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Background: Diclofenac potassium is an NSAID drug that is used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. The use of this drug orally can cause side effects in the gastrointestinal tract, and the drug will undergo extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. Therefore, preparations for transdermal patches were made. Objective: Determining the effect of the polymer ratios of carboxymethyl chitosan, polyvinyl pyrolidone K-30, and ethyl cellulose N22 on the physicochemical characteristics and drug release of a matrix type diclofenac potassium patch. Methods: In this study, matrix type diclofenac potassium patches were made using a combination of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 polymer, and ethyl cellulose (EC) N22 in a ratio of 2:3:7 and 3:2:7. Patches are made by mixing the entire polymer matrix and diclofenac potassium together, which are then evaporated and dried. Results: The results showed that the different polymer compositions of CMC, PVP K-30, and EC N22 resulted in patches with physicochemical characteristics that were not significantly different. The combination of these polymers is able to control the release of the drug from the patch for a long time. It was also found that increasing the concentration of CMC was able to increase the rate of release of diclofenac potassium. Formula 2 with a ratio of 3:2:7 is claimed to be the best formula in terms of physical, chemical, and drug release characteristics from the patch. Further studies are needed, such as drug penetration tests into the skin.

Background: Skin aging can be overcome by applying anti-aging cosmetics. Many active ingredients that have anti-aging potential are derived from plants, and these materials must be delivered with a sound skin delivery system, namely nanoemulsion. The characteristics of nanoemulsion are closely related to physical stability. Objective: This study aims to conduct a systematic review of in vivo and in vitro study designs to examine the characteristics and physical stability of nanoemulsions used in topical anti-aging cosmetics. Methods: A systematic literature review based on the PRISMA statement was used to review the articles regarding nanoemulsions’ characteristics and physical stability. The article search was accessed from an internet search database: Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science, published between January 2012 and June 2022. Results: Of the 244 articles, 44 were found to be related to the characteristics and physical stability of nanoemulsions in anti-aging cosmetics. These showed that active ingredients with antioxidant activity, filter UV rays, moisturizing agents, and cell-repairing agents are delivered by a nanoemulsion system with various types and ratios of surfactants, cosurfactants, and oil phases. Tween 80, Span 80, Transcutol HP, and Caprylic/capric triglyceride are the most widely used nanoemulsion compositions. Conclusion: The type and composition of the oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant affect the characteristics of the nanoemulsion (droplet size, polydispersity index, viscosity, zeta potential) and the physical stability of the nanoemulsion so that it can deliver active ingredients that have the potential as anti-aging well.

Background: Quercetin is a flavonoid compound that has anti-inflammation activity. However, poor stability presents significant problems for the formulation into dosage forms. Microspheres are one of the potential lung delivery systems because of their ability to encapsulate various types of drugs, protect drugs from environmental effects and can release drugs in a sustained release. Objective: In the present study, the microsphere inhalation system of the anti-inflammation drug, quercetin was developed and evaluated to achieving the targeted delivery of these drugs to the lung. Method: The drug-loaded ca-alginate microspheres were prepared by aerosolization ionic gelation technique followed by freeze-drying. Result: The result of this study showed that particle size was less than 2 µm, the yield ranged from 41.33-76.14%, drug loading was less than 6%, entrapment efficiency ranged from 74.153% - 93.805% and flow properties showed that all formula had an excellent flow. Spherical microspheres were demonstrated by formulations containing 1 and 1.5% sodium alginate. A drug release study showed that the highest drug release of 30.649% was from the formulation with 2.5% sodium alginate, and the lowest drug release of 26.625% was from the formulation with 2% sodium alginate. , A stability study at temperatures of 25ᵒC and 40ᵒC for 28 days showed a decrease in drug loading and entrapment efficiency but an increase in particle size. The formulation containing 1.5% sodium alginate showed the optimal formula. Conclusion: These findings indicated that quercetin ca-alginate microspheres are the potential for inhalation to be delivered to the lung.

Inhalation Ciprofloxacin HCl microspheres were formulated with combination of alginate and kappa carrageenan with a total of 1% (F1), 1.5% (F2), and 2% (F3). Aim of this research is to examine effect of polymer concentration on characteristics, release, and lung deposition of microspheres. Microspheres were characterized including loading, efficiency, yield, size, moisture content, mucoadhesivity, and release. Deposition was studied by fluorescence microscopy. Results showed spherical and smooth with size ofless than 2 µm. Loading showed about 18.55% to 29.65%. Entrapment efficiency was 52.86-76.29%. Yield was 49.83-70.72%. Swelling index was less than 10. For moisture content, all formulas demonstrated less than 6.5%. For mucoadhesivity, F1, F2, and F3 showed 0.0090 kg, 0.0217 kg, and 0.0329 kg respectively. It was found that increasing polymer concentration did not affect size, loading, efficiency, and yield of microspheres. Cumulative release at F1, F2, and F3 was 72.64%, 59.25%, and 47.66% respectively in 10 minutes at PBS pH 7.4 with burst release profile. In vivo showed that all formulas were able to deposit on rat lungs and it was found that the intensity were decreased at the 4th hour due to increase of polymer. Remaining intensity indicated that microspheres were able to maintain the drugs loaded.

