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A new pyridine-fused selenodiazolium salt, 3-(phenylselanyl)[1,2,4]selenadiazolo[4,5-a]pyridin-4-ylium chloride dichloromethane 0.352-solvate, C12H9N2Se2+·Cl−·0.352CH2Cl2, was obtained from the reaction between 2-pyridylselenenyl chloride and phenylselenocyanate. Single-crystal structural analysis revealed the presence of C—H...N, C—H...Cl−, C—H...Se hydrogen bonds as well as chalcogen–chalcogen (Se...Se) and chalcogen–halogen (Se...Cl−) interactions. Non-covalent interactions were explored by DFT calculations followed by topological analysis of the electron density distribution (QTAIM analysis). The structure consists of pairs of selenodiazolium moieties arranged in a head-to-tail fashion surrounding disordered dichloromethane molecules. The assemblies are connected by C—H...Cl− and C—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming layers, which stack along the c-axis direction connected by bifurcated Se...Cl−...H—C interactions.

The reaction between 2-pyridylselenenyl chloride and isobutyronitrile results in the formation of the corresponding cationic pyridinium-fused 1,2,4-selenodiazole, namely, 3-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,4-[1,2,4]selenadiazolo[4,5-a]pyridin-4-ylium chloride, C9H11N2Se+·Cl−, in high yield (89%). The structure of the compound, established by means of single-crystal X-ray analysis at 100 K, has monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry and revealed the presence of bifurcated chalcogen-hydrogen bonding Se...Cl−...H—Cl, and these non-covalent contacts were analysed by DFT calculations followed by a topological analysis of the electron-density distribution (ωB97XD/6-311++G** level of theory).

Abstract Background This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of first-line afatinib treatment in a real-world setting in Vietnam. Methods This retrospective study was conducted across nine hospitals in Vietnam. Advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received afatinib as first-line therapy between April 2018 and June 2022 were included, and patient medical records were reviewed. Key outcomes were overall response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and tolerability. Results A total of 343 patients on first-line afatinib were eligible for the study. EGFR exon 19 deletion (Del19) alone was detected in 46.9% of patients, L858R mutation alone in 26.3%, and other uncommon EGFR mutations, including compound mutations, in 26.8%. Patients with brain metastases at baseline were 25.4%. Patients who received 40 mg, 30 mg, and 20 mg as starting doses of afatinib were 58.6%, 39.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. The ORR was 78.1% in the overall population, 82.6% in the Del19 mutation subgroup, 73.3% in the L858R mutation subgroup, and 75.0% in the uncommon mutation subgroup (p > 0.05). The univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that the ORR increased when the starting dose was 40 mg compared to starting doses below 40 mg (83.9% vs. 74.3%, p = 0.034). The median TTF (mTTF) was 16.7 months (CI 95%: 14.8–18.5) in all patients, with a median follow-up time of 26.2 months. The mTTF was longer in patients in the common EGFR mutation subgroup (Del19/L858R) than in those in the uncommon mutation subgroup (17.5 vs. 13.8 months, p = 0.045) and in those without versus with brain metastases at baseline (17.5 vs. 15.1 months, p = 0.049). There were no significant differences in the mTTF between subgroups based on the starting dose of 40 mg and 0.05). The most common treatment-related adverse events (any grade/grade ≥ 3) were diarrhea (55.4%/3.5%), rash (51.9%/3.2%), paronychia (35.3%/5.0%), and stomatitis (22.2%/1.2%). Conclusions Afatinib demonstrated clinical effectiveness and good tolerability in Vietnamese EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. In our real-world setting, administering a starting dose below 40 mg might result in a reduction in ORR; however, it might not have a significant impact on TTF.

Memory B cells (mBCs) are characterized by their long-term stability, fast reactivation, and capability to rapidly differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). However, the role of T cells in the differentiation of mBCs, in contrast to naive B cells, remains to be delineated. We study the role of T cells in mBC responses, using CD40L stimulation and autologous T-B co-cultures. Our results showed that increased CD40L levels led to a selective increased proliferation of IgM+ mBC, which did not class-switched, resulting in higher frequencies of IgM+ ASCs and a lower frequency of IgG+ ASCs. The IgG+/IgA+ mBCs were unaffected. We further compared the transcription of immune-related genes in IgM+ and IgG+ pre-plasmablasts cultured at high (500 ng/mL) and low (50 ng/mL) CD40L levels. In response to increased CD40L levels, both populations exhibited a core response to genes related to activation (TRAF1, AKT3, CD69, and CD80). However, they differed in genes related to cytokine/chemokine/homing interactions (CCL3/4/17, LTA, NKX2-3, BCL2 and IL21R) and cell-cell interactions (HLADR, CD40, and ICOSL), which were largely confined to IgG+ cells. Our findings revealed that in co-cultures with a high T-ratio, the response was similar to that found in cultures with high CD40L levels. These results suggest that IgG+ mBCs have a greater capacity for proliferation and T cell interaction, and weaker migration capabilities, leading to a preference for an IgG response over IgM in the short term. This adaptable response could fine-tune the memory repertoire with different functions of IgG versus IgM mBCs.

