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Background: Aging is a physiological phenomenon in the process of life, and skin aging has a significant impact on human appearance. Therefore, the search for methods to delay skin aging is of great significance for improving the quality of human life., Materials and Methods: This study investigated the anti-photoaging effect of Tricholoma matsutake (T) extract composition combined with bakuchiol (B) and ergothioneine (E), and explored its potential mechanism through transcriptome, metabolomics, and network pharmacology., Results: 57 main chemical components are identified from the ethanol extract of T. matsutake (T), including D-carnitine (24.55%), α,α-trehalose (15.56%), DL malic acid (8.99%), D-(-)-quinic acid (7.46%), erucamide (7.04%) and so on. After TBE treatment, inflammation of the mice dorsal skin is significantly minimized. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and toluidine blue staining reveal that TBE has an anti-inflammatory effect on the back skin tissue of mice. Masson staining shows that TBE has a repair effect on mice dorsal skin tissue. In addition, the inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in the mice dorsal skin tissues are significantly reduced but collagen (COL-1) is significantly increased. By cellular immunofluorescence assay, TBE is shown to promote PPAR-α expression in cells. Transcriptomics, metabolomics, and network pharmacology have revealed that TBE can regulate exogenous stimuli and cancer-related signaling pathways to prevent skin aging., Conclusion: The results suggest that TBE can be a beneficial supplement to natural anti-aging., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Tricholoma are significant medicinal and edible mushrooms within Basidiomycota. Known for their various medicinal properties such as anti-tumor, immune regulation, and antioxidant effects, they are regarded worldwide as health foods of the 21st century. Tricholoma species produce various types of secondary metabolites, which have been extensively studied by the scientific community. In 2018, Clericuzio et al. summarized the structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities of over one hundred different secondary metabolites isolated from the fruiting bodies of 25 Tricholoma species. Building on this, the present article reviews the research progress on Tricholoma secondary metabolites from 2018 to 2023, identifying a total of 101 compounds, 46 of which were newly discovered. These secondary metabolites include a wide range of chemical categories such as terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids, demonstrating broad biological activities. This article aims to provide in-depth scientific insights and guidance for researchers in this field by summarizing the chemical and biological properties of these secondary metabolites, promoting further applications and development of Tricholoma fungi in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) was conducted for the first time using ustalic acid (UA) and the fruiting body of Tricholoma kakishimeji to localize mushroom toxins. The mushroom materials were systematically collected in Japan, and analysis of the cross sections of the materials at a resolution of 120 μm using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) revealed the localization of UA and its biogenically related metabolites. MALDI-IMS confirmed that UA was predominantly located on the entire surface of the fruiting body and accumulated in higher amounts in younger fruiting bodies than in mature ones. UA is the first toxic secondary metabolite in the genus Tricholoma locally identified using IMS in mushrooms., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy.)

Two different collections of the gilled wild fungus Tricholoma terreum , collected in Italy, were subjected to phytochemical analysis. The fungal material was confidently identified by analysis of the ITS genomic sequences. Using both HR-LC-MS and NMR techniques, no evidence was found for the presence in the fruiting bodies of terreolides, terreumols or saponaceolides H-S, in striking contrast with the isolation of these terpenoids by Chinese authors from a mushroom collected in France and identified as T. terreum . The main cytotoxic terpenoid identified and isolated from the extracts of the specimens investigated in this work was the C 30 derivative saponaceolide B, which had been previously isolated from T. saponaceum and other T. terreum collections. Although saponaceolide B is a rather labile molecule, easily degradable by heat or in acidic conditions, our study indicated that none of the extraction protocols used produced saponaceolide H-S or terreolide/terreumol derivatives, thus excluding the possibility that the latter compounds could be extraction artifacts. Considered together, these findings point to the need for the unambiguous identification of mushroom species belonging to the complex genus Tricholoma , characterized by high variability in the composition of metabolites. Moreover, based on our data, T . terreum must be considered an edible mushroom.

Four novel seconeodolastane diterpenoids, named tricholomalides D-G, were isolated, together with the known tricholomalide C, from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn., a species belonging to the large Tricholoma genus of higher mushrooms ( Basidiomycota , family Tricholomataceae ). They were isolated through multiple chromatographic separations, and the structures, including the absolute configuration, were established through a detailed analysis of MS, NMR, and CD spectral data and comparison with related compounds reported in the literature, which has been thoroughly revised.

The secondary metabolites produced by Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn., a mushroom species belonging to the large Tricholoma genus (Basidiomycota, Tricholomataceae), are unknown. Therefore, encouraged by the interesting results obtained in our previous chemical analyses of a few Tricholoma species collected in Italian woods, we aimed to investigate the secondary metabolites of Tricholoma ustaloides . The chemical analysis involved the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites through an extensive chromatographic study. The structures of isolated metabolites, including the absolute configuration, were established based on a detailed analysis of MS, NMR spectroscopic, optical rotation, and circular dicroism data, and on comparison with those of related compounds reported in the literature. Two novel lanostane triterpenoids, named tricholidic acids B and C, together with triglycerides, a mixture of free fatty acids, five unidentified metabolites, and the known rare saponaceolides F and J, tricholidic acid, and tricholomenyn C, were isolated from an EtOAc extract of fruiting bodies of Tricholoma ustaloides that were collected in an Italian beech wood. This is the second example of isolation of tricholidic acid derivatives from a natural source. Saponaceolides F and J exhibited high cytotoxicity (IC 50 values ≤ 10 μM) against a panel of five human cancer cell lines. The toxicity against myeloid leukemia (HL-60), lung cancer (A-549), hepatocellular cancer (HepG2), renal cancer (Caki-1), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells was higher than that shown by the very well-known cytotoxic drug cisplatin.

