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2. Police Trainees versus Laypeople: Identification Performance and Confidence-Accuracy Relationship for Facial and Body Lineups

Author

Tupper, Nina, Geisendörfer, Anna K., Lorei, Clemens, Sporer, Siegfried L., Tredoux, Colin G., and Sauerland, Melanie

Abstract

Court instructions and public perception endorse that eyewitness evidence provided by police should weight more heavily than laypeople's in court. Evidence is inconsistent. The current experiment provides a nuanced analysis of identification performance of police and laypeople at different levels of confidence. Laypeople and advanced police trainees (N = 192) viewed portrait, profile, and body-only lineups for central and peripheral targets. Police trainees displayed higher hit and correct rejection rates than laypeople for portrait lineups, and higher correct rejection rates in profile lineups for central targets. Calibration was similar for both groups, although police trainees had an advantage at low target presence base rates. Calibration was best for central targets' portrait and profile lineups. Participants displayed poor calibration and strong overconfidence for body-only lineups and peripheral target lineups. We conclude that experience and specialization of police might be important when investigating a possible superiority of police who serve as eyewitness.

Published
2023
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4. Navigating Learning for Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSEN) in South Africa: Barriers and Recommendations

Author

Shandré Kim Jansen van Rensburg, Mahlogonolo Thobane, Sarika Kader, Mmabatho Portia Aphane, Lebogang Mpuru, Matshilane Mokotong, Tinyiku David Ngoveni, Matome. M. Ratiba, and Liezel Tredoux

Subjects
learners with special educational needs (lsen), persons with disabilities (pwd), learning barriers, learners, covid-19, Social Sciences
Abstract

Approximately 3.5 million Persons With Disabilities (PWD), comprising 6.6% of the population live in South Africa. In South Africa, PWDs are confronted with challenges rooted in historical power imbalances and amplified by social and economic inequalities. Among these issues, the barriers to learning for learners with special educational needs (LSEN) are of particular concern. The purpose of the paper is to provide mitigation strategies for learning barriers encountered by LSEN in South Africa. The paper was guided by a qualitative integrative review (IR) research methodology. The findings highlighted various obstacles identified in research conducted at both global and national levels, including insufficient educator training, resource deficiencies, limited policy implementation, and challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, South Africa’s educational framework, adapted from similar contexts, presents unique hurdles. By elucidating these findings, recommendations are made to mitigate these challenges through special educational needs, social context, and technology training, transformed curriculum and the introduction of class assistants. Moreover, specialised support from the Department of Basic Education (DBE) is advocated for and increased psychosocial and parental support is encouraged. The findings also propose the reinstatement of vocational-related school subjects for LSEN. This paper makes a meaningful contribution to the field of special education in South Africa by identifying the challenges encountered by LSEN and proposing viable solutions to address them.

Published
2024
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5. Construction of Facial Composites from Eyewitness Memory

Author

Tredoux, Colin Getty, Frowd, Charlie, Vredeveldt, Annelies, Scott, Kyra, Crusio, Wim E., Series Editor, Dong, Haidong, Series Editor, Radeke, Heinfried H., Series Editor, Rezaei, Nima, Series Editor, Steinlein, Ortrud, Series Editor, Xiao, Junjie, Series Editor, Shapiro, Leonard, editor, and Rea, Paul M., editor

Published
2023
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6. Capturing Spatial and Temporal Variability in Lake Processes with Autonomous Underwater Gliders

Author

McInerney, Jasmin Beatrice Tredoux

Subjects
Limnology, Fluid mechanics, Autonomous Underwater Gliders, Deep Chlorophyll Maximum, Internal waves, Lakes, Suspended particulate matter
Abstract

Autonomous underwater gliders provide an opportunity for high-resolution measurements of large-scale processes in mid to large lakes. Internal waves are ubiquitous in lakes and oceans. Gliders have long been used to observe internal waves and other mesoscale processes in oceans, here they are applied to observing lakes. In stratified lakes, internal waves drive significant horizontal and vertical transport. Changing winds and stratification throughout the year lead to seasonally varying internal wavefields. In mid-sized and larger lakes, rotational effects and coastal bathymetry result in spatial heterogeneity. Glider transects, primarily from Lake Tahoe (California/Nevada, USA) but also Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France), were conducted at various times of the year along a selection of tracks. These were compared with mooring data to show that internal wave driven variability can be captured by gliders. The optimal data collection path is dependent on whether along-shore or cross-shore variability is a priority for the study. Glider transects across Lake Tahoe were used to analyze and characterize the seasonal variability of flow and transport driven by internal waves in rotationally influenced, mid-size lakes. Internal waves, including Kelvin and Poincaré waves, were observed to modify temperature structure, chlorophyll concentration and particulate matter distribution. A deep chlorophyll maximum exists in summer and spring, and its extent was deformed by the wavefield. In fall, the development of a dominant second vertical mode internal wave (period ~ 28 h) occurs with a shift from sustained high winds to strong diurnal winds. Where the metalimnion interacted with the boundary, it drove offshore and alongshore flows. These were accompanied by elevated chlorophyll concentrations in the nearshore metalimnion. Findings at Lake Tahoe are compared to results in other lakes worldwide, obtaining identifiable patterns; the work allows us to consider how changing winds and stratification may affect mid-size lakes. Spatial variation in suspended particulate matter is also observed from glider transects in Lake Tahoe which are used to assess the effectiveness of the lake’s two long term monitoring stations to resolve the spatial variability associated with suspended particulate matter. These stations under-resolve the spatial variability of vertical gradient of suspended particulate matter caused by internal waves but do capture the temporal changes in the lake. Long-term data show total volume concentration of particles increasing. In particular, particles between sizes of 40 μm and 129 μm have been increasing. There are multiple possible contributing factors to the increase and change in particle size composition. Phytoplankton cell counts show an overall increase in biomass and shift in species from smaller Cyclotella (4 – 12 µm) to larger Synedra (30 – 250 µm). Shifts in dominant phytoplankton species are timed with the 2013 – 2016 drought and high precipitation events at its conclusion. Meanwhile, increased atmospheric deposition, often attributable to wildfires, caused short-term spikes in particles. The most rapid increase in these midsized particles occurred during a period with a shallower than usual mixing depth (i.e. the maximum mixing depth for the winter). Changes in suspended particle size and total volume are markers of environmental change that may be linked to climate change.