Background: Afatinib is indicated for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and uncommon mutations. However, real-world studies on this topic are limited. This study aimed to evaluate afatinib as first-line therapy for locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations. Patients and methods: A retrospective study included 92 patients with advanced NSCLC with uncommon and compound EGFR mutations, treated with afatinib as first-line therapy. Patients were followed up and evaluated every 3 months or when symptoms of progressive disease arose. The endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and adverse events. Results: The G719X EGFR mutation had the highest occurrence rate (53.3% for both monotherapy and the compound). By contrast, the compound mutation G719X–S768I was observed at a rate of 22.8%. The ORR was 75%, with 15.2% of patients achieving complete response. The overall median TTF was 13.8 months. Patients with the G719X EGFR mutation (single and compound) had a median TTF of 19.3 months, longer than that of patients with other mutations, who had a median TTF of 11.2 months. Patients with compound EGFR mutations (G719X and S768I) demonstrated a median TTF of 23.2 months compared to that of 12.3 months for other mutations. Tolerated doses of 20 or 30 mg achieved a longer median TTF of 17.1 months compared to 11.2 months with 40 mg. Median TTF differed between patients with and without brain metastasis, at 11.2 and 16.9 months, respectively. Rash (55.4%) and diarrhea (53.3%) were the most common adverse events, primarily grades 1 and 2. Other side effects occurred at a low rate. Conclusion: Afatinib is effective for locally advanced metastatic NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations. Patients with G719X, compound G719X–S768I mutations, and tolerated doses of 20 or 30 mg had a longer median TTF than those with other mutations.

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the development of the night economy in Da Nang city, Vietnam on the basis of a survey of 346 domestic tourists choosing this as a tourist destination and participate in night activities and services. The author has synthesized the relevant background theory as well as previous outstanding studies on the issue of tourism development and night economy. SPSS 20 software was used to test the relationship between factors affecting the development of the night economy based on the viewpoints of tourists, residents and local authorities. The results of the study show that 05 factors affect the development of the night economy in Da Nang city in order: The development of a variety of services; Legal and safety regulations; cultural experience opportunities; infrastructure and traffic; service prices. The remaining two factors did not find any influence on the development of the night economy: tourism natural resources; promote and share. The study once again confirms the relationship between the factors affecting the development of the night economy and is a document to help researchers understand better in the research context in Vietnam, one of the leading countries in the world. developing countries and are limited in developing the night economy after the Covid-19 pandemic.

The paper aims to study the factors affecting the decision of international tourists to choose a tourism destination at Hoi An World Cultural Heritage Site. Based on the theory of intended behavior integrates new factors: Tourism products; Destination image; and Perceived risk. The research results show that: Using the Theory of Intended Behavior (TPB) with integration with 03 new components in the study of destination choice decisions of international visitors at the Hoi An World Cultural Heritage Site is appropriate; The model achieves composite reliability, discriminant, and extracted variance. The empirical model reached a high level of explaining the variation of variance and the predictive power reached a medium level; Two intermediate structures have been identified in the model, namely Attitude and Destination Image; Affirming the importance of structures has a strong influence on the decision structure of tourist destination selection, namely, perceived risk, social influence, image, and tourism product.

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the publication of sustainability reports from the perspective of managers at 4-5 star hotels in Vietnam. Issues of corporate size, profitability, legal regulation, corporate governance and technology of the company were mentioned as factors that may affect the publication of the report on sustainable development. The author has synthesized the relevant background theory as well as previous outstanding studies on the issue of publishing sustainable development reports. SPSS 20 software was used to test the relationship between the factors affecting the publication of the Sustainable Development Report based on the manager's point of view. The results of the study show that the factors of business size, profitability, and legal regulations all affect the publication of sustainable development reports at 4-5 star hotels in Vietnam. A new finding of this study is that the two factors of corporate governance and the company's technology combine into a public governance factor based on technology and it is the technology that has the strongest influence on the publication of the Sustainable Development Report. The study once again confirms the relationship between the factors affecting the publication of the Sustainable Development Report and is a document to help researchers understand better in the research context in Vietnam, one of the leading countries in the world developing countries and have limited access to and use of secondary data.