Four ergosterol derivatives, named tricholosterols A-D (1-4), have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma terreum. Their chemical structures have been determined using a combination of spectroscopic analysis as well as computational methods. Compound 1 possesses a rare D-ring opening ergosterol skeleton, while compounds 2-4 are rare degraded ergosterols. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against NO production with IC 50 values of 27.6 and 31.8 μM, respectively. This is the first report of steroids from T. terreum., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tricholoma matsutake (TM) is a valuable edible mushroom that has attracted increasing attention due to its potential medicinal values and functional uses. However, the chemical composition and molecular mechanisms behinds TM are not specifically summarized yet. Hence, this review aims to systematically analyze the research progress on the characterization of chemical compositions and the reported health effects of TM in the last 20 years. The myochemical profiles of TM consist of proteins with amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids with their derivatives, polysaccharides, minerals, volatile components, phenolic compounds, and steroids. The bioactive substances in TM exert their health effects mainly by regulating body immunity and restoring the balance of the redox system. NF-κB signaling pathway and its downstream cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 are the key molecular mechanisms. In addition, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and JAK-STAT are also involved. NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt are also highly related to cancer regulation and thus TM has great anticancer potential. Considering that most studies have only investigated the dosage and inhibition rate of TM on cancer cell lines, more extensive studies need to focus on the specific molecular mechanisms behind these anticancer effects in the future.

A combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses was performed to systematically understand the metabolic changes in Tricholoma matsutake fruiting bodies during cold storage. In total, 800 metabolites were identified and 19,964 annotated unigenes were quantified. The unigenes related to the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids were mainly upregulated during cold storage, but the related primary metabolites were not accumulated, which indicated complete degradation and loss of nutrients. Concurrently, the synthesis and metabolism of the main components of the cell wall, chitin and β-1,3-glucan, were regulated, indicating the dynamic remodeling of the T. matsutake cell wall structure. Additionally, indole-3-acetic acid and components of its synthesis pathway were found in T. matsutake, indicating their potential role as a communicator between T. matsutake and its symbiotic plants. The results provide new information to improve the understanding of the metabolic mechanism of T. matsutake fruit bodies during postharvest cold storage., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Multiple drug resistance is one of the main problems that hinder successful cancer chemotherapy. Investigations on the development of effective chemotherapeutic agents and drug resistance inhibitors motivate studies on the effects of natural compounds on drug-resistant cancer cells. For this purpose, aqueous, methanol, and ethanol extracts of Fomes fomentarius and Tricholoma anatolicum were prepared. The extracts were evaluated to assess their anticancer and multiple drug resistance modulation activities. Cytotoxic effects of F. fomentarius and T. anatolicum extracts on paclitaxel and vincristine resistant P-glycoprotein over-expressing MCF-7 cell lines were investigated by cytotoxicity test (XTT). P-glycoprotein reversing ability and MDR modulation effects of the extracts were determined by flow cytometry through Rhodamine 123 exclusion assay. Furthermore, 11 phenolic compounds in the extracts were characterized by HPLC. As a result of the cytotoxicity assay, IC50 values of the extracts for MCF-7/Vinc were between 1.08 and 1.80 mg/mL, and IC50 values for MCF-7/Pac were found between 1.11 and 2.83 mg/mL. Strikingly, methanol extract of F. fomentarius and ethanol extract of T. anatolicum have potential value to become MDR reversing agents for drug-resistant breast cancer cells.

This study concerns total arsenic (TAs) and arsenic species determination in three species of mushrooms collected in Yunnan, China. The purpose of this study was to check concentration level of arsenic in Boletus edulis, Tricholoma matsutake and Suillellus luridus, estimate arsenic bioaccessibility and find out which arsenic species occur in mushrooms to assess if they may pose a threat to human health. An analytical methodology based on ion chromatography (IC) hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with dynamic reaction cell (DRC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with UV-Vis detection and ICP-DRC-MS detection. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and enzymatic assisted extraction (EAE) were applied. Quantification of As species in extracts was performed by IC/ICP-DRC-MS in the first dimension. Slightly better extraction efficiencies were obtained for MAE (from 75% to 90%) then for UAE. EAE was used for estimation of bioaccessibility by application of a modified BARGE bioaccessibility method (UBM) for in vitro studies. Bioaccessibility values were in the ranges of 73%-102%, 74%-115% and 18%-87% for step 1 (S1), for step 2 (S2) and for step 3 (S3) of EAE, respectively. Extracts obtained after EAE were subjected to SEC-UV-Vis/ICP-DRC-MS analysis as the second dimension. The main signal was obtained in the area of a molecular mass of ∼5 kDa for all mushroom extracts. Monitoring of an 50 SO + ion confirmed that this signal comes from As-protein. In sample of Boletus edulis additional signal occurred which is classified as unknown As-compound. Both signals require identification with another analytical technique., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The flavor fingerprint of Tricholoma matsutake Singer was developed and volatile compounds were investigated by HS-GC-IMS fingerprinting combining with PCA. A total of 25 typical target compounds were identified. The differences of flavor compounds in pileus and stipe of Tricholoma matsutake Singer from different areas were observed. After drying, the concentration of C8 compounds, including 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-one and 1-octanol, decreased, while the concentration of methanol and 1-pentanol increased. Subsequently, PCA was performed based on the signal intensity of the identified violate compounds, and the results clearly showed that the samples in a relatively independent space would be well distinguished. Combining the signal intensity of the identified violate compounds by HS-GC-IMS and PCA, the samples from different portions of Tricholoma matsutake Singer and different areas were distinguished. The results showed that the flavor fingerprint of Tricholoma matsutake Singer were established by HS-GC-IMS and PCA based on the identified volatile compounds., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Polysaccharide has been widely used in medical and health field because of its function of immune regulation. The aim of present study was to use protein chip to test the 200 cytokines secreted by macrophages which were induced by the polysaccharides of Tricholoma matsutake (TMP-A) to study the role of TMP-A acting on macrophages and its mechanism, further understanding the mechanism of the TMP-A effect on immune activity. The results of the analysis indicated that among all of these cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-10, IL-23, TNF-α, CD40L, G-CSF, etc. there are 73 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated cytokines. The KEGG analysis indicated that T. matsutake polysaccharide can influence the immune response of macrophages through a series of signaling pathways, and the three major signaling pathways are Jak-STAT signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Those three signaling pathway are closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. The results showed that TMP-A can activate immune cells to regulate the immunity.

