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Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are a major cause of disease and production loss in livestock. Some have zoonotic potential, so production animals can be a source of human infections. We describe the prevalence of GIP in domestic mammals in Southeastern Iran. Fresh fecal samples (n = 200) collected from cattle (n = 88), sheep (n = 50), goats (n = 23), camels (n = 30), donkeys (n = 5), horse (n = 1), and dogs (n = 3) were subjected to conventional coprological examination for the detection of protozoan (oo)cysts and helminth ova. Overall, 83% (166/200) of the samples were positive for one or more GIP. Helminths were found in dogs, donkeys, sheep (42%), camels (37%), goats (30%), and cattle (19%), but not in the horse. Protozoa were found in cattle (82%), goats (78%), sheep (60%), and camels (13%), but not in donkeys, dogs, or the horse. Lambs were 3.5 times more likely to be infected by protozoa than sheep (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.05-11.66), whereas sheep were at higher odds of being infected by helminths than lambs (OR = 4.09, 95% CI: 1.06-16.59). This is the first study assessing the prevalence of GIP in domestic mammals in Southeastern Iran. This research was funded by the Office of Vice-chancellor for Research of Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 9900039) and within the scope of the project CICECOAveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC (PIDDAC). Sí

Disserta??o de Mestrado em Enfermagem Veterin?ria de Animais de Companhia apresentada na Escola Superior Agr?ria de Ponte de Lima Os c?es s?o hospedeiros de v?rios parasitas, parte destes s?o zoon?ticos. O aumento da popularidade dos c?es como animais de estima??o tem levado ao aumento do risco de transmiss?o de parasitas zoon?ticos para os humanos. Foram realizados alguns estudos sobre este tema em Portugal, por?m n?o abrejem grandes partes do pa?s, raz?o pela qual se procedeu ? realiza??o deste estudo cujo principal objetivo ? determinar a preval?ncia de enteroparasitas em c?es do distrito de Viana do Castelo, mas tamb?m tem por objetivo determinar os munic?pios mais afetados e comparar a preval?ncia de parasitas em c?es com tutores com a de c?es do canil e associa??es. Atrav?s da t?cnica de flutua??o de Willis e da t?cnica de sedimenta??o natural foram analisadas 228 amostras fecais de c?es do distrito de Viana do Castelo para a pesquisa de enteroparasitas. Foram tamb?m preenchidos 86 inqu?ritos pelos tutores dos c?es que participaram no estudo. A preval?ncia global de amostras fecais positivas foi de 16,7% [IC 95%: 12,4? 22,1%]. A preval?ncia de ancilostomat?deos foi de 11,8% [IC 95%: 8,3?16,7%], de Cystoisospora spp. 1,3% [IC 95%: 0,5?3,8%], Trichuris spp.3,9% [IC 95%: 2,1?7,3%] e de Toxocara spp. 2,6% [IC 95%: 1,2?5,6%]. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a preval?ncia global de enteroparasitas em Viana do Castelo ? mais baixa do que a de outros estudos realizados no pa?s, comprovou-se que Ponte de Lima foi o munic?pio com a maior preval?ncia de parasitas e constatou-se que a percentagem de c?es parasitados no grupo de c?es n?o desparasitados foi superior ? do grupo dos c?es desparasitados, revelando o benef?cio da desparasita??o. Estes dados revelam que os tutores, m?dicos veterin?rios e funcion?rios de canis e associa??es desta regi?o encontram-se sensibilizados para a necessidade da aplica??o de medidas profil?ticas contra enteroparasitas nestes animais. Dogs are hosts to several parasites, some of which are zoonotic. The increased popularity of dogs as pets has led to an increased risk of transmitting zoonotic parasites to humans. Some studies on this subject have been carried out in Portugal, but they do not cover large parts of the country, which is why this study was carried out, whose main objective is to determine the prevalence of enteroparasites in dogs in the district of Viana do Castelo, but also aims to determine which county is the most affected and to compare the prevalence of parasites of dogs with an owner and of dogs from kennels and associations. Through the Willis flotation technique and the natural sedimentation technique, 228 fecal samples from dogs from the district of Viana do Castelo were analyzed, to search for enteroparasites. 86 surveys were also filled by the dog owners that participated in the study The global prevalence of positive fecal samples was 16.7% [CI 95%: 12.4? 22.1%]. The prevalence of hookworms was 11.8% [IC 95%: 8.3?16.7%], from Cystoisospora spp. 1.3% [IC 95%: 0.5?3.8%], and Trichuris spp. was 1.3% [95% CI: 0.5?3.8%] and from Toxocara spp. was 1.8% [95% CI: 0.7?4.4%], Trichuris spp.3.9% [IC 95%: 2.1?7.3%] and Toxocara spp. 2.6% [IC 95%: 1.2?5.6%]. The results showed that the overall prevalence of enteroparasites in Viana do Castelo is lower than that of other studies carried out in the country, it was proved that Ponte de Lima was the county with the highest prevalence of parasites and it was found that the prevalence of parasitized dogs in the nondewormed group was superior to the dewormed group, revealing the benefit of deworming. These data reveal that owners, veterinarians and employees of kennels and associations in this region are aware of the need to apply prophylactic measures against enteroparasites in these animals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of endoparasitic fauna and the risk factors associated with parasite infections in free-range chickens in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Ten municipalities were visited and, in each of them, ten farms, to collect animal feces and apply epidemiological questionnaires. Feces from 417 poultry were used to perform EPG (eggs per gram) and OoPG (oocysts per gram) tests. Prevalences of 40.52% (169/417) and 39.08% (163/417) were observed for nematodes and coccidia, respectively. In 17% (71/417), mixed infections by nematodes and coccidia were observed. Nematodes of Heterakoidea superfamily were present in 100% of the positive samples (169/169), followed by Trichuris spp. (57.3%; 97/169). All the protozoan oocysts observed belonged to the genus Eimeria (100%; 163/163). The variable of presence of drooping wings was considered to be a factor associated with infection by coccidia (odds ratio = 5.412; confidence interval: 1.179-24.848; p = 0.030). It was concluded that there is high prevalence of nematodes and coccidia in free-range chickens in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Better sanitary management measures, with greater hygiene of facilities, together with chemical control of parasites, can improve productivity by reducing the rate of gastrointestinal parasites.