The study’s aim is to examine the antecedents of destination loyalty, and considers the role and influence of tourism products and destination image to international tourisms’ loyalty in case of HoiAn World Cultural Heritage Site. The study suggested an integrated approach to understand tourists’ loyalty model and investigate the empirical evidence about the relationship among tourism products, destination image, risk perception, tourist experience, destination satisfaction and tourists’ loyalty. This study also mentions important questions concerning how tourism products, destination image, tourist experience, risk perception, and tourists’ satisfaction affect tourists’ loyalty. Smart PLS3 is used to estimate and test the relationships in the research model. Mediation analysis and importance performance matrix analysis are also used to consider clearly the relationship between the constructs of research model. The study’s results indicate that tourism products, destination image, tourism experience, risk perception, and satisfaction are antecedents of international tourists’ loyalty in Hoi An World Cultural Heritage Site. And in them, tourism products affect significantly positively to destination imagine and satisfaction, beside destination image and satisfaction hold the role of mediator in this relationship. Implementing IPMA to identify the predecessors that have relatively high importance for loyalty but also a relatively low performance. The results pointed out that the constructs as satisfaction, tourism product, risk perception and image have a high importance for the tourist loyalty. The study added the antecedent of tourism products and risk perception to the model and could enrich the literature, pointing to be possibility of a destination loyalty model that can be applied to various contexts, especially after COVID- 19 pandemic. The study also discussed theoretical and managerial implications for marketing tourism.

AbstractThis paper analyzes factors that affect the numeracy skills of secondary school students from mountainous and ethnic minority regions in Vietnam from the perspective of the students to create suitable strategies for teachers, parents, and the government to enhance their numeracy skills. Data from 755 students in 8 secondary schools in 8 provinces in the northern region of Vietnam were analyzed. The results showed eight factors that impact the numeracy levels of secondary students in mountainous regions. Student’s efforts and language skills were most influential, and teachers did not have a substantial effect. The paper offers suggestions to equip teachers in these regions with more knowledge and skills to support students in developing their numeracy skills.

A new species of Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae), Hedyotis konhanungensis B.H. Quang, T.A. Le, K.S. Nguyen & Neupane, is described and illustrated from the central highlands of Vietnam based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. The new species belongs to the morphologically diverse tribe Spermacoceae (ca. 1000 species) of the family Rubiaceae, which is represented by 70–80 species in Vietnam. The phylogenetic analysis, based on four DNA regions (ITS, ETS, petD, rps 16), confirms the new species’ placement within the genus Hedyotis – one of the largest genera in the tribe, comprising ca. 180 species across Asia and the Pacific. Hedyotis konhanungensis is morphologically distinct from all southeastern Asian Hedyotis L. in its set of traits such as leaf type (shape and thickness), growth habit, and floral parts (color of inflorescence axis and the shape of calyx lobes). The new species shows similarities with Hedyotis shenzhenensis, H. shiuyingiae, and H. yangchunensis from China in its herbaceous habit, fleshy ovate leaf blades, and dark purple floral parts, but it is phylogenetically distinct and can be distinguished from them by the following combination of morphological traits: habit with slightly smaller stature (

The molecular and crystal structures of the title compound, [Cu2I2(C18H12N2)2], were examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Hirshfeld surface analysis. The Cu atom is coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral geometry by two N atoms from the 2,2′-biquinoline ligands and the two μ2-bridging iodide ligands. The molecules are in contact via π–π-stacking interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the most important contributions to the intermolecular interactions are H...H (39.7%), H...I/I...H (17.8%), C...H/H...C (17.5%), C...C (16.5%), N...C/C...N (3.9%) and N...H/H...N (3.5%).

Targeted delivery of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to an area of a blood vessel with fluidic flow is hampered by the lack of a suitable real‐time imaging modality for MNPs, the control system complexity, and low targeting performance. Herein, an offline programming guidance (OLPG) scheme for aggregated MNPs is proposed based on a real‐time aggregation volume estimator. The proposed aggregation volume estimator based on a magnetic drug‐targeting simulator reflects volume changes of aggregated MNPs; hence, it can model a magnetic force acting on aggregated MNPs in real time while enhancing targeting performance. The proposed guidance system is evaluated using a simulation testbed and in vitro model of the rat brain, which yields comparable results at different fluid viscosities, flow velocities, target areas, and flow types. The OLPG with the aggregation volume estimator improves targeting performance by 116%–409% compared with the default mode, and by 111%–180% compared to the performance without the aggregation volume estimator. Furthermore, a guidance margin predicts enhanced targeting performance (root‐mean‐square error

