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Plants have been used for medicinal purpose since ancient times. Due to the including bioactive secondary metabolites, plants have gained the great interest for drug discovery and development process. In this work, Galanthus woronowii was extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate sequentially. After removing of the solvent by rotary evaporator, crude extracts were yielded. Antioxidant activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and reducing power assays were executed on corresponding extracts. In addition, total phenolic content was presented. Ethyl acetate extract included the most phenolic compounds and also it revealed the most antioxidant activity. Hence, this plant could be considered as a promising antioxidant agent.

The authors acknowledge COST Action ES 1105 "CYANOCOST Cyanobacterial blooms and toxins in water resources: Occurrence impacts and management" and COST Action Global Change Biology ES 1201 NETLAKE -Networking Lake Observatories in Europe" for contributing to this study through networking and knowledge sharing with European experts in the field. We acknowledge the members of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) for their collaborative spirit and enthusiasm that inspired the grassroots effort of the EMLS. E.M. was supported by a grant from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation to Bas Ibelings and by supplementary funding from University of Geneva. We thank Wendy Beekman for the nutrient analysis. We thank Pieter Slot for assisting with the pigment analysis. We thank Dr. Ian Jones for valuable feedback on an earlier version of the manuscript. We thank the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and the Aquatic Microbial Ecology Group for logistic and technical support of J. Fonvielle and H.-P. Grossart, and the Leibniz Association for financial support. H.P. was supported by the US National Science Foundation (1840715, 1831096). A.C.'s work was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion and EU funds through the project CLIMAWET (CGL2015-69557-R). The collection of data for Lough Erne and Lough Neagh were funded by the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Northern Ireland. We are grateful to Kristiina Vuorio from the Freshwater Centre of the Finnish Environment institute for her help in organizing, collecting and analysing samples by the University of Jyvaskyla and to Gerald Dorflinger from the Water Development Department of Cyprus for his assistance with the sampling in Cyprus and for granting the CUT team permission to use WDD's equipment. Finally, we would like to thank the numerous other assistants that helped realizing each local survey. Open access funding provided by Universite de Geneve., To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L-1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4 degrees C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature., European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) ES 1105 ES 1201, Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation, University of Geneva, Leibniz Association, National Science Foundation (NSF) 1840715 1831096, Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, European Commission CGL2015-69557-R, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Northern Ireland

The chemical properties of chrysoeriol-7-O-[2''-O-E-feruloyl]-β-D-glucoside (1), chrysoeriol (2), and isorhamnetin-3-β-D-glucoside (3) from Allium vineale have been investigated as theoretical. RHF/STO-3G method was used for quantum calculations of chemical properties of these compounds. The structures of the compounds were fully optimized and then the results were evaluated by this method. The properties of compounds were presented and the utilization of these compounds in various fields was investigated by comparison of theoretical results with experimental ones. The experimental antioxidant effects were reported previously. The quantum calculations revealed that chrysoeriol (2) was unstable and was prone to react to the radical compounds. In brief, a good antioxidant can donate the electron to the radical compound easily.

Purpose: To investigate the anticancer potential and cytotoxicity of some freshwater cyanobacterial extracts on Human Colon Carcinoma (HT29), Rat Brain Glioma (C6), Human Cervix Carcinoma (HeLa), Human Lung Carcinoma (A549), Human Breast Adenocarcinoma (MCF7), Human Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hep3B) cancerous cells, African Green Monkey Kidney cells (Vero), and Human Amnion cells (FL).Methods: Chroococus minutus, Geitlerinema carotinosum, Nostoc linckia and Anabaena oryzae were collected from different freshwater habitats and identified. Each cyanobacterium was extracted with methanol. Antiproliferative activities of the cyanobacterial extracts were evaluated by [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) using HT29, C6, HeLa, A549, MCF7, Hep3B, Vero, and FL cell lines. Cytotoxicity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay.Results: The cyanobacterial extracts showed varying antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. G. carotinosum and N. linckia had significant inhibitory effect on C6 cell lines with half-maximal inhibitory (IC50) levels of 112.69 and 121.48 μg/mL, respectively. TGI values for G. carotinosum and N. linckia were 65.07 and 70.61 μg/mL, respectively. LC50 values for these two cyanobacteria were 386.64 and 760.55 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, cyanobacterium A. oryzae displayed excellent antiproliferative effect on MCF7 cancer cells (GI50 = 2.04 μg/mL). The extracts displayed the cytostatic effect on the cell lines.Conclusion: G. carotinosum, N. linckia and A. oryzae exhibit significant activity on various cancer cells. Hence these cyanobacteria may offer promise as anticancer agents.Keywords: Freshwater cyanobacteria, Anticancer, Cytotoxicity, Chroococus minutus, Geitlerinema carotinosum, Nostoc linckia, Anabaena oryzae