So far, there has been no quality evaluation of Tricholoma matsutake . Nucleic acid compounds are a kind of functional ingredient in T. matsutake that is beneficial to human health. In this study, a UPLC-TOF/MS method was first used to scan and identify the potential nucleic acid compounds in T. matsutake . Based on the calculation of the molecular formula and subsequent confirmation by authentic standards, 15 nucleic acid compounds were unambiguously identified: adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, thymidine, uridine, xanthosine dehydrate, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, 2'-deoxyuridine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, cytidine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, and uridine 5'-monophosphate. Then, a UPLC-QqQ/MS method was developed for the subsequent quantitative analysis. After validating the limits of quantification, detection, precision, repeatability, and recovery through a calibration curve, the content of 15 nucleic acid compounds was determined by the proposed UPLC-QqQ/MS method in 80 T. matsutake samples collected from different regions in Sichuan province, Southwest China. After the statistical analysis, we suggest that the total content of nucleic acid compounds in the qualified T. matsutake should be higher than 24.49 mg/100 g. The results indicated that the combined use of UPLC-TOF/MS and UPLC-QqQ/MS is efficient for fast identification and determination of nucleic acid compounds to comprehensively evaluate the quality of T. matsutake .

The present study was to analyze the water dynamics of Tricholoma matsutake Singer during hot air drying by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to investigate the volatile compounds in the pileus, upper stipe and lower stipe of fresh and dried Tricholoma matsutake Singer by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Fresh samples were dried at 60 °C for 12 h. With the T 2i relaxation times decreasing, the water migrated from the inner toward the periphery and then expelled during drying. The characteristic volatiles fingerprints of different parts of fresh and dried samples were established by HS-GC-IMS. The significant differences in volatile compounds were observed among different parts of the fresh sample and C 8 compounds (70%-97%) were the principal components. After drying, the concentration of C 8 compounds dramatically decreased and some volatile compounds (hexanal, heptanal, 2(5H)-furanone, acetophenone, nonanal, benzeneacetaldehyde) were formed. Thus, hot air treatment affected the volatile compounds in Tricholoma matsutake Singer., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A synthesis of the unique bisindole framework present in the mushroom-derived alkaloid sciodole has been achieved, validating a biosynthesis proposal that the C-N bisindole bond present in the natural product is forged by amination of an azafulvenium.

Eight undescribed lanostane triterpenoids, pardinols A‒H, along with one previously reported lanostane triterpenoid, namely saponaceol B, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma pardinum. Their structures and stereoconfigurations were established via combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses, alkaline methanolysis method and TDDFT/ECD calculations. Pardinols B and E-H exhibited certain inhibition activities of nitric oxide (NO) production with IC 50 value ranging from 5.3 to 14.7 μM, as well as cytotoxicities against human cancer cell-lines., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Polysaccharide TLH-3 extracted from Tricholoma lobayense possessed unique antioxidant and anti-aging activities, whereas its immunomodulatory properties remain unexplored. Herein in order to explore TLH-3 biological activities, the immunomodulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. It was showed that TLH-3 could significantly enhance the phagocytic activity, releasing toxic molecules NO (nitricoxide), secretion of the cytokine TNF-?(tumor necrosis factor-?, IL-6 (interleukin-6). Further, TNF-?and IL-6 were blocked by the inhibitor of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor4), suggesting TLR4 was a receptor of TLH-3, and immunomodulatory activity of TLH-3 was mediated by TLR4. Moreover, immunofluorescence indicated that TLH-3 lead to the nuclear translocation of NF-?B (nuclear factor-?B) subunit p65. Western blotting demonstrated that NF-?B levels in nucleuses increased and cytoplasmic I?B-?(inhibitor of NF-?B) degraded after TLH-3 treatment, suggesting that TLH-3 probably stimulated macrophage by activating the IκB-α-NF-κB pathway via TLR-4. This study demonstrated that TLH-3 could be potentially used as immunomodulatory agent for healthcare and disease control., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aiming at the discovery of new cytotoxic meroterpenoids, the chemical reactivity of the natural product (-)-terreumol C from the edible mushroom Tricholoma terreum was investigated. A series of high-yielding oxygenations and brominations at the 10-membered ring were discovered. The regioselectivity of hydroxylation could be guided by installing protecting groups at the hydroquinone section. Dihydroxylation led to the stereoselective formation of a novel tricycle containing an 11-oxabicyclo[5.3.1]undecane system. Several of the compounds proved to be as cytotoxic against cancer cell lines as the natural products terreumols A and C in the single-digit micromolar range. Interestingly, functionalization of the southern rim formed by carbons C5-C6-C7-C8 is tolerated without much loss of cytotoxicity.

