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Copyright of Klinická Mikrobiologie a Infekční Lékařství is the property of TRIOS, spol. sr.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Viral haemorrhagic fevers are caused by enveloped RNA viruses that belong to the families Filoviridae (Ebola, Marburg), Arenaviridae (Lassa, Lujo, Junin, Machupo, Guanarito), Bunyaviridae (hantaviruses, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Rift Valley fever virus) and Flaviviridae (yellow fever, Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus). These infections manifest as acute systemic febrile illnesses with severe clinical course followed by development of shock syndrome and subsequent multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Viral haemorrhagic fevers are widespread and present in all continents with the exception of Antarctica and represent typical zoonotic infections with natural foci. The potential for direct human-to-human transmission is significant in Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fevers. Although the risk of transmission to tourists is relatively low, these infections are feared for their severe clinical course and unavailable specific treatment. Current Ebola outbreak in western Africa shows that these infections represent a significant public health problem. The potential risk represents the use of these pathogens as weapons of mass destruction. Provision of medical care for patients with viral haemorrhagic fever should be restricted to specialized centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cíl: Určení přesné etiologie komunitních pneu-monií u dětí je i v dnešní době nesnadné. Za nejčastějšího bakteriálního původce je považován S. pneumoniae. V epidemických cyklech se vyskytuje M. pneumoniae. Podíl netypovatelných kmenů H. influenzae (HiNT) není přesně znám. Z těchto důvodů je často diskutována nejvhodnější iniciální antibiotická terapie komunitních pneumonií. Uvedenou kazuistikou by autoři chtěli přispět k racionalizaci léčby dětských pneumonií. Metody: V kazuistice je popsán klinický průběh, laboratorní nález a léčba dítěte s bakteriemickou komunitní pneumonií vyvolanou HiNT. Výsledky: Téměř čtyřletá dosud zdravá holčička s anamnézou dvoudenních febrilií byla přijata k léčbě rozsáhlé levostranné pneumonie s atelektá-zou. V laboratorních nálezech byla vysoká zánět-livá aktivita. Pneumokokový antigen v moči nebyl detekován. Po odběru hemokultur podle zvyklostí pracoviště byl nasazen krystalický penicilin 300 tisíc IU/kg/den v šesti denních dávkách a vzhledem k atelektáze byla zahájena léčba prednisonem v dávce 1 mg/kg/den. Odpověď na léčbu byla promptní, bolesti ustoupily do druhého dne a od třetího dne byla pacientka afebrilní. Šestý den byl hlášen nález HiNT v hemokultuře s citlivostí na všechna běžně testovaná antibiotika. Vzhledem k dosavadnímu příznivému průběhu jsme pokračovali v léčbě krystalickým penicilinem. Osmý den byla pacientka po nekomplikovaném průběhu hospitalizace propuštěna domů v dobrém klinickém stavu. Antibiotická léčba dokončena amoxicilinem 100 mg/kg/den ve třech denních dávkách na pět dnů. V následné ambulantní kontrole byl klinický stav pacientky zcela v normě a dívka byla předána do péče praktického lékaře. Závěr: Prezentovaná kazuistika je příkladem vzácně se vyskytující bakteriemické hemofilové pneumonie u dětí. Počty hlášených invazivních he-mofilových onemocnění u dětí v ČR jsou velmi nízké. V roce 2010 byly v dětském věku zaznamenány pouze dva případy invazivních onemocnění HiNT, oba starší šesti let. Lékem volby hemofilových infekcí je ampicilin nebo cefotaxim, je-li původcem producent beta-laktamázy. U naší pacientky byla však úspěšná i nitrožilní léčba vysokými dávkami krystalického penicilinu. Průběh léčby byl zcela nekomplikovaný. Uvedený případ nás utvrzuje o bezpečnosti nitrožilně podávaného penicilinu ve vysokých dávkách jako počáteční empirické léčby dětských bakteriálních komunitních pneumonií v našich podmínkách. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of antibiotic resistance stands as one of the foremost contemporary global challenges in healthcare. This study presents findings from a pilot survey conducted among Czech general practitioners, concentrating on their perception of antibiotic resistance risk and their knowledge of the AWaRe classification. This classification, in accordance with international guidelines, serves as the principal indicator for monitoring the quality of antibiotic prescriptions. The results of the pilot research suggest that physicians perceive antibiotic resistance as a major problem, but one that is primarily related to health challenges outside the Czech healthcare system. We can also identify the influence of socio-demographic characteristics (mainly age and gender) on the perceived severity of the spread of antibiotic resistance. The second part of the analysis focuses on the ability of respondents to assess individual antibiotics in terms of their suitability for routine and rational, empirical antibiotic prescription according to the AWaRe classification. In particular, the research findings highlight the importance of regional differences and emphasize the need to consider structural aspects within the antibiotic prescribing debate.