two methods (portable turbidimeter and spectrophotometer at 550 nm) to determine turbidity were analyzed. The main results demonstrated that there are no statistical differences (p>0.05) between the materials of the cuvettes and in the comparison of the methods evaluated for the determination of turbidity in water. We conclude that the determination of turbidity by a spectrophotometer at 550 nm with 10 mm optical path methacrylate cuvettes is a low cost alternative for physicochemical laboratories in the beverage and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following investigation, the coagulant power of aluminum sulfate and the mixture of aluminum-cassava starch (Manihot esculenta) with a 2:8 ratio were evaluated in the clarification process of La Ciénaga Grande de Malambo (Atlántico-Colombia's) water. To record the initial characteristics, a water simple sampling was carried out. Subsequently, in the simulation stage of the clarification process, the jar test was implemented, where was observes the reduction in turbidity obtained by using the chemical coagulant and the mixture. Finally, it was concluded aluminum sulfate achieved a removal percentage of 70% with an dose of 20 mg/L, while the aluminum sulfate-cassava starch mixture the turbidity removal was 71.06% with an dose of 60 mg/L, starting from an initial value of 69 NTU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista ION is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ingeniería del Agua is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)