Objective: The p-methoxycinnamic acid (PMCA) was known has antiinflamatory effect which is difficult to dissolve in water, to increase the penetration to the skin it’s was loaded in the nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) delivery system used the combination of beeswax-cacao oleum and virgin coconut oil (VCO), compared with solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanoemulsion (NE) delivery systems. Material and Method: PMCA concentrations of 1% in each system were prepared by the high shear homogenization method, namely NLC-PMCA and SLN-PMCA; and was prepared by emulsification method namely NE-PMCA. Then all systems are characterized and tested for release rate, penetration into the rat skin, also were tested for physical stability. The results of this research: All systems have a pH value in the range of 4.2 - 4.5 which falls into the skin's pH range (4-6.5). The viscosity of the NLC-PMCA, SLN-PMCA and NE-PMCA systems are 30.03±6.29; 93.77± 6.11 and 3.43±0.16 cPs, respectively. The particle size of NLC-PMCA, SLN-PMCA and NE-PMCA are 423.6± 33.6; 830.7±71.3 and 57.1±1.6nm, respectively. The release rate of PMCA in the NLC-PMCA, SLN-PMCA and NE-PMCA system are 0.2210±0.0089; 0.1972±0.0145 and 0.4690±0.0228µg/cm2/minute, respectively. The depth of PMCA penetration in the NLC-PMCA, SLN-PMCA and NE-PMCA system at 30 minutes after application are 1173.0±37.8; 703.3±117.2; 1414.3±106.4µm, respectively and at 2 hours after application are 1268.8±111.9; 945.6±140.4; 1832.5±92.8μm, respectively. The NLC-PMCA has no physical changes in 14 days’ storage, whereas the SLN-PMCA consistency becomes thicker and the NE-PMCA becomes turbid. Conclusion: NLC-PMCA has better release rate and deeper penetration than SLN-PMCA, even though it is lower and shallower than NE-PMCA, but NLC-PMCA has better physical stability than SLN-PMCA and NE-PMCA.

Metformin hydrochloric acid (HCl)-loaded alginate microspheres prepared using aerosolization method were subsequently evaluated for their physico-chemical characteristics in terms of particle size, morphology, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, yield and in vitro release. A two factorial Design of Experiment (DoE) was used to study the influence of polymer alginate and cross-linker calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) concentrations on microparticle characteristics. The results indicated that all microspheres were spherical in shape, while their particle size was less than 5 µm, although this increased with the intensification of alginate and CaCl2 concentrations. Encapsulation efficiency, loading, and yield were all enhanced by increasing alginate concentration and, conversely, decreasing CaCl2 concentration. The highest encapsulation efficiency, loading, and yield were 40, 31, and 73%, respectively, produced by a formula containing 1.75% alginate and 3% CaCl2 . The drug release of Metformin-loaded microparticles in HCl pH 1.2 ranged from 22 to 28% during a two-hour period, while further drug release of PBS pH 7.4 increased from 67 to 95% over ten hours. The total amount of drug released during a 12-h period increased by reducing alginate concentration. Furthermore, a kinetic study of the dissolution data confirmed the prevalence of a diffusion-controlled mechanism or Higuchi pattern of drug release.

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristic and stability of Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell Metabolite Product (AMSC-MP) in fluid and freeze dried form. Conducted a qualitative test of the liquid and freeze dried AMSC-MP form using the SDSPAGE method, also determined the quantitative TGF-β levels, stability stored testing both materials at room and cold temperature during 28 days. Characterization of the freeze dried form was also carried out including FTIR profile, DTA, SEM and XRD.SDS-PAGE results obtained that qualitatively the liquid and freeze dried forms have the same protein component a molecule weight (MW) of 75.33 kDa. Quantitatively, the form of fluid has higher TGF-β levels compared to freeze dried on day 0. However, the results of the stability test showed that the form of freeze dried has better stability than the fluid, as indicated by a decrease in TGF-β levels greater on the day 21st. Liquid form that is stored at room temperature changes the color after 7days. Furthermore characterization of freeze dried shows has a crystalline structure based on its XRD profile with an endothermic peak at 163.8 this is supported by SEM a tetragonal crystal. FTIR profile showed the maximum absorption at wave numbers 1674-1640 and 3350-3200 which indicates the presence of C=O and N-H bonds which are functional groups of protein compounds.Conclusion: The freeze dried AMSC-MP form has better stability than the fluid form in cold temperature storage and AMSC-MP is a protein.

