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Tricholoma are significant medicinal and edible mushrooms within Basidiomycota. Known for their various medicinal properties such as anti-tumor, immune regulation, and antioxidant effects, they are regarded worldwide as health foods of the 21st century. Tricholoma species produce various types of secondary metabolites, which have been extensively studied by the scientific community. In 2018, Clericuzio et al. summarized the structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities of over one hundred different secondary metabolites isolated from the fruiting bodies of 25 Tricholoma species. Building on this, the present article reviews the research progress on Tricholoma secondary metabolites from 2018 to 2023, identifying a total of 101 compounds, 46 of which were newly discovered. These secondary metabolites include a wide range of chemical categories such as terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids, demonstrating broad biological activities. This article aims to provide in-depth scientific insights and guidance for researchers in this field by summarizing the chemical and biological properties of these secondary metabolites, promoting further applications and development of Tricholoma fungi in the pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricholoma are significant medicinal and edible mushrooms within Basidiomycota. Known for their various medicinal properties such as anti-tumor, immune regulation, and antioxidant effects, they are regarded worldwide as health foods of the 21st century. Tricholoma species produce various types of secondary metabolites, which have been extensively studied by the scientific community. In 2018, Clericuzio et al. summarized the structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities of over one hundred different secondary metabolites isolated from the fruiting bodies of 25 Tricholoma species. Building on this, the present article reviews the research progress on Tricholoma secondary metabolites from 2018 to 2023, identifying a total of 101 compounds, 46 of which were newly discovered. These secondary metabolites include a wide range of chemical categories such as terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids, demonstrating broad biological activities. This article aims to provide in-depth scientific insights and guidance for researchers in this field by summarizing the chemical and biological properties of these secondary metabolites, promoting further applications and development of Tricholoma fungi in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Genome sequencing of Tricholoma matsutake revealed its unusually large size as 189.0 Mbp, which is a consequence of extraordinarily high transposable element (TE) content. We identified that 702 genes were surrounded by TEs, and 83.2% of these genes were not transcribed at any developmental stage. This observation indicated that the insertion of TEs alters the transcription of the genes neighboring these TEs. Repeat-induced point mutation, such as C to T hypermutation with a bias over "CpG" dinucleotides, was also recognized in this genome, representing a typical defense mechanism against TEs during evolution. Many transcription factor genes were activated in both the primordia and fruiting body stages, which indicates that many regulatory processes are shared during the developmental stages. Small secreted protein genes (

Two species of Tricholoma, T. bonii and T. triste, are reported as new records for Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region clustered the Pakistani collections with T. bonii and T. triste sequences from previous worldwide collections. Detailed descriptions of macro- and microcharacters, habitat, general distribution, and diagnostic features are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three novel compounds 1 to 3 , named trichoglutamides A to C, respectively, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of yellow Tricholoma species, T. flavovirens , T. auratum , a nd T. sulphureum. Their structures were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data and by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structure of trichoglutamide consists of a glutamic acid residue and a C-10 polyketide unit. [Display omitted] • Three novel compounds named trichoglutamides A, B, and C were isolated from three yellow Tricholoma species. • The structure of trichoglutamides consists of a glutamic acid residue and a C-10 polyketide unit. • The amine parts (C-10 polyketide unit) of the amides have been also unreported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Tricholoma sect. Tricholoma are economically and ecologically important. Studies on the taxonomy of the section were mainly conducted in Europe and North America, but knowledge about this section's species diversity in China remains rudimentary. In this study, phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and