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Two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) regimens are often used in research and clinical settings. Yet, there has been no direct comparison to determine if one can improve glucose control and variability to a greater extent in individuals living with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Fourteen older females with T2D participated in a semi-randomized control trial where HIIT10 (10 × 1-min intervals at 90% heart rate max; HRmax) and HIIT4 (4 × 4-min intervals at 90% of HRmax) were compared to a control condition (CON; no exercise). Continuous glucose monitoring was used to assess glucose control and variability over 24 h after each condition. Both HIIT10 (−2.1 ± 1.1 mmol/L) and HIIT4 (−2.1 ± 1.3 mmol/L) acutely lowered glucose compared to CON (−0.7 ± 0.8 mmol/L; p = 0.001), with no difference between exercise conditions. This glucose-lowering effect did not persist over the 24-h post-exercise period, as both mean glucose (p = 0.751) and glucose variability (p = 0.168) were not significantly different among conditions. However, exploratory analyses focusing on individuals with less optimal glucose control (above median 24-h mean glucose in the CON condition; n = 7) revealed that 24-h mean glucose (7.4 [7.14–8.92] vs. 8.4 [7.5–9.9] mmol/L; p = 0.048), glucose variability (p = 0.010), and peak glucose (p = 0.048) were lower following HIIT10 compared to CON, while HIIT4 reduced time spent in moderate hyperglycemia compared to CON (p = 0.023). Both HIIT10 and HIIT4 acutely lower glycemia, but the effect does not persist over 24 h. However, in individuals with worse glucose control, HIIT10 may improve mean 24-h glucose and glycemic variability, while HIIT4 may reduce time spent in moderate hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamorphosis is a critical developmental stage that presents particular challenges in fish aquaculture. The sharp increase in mortality that accompanies this transformation has often been attributed to nutritional deficiencies. Providing live feed (the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller, 1786 and the brine shrimp Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758)) during the larval stages is costly and labour intensive, which explains why much effort has been put on early weaning. However, previous observations in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792)) indicate that juveniles weaned after settlement had better survival than those weaned at the larval stage. In this study, we tested whether late weaning (at settlement (W0) and groups maintained on co-feeding for 1 month (W1), two months (W2), or 3 months (W3) after settlement) could improve juvenile survival and lipid composition. Our results demonstrated that maintaining co-feeding beyond the larval stage was essential for after-settlement survival. Juveniles co-fed until 90 days after settlement were 32.5% heavier. Analyses of fatty acid trophic markers suggested that juveniles preferentially fed on enriched rotifers rather than inert food. No pigmentation or fin erosion problems were observed in any of the weaning treatments, which indicates good rearing conditions.Key words: winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, weaning, live prey, lipid classes, fatty acids, aquaculture.La metamorphose est une etape critique du developpement qui presente des defis particuliers en aquaculture. La forte hausse de mortalite associee a cette etape a souvent ete attribuee a des carences nutritionnelles. Fournir de la nourriture vivante (le rotifere Brachionus plicatilis Muller, 1786 et l'artemie Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758)) au cours des premiers stades de vie est couteux et exige beaucoup d'efforts ce qui explique l'interet pour un sevrage rapide. Cependant, des observations precedentes chez les juveniles de plie rouge (Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792)) indiquent que des juveniles sevres au moment du passage a l'habitat benthique ont une meilleure survie que ceux sevres au stade larvaire. Dans cette etude, nous avons verifie si un sevrage tardif (au moment du passage a la phase benthique (W0) et chez des groupes maintenus en alimentation mixte pour 1 mois (W1), 2 mois (W2), ou 3 mois (W3) suivant le debut de la phase benthique) pouvait accroitre la survie et ameliorer les teneurs en lipides. Nos resultats indiquent que le maintien de l'alimentation mixte au-dela du stade larvaire est necessaire pour ameliorer la survie apres le passage a la phase benthique. Les juveniles nourris d'un regime mixte jusqu'a 90 jours suivant le passage a la phase benthique avaient une masse de 32,5 % plus elevee. L'analyse de marqueurs trophiques parmi les acides gras donne a penser que les juveniles se nourrissent preferentiellement de rotiferes. L'absence de problemes de pigmentation ou d'erosion de nageoire au cours des differents traitements indique la presence de conditions d'elevage adequates.Mots-cles: plie rouge, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, sevrage, proie vivante, classes de lipides, acides gras, aquaculture., IntroductionWinter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792)) is a common flatfish that inhabits coastal waters of the northwest Atlantic, from Georgia, USA (33[degrees]N), to Newfoundland and southern Labrador, Canada (53[degrees]N) (Buckley [...]