This study purposes to develop solid lipid microparticles (SLM) inhalation delivery system for respiratory diseases with Quercetin as the active agent. Quercetin has various functions, such as for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, and antivirus. SLM is formed from a mixture of lipids and surfactants, namely, Glyceryl Behenate as solid lipid, Poloxamer 188 as the surfactant, and production of SLM using the melt o/w emulsification technique and was dried using freeze dryer. The effect of lipid concentration was studied in this research. Quercetin SLM was characterized by moisture content, Fourier transform infrared, particle size, yield, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency. The SLM particles produced were spherical in shape and had a smooth surface with sizes of F1, F2, and F3 were 1.79 μm, 1.88 μm, and 1.91 μm, respectively. According to the target particle size of inhalation, Quercetin SLM had good flowability according to Carr's Index (F1 = 12.73% ± 0.38, F2 = 14.28% ± 0.65, F3 = 14.65% ± 0.62), in which the highest drug loading and EE of F3 were 10.94% and 88.48%, respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentration of carboxymethyl chitosan and curcumin on physical characteristics and wound healing activity of carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin hydrogel. Hydrogels were prepared using carbomer as a gelling agent and TEA was added to neutralize the carbomer hydrogel in order to make it swell. The obtained hydrogels were evaluated for its physical characterization such as organoleptic, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, pH, and wound healing activity on the burned wound in Wistar rats. The results showed that higher concentration of carboxymethyl chitosan significantly reduces viscosity and pH while its spreadability and drying time are significantly increased. Curcumin only affected two out of five physical characteristics: organoleptic and pH. Higher concentration of curcumin reduces its pH but statistical analysis showed no interaction between carboxymethyl chitosan and curcumin. The wound healing activity in Wistar rats with 2nd degree burn wound model indicates that carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin hydrogel can significantly improve wound healing activity in rats compared to control group. Higher concentration of carboxymethyl chitosan can affect the physical characteristics of carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin hydrogel i.e. a decrease in viscosity and pH, as well as an increase in spreadability and drying time. On the other hand, higher concentration of curcumin only affected the pH of the preparation. In the wound healing activity test, macroscopic observation showed that the combination of carboxymethyl chitosan-curcumin significantly increased the wound healing activity of 2nd degree burn in Wistar rats. However, the use of this hydrogel preparation statistically did not give significant improvement in wound healing process when compared with G1, G2, G3, G4, and positive control. Based on histopathology test results, it can be concluded that after 14 days of treatment the value of collagen deposition and PMN between groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and positive control and intergroup replication (1, 2, 3, 4, and positive controls) are in uniformity which indicates that the wound has undergone healing process. In addition, the four groups possess better results than negative controls which didn’t receive any treatment.

Gentamicin sulfate is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that can be used for primary and secondary infections of the skin. Microspheres can be used to extend drug release on the skin; the resulting therapeutic effect is constant and has a longer duration of action. Therefore it can reduce the frequency of use and increase patient compliance. This study investigated the appropriate profile and release kinetics model of gentamicin sulfate microspheres entrapped on the emulgel base. Gentamicin-alginate microspheres were made by the ionotropic gelation method with aerosolization technique, using 2.5% Na-alginate low viscosity, CaCl2 solution of 1.5M as a crosslinker, maltodextrin as lyoprotectant and were dried using the freeze-drying method. The result of microspheres characterization, gentamicin microsphere was spherical with smooth surface structure and had particle diameter of 3.021 ± 0.017μm. Gentamicin microspheres had moisture content 2.89%, and maximum swelling index was 2625 ± 21.70% was achieved within 5 hours. The drug loading of microspheres was 1.75 ± 0.11%, and entrapment efficiency was 10.96 ± 0.19%. The release evaluation during 720 minutes showed that the amount of gentamicin release from alginate microspheres on emulgel base was 14.857 ± 0.816%, and gentamicin release on emulgel conventional was 49.239 ± 5.954%. The model of release kinetics of gentamicin microspheres on emulgel was Higuchi model that showed the release of the active ingredient through the diffusion process. While the model of release kinetics of gentamicin on emulgel base was first order, that showed the release of active agent depends on remaining concentration.

Antibiotics are not only used for humans, but also often used for cattle and livestock which are then been consumed by humans. This over prescribed and missed used of antibiotic is a major factor in antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a condition where bacteria are unable to be treated with antibiotics. In fact, the use of antibiotics is the first response in curing infectious diseases (by bacteria) and preventing infectious diseases spreading. With antibiotic resistance, preventing infectious diseases by bacteria became harder. This community service activity came up with a slogan "Antibiotic Resistence Awareness Movement" was carried out in Surabaya 10 Public High Schools and Surabaya 17 Public High Schools with 60 students per school using several methods, namely: (a) giving lecture material using LCD projectors ) the implementation of poster making competitions, and (c) poster presentations that have been made that are accompanied by question and answer, and (d) evaluation activities in the form of written tests covering pre-test and post-test. Concerning the results of posters results, poster presentations and improving the results of this posttest can be concluded as a result of an increase in understanding and or knowledge of students of SMA 10 and SMA 17 Surabaya