Medicinal and aromatic plants play a significant role in drug discovery. Lavandula stoechas L. has been used as folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the phytochemisty of Lavandula stoechas with biological activities. An aerial part of the plant was extracted with methanol. Another sample of plant was boiled in water then aqueous part was extracted with ethyl acetate. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds, organic acids and flavonoids in methanol extract were carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry, HPLC-TOF/MS. Rosmarinic acid was found as a chief compound (80.9%). The essential oil was generated by steam distillation and identified by GC-MS. The main constituents were camphor (48.1%) and fenchone (30.5%). The essential oil exhibited good insecticidal activity on Sitophilus granarius and Sitophilus oryzae pests as 43.3% and 62.9% mortality, respectively. However, the methanol extract has only insecticidal activity against S. granaries (50.0%). The antioxidant activities were investigated using assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging, reducing power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS•+) radical scavenging on both extracts. In addition, total phenolic contents were determined. Total phenolic content of EtOAc extract was found as 2.18 g GAE (Gallic acid equivalent) phenolic compounds/kg plant. Whereas, total phenolic of methanol was 3.33 g GAE/kg plant. EtOAc extract revealed the considerable DPPH• scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging and reducing power activities with the values of 28.71 (IC50, µg/ml), 8.72 (IC50, µg/ml) and 6.99 (µmol trolox equivalent/mg extract) respectively.

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., The authors acknowledge COST Action ES 1105 “CYANOCOST—Cyanobacterial blooms and toxins in water resources: Occurrence impacts and management” and COST Action ES 1201 “NETLAKE—Networking Lake Observatories in Europe” for contributing to this study through networking and knowledge sharing with European experts in the field. Evanthia Mantzouki was supported by a grant from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) to Bas Ibelings and by supplementary funding from the University of Geneva. We thank Clare Ahnlund, Ena Suarez and Irene Gallego for helping out with the Swiss survey. We thank Wendy Beekman and Els J. Faassen for the nutrient and toxin analysis.

Under ongoing climate change and increasing anthropogenic activity, which continuously challenge ecosystem resilience, an in-depth understanding of ecological processes is urgently needed. Lakes, as providers of numerous ecosystem services, face multiple stressors that threaten their functioning. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a persistent problem resulting from nutrient pollution and climate-change induced stressors, like poor transparency, increased water temperature and enhanced stratification. Consistency in data collection and analysis methods is necessary to achieve fully comparable datasets and for statistical validity, avoiding issues linked to disparate data sources. The European Multi Lake Survey (EMLS) in summer 2015 was an initiative among scientists from 27 countries to collect and analyse lake physical, chemical and biological variables in a fully standardized manner. This database includes in-situ lake variables along with nutrient, pigment and cyanotoxin data of 369 lakes in Europe, which were centrally analysed in dedicated laboratories. Publishing the EMLS methods and dataset might inspire similar initiatives to study across large geographic areas that will contribute to better understanding lake responses in a changing environment., The authors acknowledge COST Action ES 1105 “CYANOCOST – Cyanobacterial blooms and toxins in water resources: Occurrence impacts and management” and COST Action ES 1201 “NETLAKE – Networking Lake Observatories in Europe” for contributing to this study through networking and knowledge sharing with European experts in the field. Evanthia Mantzouki was supported by a grant from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) to Bas Ibelings and by supplementary funding from University of Geneva. We thank Wendy Beekman for the nutrient analysis and the University of Wageningen for covering the costs of this analysis from the personal funding of dr. Miquel Lürling. We thank Pieter Slot for assisting with the pigment analysis and the University of Amsterdam for covering the costs of the analysis through funding from the group of Prof. Jef Huisman and dr. Petra Visser (IBED). We would like to thank the Environmental Data Initiative for covering the cost of archiving the EMLS dataset. We would like to thank the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Dept. of Experimental Limnology and the Aquatic Microbial Ecology Group for logistic and technical support of J. Fonvielle and H.-P. Grossart; and the Leibniz Association for financial support. The collection of data for Lough Erne and Lough Neagh were funded by the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Northern Ireland.