morphological characteristics were used to investigate the species diversity of T. sect. Tricholoma in China. Our analyses indicate that nine species, T. citrinum, T. equestre, T. frondosae, T. mastoideum, T. olivaceoluteolum, T. portentosum, T. qiaomianjun, T. sinoportentosum, and T. virgatum, are distributed in China. Among these, T. citrinum, T. mastoideum, and T. qiaomianjun are newly described in this study. In addition, a key to the species of T. sect. Tricholoma in China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four unprecedented acetylenic alcohols, (Z)-non-7-en-5-yn-1,2,4-triol (1), (Z)-non-7-en-5-yn-1,4-diol (2), (Z)-1,2-dihydroxynon-7-en-5-yn-4-one (3), and (Z)-1-hydroxynon-7-en-5-yn-4-one (4) were isolated from the poisonous mushroom Tricholoma pardinum (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), together with the known compounds 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (5) and 6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (6). Their structures were determined by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The crude acetone extract of the mushroom showed potent anti-arthropod activity against Tetranychus urticae (Acarinae), a dangerous crop pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in different ecosystems has major significance. In this research, to identity ECM fungi, we used two methods including the morphological method and the molecular method that is more precise. Basidiocarp collection of fungi associated with oak tree (Quercus brantii Lindl.) roots was carried out in the spring season 2016 and was identified by morphological and molecular methods. We also checked macroscopic and microscopic features and measured each structure using BioloMICS Measures software. To verify the morphological identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR using the primer pair ITS1/ITS4, and the sequences were analyzed. According to the morphological observations, the identified species were Amanita crocea, Boletus comptus, Tricholoma giganteum, and Inocybe rimosa. Besides, based on molecular techniques by comparing sequences, we identified five species out of the eight ones as A. crocea and other species as T. giganteum, I. rimosa and B. comptus. Both morphological and molecular methods are necessary for identifying ECM fungi associated with tree roots in the Zagros zone in the west of Iran.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an outstanding detection technology with fast, nondestructive, on-line characteristics, which has been used in many fields to achieve qualitative/quantitative detection of products. This study proposes an analysis method that combines a one-dimensional convolution neural network (1-CNN) with NIRS to select a characteristic wavelength for a subsequent qualitative/quantitative analysis, while considering fully dimensional NIRS information. Batch normalization (BN) and an exponential decay learning rate are embedded into the training stage of the 1-CNN which improves performance and reduces the risk of overfitting. The proposed method is used for NIRS of dried matsutake samples from four regions in China, and a geographical origin identification model is established for the matsutake. The developed 1-CNN model achieves better classification accuracy than traditional models. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed 1-CNN achieves good generalization and can act as an alternative method for analyzing NIRS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus of Tricholoma is a group of important ectomycorrhizal fungi. The overlapping of morphological characteristics often leads to the confusion of Tricholoma species classification. In this study, the mitogenomes of five Tricholoma species were sequenced based on the next-generation sequencing technology, including T. matsutake SCYJ1, T. bakamatsutake, T. terreum, T. flavovirens, and T. saponaceum. These five mitogenomes were all composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes ranging from 49,480 to 103,090 bp. Intergenic sequences were considered to be the main factor contributing to size variations of Tricholoma mitogenomes. Comparative mitogenomic analysis showed that the introns of the Agaricales mitogenome experienced frequent loss/gain events. In addition, potential gene transfer was detected between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the five species of Tricholoma. Evolutionary analysis showed that the rps3 gene of the Tricholoma species was under positive selection or relaxed selection in the evolutionary process. In addition, large-scale gene rearrangements were detected between some Tricholoma species. Phylogenetic analysis using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods based on a combined mitochondrial gene set yielded identical and well-supported tree topologies. This study promoted the understanding of the genetics, evolution, and phylogeny of the Tricholoma genus and related species.