This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of beeswax and oleum cacao on the characteristics and stability of nanostructured lipid carrier-aleurites moluccana seed oil (NLC-AMs oil). The combination ratio of beeswax-oleum cacao and AMs oil is 3:1 which total lipid 20%, while the ratio of beeswax-oleum cacao used were F1(100:0); F2 (50:50); F3 (25:75); and F4 (0:100). These preparations are made by the high shear homogenization method because the processing technique is relatively easier, faster and it is possible to get nanoparticle size. Then characterization and physical stability test (real time, thermal cycling test, and centrifugation) were carried out. The results of this study can be concluded that: 1) NLC-AMs oil with combinations of beeswax and oleum cacao has smaller particle size than those using only single solid lipids (oleum cacao or beeswax). 2) Increased concentration of oleum cacao in the NLC-AMs oil system increases its viscosity. 3) The ratio of beeswax and oleum cacao affects the recrystallization index of the NLC-AMs oil. The lowest recrystallization index is in the NLC-AMs oil with a combination of beeswax-oleum cacao in F2 (50:50). 4) The results of the real time stability test for 8 weeks of storage revealed the NLC-AMs oil system with a combination of solid fat beeswax and oleum cacao on F3 (25:75) had the best stability. 5) All formulas are not stable against extreme temperature changes (thermal cycling test) and shocks (centrifugation) indicated by system separation.

Essential oil is a component that can be obtained from plants and animals that have various biological activities such as antibacterial activity for various diseases. Some antibacterial activities come from the unsaturated fatty acid content of essential oils. However, due to the various limitations possessed by essential oils such as volatile, unstable to heat and light, and quickly evaporated, therefore encapsulation of essential oil using a polymer as the wall material can maintain the stability of oils. This review focuses on the encapsulation of oils, lipids, and fatty acids.

Pendahuluan: Amniotic membran stem cell metabolite product (AMSC-MP) merupakan metabolit produk yang diperoleh dari Amniotic membrane yang diisolasi dan dikultur yang kemudian ditumbuhkan dalam medium terkondisi. AMSC-MP mengandung banyak growth factor dan sitokin yang sangat berguna sebagai antiaging. Growth factor dan sitokin yang pada umumnya berukuran besar lebih dari 20 KDa menyebabkan AMSC-MP membutuhkan formulasi khusus untuk penggunaannya secara topikal. Pada penelitian ini digunakan asam hialuronat dikombinasi dengan SPACE peptide yang memiliki fungsi sebagai enhancer makromolekul untuk formulasi sediaan gel AMSC-MP sebagai antiaging. Untuk memastikan kualitas dan stabilitas suatu sediaan, maka perlu dilakukan uji karakteristik fisik dan uji stabilitas fisik sediaan tersebut. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan asam hialuronat (0; 0,01; 0,02; 0,04 %) yang dikombinasi SPACE peptide terhadap karakteristik dan stabilitas dari formulasi sediaan gel AMSC-MP. Metode: Karakteristik fisik sediaan gel freeze dried AMSC-MP dengan penambahan asam hialuronat yang dikombinasi SPACE peptide dievaluasi dengan menggunakan parameter organoleptis (warna, bau, konsistensi dan tekstur), pengukuran pH dan kapasitas penyebaran. Pengujian stabilitas fisik dievaluasi dengan pengukuran pH dan kapasitas penyebaran sediaan setelah penyimpanan selama 28 hari. Hasil: Hasil uji karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel AMSC-MP menunjukkan penampilan fisik yang baik, gel transparan dengan konsistensi kental, lembut dengan bau yang khas. Nilai pH sekitar 5,26 - 5,37 dan kapasitas penyebaran pada 6,13 - 6,50. Semua formula stabil selama 28 hari penyimpanan. Kesimpulan: Penambahan kombinasi asam hialuronat dan SPACE peptide pada formulasi tidak merusak karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel AMSC-MP pada penyimpanan selama 28 hari.

Pendahuluan : Penggunaan growth factor dalam kosmetika adalah upaya yang menjanjikan dalam mengatasi masalah penuaan, namun juga menjadi sebuah tantangan tersendiri untuk pengaplikasiannya. Karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik merupakan parameter yang penting dalam formulasi sediaan, utamanya pada sediaan kosmetika yang mengandung growth factor karena dapat berpengaruh langsung terhadap efektifitas kandungan zat aktifnya. Tujuan : Mengevaluasi pengaruh perbandingan Amniotic Membran Stem Cell Metabolite Product (AMSC-MP) dan SPACE peptide (F1 = 1:0; F2 = 1:1; F3 = 1:2; F4 = 1:3) terhadap karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik krim antiaging AMSC-MP yang mengandung growth factor . Metode : Uji karakteristik sediaan dievaluasi dengan parameter organoleptis, pH dan daya sebar. Uji stabilitas fisik dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi karakteristik sediaan selama 21 hari penyimpanan. Hasil : Sediaan krim yang mengandung AMSC-MP dengan SPACE peptide memiliki karakteristik; rentang pH 5,8 - 6,5 hasil uji statistik dengan metoda ANOVA satu arah menunjukan perbedaan bermakna, daya sebar sediaan antara 5,6 - 7,2 cm hasil uji dengan metoda Kruskal Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna, bau sedikit amis, warna putih susu dan tekstur lembut. Hasil uji stabilitas terhadap nilai pH dan daya sebar menunjukkan bahwa formula krim dengan penambahan berbagai konsentrasi SPACE peptide stabil selama penyimpanan 21 hari. Kesimpulan : Peningkatan konsentrasi SPACE peptide meningkatkan pH sediaaan namun tidak mempengaruhi daya sebar, bau, warna dan tektur sediaan. Semua formula sediaan krim AMSC-MP dengan SPACE peptide stabil selama 21 hari penyimpanan.