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rates of parasitaemia clearance and the prevalence of treatment failure in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria treated with artemether-lumefantrine (AL), mefloquine (MQ), and atovaquone-proguanil (AP)., Method: The retrospective descriptive study included adult patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria treated at the University Hospital Bulovka in Prague from 2006 to 2019. Parasitaemia clearance was estimated using a linear regression model., Results: The study included 72 patients with a median age of 33 years (IQR 27-45) and a male to female ratio of 3.2:1. Thirty-six patients (50.0%) were treated with AL, 27 (37.5%) with MQ and 9 (12.5%) with AP. The proportion of VFR and migrants was 22.2% with no significant differences among the three groups. The median time to the parasitaemia clearance was two days (IQR 2-3) in patients treated with AL versus four days in the MQ (IQR 3-4) and AP (IQR 3-4) groups, p < 0.001. The clearance rate constant was 3.3/hour (IQR 2.5-4.0) for AL, 1.6/hour (IQR 1.3-1.9) for MQ, and 1.9/hour (IQR 1.3-2.4) for AP, p < 0.001. Malaria recrudescence occurred in 5/36 (13.9%) patients treated with AL and in no patients treated with MQ or AP., Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the superior efficacy of AL compared to other oral antimalarials in early malaria treatment. However, we observed a higher rate of late treatment failure in patients treated with AL than previously reported. This issue warrants further investigation of possible dose adjustments, extended regimens, or alternative artemisinin-based combinations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All the authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of imported cases of dengue (DEN), chikungunya (CHIK), and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Czech travellers., Materials and Methods: This single-centre descriptive study has retrospectively analysed data of patients with laboratory confirmed DEN, CHIK, and ZIKV infections diagnosed at the Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Tropical Diseases of the University Hospital Bulovka in Prague, Czech Republic from 2004 to 2019., Results: The study included a total of 313 patients with DEN, 30 with CHIK, and 19 with ZIKV infections. Most patients travelled as tourists:263 (84.0%), 28 (93.3%), and 17 (89.5%), respectively (p = 0.337). The median duration of stay was 20 (IQR 14-27), 21 (IQR 14-29), and 15 days (IQR 14-43), respectively (p = 0.935). Peaks of imported DEN and ZIKV infections were noted in 2016, and in 2019 in the case of CHIK infection. Most cases of DEN and CHIKV infections were acquired in Southeast Asia:212 (67.7%) and 15 (50%), respectively, while ZIKV infection was most commonly imported from the Caribbean (11; 57,9%)., Conclusions: Arbovirus infections represent an increasingly significant cause of illness in Czech travellers. Comprehensive knowledge of the specific epidemiological profile of these diseases is an essential prerequisite for good travel medicine practice., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Trojánek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Malaria represents one of the most important imported tropical infectious diseases in European travellers. The objective of the study was to identify changes in the epidemiological features of imported malaria and to analyse the clinical findings and outcomes of imported malaria., Methods: This single-centre descriptive study retrospectively analysed the medical records of all imported malaria cases in travellers treated at the Department of Infectious Diseases of University Hospital Bulovka in Prague from 2006 to 2019., Results: The study included 203 patients with a median age of 37 years (IQR 30-48) and a male to female ratio of 3.72:1. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species (149/203), and its proportion significantly increased from 35/60 cases (58.3%) in 2006-2011 to 69/80 (86.3%) in 2016-2019 (p < 0.001). In contrast, the incidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria decreased from 19/60 cases (31.7%) in 2006-2011 to 5/80 (6.3%) in 2016-2019 (p < 0.001). Malaria was imported from sub-Saharan Africa in 161/203 cases (79.3%). The proportion of travellers from Southeast and South Asia decreased from 16/60 (26.7%) and 6/60 (10.0%) in 2006-2011 to 2/80 (2.5%) and no cases (0.0%) in 2016-2019, respectively (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006). Tourism was the most common reason for travel (82/203), however, the proportion of non-tourists significantly increased over time from 29/60 (48.3%) in 2006-2011 to 55/80 (68.8%) in 2016-2019, p = 0.015. Severe malaria developed in 32/203 (15.8%) patients who were significantly older (p = 0.013) and whose treatment was delayed (p < 0.001). Two lethal outcomes were observed during the study period., Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significant increase in P. falciparum malaria, which frequently resulted in severe disease, especially in older patients and those with delayed treatment initiation. The rising proportion of imported malaria in non-tourists, including business travellers and those visiting friends and relatives, is another characteristic finding analogous to the trends observed in Western European and North American centres. The described changes in the aetiology and epidemiology of imported malaria may serve to optimize pre-travel consultation practices and improve post-travel diagnostics and medical care., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Fever of unknown origin is a rare clinical syndrome, that represents a significant diagnostic challenge. There have been described more than 200 potential diseases, that can manifest as a fever of unknown origin. These are classically divided into following categories: infections, non-infectious inflammatory diseases, malignancies, and other miscellaneous disorders. Each of the disease type is associated with rather characteristic symptoms, clinical signs and laboratory findings, which are individually non-specific, but may provide helpful clues for a further focused diagnostic work-up. The clinicians task is to be able to identify these hallmark clinical features and to correctly interpret their significance and limitations in the appropriate differential diagnostic context. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date clinical research evidence and to propose a  concise clue-oriented diagnostic approach.