Cyanobacterium samples were collected from fresh water of Tokat city in Turkey, and then isolation and cultivation of Chroococcus minutus were achieved successfully. TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analyses revealed that the C. minutus consisted of norharmane as a major product. So amount of norharmane was determined during the growth process. Growth and norharmane production of C. minutus were executed under salt stress and pH stress conditions. The most growth and the highest production of norharmane were detected at 16th day. Therefore inoculation process was performed at 16th day. Salt stress was evaluated at 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 M concentrations. The most norharmane was synthesized by C. minutus at 5 M concentration. The norharmane production and the growth were higher at pH 9 than that of the pH 5. Most norharmane was produced at pH 7. Siyanobakteri örnekleriTürkiyede Tokat şehrinintatlı sulardan toplandı ve Chroococcus minutus’un isolasyonu ve kültürü başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirildi. İTK (İnce tabaka kromatografisi) ve HPLC (Yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromatografisi) analizleri Chroococcus minutus’un ana ürün olarak norharman içerdiğini gösterdi. Böylece C. minutus’ungelişim döneminde norharman miktarı belirlendi. Tuz stresi ve pH stresi şartlarındaChroococcus minutus’un gelişimi ve norharman üretimi belirlendi. En fazla büyüme ve en çok norharman üretimi 16. günde gözlendi. Bu bakımdan inokulasyon işlemi 16. günde gerçekleştirildi. Tuz stresi 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 ve 5.0 M konsantrasyonlarında gerçekleştirildi. En fazla norharman 5M konsantrasyonunda C. minutustarafından sentezlendi. Norharman üretimi ve büyüme pH 5’ teki şartlaragöre pH 9’ da daha yüksekti. En fazla norharman üretimi pH 7’ de gerçekleşti.

Inula species are medicinal and aromatic plants used for folk medicine extensively. In this work, hydrodistilled essential oil of Inula graveolens (Linnaeus) Desf. analyzed by GC-MS which revealed that bornyl acetate was the major product (69.15%). Camphene was the second major compound (11.11%). Antiproliferative activity of the essential oil and bornyl acetate was investigated on HeLa (human cervix carcinoma), HT29 (human colon carcinoma) , A549 (human lung carcinoma), MCF7 ( human breast adenocarcinoma) cancer cells and FL (human amnion cells) normal cells. The cytotoxicity was executed by a Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Cytotoxicity Detection Kit. Essential oil and bornyl acetate displayed the outstanding activities on HeLa (IC 50, 64.1, 72.0 µg/mL), HT29 (IC 50, 24.6, 60.5 µg/mL), A549 (IC 50, 28.3, 44.1 µg/mL), MCF-7 (IC 50, 66.5, 85.6 µg/mL), and FL (IC 50, 42.1, 50.6 µg/mL) cell lines respectively.