Human B lymphocytes are attractive targets for immunotherapies in autoantibody-mediated diseases. Gene editing technologies could provide a powerful tool to determine gene regulatory networks regulating B cell differentiation into plasma cells, and identify novel therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of autoimmune disorders. Here, we describe a new approach that uses CRISPR-Cas9 technology to target genes in primary human B cells in vitro for identifying plasma cell regulators. We found that sgRNA and Cas9 components can be efficiently delivered into primary human B cells through RD114-pseudotyped retroviral vectors. Using this system, we achieved approximately 80% of gene knockout efficiency. We disrupted expression of a triad of transcription factors, IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1, and showed that human B cell survival and plasma cell differentiation are severely impaired. Specifically, that IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1 were expressed at different stages during plasma cell differentiation, IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1-targeted B cells failed to progress to the pre-plasmablast, plasma cell state, and plasma cell survival, respectively. Our method opens a new avenue to study gene functions in primary human B cells and identify novel plasma cell regulators for therapeutic applications.

Solanum melongena is a member of Solanum genus that widely cultivated as fruit vegetable in Vietnam. According to Vietnamese traditional medicine, the fruits and whole plants are used to treat toothache, turgescence, pruritus, and haemorrhoids. As part of our project to study the chemical composition and bioactivity of Solanum genus in Vietnam, five flavonoid glycosides including kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), isovitexin (2), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-sophoroside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (4), and kaempferol 3-O-β-D-sophoroside (5) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Solanum melongena growing in Thua Thien Hue province, by using various chromatography methods. Their chemical structures were determined by detailed analysis of 1D- and 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS data as well as comparison with the literature. Compounds (2) and (5) were isolated from Solanum melongena for the first time while compounds (3) and (4) were the first isolated from the Solanum genus. Besides, compounds 2-4 showed weak anti-inflammatory activities against NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophage line with IC50 values ranging from 54.28 to 91.37 µg/ml.

One of the most important factors influencing the performance of geopolymer composites is the curing temperature. The dependence of geopolymerization process on activator under high temperature is a drawback need to overcome and research. This study focuses on designing of the new and innovative geopolymer composites mixtures designs with an ambient non-curing periods and improving the capacity of this materials, particularly in terms of mechanical properties and impact resistance. Experiments were conducted to measure impact resistance based on ACI committee 544, as well as impact energy absorption, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. The experiments were carried out by using fly ash from 20% to 80%, slag from 40% to 60% to replace cement as a main binder, liquid/solid ratios of 0.7–0.8 and 0–1.5% of steel fiber. Comparing with cured-geopolymer composites, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength are improved of 18.63%, 30.14%, 10% and non-curing mixture could be applied widely in production and construction site. The liquid/solid material ratio of 0.8 and 1.5% of hooked end steel fiber contribute to the significant enhancement of geopolymer composites without curing. Besides, the experimental result was examined with analysis results using Ansys software showed good agreement with a slight and acceptable difference under 10%, confirming the numerical method can be used to predict test results with acceptable accuracy.

Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) contribute to immunity through production of antibodies and cytokines. Identification of specific markers of ASC would allow selective targeting of these cells in several disease contexts. Here, we performed an unbiased, large-scale protein screening, and identified twelve new molecules that are specifically expressed by murine ASCs. Expression of these markers, particularly CD39, CD81, CD130, and CD326, is stable and offers an improved resolution for ASC identification. We accessed their expression in germ-free conditions and in T cell deficient mice, showing that at least in part their expression is controlled by microbial- and T cell-derived signals. Further analysis of lupus mice revealed the presence of a subpopulation of LAG-3– plasma cells, co-expressing high amounts of CD39 and CD326 in the bone marrow. This population was IgM+ and correlated with IgM anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in sera. Importantly, we found that CD39, CD81, CD130, and CD326 are also expressed by human peripheral blood and bone marrow ASCs. Our data provide innovative insights into ASC biology and function in mice and human, and identify an intriguing BM specific CD39++CD326++ ASC subpopulation in autoimmunity.

The title compound, C27H24N2O5, is a product of the deamination reaction from aza-14-crown-4 ether containing the γ-piperidone subunit. The title molecule contains a 16-membered macrocycle with the conformation of the C—O—C—C—O—C—C—O—C polyether chain being t–g(-)–t–t–g(+)–t (t = trans, 180°; g = gauche, ±60°). The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene rings fused to the aza-14-crown-4-ether moiety is 31.11 (14)°. The cavity size inside the macrocycle is 4.72 Å. The macrocycle is significantly flattened as a result of the extended conjugated system. Steric repulsion between the pyridylcarboxamide fragment and the benzene ring results in a slight deviation of macrocycle from planarity. The structure also features intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which results in a deviation of the angle between the planes of amide and pyridyl groups from planarity: this angle is 16.32 (18)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked into infinite zigzag chains via intermolecular C—H...π contacts. The chains are bound into layers parallel to (100) by weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds.