Fever of unknown origin represents a clinical syndrome characterized by a fever of over 38.3 °C documented on several occasions during a period of at least 3 weeks, etiology of which remains unexplained after obtaining a detailed history, conducting a thorough physical exam, and an array of basic laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging. Most cases of this syndrome are caused by infections, non-infectious inflammatory diseases, and neoplasms. In addition, drug fevers and internal medicine diseases should be included in the differential diagnostic work-up in all patients. This article presents five case reports of fever of unknown origin managed at an outpatient clinic of a tertiary care center for infectious diseases. This case series emphasizes the need for a consistent, broad and interdisciplinary diagnostic work-up. In addition, we present a review of the etiology and clinical management of fever of unknown origin.

Acyclovir is an antiviral drug frequently used in clinical practice. It is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus. The drug has a good safety profile; however, severe side effects may rarely occur during therapy. These include renal failure as a major risk factor for neurotoxic side effects potentially developing within 24-48 hours of therapy initiation. The paper presents the cases of two patients developing neurotoxic side effects while treated for herpes zoster. The aim of the authors is to highlight the potential for developing neurotoxic side effects in high-risk groups such as the elderly, patients with impaired renal function or multiple comorbidities on polypharmacy, or those using nephrotoxic drugs. Acyclovir use could lead to renal impairment and an increase in its plasma and CNS concentrations with severe neuropsychiatric side effects. The neurotoxic side effects are reversible after therapy withdrawal. Thus, in patients developing mental impairment or showing other neurological symptoms during acyclovir therapy, the patient should be promptly assessed for potential drug neurotoxicity, their therapy should be discontinued and drug elimination with forced diuresis or hemodialysis considered. Early recognition of acyclovir neurotoxic side effects can significantly improve a patient's prognosis.