Anjing ( Canis familiaris ) adalah hewan yang sangat dekat berinteraksi dengan manusia. Selain sebagai hewan kesayangan anjing juga sering dimanfaatkan sebagai hewan pemburu. Salah satu penyakit parasitik yang sering menjadi permasalahan pada anjing pemburu adalah penyakit cacingan yang disebabkan oleh nematoda saluran pencernaan ( gastrointestinal nematodes ) yaitu Ancylostoma spp. dan Trichuris spp. yang dapat menyebabkan ancylostomiasis dan trichuriasis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui infeksi Ancylostoma spp . dan Trichuris spp . serta prevalensi pada anjing pemburu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional yang dilakukan secara cross sectional . Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 50 feses anjing pemburu dan diperiksa menggunakan metode uji apung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, bahwa 31 sampel feses anjing pemburu positif terinfeksi oleh nematoda dengan prevalensi 62% yang terdiri dari Ancylostoma spp. 52%, Trichuris spp. 6% dan infeksi ganda ( Ancylostoma spp. dan Trichuris spp) sebesar 2%.

Background Helminthiases are very prevalent worldwide, yet their treatment and control rely on a handful of drugs. Emodepside, a marketed broad-spectrum veterinary anthelminthic with a unique mechanism of action, undergoing development for onchocerciasis is an interesting anthelmintic drug candidate. We tested the in vitro and in vivo activity of emodepside on nematode species that serve as models for human soil-transmitted helminth infection as well as on schistosomes. Methods In vitro viability assays were performed over a time course of 72 hours for Trichuris muris, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Strongyloides ratti, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. The drug effect was determined by the survival rate for the larvae and by phenotypical scores for the adult worms. Additionally, mice infected with T. muris and hamsters harboring hookworm infection (N. americanus or A. ceylanicum) were administered orally with emodepside at doses ranging from 1.25 to 75 mg/kg. Expelled worms in the feces were counted until 3 days post-drug intake and worms residing in the intestines were collected and counted after dissection. Results After 24 hours, emodepside was very active in vitro against both larval and adult stages of the nematodes T. muris, A. ceylanicum, N. americanus, H. polygyrus and S. ratti (IC50