Abstract Background Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been proven to be effective in improving health status and the quality of life of illicit drug users. Due to the quick expand of methadone program, socialization through co-payment service is a critical to the success of it. In Nam Dinh, Vietnam, MMT has been used in public clinics and one private clinic. Such effectiveness of this treatment has been found to depend largely on adherence to treatment. This study aims to explore the compliance rate and its influencing factors among drug users between public and private clinics in Nam Dinh province, Vietnam. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 395 participants from January to September in 2018 in three MMT clinics in Nam Dinh, Vietnam. We applied the convenience sampling technique to recruit respondents. Data on socioeconomics characteristics, MMT adherence (measured by Visual Analogue Scale – VAS) and level of social/family support were collected. Results 43.3% of participants reported complete adherence to the MMT program during the time of research. Significant factors affect MMT adherence among illicit drug users including family income, history of drug rejections, concurrence in drug usage, far distance from MMT clinics, and having only peer. Patients in MMT private clinic had higher complete adherence than that of public MMT (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.13; 2.94). Having contacts with peer drug users associated with a higher rate of incomplete adherence (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.39; 5.73). Conclusions The findings support the establishment of private MMT clinics alongside public ones, while further researches to determine the optimal dose and ways to reduce the impact of peer drug user’s influence are encouraged to be conducted.

Abstract Background Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been proven to be effective in treating opioid dependence. In Vietnam, MMT services are provided primarily by public clinics, with only one private MMT clinic established in recent years. Assessing the preferences of patients for different MMT models is important in evaluating the feasibility of these models. This study measured the preferences of drug users enrolling in public and private MMT clinics in Vietnam and examines the related factors of these preferences. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed on 395 participants at 3 methadone clinics in Nam Dinh. Data about the preferences for MMT models and sociodemographic characteristics of participants were collected. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to explore the construct validity of the questionnaire. The chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test were used for analyzing demographic characteristics and preferences of participants. Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with participants’ preferences. Results Half the participants received MMT treatment in a private facility (49.4%). Two preference dimensions were defined as “Availability and convenience of service” and “Competencies of clinic and health professionals”. Self-employed patients were more likely to consider these two dimensions when choosing MMT models. Only 9.9% of participants chose “Privacy” as one of the evaluation criteria for an MMT facility. Compared to public clinics, a statistically higher percentage of patients in the private clinic chose the attitudes of health workers as the reason for using MMT service (34.7% and 7.6% respectively). Mean score of satisfaction towards MMT services was 8.6 (SD = 1.0), and this score was statistically higher in a public facility, compared to the private facility (8.7 and 8.4 respectively). Conclusions The study highlighted patterns of patient preferences towards MMT clinics. Compared to the public MMT model, the private MMT model may need to enhance their services to improve patient satisfaction.

BackgroundHereditary cancer syndromes (HCS) are responsible for 5-10% of cancer cases. Genetic testing to identify pathogenic variants associated with cancer predisposition has not been routinely available in Vietnam. Consequently, the prevalence and genetic landscape of HCS remain unknown.Methods1165 Vietnamese individuals enrolled in genetic testing at our laboratory in 2020. We performed analysis of germline mutations in 17 high- and moderate- penetrance genes associated with HCS by next generation sequencing.ResultsA total of 41 pathogenic variants in 11 genes were detected in 3.2% individuals. The carrier frequency was 4.2% in people with family or personal history of cancer and 2.6% in those without history. The percentage of mutation carriers for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes was 1.3% and for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome was 1.6%. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were the most prevalent with the positive rate of 1.3% in the general cohort and 5.1% in breast or ovarian cancer patients. Most of BRCA1 mutations located at the BRCA C-terminus domains and the top recurrent mutation was NM_007294.3:c.5251C>T (p.Arg1751Ter). One novel variant NM_000038.6(APC):c.6665C>A (p.Pro2222His) was found in a breast cancer patient with a strong family history of cancer. A case study of hereditary cancer syndrome was illustrated to highlight the importance of genetic testing.ConclusionThis is the first largest analysis of carrier frequency and mutation spectrum of HCS in Vietnam. The findings demonstrate the clinical significance of multigene panel testing to identify carriers and their at-risk relatives for better cancer surveillance and management strategies.