Tricholoma matsutake, a popular food and biopharmaceutical resource in Asia, possesses various pharmacological activities. Although T. matsutake mycelium (TM) may enhance immunity, previous studies, to the best of our knowledge, have been performed on normal animals or cells alone. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of TM at doses of 0.3, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg in cyclophosphamide (CTX)‑induced immunosuppressed mouse models. TM treatment for 2 weeks markedly improved the gain in bodyweight, increased organ indices, reduced hind paw swelling and positively regulated the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and the proliferation of lymphocytes. These effects are similar to that of thymosin α1 (0.16 mg/kg) which served as the positive control. In CTX‑induced immunosuppressed mice, TM demonstrated marked effects on the modulation of the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA, and the levels of interleukin‑2, 6, 10 and 12, interferon‑α and γ and tumor necrosis factor‑α in serum. Compared with CTX mice, the reduced activity of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB in serum and spleen, and phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF‑κB kinase α/β in spleen were observed in TM‑treated mice. Taken together, TM effectively improved immune function in immunosuppressed mice via modulation of ILs and inflammatory factors associated with the NF‑κB signaling pathway.

The chitin nanocrystal is a promising nano-reinforcing agent, but the parasitic pathogens carried on crabs and shrimp shells as main sources limit its application in some fields. In this study, the ChNs which avoided possible safety risks were extracted from mushrooms via protein/mineral-purification and subsequent HCl-hydrolysis. Such fungus-derived ChNs presented an α-chitin crystalline structure with a length of 143±24nm and a diameter of 10±2nm. Since the dispersion stability of ChNs suspension determines their further applications, this present study emphasized the dispersity of ChNs in aqueous media evaluated by the viscosity under steady-shear flow and UV-vis absorption, whose results indicated that ChNs in dispersion would aggregate when the concentration of homogeneous dispersion reached 0.5-0.6wt%. To explore the effect of electrostatic repulsion on interactions between nanoparticles, the maximum energy barriers for parallel and crossed orientations of ChNs in suspension were analyzed using a traditional DLVO theory with additions of NaCl solutions., (Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Matsutakone (1), a novel sterol with an unprecedented polycyclic ring system, together with a new norsteroid matsutoic acid (2) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma matsutake. Their structures and absolute configurations were assigned by extensive spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. Bioassay results showed that compounds 1 and 2 exhibited inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (IC 50 20.9 μM for 1).

A new heteropolysaccharide was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma matsutake which had a molecular weight of 12078 Da. The results of structural features analysis showed that T. matsutake polysaccharide, here named TMP-B, was mainly composed of α - D - glucose and α - D - galactose which ratios were 7:2 and had a backbone of 1, 4 - linked α - D - glucose which branches were mainly composed of two 6 - linked α - D - galactose residue, and the α - D - galactose was 1, 6 - linked. Antitumor activity results showed that heteropolysaccharide TMP-B could inhibit the growth of S180 tumor in vivo and promote the apoptosis of L929 cells in vitro . Immunoregulatory activity results showed that TMP-B could promote the proliferation of macrophages by affecting G0/G1 phase, S phases and G2/M phases and promote cytokines release and gene expression. The result of this study introduced Maerkang T. matsutake as a possible valuable source which helped to exhibit unique antitumor and immunoregulatory properties., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Tricholoma populinum Lange is an edible basidiomycete from the family Tricholomataceae. Extracts, fractions, and different metabolites isolated from the fruiting bodies of this mushroom were tested for degranulation-inhibiting activities on RBL-2H3 cells (rat basophils). Dichloromethane extracts decreased degranulation significantly, as did a fraction after column chromatography. In addition, the extract decreased the IL-2 release from Jurkat T cells and the release of IL-8 from HMC-1 human mast cells. The results show the significant effects of extracts of T. populinum on cells of the innate (basophils and mast cells) and adaptive (T cells) immune system and indicate the influence of the mushroom on different immunological processes. As one fraction showed activity, it seems to be possible that it includes an active principle. The compounds responsible for this effect, however, could not be identified as the contents oleic acid (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), and 9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide (3) showed no effects. Nevertheless, the mushroom could be used for supporting allergy treatment in future studies.