Aim: A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the epidemiology of common gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections affecting goats in South Africa as influenced by agro-ecological zone (AEZ), sampling season, and the age and sex of animals. Materials and Methods: A total of 288 goats (101 male and 187 female) were randomly sampled during winter and summer in areas representing four AEZs (arid: 80; semi-arid: 76; humid: 62; and dry sub-humid: 70) of South Africa. Fecal samples from each animal were collected from the rectum, and the presence of GIP eggs was determined using a modified McMaster technique. A sample was considered positive when a minimum of one GIP egg was detected under the microscope. Fecal cultures were prepared, and infective larvae were collected and identified. The data were analyzed by MiniTab17 (2017) using the FREQ procedure, and the association between the independent factors and the prevalence of various GIPs were evaluated using the Pearson Chi-square test (p0.05) association was observed for the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and S. papillosus. A significant (p0.05) association between the other GIPs and sampling season. The prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection was higher in winter (34.0%) than in summer (26.0%). Conclusion: AEZs and goat age are the most important risk factors influencing GIP infections in South African communal goats. These epidemiological parameters are important for outlining effective parasite control management systems against these GIPs in goats.

Protozoa and helminths are responsible for several intestinal parasite infections (IPIs). Generally helminth infections are very unsafe but scarcely reported in high-income countries, while protozoa and helminth co-infections are usually reported in children living in inadequate hygienic-sanitary conditions and in rural areas. However, the impact of growing globalization, intense travelling, international adoptions and high levels of immigrants and refugees has significantly incremented the incidence of oro-faecal parasitosis in non endemic areas. Although most IPs clear without treatment when population, even children, emigrate from endemic to different geographical areas, some IPIs such as strongyloidiasis may persist for decades as subclinical infections or as low-grade disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations, unless to reappear under impairment conditions. Herein we report an unusual case of Giardia lamblia and Trichuris spp. chronic asymptomatic co-infection in a healthy adopted Romanian child, living in a Central Italy rural area, and an hidden case of Strongyloides stercoralis in an adopted Burundian child, resident in South Italy, long misdiagnosed as a recurrent undefined dermatitis. Our report suggests the need to review primary care practitioner guidelines and children's hospital procedures for appropriate IPIs screening and follow-up, hence providing new screening and prevention strategies, in agreement with international guidelines.

Summary Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are a group of successful multicellular parasites that have evolved to coexist within the intestinal niche of multiple species. It is estimated that over 10% of the world's population are chronically infected by GI nematodes, making this group of parasitic nematodes a major burden to global health. Despite the large number of affected individuals, there are few effective treatments to eradicate these infections. Research into GI nematode infections has primarily focused on defining the immunological and pathological consequences on host protection. One important but neglected aspect of host protection is mucus, and the concept that mucus is just a simple barrier is no longer tenable. In fact, mucus is a highly regulated and dynamic‐secreted matrix, underpinned by a physical hydrated network of highly glycosylated mucins, which is increasingly recognized to have a key protective role against GI nematode infections. Unravelling the complex interplay between mucins, the underlying epithelium and immune cells during infection are a major challenge and are required to fully define the protective role of the mucus barrier. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on mucins and the mucus barrier during GI nematode infections, with particular focus on murine models of infection.

Captive primates are susceptible to gastrointestinal (GIT) parasitic infections, which are often zoonotic and can contribute to morbidity and mortality. Fecal samples were examined by the means of direct smear, fecal flotation, fecal sedimentation, and fecal cultures. Of 26.51% (317/1196) of the captive primates were diagnosed gastrointestinal parasitic infections. Trichuris spp. were the most predominant in the primates, while Entamoeba spp. were the most prevalent in Old World monkeys (P

The objective of the study was to determine the degree of municipal wastewater contamination with intestinal parasite eggs of the genera Ascaris, Toxocara, and Trichuris at individual stages of treatment, and indication of potentially weak points in the hygienisation of sewage sludge. The study was conducted in 17 municipal mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants which, to a slight degree, differed in the technological process of wastewater treatment and the method of hygienisation of sewage sludge. The selected treatment plants, located in seven regions, included five classified as large agglomerations (population equivalent - PE >100 000), ten as medium-size (PE 15 000-100 000), and two as smaller size with PE 10 000 - 5000. The largest number of viable eggs of Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., and Trichuris spp. was found in the sewage sludge collected from the primary settling tank. A slightly lower number of the eggs were found in the samples of excess sludge, which indicates that the sedimentation process in the primary settling tank is not sufficiently long to effectively separate parasites’ eggs from the sewage treated. The number of eggs of Ascaris spp. and Toxocara spp. in the fermented sludge was nearly 3 times lower than that in the raw sludge. The effectiveness of hygienisation of dehydrated sewage sludge by means of quicklime was confirmed in two wastewater treatment plants, with respect to Ascaris spp. eggs, in three plants with respect to Toxocara spp. eggs, and in one plant with respect to Trichuris spp. eggs. The mean reduction of the number of eggs was 65%, 61%, and 100%, respectively. In one wastewater treatment plant, a reduction in the number of viable eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris species was also noted as a result of composting sludge by 85% and 75%, respectively. In the remaining treatment plants, no effect of hygienisation of sewage sludge was observed on the contents of viable eggs of these nematodes.