Objective This study aimed to measure the exposure of residents to health education messages about non-communicable diseases (NCD)-related risk factors, and activities of village health workers (VHWs) in NCDs prevention and control in the mountainous setting of Vietnam. Method A cross-sectional study was performed in Dap Thanh commune (Ba Che, Quang Ninh province, Vietnam), a mountainous area. There were 151 residents aged 18 years or above recruited for this study. Information regarding exposure to messages about risk factors of NCDs, and activities of VHWs was collected via face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify associated factors with exposing messages about NCD-related risk factors. Results The majority of participants heard about messages related to risk factors of NCDs in the last 30 days, from 56.3% (physical inactivity message), 59.6% (diet message), 75.5% (alcohol use message) to 79.5% (smoking message). Radio/television was the most common source of the messages (from 91.8% to 95.8%) and the majority of participants heard these messages from one source (from 77.1% to 80.9%). Most of sample reported the unavailability of VHWs in their locals (53.6%). Among locals having VHWs, health communication and education was the most common service provided (54.3%); however, only 30% received NCD management services. Participants who had other jobs were less likely to hear about diet-related messages (OR = 0.32; 95%CI = 0.11–0.92), and those ever smoking were more likely to hear these messages in the last 30 days (OR = 6.86; 95%CI = 1.06–44.51). People who had diabetes mellitus were more likely to hear physical activity-related messages in the last 30 days (OR = 2.55; 95%CI = 1.20–5.41). Conclusion Our findings indicated that health communication regarding risk factors of NCDs in mountainous areas in Vietnam was insufficient, and the role of health workers as formal information source was not recognized. Efforts should be made to increase the capacity and involvement of VHWs in health education and NCD prevention in mountainous regions.

This paper presents the results of an experiment study and suggests a theoretical formulation for the bond behavior of reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Three grades (20 MPa, 30 MPa and 40 MPa) of a geopolymer concrete along with three reinforcement diameters (12, 16, and 20 mm) were selected for experimental work. The bond behavior of the reinforced geopolymer concrete is determined using pullout test, finite element analysis (FEA), and theoretical work. The test data indicated that the bond strength of reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete increases about 1.97 to 2.56 times with the increase of compressive strength from 20.33 MPa to 41.12 MPa. For grade 30 MPa and 40 MPa specimens, the concrete cover to diameter ratio (c/db) increased up to 4.19 resulted in the increase of bond strength. Then, the bond strength decreases with the increase of the c/db ratio from 4.19 to 5.75, while grade 20 MPa specimens is vice versa. The bond-slip relations between the reinforcement and geopolymer concrete determined from FEA is in good agreement with experimental results. The coefficient of variation (CoV) is only 0.01. However, this behavior is quite different from the data calculated by the fib model.

The bis(anil) molecule of the title compound, C47H32N2O2·C6H4Cl2, contains two anil fragments in the enol–enol form, exhibiting intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds. The two hydroxynaphthalene ring systems are approximately parallel to each other with a dihedral angle of 4.67 (8)° between them, and each ring system makes a large dihedral angle [55.11 (11) and 48.50 (10)°] with the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, the bis(anil) molecules form an inversion dimer by a pair of weak C—H...O interactions. The dimers arrange in a one-dimensional column along the b axis via another C—H...O interaction and a π–π stacking interaction between the hydroxynaphthalene ring system with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6562 (16) Å. The solvent 1,2-dichlorobenzene molecules are located between the dimers and bind neighbouring columns by weak C—H...Cl interactions. Theoretical prediction of potential biological activities was performed, which suggested that the title anil compound can exhibit histone deacetylase SIRT2, histone deacetylase class III and histone deacetylase SIRT1 activities, and will act as inhibitor to aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase, dehydro-l-gulonate decarboxylase and glutathione thiolesterase.

Abstract Background Methadone, a long-acting opioid agonist maintenance treatment (MMT) is used to treat opioid addiction by preventing opioid withdrawal and reducing cravings. However, it is important to note that mental conditions may persist, or even remain undetected while methadone maintenance treatment is ongoing. This study aimed to examine the level of psychological problems among MMT patients at public and private health facilities and identify associated factors. Method From January to September 2018, a cross-sectional study was performed in Nam Dinh province, one of the largest epicenters providing HIV/AIDS surveillance and treatment services in the North of Vietnam. 395 male respondents currently receiving MMT agreed to participate in a face-to-face interview. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were used to assess psychological problems among patients. Results The percentage of patients suffering from mild to extremely severe anxiety was the highest among psychological problems (18%). 2.8% of participants had mild depressive symptoms and the percentage of those having mild or moderate stress was approximately 4%. In addition, the longer treatment duration, the lower mental health scores regarding three types of psychological problems. Respondents who received MMT services in public health facilities were more likely to have a higher score of all psychological problems. Participants who lived with partners or spouse, having higher monthly family income had a lower likelihood of having severe depression and stress status. Freelancers or blue-collars/farmers had lower score of depression and anxiety compared to people being unemployed. Conclusion This study suggests that among our sample, MMT patients receiving treatment in public health facilities might have higher rate of psychological problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress than that of those in the private health facility. These results highlight the necessity of taking psychological counseling adequately for MMT patients and psychological assessment should be prioritized in the early stage of treatment.