Pendahuluan: Minyak nilam memiliki efek antioksidan dan peningkat penetrasi. Minyak tersebut berpotensi meningkatkan efektivitas produk sleeping mask dengan Koenzim Q10 (KoQ10) yang dimuat dalam Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) sebagai kosmetik anti-penuaan. Tujuan: Membandingkan karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik dari NLC-KoQ10 yang dimuat dalam sleeping mask dengan dan tanpa minyak nilam. Metode: Preparasi NLC-KoQ10 menggunakan metode High Shear Homogenization. NLC-KoQ10 dicampur dengan hydrogel dan minyak nilam, untuk F2. Sedangkan untuk F1 tanpa minyak nilam. Setelah itu diamati karakteristik dan stabilitas fisiknya yang meliputi organoleptik, pH, dan viskositas. Uji stabilitas fisik diamati pada suhu ruang selama 90 hari. Hasil: Uji karakteristik fisik menunjukkan bahwa F1 memiliki bau seperti oleum cacao, sedangkan F2 memiliki bau khas minyak nilam dan sedikit bau seperti oleum cacao. F1 memiliki nilai pH 6,036 ± 0,011, sedangkan F2 memiliki nilai pH 6,062 ± 0,020. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan. Namun, F1 dan F2 memiliki nilai viskositas yang berbeda. F1 memiliki nilai viskositas 199,2 ± 0,7 cp, sedangkan F2 memiliki nilai viskositas 175,6 ± 7,9 cp. Uji stabilitas fisik menunjukkan bahwa F1 dan F2 memiliki skala nilai pH berkisar 6,055 - 6,336 dan viskositas 175,6 - 239,7 cp. Nilai viskositas F1 mengalami peningkatan setelah hari ke-60, sedangkan F2 pada hari ke-90. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan uji karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik dapat disimpulkan bahwa F1 dan F2 memiliki bau dan viskositas yang berbeda, dan F2 lebih stabil daripada F1.

Meloxicam is an NSAID that can cause gastric irritation when orally administered. Transdermal drug delivery system can avoid its side effects and avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver. In this study, matrix type transdermal patches containing meloxicam were prepared using different ratios of sodium alginate, hydroxpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E15, and ethyl cellulose (3:2: 0.5; 2.5: 2:1; 2:2:1.5 and 1.5:2:2). The transdermal patches of meloxicam were prepared by mixing all dispersion polymers matrix and meloxicam. The patches were evaluated for physicochemical assessment (organoleptic, moisture content, surface morphology, drug content, and homogeneity). The result showed that there were differences in both moisture content and mass variation. The percent of moisture content and mass variation were increased as the amount of hydrophilic polymer increases. Formula 1.5:2:2 showed the best characteristic because it had low moisture content, however, it still needs further studies, such as stability, drug release, and penetration studies.

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of arbutin (3% w/w) and olive oil addition (3, 5, and 7% w/w) on characteristic and SPF values of sunscreen product containing oxybenzone and octyldimethyl PABA (3:7% w/w) in a carbomer 940 gel base. The characteristic test was conducted by observing the physical appearance, pH and spreading ability on the second day after the product was made; while the SPF values were measured through a spectrophotometric method. Based on the results of the characteristic test, it was evident that the addition of arbutin and olive oil affected the physical appearances i.e the organoleptic and consistency of sunscreen product as well as its spreading ability, but had no effect on its pH. However, the addition of arbutin and olive oil significantly improved the effectiveness of sunscreen product and increase in the concentration of olive oil resulted in a rise in the SPF values. Nonetheless, further study on the in vivo effectiveness using human subject is required to comprehend the SPF application.

Kojic acid is well known as a depigmentation agent is used for hyper-pigmentation therapy. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Carbomer-Tween 80 aggregate on kojic acid penetration. Kojic acid is quickly absorbed through the skin, remaining on the epidermis not long enough to inhibit melanogenesis activities; Carbomer-Tween 80 aggregate was used to control the release of kojic acid. Tween 80 was added in different concentrations (0.01% for F1, 0.02% for F2, and 0.04% for F3) to carbomer (0.25%) dispersion to create aggregate, then the aggregate was added to a vanishing cream base. Kojic acid penetration was observed by measuring the inhibition activity of tyrosinase. The inhibitor activity was determined by measuring the absorbance of dopachrome, a product of tyrosinase reacting to L-tyrosine as a substrate, and with kojic acid as an inhibitor. The value of inhibition percentage for the formulas without Carbomer-Tween 80 aggregates, F1, F2, and F3 was 64.8367 ± 3.16, 67.2833 ± 1.89, 71.0867 ± 4.05, and 49.2867±2.75%, respectively. The inhibition percent of F3 (with addition of 0.04% Tween 80) was significantly lower than the others, demonstrating that increasing Tween 80 concentrations decreases kojic acid penetration.