The genus of Tricholoma is a group of important ectomycorrhizal fungi. The overlapping of morphological characteristics often leads to the confusion of Tricholoma species classification. In this study, the mitogenomes of five Tricholoma species were sequenced based on the next-generation sequencing technology, including T. matsutake SCYJ1, T. bakamatsutake, T. terreum, T. flavovirens , and T. saponaceum. These five mitogenomes were all composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes ranging from 49,480 to 103,090 bp. Intergenic sequences were considered to be the main factor contributing to size variations of Tricholoma mitogenomes. Comparative mitogenomic analysis showed that the introns of the Agaricales mitogenome experienced frequent loss/gain events. In addition, potential gene transfer was detected between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the five species of Tricholoma. Evolutionary analysis showed that the rps3 gene of the Tricholoma species was under positive selection or relaxed selection in the evolutionary process. In addition, large-scale gene rearrangements were detected between some Tricholoma species. Phylogenetic analysis using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods based on a combined mitochondrial gene set yielded identical and well-supported tree topologies. This study promoted the understanding of the genetics, evolution, and phylogeny of the Tricholoma genus and related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report a de novo assembly of the first high-quality genome for a wild mushroom species Leucocalocybe mongolica (LM). We performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing to analyze the genetic basis for the life history of LM. Our results show that the genome size of LM is 46.0 Mb, including 26 contigs with a contig N50 size of 3.6 Mb. In total, we predicted 11,599 protein-coding genes, of which 65.7% (7630) could be aligned with high confidence to annotated homologous genes in other species. We performed phylogenetic analyses using genes form 3269 single-copy gene families and showed support for distinguishing LM from the genus Tricholoma (L.) P.Kumm., in which it is sometimes circumscribed. We believe that one reason for limited wild occurrences of LM may be the loss of key metabolic genes, especially carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), based on comparisons with other closely related species. The results of our transcriptome analyses between vegetative (mycelia) and reproductive (fruiting bodies) organs indicated that changes in gene expression among some key CAZyme genes may help to determine the switch from asexual to sexual reproduction. Taken together, our genomic and transcriptome data for LM comprise a valuable resource for both understanding the evolutionary and life history of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in different ecosystems has major significance. In this research, to identity ECM fungi, we used two methods including the morphological method and the molecular method that is more precise. Basidiocarp collection of fungi associated with oak tree (Quercus brantii Lindl.) roots was carried out in the spring season 2016 and was identified by morphological and molecular methods. We also checked macroscopic and microscopic features and measured each structure using BioloMICS Measures software. To verify the morphological identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR using the primer pair ITS1/ITS4, and the sequences were analyzed. According to the morphological observations, the identified species were Amanita crocea, Boletus comptus, Tricholoma giganteum, and Inocybe rimosa. Besides, based on molecular techniques by comparing sequences, we identified five species out of the eight ones as A. crocea and other species as T. giganteum, I. rimosa and B. comptus. Both morphological and molecular methods are necessary for identifying ECM fungi associated with tree roots in the Zagros zone in the west of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matsutake, the fruiting body of Tricholoma matsutake , is among the most economically important edible ectomycorrhizal (EM) mushrooms worldwide. This EM fungus develops "shiros", which are mycelial aggregations that develop in association with the roots of EM coniferous trees and soil particles in well-drained and nutrient-poor forest soil. The fruiting bodies occur on the periphery of the outward-growing shiro. In spite of vast research, the cultivation of matsutake has been mostly unsuccessful. Commercial demand is therefore met by harvesting the fruiting bodies that naturally occur in forests of EM coniferous trees, mainly Pinus densiflora. Recent inoculation studies have produced mycorrhiza and shiro structures, and the host range of Tr. matsutake and