The title compound, C30H34N2O9 (4), is a product of the Michael reaction of azacrown ether with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate modified by an addition of NH3 (aq.) at 298 K. The aza-14-crown-4-ether ring adopts a bowl conformation. The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene rings fused to the aza-14-crown-4-ether moiety is 8.65 (5)°. The tetrahydropyridine ring has a boat conformation. The molecular conformation is supported by one N—H...O and two C—H...O intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Both heterocyclic and amino N atoms have essentially planar configurations (sums of the bond angles are 359.35 and 358.00°). Compound 4 crystallizes as a racemate consisting of enantiomeric pairs of the 1R,21S diastereomer. In the crystal, molecules of 4 are connected by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [100]. According to the PASS program (computer prediction of biological activities), compound 4 may exhibit antiallergic (72% probability) and antiasthmatic (67%) activity, as well as be a membrane permeability inhibitor (65%).

In this paper, we investigate disaster-recovery communications utilizing two-cell cooperative D2D communications. Specifically, one cell is in a healthy area, while the other is in a disaster area. A user equipment (UE) in the healthy area aims to assist a UE in the disaster area to recover wireless information transfer via an energy harvesting relay. In the healthy area, the cellular base station (BS) shares the spectrum with the UE, however, both of them may belong to different service providers. Thus, the UE pays an amount of price as incentive to the BS as part of two processes: energy trading and interference pricing. We formulate these two processes as two Stackelberg games, where their equilibrium is derived as closed-form solutions. The results help providing a sustainable framework for disaster recovery when the involving parties juggle between energy trading, interference compromise, and payment incentives in establishing communications during the recovery process.

This paper provides new data on 33 new or rare species of Hoya obtained in fieldwork mainly during 2012–2017 in eastern Indochina including Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. These data include illustrated descriptions of three species new for science, as well as illustrated records of 24 species new for the floras of the studied countries. When these new data are included, the flora of eastern Indochina comprises at least 45 species. Among them eight species are recorded and documented for Cambodia, 21 sp. for Laos and 40 sp. for Vietnam; two new species are described in Vietnam (H. crassipetiolata and H. nutans) and one species is described from Laos (H. uniflora). Eighteen species were recorded newly for the flora of Vietnam (H. arnottiana, H. burmanica, H. chinghungensis, H. erythrina, H. erythrostemma, H. fungii, H. griffithii, H. hainanensis, H. lanceolata, H. linearis, H. loyceandrewsiana, H. mengtzeensis, H. nummularioides, H. pachyclada, H. pandurata, H. parviflora, H. revolubilis, H. vaccinioides), nine for Laos (H. arnottiana, H. carnosa, H. chinghungensis, H. fungii, H. globulosa, H. griffithii, H. linearis, H. pandurata, H. polyneura) and two for Cambodia (H. lobbii, H. multiflora). New localities were discovered for H. bonii, H. lockii, H. lyi, H. micrantha, H. multiflora, H. oblongacutifolia, and H. verticillata known earlier in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam by few collections. Lectotypes are proposed for the following eight species: H. arnottiana, H griffithii, H. lanceolata, H. lobbii, H. nummularioides, H. oblongacutifolia, H. pachyclada, and H. vaccinioides. Names of five taxa earlier known as separate species (H. villosa, H. pseudovalifolia, H. graveolens, H. balansae) are regarded as synonyms of H. globulosa, H. micrantha, H. oblongacutifolia, H. verticillata respectively.

The title compound, C24H29NO4, is the product of a Petrenko–Kritchenko condensation of 1,5-bis(2-formylphenoxy)-3-oxapentane, pentan-3-one and methylammonium acetate in ethanol. The molecule has mirror symmetry. The aza-14-crown-3 ether ring adopts a bowl conformation stabilized by a weak intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond. The conformation of the C—O—C—C—O—C—C—O—C polyether chain is t–g+–t–t–g−–t (t = trans, 180°; g = gauche, ±60°). The dihedral angle between the benzene rings fused to the aza-14-crown-4-ether moiety is 72.68 (4)°. The piperidinone ring adopts a chair conformation. The nitrogen atom has a trigonal–pyramidal geometry, the sum of the bond angles being 335.9°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by weak C—H...O interactions, forming zigzag chains propagating along the [100] direction.