Background and Aims: SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide serious health problem. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the number of potentially infectious particles present during endoscopic procedures and find effective tools to eliminate the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection while performing them., Methods: An experimental model which focused on aerosol problematics was made in a specialized laboratory. This model simulated conditions present during endoscopic procedures and monitored the formation of potentially infectious fluid particles from the patient's body, which pass through the endoscope and are then released into the environment. For this reason, we designed and tested a prototype of a protective cover for the endoscope's control body to prevent the release and spread of these fluid particles from its working channel. We performed measurements with and without the protective cover of the endoscope's control body., Results: It was found that liquid coming through the working channel of the endoscope with forceps or other instruments inside generates droplets with a diameter in the range of 0.1-1.1 mm and an initial velocity of up to 0.9 m/s. The average number of particles per measurement per whole measured area without a protective cover on the endoscope control body was 51.1; with this protective cover on, the measurement was 0.0, p<0.0001., Conclusions: Our measurements proved that fluid particles are released from the working channel of an endoscope when forceps are inserted. A special protective cover for the endoscope control body, made out of breathable material (surgical cap) and designed by our team, was found to eliminate this release of potentially infectious fluid particles., Competing Interests: All authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

There is insufficient evidence from medical studies for clinical approaches to patients with COVID-19 in primary care. Patients often urge the therapeutic use and preventive administration of various medicines, often controlled by studies insufficiently or completely unverified. The aim of the project, commissioned by the Committee of the Society of General Practice of the Czech Medical Association JEP, was to compensate for this deficiency by interdisciplinary consensus and thus provide general practitioners (GPs) with a basic support in accessing patients with COVID-19. Representatives of GPs identified the most common questionable diagnostic or therapeutic approaches and formulated 17 theses, taking into account their own experience, existing Czech and foreign professional recommendations. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, modified for the needs of pandemic situation, was chosen to seek consensus. Representatives of 7 medical specialties accepted the participation in the 20-member panel. The panel evaluated in 2 rounds, with the comments and opinions of others available to all panelists before the second round. The outcome of the evaluation was agreement on 10 theses addressing the administration of vitamin D, inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD and bronchial asthma, acetylsalicylic acid, indications for D-dimer levels examination, preventive administration of LMWH, importance of pulse oximetry, indication for emergency services, indication for antibiotics and rules for distant contact. The panel disagreed on 6 theses recommending the administration of ivermectin, isoprinosine, colchicine and corticosteroids in patients with COVID-19 in primary care. One thesis, taking into account the use of D-dimers in primary care was evaluated as uncertain. The most discussed theses, on which there was also no agreement, were outpatient administration of corticosteroids and the importance of elevation of D-dimers levels or their dynamic increase in a symptomatic patient with COVID-19 as an indication for referral to hospital. The results of the consensus identified topics that need to be further discussed and on which it is appropriate to focus further research.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse epidemiological and clinical characteristics of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in adults before and after the introduction of the general childhood conjugate pneumococcal vaccination programme in the Czech Republic., Material and Methods: The retrospective observational sentinel study included adults with IPD admitted to the Na Bulovce Hospital in Prague from 1/2000 through 12/2019. A case of IPD was defined as isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a primarily sterile site., Results: A total of 304 IPD cases were diagnosed during the study period, with a male to female ratio of 1.49:1 and age median of 58 years (IQR 43-73). The most prevalent clinical forms were bacteraemic pneumonia (185 cases; 60.9%) and purulent meningitis (90; 29.6%). A total of 157/293 patients (53.6%) required intensive care, and the case fatality rate was 25.3% (n = 77). The serotype was determined in 292 (96.0%) isolates, the most prevalent being serotypes 3 (38; 12.5%), 4 (28; 9.2%), 7F (24; 7.9%), 8 (21; 6.9%), and 1 (18; 5.9%). Both clinical and epidemiological characteristics of IPD caused by the most prevalent serotypes differed considerably. Patients diagnosed with serotype 3 were older, more frequently required intensive care, and showed higher mortality. The proportion of IPD caused by non-PCV13 serotypes increased from 28.8% (19/66) in 2000-2005 to 54.8% (40/70) in 2015-2019 (p = 0.001)., Conclusion: The study demonstrated that invasive diseases caused by the most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes differ in their epidemiological and clinical characteristics and case fatality rate. During the study period, there was a significant increase in IPD caused by non-PCV 13 serotypes, limiting the effect of vaccination in adults.