Maternal prenatal smoking, birth weight and sociodemographic factors were investigated in relation to cognitive abilities of 1544 children (aged 3.5 years) participating in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Children's Development. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) was used to assess verbal ability, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) block design test to assess visuospatial ability, and the Visually Cued Recall (VCR) task to assess short-term memory. Prenatal smoking was related to performance on the WPPSI-R, the PPVT, and the VCR, although it did not independently predict any cognitive ability after maternal education was taken into account. Birth weight was a more robust predictor of all outcome measures and independently predicted VCR-performance. Birth weight interacted significantly with family income and maternal education in predicting visuospatial ability, indicating a greater influence of birth weight under relatively poor socio-economic conditions. Parenting and family functioning mediated associations between maternal education/family income and cognitive task performance under different birth weight conditions, although there were indications for stronger effects under relatively low birth weight. We conclude that investigations of moderating and mediating effects can provide insights into which children are most at risk of cognitive impairment and might benefit most from interventions. (Contains 3 tables.)

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Examined causal links between early disruptive behavior, poor school achievement, and delinquent behavior or antisocial personality in 324 students followed from first grade to age 14. Concerning self-reported delinquent behavior at age 14, best model for boys was direct causal link between first grade disruptive behavior and delinquency. For girls, no model was good fit to delinquency. (Author/NB)

Mother and peer assessments of preschoolers' behavior were compared to teachers' responses on a preschool behavior questionnaire with three components. The disruptive component was highly correlated with peer assessments, and moderately correlated with mother assessments; the prosocial and anxious components were moderately correlated with mother assessments. (BC)

Flounders (Pleuronectiformes) from eastern North America have been extensively studied over the last few decades, and most of that work has been oriented towards different aspects related to fish production, i.e., aquaculture. However, aquaculture production has not progressed as it might have been expected. Flounders are omnivorous, euryhaline, inhabit shore habitats, and offer good potential for aquaculture diversification. They are found all along the eastern coast of Canada and the US, and different species occupy coastal habitats with some species overlapping in certain areas. Despite specific biological and ecological requirements for each species, the accumulated knowledge on breeding, larval rearing, juveniles, and stock enhancement creates a frame of reference that is often underestimated but that indicates a promising future for the production of these fishes. Les poissons plats (Pleuronectiformes) de type << plie >> ou << limande >> de l'est de l'Amerique du nord ont ete tres etudies au cours des dernieres decennies et une large part de ces etudes ont ete orientees vers la production piscicole. Cependant la production aquacole de ces especes n'a pas progresse comme on aurait pu s'y attendre. Ces animaux sont omnivores et euryhalins; ils utilisent les habitats cotiers et ont ete identifies comme de bons candidats pour la diversification de la production aquacole. On les trouve tout le long des cotes canadienne et americaine et differentes especes utilisent ces habitats cotiers avec des chevauchements entre les zones d'occupation. Meme si chacune de ces especes possede ses propres caracteristiques biologiques et ecologiques, la somme des connaissances acquises au niveau de la reproduction, de l'elevage larvaire, du stade juvenile et du repeuplement en zone cotiere forme un cadre de reference souvent sous-estime et qui pourtant s'avere un puissant outil pour le developpement futur de ces productions., Introduction Production of flounder (Pleuronectiformes) in eastern North America still has a very small economic impact (e.g., Bengtson and Nardi 2010; Daniels et al. 2010; Fairchild et al. 2010) even [...]