Pendahuluan : Sebagai organ terluas yang menyusun tubuh manusia, kulit menjadi salah satu lokasi penting dalam menghantarkan obat atau bahan aktif tertentu ke dalam tubuh manusia. Beberapa bahan aktif berbentuk makromolekul dengan berat molekul lebih dari 500 Da tidak dapat menembus stratum korneum sehingga membutuhkan bantuan penetration enhancer. SPACE ( Skin Penetrating and Cell Entering ) merupakan rangkaian molekul peptida berukuran kecil yang berpotensi bekerja sebagai enhancer dalam menghantarkan makromolekul dengan cara yang tidak invasif. Namun SPACE merupakan enhancer golongan baru sehingga efek penambahan SPACE terhadap karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik pada formulasi sediaan gel masih belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan : Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek pemberian SPACE pada karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel freeze dried Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell-Metabolite Product . Metode : Karakteristik fisik sediaan gel freeze dried AMSC-MP dengan SPACE dievaluasi menggunakan parameter organoleptis (warna, bau, bentuk, tekstur), pH dan diameter sebar sediaan. Stabilitas fisik sediaan akan dievaluasi dengan menguji karakteristik fisik sediaan selama 30 hari penyimpanan. Hasil : Gel freeze dried Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell memiliki pH sekitar 6,1 dan diameter sebar sediaan sekitar 6,0 cm. Seluruh hasil pengujian karakteristik masih memenuhi rentang yang dipersyaratkan. Hasil uji karakteristik dianalisis menggunakan statistika metode ANOVA satu arah dan tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna antar formula. Semua formula F1, F2, F3 dan F4 stabil selama 30 hari penyimpanan. Kesimpulan : Penambahan SPACE tidak mempengaruhi karakteristik dan stabilitas fisik sediaan gel freeze dried Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell-Metabolite Product .

Ubiquinone (co-Q10) is a topical anti-aging with low solubility in water, so its penetration into the skin is also low. To increase its penetration ubiquinone (co-Q10) was loaded in the nanoemulsion delivery system using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as oil phase. Ubiquinone (co-Q10) in nanoemulsion formula consists of; ubiquinone (co-Q10), Tween 80, Span 80, ethanol 96%, VCO and acetate buffer solution pH 4.2 ± 0.5 with concentration; 1%; 18.66%; 1.92%; 3.42%; up to 100%, respectively. The characteristics of ubiquinone (co-Q10) nanoemulsion were observed in terms of droplet morphology by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and droplet size by particle analyzer, the pH and viscosity value. The ubiquinone (co-Q10) penetration test in the nanoemulsion system was compared with the emulsion on the rat skin. Result of this research showed the droplet morphology of ubiquinone (co-Q10) in nanoemulsion was spherical. The droplet size was 93.2 ± 2.78 nm. The pH value was 4.12 ± 0.02, and the viscosity was 8.5 cPas. Penetrasi of ubiquinone (co-Q10) in nanoemulsion was deeper (269 ± 48.12 and 993 ± 36.49 μm) than in emulsion (26.33 ± 6.43 and 110.33 ± 9.124 μm), after 2 and 6 hours sample application.

The prevention of Diabetic Mellitus (DM) and its complications is the main aim of this study, in addition to the training of lotion foot care application and the development of small scale industry. The research team delivered knowledge in the form of training on Diabetic Mellitus, healthy food, treatment and prevention of complications, and small-scale production of cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between training on diabetic and lotion foot care application as preventive measures against diabetic complications on the patient's blood glucose levels in the community of residents in Banyuurip Jaya, Surabaya. It was expected from this training that the knowledge of the residents increases and people living with diabetic undergo lifestyle changes and therefore blood sugar levels can be controlled. The parameters measured in this research were blood glucose levels, the anti diabetic drug types consumed, and compliance on diabetics. This study used the data taken from 60 patients with DM over a period of one month. Questionnaires and log books was used to retrieve data and changes in blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. The results showed the demographic data of patients with type 2 diabetic of 85% female and 15% male, with the range of patients aged of 61-70 years of 46.67% and had history of diabetic (90%). The history of drugs consumed by respondents was anti diabetic drugs such as metformin (40%), glimepiride (33.37%) and insulin (6.67%). In addition, the increased knowledge of DM patients after being given the training compared to before training was shown in several questions in the questionnaire. A statistical analysis using t-test analyzed a correlation between training provided in order to enhance understanding of the patient, as well as correlation with blood glucose levels. A paired T-test showed that there was a relationship between the knowledge of trainees before and after training (p less than 0.05). An interesting result was that there was no relationship between blood glucose levels before and after training provided (p> 0.05).