associated species has been clarified. It has also become possible to identify strains of Tr. matsutake by DNA sequencing, which has also been useful to determine the origins of matsutake species in Asia and to elucidate the genetic structure of shiro. In this review, basic research and the outcomes of various trial of matsutake cultivation are discussed. • Matsutake mushroom is highly-prized, but has not yet been cultivated. • Tricholoma matsutake is a pine associated ectomycorrhizal fungus. • Recent techniques have clarified shiro development in chemical and biological terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous investigations have reported that mushrooms possess anticancer activities. For several decades, mushrooms have been approved as food additives against cancer particularly in Japan and China [1]. Since cancer incidence increases yearly, researchers have increased searching for effective anticancer compounds from mushrooms. This research explores the cytotoxic potential and apoptosis mechanisms of the acetone extract of edible Tricholoma scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél. mushroom against colorectal cancer (Caco-2) cell lines [2,3]. The MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was employed to assess the cytotoxic activity to find the effective concentration (EC50) value. The apoptotic effect was evaluated through three methodologies: image cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit, Western Blot analysis targeting apoptosis-associated proteins, and RealTime PCR (qPCR) to determine mRNA levels of apoptosis-related genes. The extract from T. scalpturatum exhibited a dose-dependent suppression of Caco-2 cell lines proliferation, with an EC50 value of 46.86±2.01 µg/mL. The image cytometry results showed that Tricholoma scalpturatum acetone extract stimulated 6.75-fold apoptotic cells compared to the control group. According to the real-time PCR analysis, the acetone extract increased the expression level of the BAX gene 2.71-fold while it decreased the expression of the BCL-2 gene 1.90-fold (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Moreover, the extract also notably increased mRNA expressions of Caspase 3, 8, and 9 (5.46, 4.46, and 3.01- fold, respectively). Results were normalized using GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase). In addition, the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein level was significantly decreased. However, BAX, Caspase 3, 8, and 9 protein levels were significantly induced as a result of extract treatment. Apoptosis involves both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways regulated by various genes. Since the acetone extract appears to induce apoptosis by affecting both pathways, isolation of bioactive compounds should be performed as further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of the mycorrhizospheric microbes in a stand of ectomycorrhizal Norway spruce (Picea abies) featuring mycorrhiza with the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum was addressed by microbiome analysis and in vitro reconstruction of microbial as well as plant-microbe interactions. The protective role of the mycorrhizal fungus with respect to pathogen attack could be validated against Botrytis cinerea and Heterobasidion annosum in co-cultures revealing reduced pathogen growth, higher survival rate of the spruce trees and reduced symptoms on needles upon symbiosis with T. vaccinum. The community structure was shown to yield a high diversity in ECM forming basidiomycetes of Thelephorales and Agaricales associated with a rich bacterial diversity dominated by Rhizobiales with the most abundant Nitrobacter winogradski (3.9%). Isolated bacteria were then used to address plant growth promoting abilities, which included production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (performed by 74% of the bacterial isolates), siderophores (22%), and phosphate mobilization (23%). Among the isolates, mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) were identified, with Bacillus cereus MRZ-1 inducing hyperbranching in T. vaccinum, supporting tree germination, shoot elongation, and root formation as well as higher mycorrhization rates. Thus, a huge pool of potential MHB and fungal community with widely distributed auxin-production potential extended the ability of T. vaccinum to form ectomycorrhiza. The forest community profited from the mycorrhizal fungus T. vaccinum, with spruce survival enhanced by 33% in microcosms using soil from the native habitat. A higher fungal abundance and diversity in cases where the tree had died during the experiment, showing that decomposition of plant litter from a dead tree supported a different community. T. vaccinum thus actively structured the community of microorganisms in its habitat.