Allium vineale’dan izole edilenkiseriol-7-O-[2''-O-E-ferulil]-β-D-glukosit(1), kiseriol (2) ve isorhamnetin-3- β-D-glukosit(3) bileşiklerinin kimyasal özellikleri teorik olarak araştırıldı. Bubileşiklerin kimyasal özellikleri hesaplanırken RHF/STO-3G metodu kullanıldı.Bileşiklerin optimizasyonu ve sonuçların değerlendirilmesi bu metodlagerçekleştirildi. Bileşiklerin özellikleri ortaya kondu, ayrıca teorik vedeneysel sonuçların karşılaştırılması ile ilgili bileşiklerin değişikalanlardaki kullanımları araştırıldı. Bileşiklerin antioksidan özellikleri dahaönce rapor edildi. Hesaplamalar, kiseriol (2)bileşiğinin kararsız ve radikal bileşiklerle tepkime verme eğiliminde olduğunugösterdi. Özetle, antioksidan bileşikler radikal bileşiklere kolaylıklahidrojen vermektedir., The chemical properties of chrysoeriol-7-O-[2''-O-E-feruloyl]-β-D-glucoside(1), chrysoeriol (2), and isorhamnetin-3-β-D-glucoside (3) from Allium vinealehave been investigated as theoretical. RHF/STO-3G method was used for quantumcalculations of chemical properties of these compounds. The structures of thecompounds were fully optimized and then the results were evaluated by thismethod. The properties of compounds were presented and the utilization of thesecompounds in various fields was investigated by comparison of theoreticalresults with experimental ones. The experimental antioxidant effects werereported previously. The quantum calculations revealed that chrysoeriol (2) was unstable and was prone to reactto the radical compounds. In brief, a good antioxidant can donate the electronto the radical compound easily.

Background Cyanobacteria, including pharmaceutically and medicinally valuable compounds attract the great attention lately. Norharmane (9H-pyrido (3,4-b) indole found in some cyanobacteria revealed a great number of biological effects. Objective Seven cyanobacteria were isolated and identified from Yesilirmak River and Gaziosmanpasa University Campus to determine the norharmane content. Materials and methods Cyanobacteria collected from Tokat, Turkey were isolated and identified by morphologically. Norharmane (9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole) quantities were presented for seven cyanobacteria, Chroococcus minutus (Kutz.) Nageli, Geitlerinema carotinosum (Geitler) Anagnostidis, Nostoc linckia Bornet ex Bornet and Flahault, Anabaena oryzae F. E. Fritsch, Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann, Phormidium sp. Kutzing ex Gomont, and Cylindrospermum sp. Kutzing ex E. Bornet and C. Flahault by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The norharmane amount indicated for cyanobacterial culture media altered in a species-dependent kind in the range of 0.81-10.87 μg/g. C. minutus produced the most norharmane among the investigated cyanobacteria as 10.87 μg/g. Conclusion Cyanobacteria could be an important source of norharmane as well as pharmaceutically valuable compounds. Summary Seven cyanobacteria were isolated and identified from Yesilirmak RiverQuantitative analysis of norharmane was executed on isolated cyanobacteriaFour cyanobecteria species included the norharmaneChroococcus minutus contained the most norharmane (10.87 μg/g). Abbreviations used: HPLC: High performance liquid chromatograph.

Natural products derived from plants play a significant role in drug discovery due to the revealing a large variety of pharmaceutical effects. Kickxia spuriawas collected from Bingol, Turkey. Aerial parts of the plant were boiled in water for 2 h then extracted with ethyl acetate. After evaporation of the solvent by rotary evaporator, the extract was subjected to column chromatography to yield the compound identified as 6,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone by spectroscopic method including 1D-, 2D-NMR, LC-TOF/MS. Antiproliferative activity of isolated compound was tested against HeLa (human cervix carcinoma) cell lines by xCELLigence assay, and found out that the compound exhibited excellent activity., Naturalproducts derived from plants play a significant role in drug discovery due tothe revealing a large variety of pharmaceutical effects. Kickxia spuriawas collected from Bingol, Turkey. Aerial parts ofthe plant were boiled in water for 2 h then extracted with ethyl acetate. Afterevaporation of the solvent by rotary evaporator, the extract was subjected tocolumn chromatography to yield the compound identified as 6,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone byspectroscopic method including 1D-, 2D-NMR, LC-TOF/MS. Antiproliferativeactivity of isolated compound was tested against HeLa (human cervix carcinoma)cell lines by xCELLigence assay, and found out that the compound exhibitedexcellent activity.