Tyrosinase-catalyzed l-tyrosine oxidation is a key step in melanogenesis, and intense melanin formation is often a problem in chemotherapies or food preservation. Here we report that methyl cinnamate one of the constituents characterized from mycelium and sporocarp of American matsutake mushroom Tricholoma magnivelare inhibits both enzymatic and cellular melanin formation. Methyl cinnamate inhibits mushroom tyrosinase-catalyzed l-tyrosine oxidation while the oxidation of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) was not inhibited. In subsequent cellular assays, methyl cinnamate significantly suppressed melanogenesis of murine B16-F10 melanoma cells without affecting cell growth. However, methyl 3-phenylpropionate, a dihydro-derivative of methyl cinnamate, did not possess melanogenesis, indicating that the double bond in the enone moiety is a key Michael reaction acceptor to elicit the activity. In addition, a rather rare chlorinated benzaldehyde derivative, 3,5-dichloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde isolated from the same source, was found to show potent cytotoxicity, and the chlorine atom reduced a tyrosinase inhibitory activity but enhanced cytotoxicity. Our findings suggest that methyl cinnamate is a novel melanogenesis inhibitor from natural sources., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Nigella sativa seeds and certain species of fungi extracts on the number and degranulation states of dural mast cells in rats. Rats were fed ad libitum with normal tap water or tap water with extract of N. sativa seed, Ramaria condensata, Lactarius salmonicolor, Lactarius piperatus, and Tricholoma terreum for 3 days. Mast cells in dura mater were counted and evaluated in terms of granulation and degranulation states. Compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulating agent, and T. terreum significantly increased the percent of degranulated mast cells in dura mater, respectively (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Moreover, T. terreum causes a significant increase in the total number of mast cells (p < 0.05). N. sativa significantly inhibited mast cell degranulation induced by both the compound 48/80 and T. terreum (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the mast cell numbers increased by T. terreum (p < 0.05). Our results suggested that T. terreum following ingestion can contribute to headaches like migraine via dural mast cell degranulation and N. sativa may be able to exert analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by stabilizing dural mast cells. However, investigation is needed to determine the ingredients of N. sativa that may be responsible for these beneficial effects.

A novel indole derivative (1) and three known compounds (2-4) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma flavovirens. Their structures were determined or identified by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 promoted root growth of lettuce and inhibited hypocotyl growth at 1 μmol/paper. Compound 3 inhibited hypocotyl and root growth at 100 nmol/paper.

Tricholoma lobayense is a nutritious mushroom with great health benefits. Three polysaccharides with purity higher than 99% were successfully extracted from Tricholoma lobayense. The molecular weights of TLH-1, TLH-2 and TLH-3 were determined to be 8.43×10 5 ，5.36×10 5 and 4.53×10 3 Da, respectively. The backbones of TLH-1 and TLH-2 were mainly composed of 1,4-linked α-d-glucopyranosyl. However, polysaccharide TLH-3 was found to be a highly branched glucogalactan, which is made up of 1,3-linked α-d-glucopyranosyl branched at C-6 and 1,3-linked β-d-galactopyranosyl. In vitro antioxidant activity assays revealed that TLH-3 exhibited highest antioxidant activities among the polysaccharides from Tricholoma lobayense, which were comparable to those of ascorbic acid. The results suggested that the outstanding antioxidant activities of TLH-3 might depend on its low molecular weight, high branch degree, versatile linkage types and complex conformation. These characteristics make TLH-3 an attractive natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical applications., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mushrooms that have been restricted to fresh markets have now entered commercial and pharmaceutical markets. However, not much research has been targeted on testing the efficiency of these commercialized mushroom powders or capsules. For the first time, efforts were made to study the bioactive properties and antimicrobial properties of four predominant mushroom capsules available for commercial purposes. Then, these commercial mushroom powders were downsized to ultrasized fine powders by sonication and then their properties were compared against the commercialized ones. The results indicated that the bioactive properties and the antioxidant properties of these powders when used as marketed capsules was very less. It was following ultrasonication assisted size reduction that the cumulative bioactivity related properties got accelerated. Micro size reduction of the mushroom powders lead to significant enhancement of antiviral properties compared to antibacterial and antifungal properties. This work demonstrates that commercialization of mushroom as powders could realize higher impact through sonication assisted ultrasizing and even nanosizing., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Tricholoma mongolicum Imai is a well-known edible and medicinal mushroom which in recent years has attracted increasing attention because of its bioactivities. In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from T. mongolicum Imai by cellulase-assisted extraction and their antioxidant activities were investigated., Results: In order to improve the yield of polysaccharides, four variables, cellulase amount (X1 ), pH (X2 ), temperature (X3 ) and extraction time (X4 ), were investigated with a Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions were predicted to be cellulase amount of 20 g kg(-1) , pH of 4.0, temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 127 min, with a predicted polysaccharide yield of 190.1 g kg(-1) . The actual yield of polysaccharides under these conditions was 189.6 g kg(-1) , which matched the predicted value well. The crude polysaccharides were purified to obtain four fractions, and characterization of each was carried out. In addition, antioxidant properties of four polysaccharides assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays indicated that polysaccharides from T. mongolicum Imai (TMIPs) possessed antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner., Conclusion: TMIPs show moderate antioxidant activities in vitro. Therefore it is suggested that TMIPs are potential natural antioxidants for use in functional foods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Polysaccharides from edible fungi usually exhibit many bioactivities. Our previous studies found that polysaccharide TLH-3 extracted from Tricholoma lobayense possessed noticeable antioxidant activity. To further explore its biological activities, the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of TLH-3 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results of antioxidant activity in vitro showed that TLH-3 could enhance the cell viability, reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit oxidative damage induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF) cells. The anti-aging capability was measured in d-galactose (d-gal)-induced aged mice model, and the experimental data showed that TLH-3 significantly inhibited the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and raised the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in mice liver and serum (p<0.05). This study suggested that TLH-3 possessed apparent antioxidant and anti-aging activities and could be exploited as a potent dietary supplement to attenuate aging and prevent age-related diseases in humans., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Polysaccharide TLH-3 from the fruit body of Tricholoma lobayense Heim has shown outstanding antioxidant activity. In order to further explore it, TLH-3 was successfully modified to obtain a sulfated derivative (STLH-3). The chemical characteristics of STLH-3 and TLH-3 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the samples were investigated in vitro. The antioxidant activities of STLH-3 were significantly improved. In the four indicators of antioxidant activity, the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion scavenging activities of STLH-3 have exceeded that of Vitamin C (Vc). The cytotoxicity against tumor cells including human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa) and human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) of STLH-3 was obviously stronger than that of TLH-3. STLH-3 had no toxic on human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF) cells. These results suggested that STLH-3 would be a promising bioactive macromolecule for potential applications in the field of health care and pharmaceutical., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Different concentrations of standardized ethanolic extract from the basidiocarps of Tricholoma giganteum Massee (TgEtOH) were screened for hepatoprotective effects in an animal model of rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet. After 4 weeks of treatment with TgEtOH, the relative liver weights, serum lipid concentrations, and biochemical profiles were found to be normal in treated animals compared with those given a standard drug. The macroscopic and histopathological studies clearly indicated that 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extract was effective in ameliorating the abnormalities of NAFLD. The findings indicate the efficacy of T. giganteum extract in liver protection. Future experiments on bioassay tailored fractionation of TgEtOH and mechanistic-based evaluation are required to assess the potential application of this mushroom as a food supplement in NAFLD.