The Tricholoma biodiversity of the Aegean region of Turkey has been determined and reported in this study. As a consequence of field and laboratory studies, 31 Tricholoma species have been identified, and five of them (T. filamentosum, T. frondosae, T. quercetorum, T. rufenum, and T. sudum) have been reported for the first time from Turkey. The identification key of the determined taxa is given with this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of the mycorrhizospheric microbes in a stand of ectomycorrhizal Norway spruce (Picea abies) featuring mycorrhiza with the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum was addressed by microbiome analysis and in vitro reconstruction of microbial as well as plant-microbe interactions. The protective role of the mycorrhizal fungus with respect to pathogen attack could be validated against Botrytis cinerea and Heterobasidion annosum in co-cultures revealing reduced pathogen growth, higher survival rate of the spruce trees and reduced symptoms on needles upon symbiosis with T. vaccinum. The community structure was shown to yield a high diversity in ECM forming basidiomycetes of Thelephorales and Agaricales associated with a rich bacterial diversity dominated by Rhizobiales with the most abundant Nitrobacter winogradski (3.9%). Isolated bacteria were then used to address plant growth promoting abilities, which included production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (performed by 74% of the bacterial isolates), siderophores (22%), and phosphate mobilization (23%). Among the isolates, mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) were identified, with Bacillus cereus MRZ-1 inducing hyperbranching in T. vaccinum , supporting tree germination, shoot elongation, and root formation as well as higher mycorrhization rates. Thus, a huge pool of potential MHB and fungal community with widely distributed auxin-production potential extended the ability of T. vaccinum to form ectomycorrhiza. The forest community profited from the mycorrhizal fungus T. vaccinum , with spruce survival enhanced by 33% in microcosms using soil from the native habitat. A higher fungal abundance and diversity in cases where the tree had died during the experiment, showing that decomposition of plant litter from a dead tree supported a different community. T. vaccinum thus actively structured the community of microorganisms in its habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Metabolism of benzoic acids and benzaldehydes are crucial to produce hormones, defense compounds and attractants for pollinators in plants. Tricholoma matsutake contains benzoic acid and benzaldehyde, but their roles have not been fully studied. First we conducted tracer experiments to gain insight into benzoic acid and benzaldehyde biosynthesis in T. matsutake. 13C and 2H were incorporated into benzoic acid from uniformly 13C- and 2H- labelled l -phenylalanine and (E)-cinnamate 1 d after supplementation of the precursors without any substitution of 13C and 2H. In contrast, no 13C and 2H were incorporated into benzaldehyde from these precursors 10 d after the supplementation. The results indicate that T. matsutake has a metabolic pathway to biosynthesize benzoic acid from l -phenylalanine and (E)-cinnamate in which benzaldehyde is not a metabolic intermediate. However, 30 d after the supplementation of 13C- and 2H- labelled l -phenylalanine, 13C and 2H were incorporated into all the carbon and hydrogen atoms of benzaldehyde. In addition, 2H was not incorporated into benzaldehyde from exogenously supplemented 2H-labelled benzoic acid. This result indicates that T. matsutake has a metabolic pathway to biosynthesize benzaldehyde from l -phenylalanine in which benzoic acid is not an intermediate. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that T. matsutake biosynthesizes benzoic acid and benzaldehyde in separate pathways. Highlights • Benzoic acid and benzaldehyde are biosynthesized by Tricholoma matsutake. • Benzaldehyde is not an intermediate in the acid biosynthesis and vice versa. • The fungus has independent pathways to biosynthesize these two compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report for the first time the highly sensitive and selective sensing of Th4+ in aqueous solution, using mushroom polysaccharide-based graft copolymer–CuO composite nanoparticles (TMP–CuO NPs), by optical, colorimetric and electrochemical methods. The graft copolymer was prepared in water by a solution phase radical polymerization technique using Tricholoma mushroom polysaccharide (TMP) with a mixture of N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) and acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of potassium peroxydisulphate (K2S2O8) as the radical initiator. The graft copolymer was characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, and FESEM analysis. The TMP–CuO NPs were characterized by UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, EDAX, HRTEM, FESEM, and DLS analyses. The prepared TMP–CuO NPs have unique properties for the sensing of Th4+ in water medium, which were investigated by optical, colorimetric and electrochemical methods. The UV-absorption spectra showed a significant redshift of the localized surface plasmon (LSPR) band (λmax) with a gradual decrease in the absorption intensity upon each addition of Th4+ into the TMP–CuO NPs medium. Also, the reddish brown colour of the TMP–CuO NPs solution changed to colourless after the addition of a certain concentration of Th4+ ions. Electrochemical studies for the sensing of Th4+ by cyclic voltammetry showed a clear reduction peak at 1.009 V. The selective detection of Th4+ in water medium was also investigated in the presence of some environmentally relevant metal ions by using optical and colorimetric analysis. The morphological changes of TMP–CuO NPs in the presence of trace amounts of Th4+via the formation of the CuO–Th amalgam was confirmed by XPS, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDAX analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the species of mushrooms authorized for sale in some countries—Tricholoma equestre—can be harmful, and its excessive consumption can lead to serious health problems. Many authors have pointed to the relationship between the consumption of the T. equestre and the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis. The aim of this study was to analyze the composition of biologically active substances in the T. equestre fruiting bodies, and determine their biological activity. The main aim of the analyses performed in the present study was to determine whether the T. equestre is safe or dangerous for consumption by humans. The obtained results, in addition to the existing reports on poisoning caused by T. equestre consumption, are another reason to not take the risk of consuming the fruiting bodies of this species, as the natural environment is rich in other species of edible mushrooms that are not only tasty, but also exhibit healing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude is important in terms of hosting edible and poisonous species. Therefore, in this study, edible and poisonous Tricholoma species are evaluated, edible and valuable species are introduced. Also, poisoning syndromes are examined and discussed.