Objective:  The aim of this study was to evaluate attitudes towards the available preventive measures, risk behaviour and health problems in Czech travellers to tropical and subtropical regions., Materials and Methods:  The prospective study included patients of all ages with a history of recent travel to risky countries who presented to the post-travel clinic of the Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague within two months after return, from February 2009 to June 2018. The data were collec-ted through a questionnaire survey and from electronic medical records., Results:  Nine hundred and thirty-four patients (473 M and 461 F, age median of 32 years, IQR 27-39) participated in the study. The most frequent destinations were South-East Asia (332; 35.5%), South Asia (176, 18.8%), and Sub-Saharan Africa (172; 18.4%). The most common reasons for tra-vel were tourism (772; 82.7%) and business (111; 11.9%). An underlying chronic disease was reported by 317 patients (33.9%). Pre-travel health consultation was sought by 415 travellers (44.4%); however, only 312 (33.4%) of the respondents were properly vaccinated. Preventive malaria chemoprophylaxis was indicated in a total of 151 travellers (16.2%) but was only received by 44/151 patients (29.1%). Risky eating or drinking behaviour was admitted by 832 (89.1%) respondents and low standard accommodation by 525 (56.2 %) travellers. The most commonly reported clinical syndromes were acute and chronic diarrhoea (266; 28.5%), febrile illness (240; 25.7%) and skin lesions (166; 17.8%). A total of 199 patients presented with tropical infection (21.3%) and 63 with a vaccine-preventable infection or malaria (6.7%).  Conclusions: The study shows that the adherence of Czech travellers to preventive measures is relatively low, and along with risky behaviours, has a significant impact on travel-related morbidity. However, vaccine-preventable infections only accounted for a small fraction of travel-related illness, which is in accordance with other epidemiological studies and points out the need for a more comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to pre-travel health consultations.

This case report describes the first case of imported scrub typhus in a Czech traveler. The infection was diagnosed in a 38-year-old male traveler returning from a one-week business/tourist trip to Laos who presented with fever, chills, joint and muscle pain, localized inguinal lymphadenopathy, rash and a typical eschar. Although laboratory findings included elevation of CRP, hepatic aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase, complete blood count revealed only borderline leukocytosis with mild thrombocytopenia. The diagnosis of scrub typhus was made by serological detection of specific antibodies. The patient was treated with a 200 mg daily dose of oral doxycycline for 20 days. His clinical course was uncomplicated. The case underpins the need for a broader differential diagnosis in patients with travel-related health problems, especially those presenting with fever and rash, including less common or neglected tropical diseases.

By the end of 2019 the first cases of severe pneumonia of unknown origin were reported in Wuhan, China. The causative agent was identified as a novel b-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease was named COVID-19. Since the beginning of 2020, the infection has spread worldwide, which led the WHO to declare COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern and to characterize the current situation as a pandemic. The transmission occurs mainly via respiratory droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. Most cases are mild, but some patients develop severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress, septic shock and multi-organ failure. The most common symptoms include fever, dry cough, myalgia and shortness of breath. Characteristic laboratory findings are normal white blood cell count or mild leukopenia, marked lymphopenia, in severe cases elevated CRP, procalcitonin, LDH, and D-dimer are commonly found. Typical imaging findings include multifocal peripherally distributed ground-glass opacities or consolidations, interlobular septal thickening, crazy paving appearance and cystic changes. The overall case fatality rate is estimated to range from 1 to 3 %, however, it is dependent on age and underlying medical comorbidities. Current potential treatment options include hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and convalescent plasma.