Purpose: To determine the fatty acid constituents and anticancer effect of Cladohora fracta Methods: Cladophora fracta (O.F. Muller ex Vahl) Kutzing was collected from natural ponds in Tokat, Turkey. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of methanol and hexane extracts of C. fracta were investigated on human colon carcinoma (HT29) and non-tumorigenic African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell lines using BrdU cell proliferation enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test, respectively. The fatty acid composition of hexane extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Oleic acid, palmitic acid, gamma-linoleic acid and linoleic acid were the main constituents of C. fracta . The methanol extract exhibited strong antiproliferative activity on HT29 and Vero cell lines ( p < 0.05). The hexane extract revealed its good antiproliferative activity at high concentrations on both cell lines. Cytotoxicity results showed that both methanol and hexane extract had low effect on HT29 cell at low concentrations. Conclusion: Due to the strong antiproliferative effect of C. fracta methanol extract on HT29 and Vero cell lines, it has potential anticancer properties and recommended for further development as such. Keywords: Cladophora fracta , Antiproliferative activity, Anti-cancer, Cytotoxic effect, Fatty acid

Siyanobakteriler, metabolizmalarından ötürü biyolojik, ekolojik ve ekonomik bakımdan önemli bakterilerdir. Özellikle çeşitli olumsuz şartlarda üretilmiş ve her biri özelleşmiş fonksiyonlara sahip bir dizi sekonder metabolit içerirler. Antibakteriyel, antikanser gibi biyolojik etkili ve ilaç olarak kullanılabilen metabolitlerden biri; 9H-Pyrido [3,4-b] indole yapısında Norharman'dır. Bu çalışmada Yeşilırmak Nehri (Tokat)'nden su örnekleri alınarak inverted mikroskop altında mikropipet ve mikro enjektör yardımıyla izole edilen siyanobakteriler ortalama bir aylık kültüre alınmıştır. Belirli zaman aralığında kültürlerden alınarak ürettikleri norharman miktarı HPLC ile tespit edilmiştir. Chroococcus minutus ve Anabaena oryzae' de sırasıyla 8.8167, 0.712 µg/g norharman 16. günde maksimum olarak üretilmiştir. Nostoc linckia'da en fazla norharman üretimi 1.191 µg/g olup 20. gündedir. Geitlerinema carotinosum'da ise diğer türlere göre daha erken logaritmik faza girdiği 12. günde maksimum norharman metaboliti 0.825µg/g olarak üretilmiştir., Cyanobacteria are an important class of bacteria by their metabolic activities for biology, ecology and economy. They contain series of secondary metabolites produced under negative stress conditions and providing specialized functions. One of the metabolites which is biologically active and can be used as drug for antibacterial and antitumor properties is norharman which has (9H-pyrido 3, 4-b) indole structure. In this study, water samples were collected from Yesilirmak river of Tokat province of Turkey and cyanobacteria were isolated under inverted microscope by micropipette and microinjection and were cultured for a month. Selection from cultures was done during predetermined time courses and produced norharman levels were determined by HPLC. At 16th day maximum norharman production was determined as 8.8167 and 0.712 µg/g from Chroococcus minitus and Anabaena oryzae respectively. Highest norharman production from Nostoc linckia determined as 1.191 µg/g at 20th day. Since Geitlerinema carotinosum began exponential growth phase faster than other strains the highest amount of norharman production was determined as 0.825 µg/g at 12th day.

Ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) a bitter molecule, is usually used to know the heritable characteristic in both genetic and physiological studies. So far, no research has yet attested whether PTC blindness relation with obesity and some nutrition behaviors of human. This study is the first attempt on a large scale to examine PTC sensitivity in healthy and overweight people in Turkish population to define in the perception of bitter senses which is associated with nutrition habits, body mass index, age, gender, and to be in stable weight. PTC taste perception was measured by tasting PTC solution filtered in a paper. The results showed that tasters were significantly more frequent (81,8%) than nontasters (18,2%) in all population. A higher proportion of nontasters were observed in the quite fat individual group (BMI40kg/m(2)). Alterations explained these differences in basic taste sensitivity, age, gender, BMI, individuals' family obesity situations, vegetarian nourishment. Increased frequency of nontasters allele is evident with obesity condition. This could be due to lack of preference for nutrition among nontasters. So the phenotypic variation in PTC sensitivity is genetic in origin; it may represent an association with obesity, dietary habits, regular weight, gender, and age.