Mineral weathering plays an important role in poor-nutrient environments such as mine spoils and tailings. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are able to enhance mineral weathering through different mechanisms, thereby increasing the availability of minerals and nutrients to plants. Six ECM fungi (Cadophora finlandia, Cenococcum geophilum, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Lactarius aurantiosordidus, Paxillus involutes, and Tricholoma scalpturatum) were tested here for their tolerance to biotite-quartz-rich mine tailings. Either solid- or liquid-medium methods were used for in vitro selection of ECM fungi for their ability to grow on mine tailings. ECM fungi were selected based on their mycelial radial growth and metabolite production (ergosterol and low-molecular-mass organic acids, LMMOAs). We found a strong correlation between fungal ergosterol content and mycelial radial growth using the solid-medium method. However, the liquid-medium method was more appropriate for ergosterol synthesis and permitted direct measurement of organic acid production. We found that LMMOAs were exuded by ECM fungi, which solubilized mine tailings for their own growth and nutrition. Finally, we concluded that the ECM fungi C. finlandia and T. scalpturatum are the species most tolerant to tailings and could potentially improve the survival rate, growth, and health of white spruce seedlings planted on biotite mine spoils and tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although taxonomic knowledge on Tricholoma (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) is fairly comprehensive in northwest Europe, knowledge of the global diversity and distribution of Tricholoma spp. is still sparse. In this study, the diversity and distribution of some Tricholoma spp. are analyzed by morphological and molecular methods based on 70 collections from Yunnan, China, 45 from central Europe, 32 from Colorado, USA, 9 from Japan, and 3 from Ukraine. A Holarctic distribution is suggested for several species, based on collections and nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) sequences. Six species new to science are formally described from Yunnan: five in existing sections, Tricholoma forteflavescens, T. olivaceoluteolum, T. melleum, T. olivaceum, and T. sinoportentosum, and one, T. muscarioides, in the newly described section Muscaria alongside several previously described species. Additional putatively new species cannot be formally described because they lack sufficient material. Tricholoma foliicola is recognized as a species of the genus Gerhardtia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is no scientific consensus regarding the safety of the Yellow Knight mushroom Tricholoma equestre (L.) P.Kumm. Following reports of cases of intoxication involving effects such as rhabdomyolysis, and supportive observations from in vivo experimental models, T. equestre is considered as a poisonous mushroom in some countries while in others it is still widely collected from the wild and consumed every year. In this paper, we review all the available information on T. equestre including its morphological and molecular characterization, nutritional value, levels of contaminants observed in fruiting bodies, the possibility of mistake with species that are morphologically similar, and the in vivo data on safety and cases of human intoxication. Based on available data, it is suggested that T. equestre cannot be considered as a toxic species and does not appear to exhibit any greater health threat than other mushroom species currently considered as edible. More care should be taken when reporting cases of human poisoning to fully identify T. equestre as the causative agent and to exclude a number of interfering factors. Specific guidelines for reporting future cases of poisoning with T. equestre are outlined in this paper. Any future research involving T. equestre should present the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight undescribed lanostane triterpenoids, pardinols A‒H, along with one previously reported lanostane triterpenoid, namely saponaceol B, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma pardinum . Their structures and stereoconfigurations were established via combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses, alkaline methanolysis method and TDDFT/ECD calculations. Pardinols B and E-H exhibited certain inhibition activities of nitric oxide (NO) production with IC 50 value ranging