Amoebic colitis represents a common parasitic infection in developing countries. In western world, it is encountered only sporadically. The clinical presentation is usually non-specific, non-invasive laboratory tests are often false negative and endoscopic and histopathological appearance may mimic other illnesses, especially Crohns disease. The disease therefore harbours a huge risk of misdiagnosing and a proper diagnosis is usually challenging. We present a case of an amoebic colitis with Crohn-like features and negative parasitological testing in a 53-years-old woman, in which the final diagnosis was established on the basis of its histopathological examination.

Background: Dengue fever is a frequent cause of morbidity in travellers. The objective was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of dengue fever in Czech travellers., Method: This descriptive study includes patients with acute dengue fever diagnosed at Hospital Na Bulovce during 2004-2013. Data were collected and analysed retrospectively., Results: A total of 132 patients (83 males and 49 females) of median age 33 years (IQR 29-40) were included. Diagnosis was established by NS1 antigen detection in 87/107 cases (81.3%) and/or RT-PCR in 50/72 (69.4%) and by serology in 25 cases (18.9%). Dengue was acquired in South-East Asia in 69 cases (52.3%), followed by South Asia (48 cases; 36.3%), Latin America (14; 10.6%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (1; 0.8%). The most frequent symptoms included fever, rash and headache. Initial leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were lower in patients who presented in the early phase (0-4 days), however, platelet count was lower and AST, ALT and LDH activity higher in patients with a longer symptoms duration (≥5 days). The clinical course was mostly uncomplicated., Conclusions: Dengue fever is becoming a frequent cause of fever in Czech travellers. Clinicians should be familiar with the typical clinical findings and novel diagnostic methods., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of imported enteric fever in Czech travellers and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated strains. Retrospective descriptive study included adult patients treated with enteric fever at Hospital Na Bulovce during January 2004-December 2012. A case of typhoid or paratyphoid fever was defined as isolation of Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi from blood or stool. During the study period, there have been diagnosed 19 cases of enteric fever (12 males and 7 females) with age median of 30 years; 14 cases were caused by Salmonella Typhi and 5 cases by S. Paratyphi A. The infection has been acquired in South Asia (16 patients; 84.2 %), in Africa (Egypt, Angola) in two cases (10.5 %), and in Mexico (1; 5.3 %). Symptoms included fever (all patients), diarrhoea (16 cases; 84.2 %), headache (9; 47.4 %), and abdominal pain (7; 36.8 %). Seventeen patients (89.5 %) were treated with fluoroquinolones; however, the treatment failure was observed in seven of them (41.2 %). Decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility was detected in eight strains (66.7 %), and one strain (8.3 %) was multidrug resistant. Sequence analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the gyrA gene revealed the presence of amino acid substitutions in all tested isolates with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers represent epidemiologically important diseases that may lead to potentially life-threatening complications. Major issue in the management of enteric fever represents the non-susceptibility of Salmonella strains to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobials.