Endophytes play an important role in the growth and development of the host. However, the study of endophytes is mostly focused on plants, and reports on bacteria associated with fungi are relatively rare. We studied the bacteria associated with fruiting bodies of Tricholoma matsutake picked from seven main T. matsutake-producing areas in Sichuan, China, by barcoded pyrosequencing. About 8,272 reads were obtained per sample, representing 40 phyla, 103 classes, and 495 genera of bacteria and archaea, and 361-797 operational taxonomic units were observed at a 97% similarity level. The bacterial community was always both more abundant and more diverse than the archaeal community. UniFrac analysis showed there were some difference of bacterial communities among the samples sites. Three bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, were dominant in all samples. Correlation analysis showed there was a significant correlation between some soil properties and bacterial community associated with T. matsutake. This study demonstrated that the bacteria associated with T. matsutake fruiting bodies were diversified. Among these bacteria, we may find some strains that can promote the growth of T. matsutake.

Tricholoma matsutake , one of widely accepted functional mushrooms, possesses various pharmacological activities, and its antitumor effect has become an important research point. Our study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity activities of T. matsutake aqueous extract (TM) in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. In in vitro experiments, TM strikingly reduced cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis, inhibited cell migration ability, induced excessive generation of ROS, and caused caspases cascade and mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In in vivo experiments, 14-day TM treatment strongly suppressed tumor growth in HepG2 and SMMC-7721-xenografted nude mice without influence on their body weights and liver function. Furthermore, TM increased the levels of cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), Bad, and Bax and reduced the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in treated cells and tumor tissues. All aforementioned results suggest that caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathways are involved in TM-mediated antihepatocellular carcinoma., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interests.

A crude polysaccharide possessing antitumour, radiation-resistant and anti-ageing attributes was extracted from Tricholoma matsutake by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. From this crude polysaccharide, a homogeneous polysaccharide, TMP-5II, was successfully purified by Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. The average molecular weight (Mw) of TMP-5II was 15.76 kDa. Monosaccharide analysis indicated that the homogeneous polysaccharide contained four different residues: d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose and d-fucose. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed characteristics typical of carbohydrate polymers and a peak typical of a β-type glycosidic bond. TMP-5II was selected for structural characterisation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. According to (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and two-dimensional-NMR analysis, TMP-5II contains two kinds of linkages, β and α, at a ratio of 4:1. Preliminary results indicated that the polysaccharide had (1-4)-beta-pyran glucose as the main chain, and a branched chain in the O-6 location with fucose (1-2) mannose (1-3)-alpha-pyran galactose.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction parameters for polysaccharides from Tricholoma mongolicum Imai (TMIPs). The orthogonal test design was employed to determine the optimal concentration of three kinds of enzyme (trypsin, pectinase and papain) and the optimal concentrations of trypsin, pectinase and papain were 1.5%, 2.5%, and 2.0% (dry weight % of T. mongolicum Imai powder), respectively. In addition, three variables that remarkably affected the yield of polysaccharides such as extraction temperature, pH and extraction time were studied based on a Box-Behnken design. The results demonstrated that extraction time was the most remarkable factor affecting the TMIPs yield, followed by pH and temperature. Optimal extraction was obtained at 48.4°C, pH 5.4, and extraction time of 132min. Under these optimum conditions, the yield was 24.01%, which is consistent with the predicted value. Furthermore, crude polysaccharides were purified to obtain four fractions. In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities results showed that TMIP-4 had stronger antioxidant and antiproliferative capacity than other fractions., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that dominates the microbial communities in the soil of pine and spruce forests. The mycorrhizas of this fungus have antimicrobial activity, although factors responsible for the antimicrobial activity have not been fully elucidated. The present study shows that fruit bodies of T. matsutake secreted hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which was produced by pyranose oxidase, and that the H2O2 thus secreted strongly inhibited the growth of mycelia of the phytopathological fungus Rhizoctonia solani. These findings suggest that fruit bodies of T. matsutake have antifungal activity and that the pyranose oxidase plays an important role in the antifungal activity.