У статті висвітлено результати використання антигельмінтних препаратів широкого спектру дії Брованол™ і Енвайр™ для дегельмінтизації собак різного віку. За результатами клінічних та копроовоскопічних досліджень встановлено, що собаки найчастіше вражаються гельмінтами Toxocaracanis, Toxascarisleonina, Dipylidiumcaninum. Інтенсефективність Брованолу-М™ проти збудників змішаної інвазії у цуценят складала 99,9 %, Енвайру™ – 99,4 %. За порівняння антигельмінтної дії препаратів Енвайру™ і Брованолу-плюс™ для молодих і дорослих собак вищою ефективністю володів останній (ІЕ = 99 %)., В статье отражены результаты использования антигельминтных препаратов широкого спектра действия Брованол™ и Энвайр™ для дегельминтизации собак разного возраста. По результатам клинических и копроовоскопических исследований установлено, что собаки чаще всего поражаются гельминтами Toxocaracanis, Toxascarisleonina, Dipylidiumcaninum. Интенсэффективность Брованола-М™ против возбудителей смешанной инвазии у щенков составляла 99,9 %, Энвайра – 99,4 %. При сравнении антигельминтного действия препаратов Энвайр™ и Брованола-плюс™ для молодых и взрослых собак более высокой эффективностью обладал последний (ИЭ = 99 %)., The article reflects the results of the use of anthelmintic drugs with broad spectrum of action Brovanol™ and Envire™ for deworming of dogs of different age. According to the results of clinical and coproovoscopic studies we have found that dogs most often affected by helminths Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Dipylidium caninum. Intensefficiency of Brovanol-M™ against the causative agents of mixed infestations in puppies amounted 99.9 %, Envire™ 99.4 %. When comparing the anthelmintic action of drugs Envire™ and Brovanol-plus™ for young and adult dogs the last had more effectively (IE = 99 %).

Whipworms were collected from rodents (Muridae) from six West African countries: Burkina-Faso, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, and the Republics of Benin, Guinea, Mali and Senegal. Molecular sequences (ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 of the ribosomal DNA gene) and morphometric characters were analysed in Trichuris (Nematoda: Trichuridae) specimens found in seven host species: Arvicanthis niloticus, Gerbilliscus gambianus, Gerbillus gerbillus, G. tarabuli, Mastomys erythroleucus, M. huberti and M. natalensis. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three clades, one recognised as Trichuris mastomysi, previously recorded in M. natalensis from Tanzania, and the other two previously undescribed. A new species named Trichuris duplantieri n. sp., found in Gerbillus spp. from Mauritania, was characterised using molecular and morphometric methods.

An investigation was carried out on coccidial and helminth infections in goats kept indoors on five farms in the Netherlands. The goats were individually sampled. Coccidial oocysts were identified and nematode eggs counted. Larval cultures were made and infective larvae identified to the generic or species level. The goats were divided into three groups according to their age: kids, those weaned but not served, and older goats. Oocysts were found in 26 out of 27 kids (96.3%), in 52 out of 55 weaned but not served goats (94.5%), and in 72 out of 110 older goats (65.5%). Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae was the most common species in all groups with an overall prevalence of 82%, followed by Eimeria arloingi (78%) and Eimeria aspheronica (53.3%). Other species present were Eimeria alijevi (50%), Eimeria christenseni (39.3%), Eimeria caprina (38.7%), Eimeria hirci (28.7%) and Eimeria jolchijevi (7.3%). Nematode eggs were seen on four of the five farms. It appeared that on two farms some goats, although now kept indoors, had been on pasture in the past. These goats excreted low numbers of eggs of Ostertagia and/or Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides papillosus, Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris spp. and larvae of Muellerius capillaris. In goats that were kept exclusively indoors, infections with Strongyloides papillosus were found on two farms in the older group and on one farm also in the group weaned but not served. On two farms Skrjabinema ovis was incidentally observed by the farmer in older goats. This was confirmed by faecal examinations on one farm. All kids were free of nematode infection.