The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of NLC in increasing photostability of tomato extract in term of antioxidant activity. Photostability testing on antioxidant activity of samples were conducted by accelerating method using UVB radiation 32.400 joule for 21 hours radiation. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method. NLC was made by High Shear Homogenization (HPH) method at 24000 rpm for 4 cycles, while conventional creame was made by low speed at 400 rpm. The product were characterized include: pH, viscosity, and particle size. There were had difference characters and physical stability. NLC had smaller size, more homogenous and more stable than conventional creame. It was known that stability of antioxidant activity of tomato extract in NLC system higher than in conventional creame. That was showed with k value, as constanta of rate scavenging activity decreasing in antioxidant power between time (Sigma 2-tail less than 0.005) of NLC and conventional creame were: 2.03x10-2 %/hour ±0.08 (3.94) and 4.71x 10-2 %/ hour ±0.23 (4.88) respectively.

Ubiquinon (Q10) is an endogenous antioxidant. It is lipophilic and practically insoluble in water. To improve its solubility and penetration, it was formulated into O/W nanoemulsion. The resulting Q10 nanoemulsion was then physically characterized for its droplet size, morphology, and viscosity. In addition, it was conducted a penetration test of Q10 in nanoemulsion delivery system compared to Q10 in emulsion using male Wistar rats. From the characterization results, it was found that the droplet size of Q10 nanoemulsion (70.07 ± 12.42 nm) less than Q10 emulsion (21.063 ± 3,57μm), the morphology of droplet Q10 nanoemulsion and Q10 emulsion that are spherical, and that the viscosity of Q10 nanoemulsion (10.5 CPa.s) less than Q10 emulsion (16 CPa.s). The penetration rate of Q10 in nanoemulsion and emulsion was observed at 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours after treatment. The result was known that the penetration rate of Q10 in nanoemulsion (174.49 μm/h) > Q10 in emulsion (20.429 μm/h).

Penetration is an absolute requirement for active ingredient to produce an effect in deep of the skin. First obstacle for active ingredient to penetrate through the skin is stratum corneum. Nanotechnology that has nano size particles, is the answer to make it’s penetrate through the skin. In this research the skin penetration of Coenzyme Q10 was loaded in the lipid nanoparticles that is nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) was compered with it was dissolved in olive oil. The research result known that Coenzyme Q10 was loaded in NLC has deeper penetration (639.34 ± 17.69 µm) in the mice skin than it was dissolved in olive oil as control (33.00 ± 1.71 µm), its just least penetrated into the skin after 6 hours sample application.

Pendahuluan: Mikrosfer adalah salah satu sistem penghantaran obat yang dapat digunakan untuk menghantarkan obat pada pemakaian secara oral maupun topikal. Efektivitas mikrosfer sebagai sistem penghantar obat antara lain dipengaruhi oleh polimer penyusun matriknya. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh matrik natrium alginate 2% : gelatin 1% terhadap karakteristik mikrosfer probiotik yaitu ukuran, efisiensi penjebakan, dan aktivitas antibakteri yaitu diameter zona hambatnya. Metode: Dibuat mikrosfer probiotik dengan matriks berbeda yaitu kombinasi alginate:gelatin (2%:1%) (F-I), matriks alginat 3% (F-II) dan matriks gelatin 3% (F-III). Mikrosfer probiotik dibuat dengan teknik ekstrusi dan dikeringkan menggunakan oven. Hasil: Hasil pemeriksaan karakteristik menunjukkan bahwa rerata ukuran partikel F-I, F-II, dan F-III berturut-turut adalah 8,03 µm, 9,69 µm, dan 5,40 µm. Efisiensi penjebakan F-I, F-II, dan F-III berturut-turut adalah 77,48 %, 84,20 %, dan 87,93 %. Sedangkan hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri, diperoleh diameter zona hambat F-I, F-II, dan F-III berturut-turut adalah 11,72 ± 0,58 mm , 9,8 ± 0,57 mm, dan 9,27, ± 0,19 mm. Hasil uji statistik dengan metode ANOVA yang dilanjutkan uji HSD menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan pada ukuran, efisiensi penjebakan maupun diameter zona hambat antara mikrosfer probiotik F-I, F-II, F-III. Kesimpulan: Disimpulkan bahwa mikrosfer probiotik F-I dengan matriks kombinasi alginat:gelatin (2%:1%) memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil dari F-I (matriks alginat 3%) dan lebih besar dari F-III (matriks gelatin 3%). Mikrosfer probiotik F-I memiliki harga efisiensi penjebakan paling rendah, tetapi memiliki aktivitas antibakteri paling besar dibandingkan dengan mikrosfer probiotik F-II dan F-III.