Tricholoma matsutake has been popular as food and biopharmaceutical materials in Asian countries for its various pharmacological activities. The present study aims to analyze the antifatigue effects on enhancing exercise performance of Tricholoma matsutake fruit body (ABM) and liquid cultured mycelia (TM) in mouse model. Two-week Tricholoma matsutake treatment significantly enhances the exercise performance in weight-loaded swimming, rotating rod, and forced running test. In TM- and ABM-treated mice, some factors were observed at 60 min after swimming compared with nontreated mice, such as the increased levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), antioxidative enzymes, and glycogen and the reduced levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in muscle, liver, and/or serum. Further data obtained from western blot show that CM and ABM have strongly enhanced the activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the expressions of peroxisome proliferator have activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) in liver. Our data suggest that both Tricholoma matsutake fruit body and liquid cultured mycelia possess antifatigue effects related to AMPK-linked antioxidative pathway. The information uncovered in our study may serve as a valuable resource for further identification and provide experimental evidence for clinical trials of Tricholoma matsutake as an effective agent against fatigue related diseases.

Skin aging is induced through complex biological processes in human skin caused by proteolysis of collagen and elastin, two structural proteins of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen and elastin degradation can induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as well as that of a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that play critical roles in skin aging. Moreover, elastase is a metalloproteinase which acts on the degradation of elastin in skin aging, and is also involved in the inhibition or the repair of wrinkle formation. Extract of the mycelium of Tricholoma matsutake (T. matsutake), or pine mushroom, is widely distributed in Asian countries. The extract is from the natural biomaterial of the mushroom which is rich in polysaccharides, including β-glucan. This extract has shown potent bioactive antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antitumoral properties. In the present study, we investigated whether the extract of the mycelium of T. matsutake has effects on elastase activity, as well as on the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and MMP-1 under basal conditions. Our results revealed that the extract of the mycelium of T. matsutake significantly decreased elastase activity in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3. On the other hand, the expression of TIMP-1 and tropoelastin was increased in fibroblasts treated with the extract of the mycelium of T. matsutake. However, collagent expression was not affected. In addition, our results demonstrated that the extract of the mycelium of T. matsutake inhibited the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced MMP-1 expression and suppressed TPA-induced p38 activity. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of the extract of the mycelium of T. matsutake on MMP-1 induction are mediated by the inhibition of p38 in human fibroblasts. Our data suggest that the extract of the mycelium of T. matsutake may prove to be an effective biomaterial for anti-wrinkle treatment, as it can obstruct the degradation of the dermal ECM.

The established tradition of consuming and marketing wild mushrooms has focused attention on mycotoxicity, which has become a global issue. In the present study, we describe the toxins found in a previously unknown poisonous European mushroom Tricholoma terreum. Fifteen new triterpenoids terreolides A-F (1-6) and saponaceolides H-P (8-16) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the toxic mushroom T. terreum. Terreolides A-C (1-3) possessed a unique 5/6/7 trioxaspiroketal system, whereas terreolides D-F (4-6) possessed an unprecedented carbon skeleton. Two abundant compounds in the mushroom, saponaceolide B (7) and saponaceolide M (13), displayed acute toxicity, with LD50 values of 88.3 and 63.7 mg kg(-1) when administered orally in mice. Both compounds were found to increase serum creatine kinase levels in mice, indicating that T. terreum may be the cause of mushroom poisoning ultimately leading to rhabdomyolysis., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Objective: Few studies have investigated the effects produced by combinations of polysaccharides and chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer treatment. We hypothesized that a combination of polysaccharides (COP) from Lentinus edodes and Tricholoma matsutake would improve the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-mediated inhibition of H22 cell growth., Methods: Mice were injected H22 cells and then treated with either 5-FU, polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake (PTM), polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes (PL), PTM+PL, 5-FU+PTM, 5-FU+ PL, or 5-FU + COP. The tumor weight and volume, and splenic CD4 + and CD8 + T cell frequencies, were determined. Additionally, splenic natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities were assessed and the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were measured., Results: Compared with mice from the control, 5-FU, PL, PTM, PTM + PL, 5-FU + PL, and 5-FU + PTM groups, mice treated with 5-FU + COP showed: (a) significantly reduced tumor weight and volume (P < 0.05); (b) significantly higher serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IFN-gamma (P < 0.05); (c) significantly increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies in the spleen (P < 0.05); and (d) significantly increased splenic NK cell and CTL activities (P < 0.05). The tumor weight and volume in mice treated with 5-FU+PL or 5-FU+PTM were significantly reduced compared with mice treated with 5-FU alone (P < 0.05). Serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IFN-gamma, frequencies of CD4 + and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, and splenic NK and CTL activities were also significantly increased in mice treated with 5-FU+PL or 5-FU+PTM compared with mice treated with 5-FU alone (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes and Tricholoma matsutake could enhance the efficacy of 5-FU-mediated H22 cell growth inhibition.