Aim: To perform phylogenetic and molecular analysis of A/H1N1pdm influenza viruses isolated in the epidemic season 2012/2013 from hospitalised patients with symptoms of influenza-like illness (ILI)., Material and Methods: The study set included 34 strains of the A/H1N1pdm influenza virus isolated in the Czech Republic in the epidemic season 2012/2013. The strains were analysed by partial or whole-genome sequencing. The genome segments were compared at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, absolute and percentage sequence identity were determined, and phylogenetic relations were identified. The last steps were the comparison of the H1 molecule with that of the most recent vaccine strain and identification of the genotypic structure and molecular markers linked to the pathogenicity and antiviral resistance., Results: Phylogenetic analysis of the H1 molecule suggested that all 34 A/H1N1pdm isolates from the 2012/2013 season in the Czech Republic should be assigned to H1 group 6 divided into sublineages 6A and 6B. The comparison of the known antigenic regions of the H1 molecule with those in the most recent vaccine strain revealed two stable changes in antigenic regions Sb and Ca1. Furthermore, sporadic mutations were identified in antigenic regions Ca2, Cb, and Sb. Genotyping revealed co-circulation of two related but clearly distiguishable genotypes of A/H1N1pdm. All isolates showed sensitivity to oseltamivir. One strain consisted of two N1 sub-populations, one oseltamivir sensitive and the other oseltamivir resistant, in nearly equimolar proportions., Conclusion: All A/H1N1pdm isolates from the epidemic season 2012/2013 in the Czech Republic formed a phenotypically uniform group. At the nucleotide level, the divergence was relatively more pronounced and H1 sublineages and discrete genotypes were possible to identify. H1 molecules were highly identical to those of the vaccine strain A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) which showed that the current vaccine was protective enough. All strains were sensitive to oseltamivir; however, the selection of oseltamivir resistant N1 subpopulations was observed.

Aim of the Study: To characterize the clinical and epidemiological features of patients hospitalized with moderate to severe influenza infection at the infec-tious diseases department of a tertiary care hospital in the epidemic season 2012-2013., Material and Methods: A prospective observational study of patients hospitalized with influenza infection in the season 2012-2013 was carried out at the Infectious Diseases Department, Na Bulovce Hospital in Prague. Influenza infection was diagnosed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in nasopharyngeal swab or tracheal aspirate specimens. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded along with the disease course and outcome., Results: One hundred and ninety-nine patients, 85 females and 114 males (age median 47, range 1-87 years), were hospitalized with confirmed influenza in the epidemic season 2012-2013. Only seven of them got the influenza vaccine. Altogether 136 patients were diagnosed with influenza type A (91 with H1N1pdm, 33 with H3N2, and 12 with an unknown subtype), 66 patients with type B, and three patients with both types A and B. One hundred and eight patients (54%) had an underlying chronic disease, most often cardiovascular or pulmonary. The main symptoms of influenza were fever, cough, headache, myalgia, and arthralgia. Pneumonia was the most common complication: twenty-one patients suffered from primary viral pneumonia and 35 from bacterial pneumonia. Twenty-three patients (12%) needed intensive care. Six patients died and the leading cause of death was heart failure., Conclusion: During the epidemic influenza season 2012-2013, more patients were hospitalized than in the pandemic season 2009-2010. Also the proportions of complicated cases and case fatality ratios were fully comparable in both seasons. The fact that most patients were not vaccinated clearly supports the recommendation to vaccinate every year both the individuals at high risk of complications due to comorbidities and the healthy population.

Aim: The objective of this study is to present epidemiological characteristics and clinical symptoms of dengue fever cases in Czech workers who acquired the infection while working on the island of Fushivelavaru, Maldives. Furthermore, the study compares the sensitivity of novel direct detection assays, i.e. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and detection of Dengue NS1 antigen., Material and Methods: The retrospective study evaluated the clinical course of dengue fever cases in Czech workers returning from a job in the Maldives who were diagnosed with dengue virus infection from September 1 to October 31, 2012. The laboratory diagnosis of dengue fever was based on the serological detection of IgM and IgG antibodies, detection of dengue NS1 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosobent assay (ELISA), and detection of dengue virus DNA by RT-PCR., Results: The infection with dengue virus was confirmed in 18 males with a median age of 40 years (IQR 36-47) who returned from a job in the Maldives. Only one patient required admission to the hospital while the others were treated on an outpatient basis. The most frequently observed symptoms were fever (18), headache (9), muscle and joint pain (8 and 7, respectively), and rash (9). Typical laboratory findings were leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, a low CRP level, and elevated aminotransferase activity. The clinical course was uncomplicated in all patients. The dengue NS1 antigen detection (positive in all 10 patients with acute dengue fever) showed significantly higher sensitivity than the detection of viral RNA using RT-PCR (positive in 4 patients), p = 0.011., Conclusion: Although the vast majority of dengue fever cases are diagnosed among travellers returning from the tropics, the presented study points out the risks posed by dengue fever to long-term workers in endemic areas. The infection in the serologically naïve hosts is usually uncomplicated; however, infected persons are at significant risk of developing a severe complicated clinical course if challenged by another serotype. Furthermore, sick leaves or premature departures cause a considerable economic burden to employers. In the diagnosis of acute dengue fever, preference should be given to highly sensitive and specific tests for the direct detection of dengue virus (NS1 antigen and RT-PCR assays).