Background: Microspheres as drug delivery system has been selected to increase stability of Erythropoietin (EPO) to achieve efficacy. Aim: Aim of this research was to determine effect of polymer and EPO concentrations on the characteristics. Materials and Method: Microspheres involved sodium alginate as polymer and CaCl2 as a crosslinker. The concentrations of sodium alginate used were 2% and 3%, and EPO were 5000 IU and 10000 IU. Formula of microspheres which consist of 2% and 3% of alginate and 5000 IU EPO were called F1 and F2 respectively, whereas microspheres using 2 and 3% alginate and 10000 IU EPO was named F3 and F4 respectively. Characterization including morphology, particle size, swelling index, and yield of microspheres prepared by ionotropic gelation aerosolization technique. Design of Experiment (DoE) was used to analyze the formula. Results: Results showed that particle sizes of EPO-alginate microspheres were 3.36 ± 0.126μm, 3.42 ± 0.098μm, 3.88 ± 0.131μm and 3.95 ± 0.151μm for F1, F2, F3 and F4 respectively. The swelling index measurement based on mass and particle size of microspheres of all formulas showed an index of less than 10. Respectively, yield was 77.84 ± 0.290%, 86.65 ± 0.191%, 91.89 ± 0.210%, and 94.65 ± 0.252% for F1 to F4. Using the ANOVA factorial design, it was found that increasing sodium alginate concentration significantly increased yield, while increasing EPO concentration significantly increased particle size and yield of microspheres. Both sodium alginate and EPO concentrations did not affect swelling index of microspheres. Range concentrations of sodium alginate and EPO that produced optimal characteristics of microspheres can be observed in the feasible area of design space overlaid contour plot generated from DoE study. Conclusion: EPO-alginate microspheres demonstrated the prospective as carrier and DoE is potential for further optimized formulations.

Objective: The nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) system used the combination of beeswax-oleum caco and virgin coconut oil (VCO) in this study, it was the development of nanoemulsion (NE) and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) delivery systems, which are used as nano-carriers of p-methoxycinnamic acid (PMCA). PMCA a secunder metabolite of champheria galanga has antiinflamatory effect which is difficult to dissolve in water. Several combinations of solid lipids (beeswax-oleum cacao) and liquid lipids (VCO) were prepared, namely F I (60:40); F II (70:30); and F III (80:20) in the NLC system. Material and Method: The NLC-PMCA system was prepared by the high shear homogenization method, then characterized and subjected to antiinflammatory activity tests compared with nanoemulsion and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN). The results of the research: The increasing concentration of VCO in the NLC-PMCA system resulted in lower viscosity, and greater entrapment efficiency, namely in the NLC-PMCA system with a combination of beeswax-oleum cacao and VCO of 60:40. NLC-PMCA with the combination of beeswax-oleum cacao and VCO of 60:40 (F I) has particle size (236.00 ± 17.15 nm) smaller than SLN-PMCA (665.60 ± 72.59 nm) but biger than NE-PMCA (29.27 ± 1.85 nm). Occlucivity of F I NLC-PMCA (41.50 ± 4.00 %) higher than SLN-PMCA (33.52 ± 3.65 %) and NE-PMCA (33.52 ± 3.65 %). PMCA in NLC, SLN and NE has the same anti-inflammatory activity based on the observations of the PMN cells number in ear skin mice with edema. Conclusion: The NLC-PMCA with the combination of beeswax-oleum cacao and VCO of 60:40 was the best formula.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of drug and polymer ratio on the physical characteristics and release rate of metformin hydrochloride from alginate microspheres.Methods: Microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation aerosolization technique using sodium alginate as polymer and calcium chloride as crosslinker. Three formulations of drug and alginate polymer ratios: 1:1 (F1); 1:1.5 (F2); and 1:2 (F3), and 10 % calcium chloride (CaCl2) were investigated. The microspheres were studied with respect to physical characteristics, release profile and release rate. Release evaluation was done at pH 1.2 in hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 2 h, and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 for 12 h.Results: Drug loading in formulations F1, F2 and F3 were 3.08 ± 0.21, 3.34 ± 0.28, and 3.99 ± 0.19 %, respectively. Low entrapment of below 15 % was achieved for all formulations, whereas high yield (above 45 %) was obtained. Drug release above 74 % was observed for all formulations. The release rates of F1, F2 and F3 were 9.6390 x 10-2, 9.0985 x 10-2, and 8.3312 x 10-2 %/min, respectively.Conclusion: Metformin-alginate microspheres can be used for optimized formulations with good physical characteristics and in vitro release. These findings suggest that the microspheres might be a potent drug delivery system for the treatment of diabetic mellitus.Keywords: Metformin, Alginate microspheres, Drug-polymer ratio, Aerosolization, Drug release

The addition of l-arginine, casein hydrolysate, banana powder and the reduction of the concentration of sucrose in the media could increase the solasodine content in the shoot cultures of Solanum laciniatum. No linear correlations between growth index, chlorophyll content and solasodine content were observed, however a positive linear correlation between solasodine productivity and chlorophyll content occurred in these shoot cultures.