The study was intended at evaluating the anti-proliferating effect of mushrooms used in traditional folklore of Santal tribal population in India against Leishmania donovani (MHOM/IN/83/AG83). A total of eighteen extracts, three estracts from each mushroom [(80% ethanol extracted; Fa), (water-soluble polysaccharide fraction; Fb), (polyphenolic fraction; Fc)], from six wild mushrooms were obtained. These extracts were tested against the promastigotes and amastigotes for their antileishmanial capacity. Fa fractions (250 μg/mL) of Astraeus hygrometricus and Tricholoma giganteum significantly inhibited the growth of L. donovani promastigotes and interfered in lipid biosynthesis. Moreover, both fractions induced apoptosis in promastigotes. Water soluble Fb fractions of A. hygrometricus, Russula laurocerasi, Russula albonigra, Termitomyces eurhizus, Russula delica and polyphenolic Fc fraction of R. laurocerasi were found to inhibit the replication of intracellular amastigotes in macrophages dose dependently. Significantly, 50% inhibitory concentration of the active extracts against intracellular amastigotes induced release of nitric oxide and IL-12 in murine macrophages and dendritic cells assay and also found considerably non-toxic on murine splenocytes. Results of this study can be used as a basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations in the effort for search of novel anti-leishmanial leads., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides (TMP) extraction was optimized using counter-current probe ultrasonic extraction (CCPUE) by response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of three factors (liquid-solid ratio, extraction time and pulse duration) on the TMP yield was studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions were liquid-solid ratio (15), extraction time (61 min) and pulse duration (6.0 s). Under best conditions, the maximum TMP yield was 8.11 ± 0.35%, which was close with the predicted yield value (8.03%). The five methods, hot-water extraction (HWE), enzyme assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasonic clearer extraction (UCE), static probe ultrasonic extraction (SPUE), and CCPUE for extracting TMP by RSM were further compared. The results indicated that CCPUE had the largest yield of TMP with modest energy consumption., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ultrasound-assisted extraction, purification, and characterization of antioxidant polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake were carried out. On the basis of the results of a single-factor test, three independent and main variables, including extraction time (X1: 130-170 s), ultrasonic power (X2: 340-380 W), and ratio of water to raw material (X3: 45-55 mL/g) were studied by Box-Behnken design. The optimum extraction conditions are as follows: extraction time 160 s, ultrasonic power 365 W, and ratio of water to raw material 53.5 mL/g. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of T. matsutake polysaccharides (TMP) was 7.97±0.31%. The crude TMP was purified by DEAE-cellulose 52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to afford two fractions, TMP-1 and TMP-2. The crude TMP contained 85.76% carbohydrates, 3.57% proteins, and 0.13% uronic acids. The constituent monosaccharides were predominantly glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose, and glucuronic acid residues.

Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction (UMSE), purification, and characterization of Tricholoma mongolicum Imai polysaccharides (TMIPs) from fruit bodies were investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the UMSE conditions. The results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time of 24.65 min, microwave power of 109.98 W, and water to raw material ratio of 21.62 ml/g. Under optimized conditions, the yield and purity of TMIPs were 35.41 ± 0.62% and 73.92 ± 0.83%, respectively. Crude TMIPs were purified by DEAE-Cellulose 52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to afford four fractions, namely, TMIP-1, TMIP-2, TMIP-3, and TMIP-4. Preliminary TMIP characterization was conducted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. TMIP antioxidant activities were investigated by measuring its scavenging ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radicals, ferric reducing activity power, and reducing power assay. The results indicated that TMIPs have good antioxidant activity., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A novel compound (1) and a known one (2) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma flavovirens. Their structures were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Both compounds showed inhibition effects on the growth of hypocotyl of lettuce with significant differences. In addition, compound 1 showed a promotion effect on the growth of root with significant differences and 2 had the similar tendency to promote the growth.

The main constituents in an aqueous extract of Tricholoma matsutake (Tm) were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/TOF-MS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/Trap-MSn). The main factors in the extraction process which affect the yields of nutrients were optimized by single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiment design. In total, 12 constituents were identified from the aqueous extract of Tm, including tyrosine, cytidine, uridine, eritadenine, phenylalanine, nicotinamide, inosine, guanosine, tryptophan, adenosine, 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine and riboflavin. The optimized extraction conditions were: the ratio of water to sample was 10 : 1 (v/w), Tm was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 10 min, followed by water bath heating at 60 °C for 1 h. Among these extraction factors, the heating temperature is significant based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). The yields of nutrients were affected dramatically at high temperature leading to the loss of nutrients, especially for nucleosides and some amino acids., (© 2013 Institute of Food Technologists®)

Four new meroterpenoids, terreumols A-D (1-4), with a rare 10-membered ring system, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma terreum. Their structures with absolute stereochemistry were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic methods, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffractions. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines; all of them exhibited inhibitory effects, with IC50 values comparable to those of cisplatin.

In this study, polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake (TM-P) were purified using a DEAE-Sepharose fast flow column and three polysaccharide fractions (TM-P1, TM-P2 and TM-P3) were obtained. The chemical composition and structural characteristics of TM-P2 were quite different from those of TM-P1 and TM-P3. TM-P2 consisted of glucose, galactose and mannose with a molar ratio of 5.9:1.1:1.0. The glycosidic linkages were mainly composed of 1,6- and 1-linked glucose. Furthermore, TM-P2 showed the strongest in vitro antioxidant and antitumour activities. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of TM-P2 was 2100.44 μmol Trolox/g. The antiproliferative activities of TM-P2 (4.0mg/ml) on the growth of HepG2 and A549 cells were 67.98% and 59.04%, respectively., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)