from 5.3 to 14.7 μM, as well as cytotoxicities against human cancer cell-lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are a diverse and essential biota of forests that are vulnerable to species loss through reductions in late-seral habitat. We examined how the spatial ecology of this biota, particularly distance-decay and species-area relationships, could better inform habitat thresholds for EMF conservation planning. Location: Southeast Vancouver Island near Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Methods: Using a stratified sampling design, 11 plots (0.15 ha in size) were established at 0.05-17.5 km apart across 2,800 ha of mesic old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla forests. EMF communities were compiled through molecular analysis of root tips and sporocarps. Results: The EMF community was comprised of many Cortinarius, Piloderma, Russula and Tricholoma species typical of mesotrophic habitat. A total of 238 EMF species were observed, of which 86 species were detected only once. The ratio of average species richness per plot (84 taxa) to total richness was low at 0.35, and inherent stochasticity of the EMF community was estimated to be 31% community dissimilarity for species incidence. Distance decay of EMF communities was nonlinear, with an estimated slope break at 2.6 km, followed by a largely unchanging trend in β-diversity. Accumulated species-area curves were fitted best by the cumulative Weibull sigmoid model, and the asymptote (367 species) at approx. 50 ha was consistent with nonparametric estimates of γ-diversity (342-362 spp.). Main conclusions: Old-growth forests host an impressive amount of EMF diversity, and many of the Ramaria, Inocybe and Russula species are likely to be endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Both niche-and neutral-based processes influenced EMF community composition, resulting in a minimum threshold of 50 ha (1.8% of the sample area) for capturing γ-diversity. These spatial patterns will help design and evaluate conservation efforts, such as retention forestry, to sustain fully diverse EMF communities over managed landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that produces the prized mushrooms “matsutake” in association with the Pinaceae. Other species of Tricholoma sect. Caligata are also ectomycorrhizal symbionts that produce a variety of “ quasi -matsutake” mushrooms. Here we developed agar plate assays using the dye-linked substrates azurine-crosslinked (AZCL) hydroxyethyl cellulose and AZCL-amylose to differentiate T. matsutake strains and related species based on their polysaccharide-degrading activities. This method may be useful for screening strains that adapt well to spawn cultivation for mushroom fruiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on molecular and morphological data we investigated the taxonomy and phylogeny of the ectomycorrhizal genus Tricholoma in northern Europe. Our phylogenetic tree confirmed the presence of at least 72 well circumscribed species within the region. Of these, three species, viz. T. boreosulphurescens, T. bryogenum and T. ilkkae are described as new to science, based on morphological, distributional, ecological and molecular data. Several other terminal branches represent putative cryptic taxa nested within classical species or species groups. Molecular type studies and/or designation of sequenced neotypes are needed in these groups, before the taxonomy can be settled. In general our phylogenetic analysis supported previous suprageneric classification systems, but with some substantial changes. Most notably, T. virgatum and allies were found to belong to sect. Tricholoma rather than sect. Atrosquamosa, while T. focale was found to be clearly nested in sect. Genuina rather than in sect. Caligata. In total, ten sections are accepted, with five species remaining unassigned. The combination of morphological and molecular data showed pileus colour, pileipellis structure, presence of clamp connections and spore size to be rather conservative characters within accepted sections, while the presence of a distinct ring, and especially host selection were highly variable within these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore a better method to process the fruiting body of Tricholoma lobayense. Through the determination of proximate compositions, total soluble protein, sugar content, amino acids composition and 5'-nucleotides content, the effects of thermal processing on the nutritional