Published
2024

13. Non-linear effects of stress on eyewitness memory

Author

Milton Gering, Tayla Johnson, and Colin Tredoux

Subjects
stress, eyewitness, memory, line-up, faces, Science, Science (General), Q1-390, Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

The effect of stress on face identification is not yet clear, with recent experiments finding positive, negative and null results. Here we report the results of two experiments examining the effect of stress on eyewitness performance in line-up face recognition tasks. Both experiments use a stress manipulation and live mock crime paradigm to examine the relationship between stress at encoding and subsequent line-up performance. Experiment 1 replicated an experiment by Sauerland et al. (Behav Sci Law. 2016;34(4):580–594) which induced stress using the Maastricht Acute Stress Test. The replication found the same null result as the original experiment. Experiment 2 aimed to address a limitation of many laboratory experiments which dichotomise stress into low and high groups for comparison. As the Yerkes-Dodson law (1908) suggests that a non-linear relationship exists between stress and performance, it was hypothesised that using a low, medium and high stress manipulation might show clearer results than a dichotomous paradigm. The results of Experiment 2 show a non-linear relationship, with no difference between the low and high stress groups but better performance by the middle stress group. The results suggest that a different approach is required in experiments on stress and face recognition, as the stress–performance relationship is likely non-linear. Significance: • Non-linear models are better predictors of face recognition in line-up tasks than are linear models. • Two group designs provide insufficient resolution to capture the stress–performance relationship.

Published
2023
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14. Changes in the own group bias across immediate and delayed recognition tasks

Author

Colin Tredoux, Ahmed M. Megreya, Alicia Nortje, and Kate Kempen

Subjects
own group bias, own race bias, face recognition, encoding, Science, Science (General), Q1-390, Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Face recognition is biased in favour of in-group identity, particularly strongly for race or ethnicity but to some extent also for sex and age. This ‘own group bias’ (OGB) can have profound implications in practical settings, with incorrect identification of black suspects by white witnesses constituting 40% of criminal exonerations investigated by the Innocence Project. Although authors have offered several explanations for the OGB in face recognition, there is little consensus, apart from the acknowledgement that the bias must reflect perceptual learning history. One matter that is not currently clear is whether the bias occurs at encoding, or at retrieval from memory. We report an experiment designed to tease out bias at encoding, versus bias at retrieval. Black and white South African participants encoded 16 target faces of both the same and other race and gender, and attempted immediately afterward to match the target faces to members of photograph arrays that either contained or did not contain the targets. After a further delay, they attempted to identify the faces they had encoded from memory. Results showed a strong crossover OGB in the delayed matching task, but an asymmetrical OGB at retrieval (only white participants showed the OGB). Further investigation of recognition performance, considering only images correctly matched in the delayed matching task, showed a narrowly non-significant OGB at retrieval, but the investigation was likely not sufficiently powered to discover the effect, if it exists. Significance: • We demonstrate the presence of a crossover OGB in face recognition in a sample of black and white South Africans in a delayed matching task (a measure of encoding). • Our findings show that the OGB may change rapidly. In the present study, the OGB took a crossover form at retrieval immediately after encoding, but was asymmetrical when assessed shortly afterwards. • We used a novel approach for disentangling effects at encoding and at retrieval, but do not provide clear evidence to distinguish whether the OGB is a failure of encoding or of memory retrieval.