Background: Pneumococcal urinary antigen test is a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis in adults. Its use in children is generally not accepted because of nonspecificity at this age. It is frequently positive in asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriers. The aim of our study was to assess the age limit from which the test is no longer positive in asymptomatic healthy carriers., Methods: A total of 197 children aged 36-83 months attending 9 day care centers in Prague were enrolled during February and March 2010. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from each participant and selectively cultivated. The presence of pneumococcal antigen in urine was detected by BinaxNOW® S. pneumoniae kit., Results: Streptococcus pneumoniae was cultivated in 53.3 % of healthy children with the highest colonization rate (59.3 %) in children aged 48-59 months. The most frequently colonizing serotypes were: 19F, 23F, 3, 19A, 6B and 4. The presence of pneumococcal antigen in urine decreased with age from 39.0 % in 36-47 months to 17.9 % in 72-83 months old (p = 0.031). The antigen positivity was serotype-dependent and more frequent in nonvaccinated children., Conclusion: We demonstrated age-dependent linear decrease of pneumococcal antigen excretion into urine in healthy children. The positivity rate of the test in children aged 72-83 months was similar to that referred in healthy adults, irrespective of colonization. To confirm this age limit for use of this test in diagnostics of pneumococcal diseases, further study in school-age children is justified.

Influenza A virus is an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ARI). Clinical manifestations of ARI vary from mild or moderate to life-threatening conditions requiring intensive care. Given the segmented genome, a large natural reservoir of other influenza virus subtypes, and antibody selection pressure in the population, the virus is variable and genetically unstable. The phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of A/H3N2 influenza viruses isolated from patients hospitalised with influenza-like illness symptoms in the Na Bulovce Hospital in the season 2011/2012 support the assumption that the pathogenicity is a polygenic trait modifiable by the host health status and seems not to be unambiguously associated with any specific mutations.

Recent outbreaks of viral hepatitis A in non-endemic European countries and the potential outbreak risk in susceptible populations has led us to evaluate the clinical characteristics of children hospitalised with hepatitis A. Retrospective study included 118 children (68 boys and 50 girls) with the mean age of 8.5 years hospitalised at Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague from June 2008 to June 2009. The clinical course was symptomatic icteric in 57 (48.3 %) children, symptomatic anicteric in 23 (19.5 %), subclinical in 22 (18.6 %) and asymptomatic inapparent in 16 (13.6 %). The relapse of the disease occurred in three patients. There were no cases of fulminant hepatitis. The most frequent symptoms included jaundice (57 cases), abdominal pain/discomfort (38), vomiting (38), dark urine (37), subfebrility (29) and fever (25). Hepatic injury markers were substantially elevated in icteric patients, but moderate elevations were identified in anicteric and subclinical cases as well. Lower white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were independently associated with symptomatic and more severe clinical course. Active immunisation was provided to 22 patients, and as a post-exposure prophylaxis to 19 of them. The clinical course and laboratory parameters in vaccinated children were not significantly different from non-vaccinated children. The clinical course of hepatitis A was largely self-limiting and benign. Asymptomatic infections are frequent, representing risk for disease spread; however, they are associated with elevations of hepatic injury markers. The inclusion of significant proportion of asymptomatic cases that were identified and investigated only because of active epidemiological surveillance in the outbreak focus represents the particular asset of this study.