compositions and non-volatile flavor components of the fruiting body of Tricholoma lobayense were evaluated. Our study showed that the level of the proximate compositions, total soluble protein and sugar content in Tricholoma lobayense, reduced except the total phenolics during cooking. Amino acids composition analysis illustrated that the boiling raised total free amino acids content, but microwaving indicated an opposite effect. Boiling and microwaving could considerably raise the total 5'-nucleotides content. Microwaving reduced the EUC (Equivalent umami concentration) while boiling raised EUC. Both boiling and microwaving significantly raised the bio-accessibility of soluble sugar and protein but boiling was almost doubling that of control. All results suggested that boiling method could effectively preserve the nutritional characteristics of Tricholoma lobayense, and make Tricholoma lobayense more delicious and easier to be digested compared with microwaving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel indole derivative (1) and three known compounds (2–4) were isolated from the fruiting bodies ofTricholoma flavovirens. Their structures were determined or identified by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Compounds1and2promoted root growth of lettuce and inhibited hypocotyl growth at 1 μmol/paper. Compound3inhibited hypocotyl and root growth at 100 nmol/paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tricholoma lobayense is a nutritious mushroom with great health benefits. Three polysaccharides with purity higher than 99% were successfully extracted from Tricholoma lobayense . The molecular weights of TLH-1, TLH-2 and TLH-3 were determined to be 8.43 × 10 5 ，5.36 × 10 5 and 4.53 × 10 3 Da, respectively. The backbones of TLH-1 and TLH-2 were mainly composed of 1,4-linked α- d -glucopyranosyl. However, polysaccharide TLH-3 was found to be a highly branched glucogalactan, which is made up of 1,3-linked α- d -glucopyranosyl branched at C-6 and 1,3-linked β - d -galactopyranosyl. In vitro antioxidant activity assays revealed that TLH-3 exhibited highest antioxidant activities among the polysaccharides from Tricholoma lobayense , which were comparable to those of ascorbic acid. The results suggested that the outstanding antioxidant activities of TLH-3 might depend on its low molecular weight, high branch degree, versatile linkage types and complex conformation. These characteristics make TLH-3 an attractive natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of study: This study aims to provide basic information about physiological characteristics of isolates of Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Russula sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert, Suillus collinitus (Fr) Kuntze, Suillus granulatus (L.) Rousell, Tricholoma batchii Gulden and Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) Kumm.Area of study: The isolates are obtained from Pinus heldreichii H. Christ forest in the south-eastern part of Montenegro.Material and methods: The isolates were molecularly characterised by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The effects of different temperatures (20, 22, 25°C), pHs (4, 4.5, 5.2, 5.8, 6.5, 7.5), and carbon (glucose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, xylose and starch) and nitrogen (NH4+, NO3- and protein) sources on their growth were examined under laboratory conditions.Main results: The studied factors established significant differences in the development of isolates. Isolates of R. sanguinaria, L. deliciosus and both Suillus, were characterised by faster growth at 22°C, while Tricholoma isolates grew faster at 25°C. S. granulatus, S. collinitus and T. imbticatum isolates grew well at lower pH values (4 - 5.2), while L. deliciosus, R. sanguinaria and T. bachii exhibited faster growth at pHs between 5.8 and 6.5. The examined isolates were able to utilize various carbohydrates as carbon sources. The biggest mycelial growth was characterised for sucrose, then glucose, dextrin, arabinose, starch and xylose. They grew on all examined nitrogen sources, while the biggest mycelia growth was achieved on ammonium, followed by nitrate and protein. Those characteristics varied amongst the species.Research highlights: Information about physiological characteristics of Tricholoma, Lactarius, Russula, as well as Suillus, are sparse. Hence, the data obtained in this study could contribute to the understanding of their function in ecosystems.