The use of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) by-products as aluminosilicate precursors in geopolymer binders has attracted significant interest from researchers in recent years owing to their high alumina and silica contents. Introduced in this study is the use of geopolymer concrete comprising FCC residue combined with fly ash as the requisite source of aluminosilicate. Fly ash was replaced with various FCC residue contents ranging from 0–100% by mass of binder. Results from standard testing methods showed that geopolymer concrete rheological properties such as yield stress and plastic viscosity as well as mechanical properties including compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were affected significantly by the FCC residue content. With alkali liquid to geopolymer solid ratios (AL:GS) of 0.4 and 0.5, a reduction in compressive and flexural strength was observed in the case of geopolymer concrete with increasing FCC residue content. On the contrary, geopolymer concrete with increasing FCC residue content exhibited improved strength with an AL:GS ratio of 0.65. Relationships enabling estimation of geopolymer elastic modulus based on compressive strength were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that the final product from the geopolymerization process consisting of FCC residue was similar to fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. These observations highlight the potential of FCC residue as an aluminosilicate source for geopolymer products.

Objective: To investigated the protective potential of ethanol extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury. Methods: Dried roots of S. baicalensis were extracted with ethanol and concentrated to yield a dry residue. Mice were administered 200 mg/kg of the ethanol extracts orally once daily for one week. Animals were subsequently administered a single dose of LPS (5 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneal injection). Both protein and mRNA levels of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in liver tissues were evaluated by ELISA assay and quantitative PCR. Cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB protein levels in liver tissues were analyzed by western blotting. Results: Liver injury induced by LPS significantly increased necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB in liver tissues. Treatment with ethanol extracts of S. baicalensis prevented all of these observed changes associated with LPS-induced injury in liver mice. Conclusions: Our study showed that S. baicalensis is potentially protective against LPS-induced liver injury in mice.

In this work, the experimental and simulation analysis of the performance of geopolymer composites reinforced with steel fiber and polypropylene fiber is investigated. By embedding hooked end steel fiber and polypropylene fiber with various volume fractions of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% to the geopolymer concrete mixture, the mechanical behavior was enhanced significantly through experimental results. The compressive strength was improved 26% with 0.5% of polypropylene fiber and 46% with 1% of hooked end steel fiber while the increment of splitting tensile strength was 12% and 28%, respectively. The flexural strength of specimens using two fiber types was also improved when compared with the non-fiber geopolymer concrete. The highest increment obtained with 1.5% of fiber volume content was from 26% to 42%. The compressive performance and flexural performance of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete were also better than specimens without fiber, with a higher load carrying capacity, higher stress, higher toughness and smaller strain. Using hooked end steel fiber resulted in better mechanical strength than using polypropylene fiber, and the presence of fibers is an important factor related to the strength improvements. A finite element analysis was modeled by the ANSYS program, and this showed that the load−deflection response and crack patterns also agreed quite well with experimental results.

1-(p-Methoxyphenyl)tetrazolyl-substituted 6,7-dimethoxy(6,7-methylenedioxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines formed tetrazolyl-substituted azocines in high yields by using activated alkynes. Unsubstituted at 6,7,8-aromatic fragment 1-tetrazolylisoquinoline interacted in several pathways forming tetrazolyl-substituted azocines, 1-tetrazolyl-1-R-vinylisoquinolines and 3-azaspiro[5.5]undeca-1,7,9-triene.

As one of the most reliable technologies, network intrusion detection system (NIDS) allows the monitoring of incoming and outgoing traffic to identify unauthorised usage and mishandling of attackers in computer network systems. To this extent, this paper investigates the experimental performance of Snort-based NIDS (S-NIDS) in a practical network with the latest technology in various network scenarios including high data speed and/or heavy traffic and/or large packet size. An effective testbed is designed based on Snort using different muti-core processors, e.g., i5 and i7, with different operating systems, e.g., Windows 7, Windows Server and Linux. Furthermore, considering an enterprise network consisting of multiple virtual local area networks (VLANs), a centralised parallel S-NIDS (CPS-NIDS) is proposed with the support of a centralised database server to deal with high data speed and heavy traffic. Experimental evaluation is carried out for each network configuration to evaluate the performance of the S-NIDS in different network scenarios as well as validating the effectiveness of the proposed CPS-NIDS. In particular, by analysing packet analysis efficiency, an improved performance of up to 10% is shown to be achieved with Linux over other operating systems, while up to 8% of improved performance can be achieved with i7 over i5 processors.