Published
2023
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15. Evaluating the utility of facial identification information: Accuracy versus precision

Author

Kyra Scott, Colin Tredoux, and Alicia Nortje

Subjects
facial composites, facial descriptions, identification, eyewitness, face recognition, Science, Science (General), Q1-390, Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Facial identification evidence obtained from eyewitnesses, such as person descriptions and facial composites, plays a fundamental role in criminal investigations and is regularly regarded as valuable evidence for apprehending and prosecuting perpetrators. However, the reliability of such facial identification information is often queried. Person descriptions are frequently reported in the research literature as being vague and generalisable, whilst facial composites often exhibit a poor likeness to an intended target face. This raises questions regarding the accuracy of eyewitness facial identification information and its ability to facilitate efficient searches for unknown perpetrators of crimes. More specifically, it questions whether individuals, blind to the appearance of a perpetrator of a crime (i.e. the public), can correctly identify the intended target face conveyed by facial identification information recalled from eyewitness memory, and which of the two traditional facial identification formats would be better relied upon by law enforcement to enable such searches. To investigate this, in the current study (N=167) we employed two metrics – identification accuracy and identification precision – to assess the utility of different formats of eyewitness facial identification information in enabling participants to correctly identify an unknown target face across three different formats: facial descriptions, facial composites and computer-generated description-based synthetic faces. A statistically significant main effect for the format of facial identification information on identification accuracy (p

Published
2023
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19. Understanding the performance of a pan-African intervention to reduce postoperative mortality: a mixed-methods process evaluation of the ASOS-2 trial

Author

Biccard, Bruce M., du Toit, Leon, Lesosky, Maia, Stephens, Tim, Myer, Landon, Prempeh, Agya BA., Vickery, Nicola, Kluyts, Hyla-Louise, Torborg, Alexandra, Omigbodun, Akinyinka, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elfagieh, Mohamed, Mbwele, Bernard, Ulisubisya, Mpoki, Mboma, Lazaro, Ashebir, Daniel Z., Bahta, Mahlet Tesfaye, Hassen, Mohammed, Teferi, Mikiyas, Seman, Yakob, Zoumenou, Eugene, Hewitt-Smith, Adam, Tumukunde, Janat, Munlemvo, Dolly, Morais, Atilio, Basenero, Apollo, Ndarukwa, Pisirai, Ouerdraogo, Nazinigouba, Chaibou, Maman Sani, Zarouf, Mohyeddine, El Adib, Ahmed Rhassane, Gobin, Veekash, Sanogo, Zimogo, Coulibaly, Youssouf, Ngumi, Zipporah, Fadalla, Tarig, Iradukunda, Cynthia, Barendegere, Vénérand, Smalle, Isaac O., Bittaye, Mustapha, Samateh, Ahmadou Lamin, Elfiky, Mahmoud, Fawzy, Maher, Mulwafu, Wakisa, Msosa, Vanessa, Lopes, Lygia, Antwi-Kusi, Akwasi, Sama, Hamza D., Forget, Patrice, van Straaten, Dawid, Pearse, Rupert M., Puchert, Marichen, Rolt, Lucy, Schwebler, Kris, Kabambi, Freddy, Mabotja, Tebogo, Cobas, Leandys, Freitas, Albino, Antunes, Maria, Cabo, Bartolomeu, Paulo, Domingos, Camongua, Carlos, Avognon, Yvette, Marcos, Osseni, Kintomonho, Raymond, Demahou, Onesime, Hounsa, Gisèle, Chobli, Hugues, Fassinou, Elie, Zoglobossou, Aurore, Tchaou, Blaise, Tchegnonsi, Charles, Amadji, Fifame, Bossa, Francine, Ahounou, Ernest, Alao, Djima, Odérémi, Roushdane, Montairou, Afissatou, Gbehade, Oswald, Tobome, Romaric, Boukari, Adam, Bakantieba, Patrick, Sambo, Arouna, Lionelle, Fanou, Gilbert, Nounagnon, Attinon, Julien, Klikpezo, Roger, Dadjo, Aumar, Fanou, Dénis, Hounkpe, Gilberte, Fafana, Bachabi, Nguilu, Néné, Dossou-Yovo, Bodourin, Segla, Chantal, Toko, Mohamed, Gnele-Dedewanou, Evelyne, Noukounwoui, Michel, Yado, Ethienne, Gouroubéra, Timothé, Adjignon, Valéry, Mewanou, Serge, Tchomgang, Aïcha, Agossou, Urielle, Soton, Fernand, Azanlin, Charbel, Zomahoun, Lidwine, Kabore, Rawéléguinbasba Armel Flavien, Savadogo, Salam, Sanou, Fatou Fleur Rosine, Belém, Farid, Hien, Victoria, Bougouma, Cheik Tidiane Hafid W., Ouattara, Sie Ahmed, Kabore, Mariam Bambara, Nazinigouba, Ouedraogo, Bonkoungou, Papougnezambo, Lankoandé, Martin, Traoré, Mireille, Sawadogo, Patrick, Wenmenga, Inès, Kinda, Boureima, Simporé, André, Sapo, Christian, Traore, Salah Idriss, Dipama, Haoua, Kaboré, Lydie WR., Napon, Salifou, Kaboré, Télesphore G., Louré, Arouna, Tondé, Pélagie PP., Zoundi, Christian, Lankoande, Martin, Sanou, Harouna, Ndikumana, Remy, Nsengiyumva, Carlos, Sund, Gregory, Niyukuri, Alliance, Kwizera, Axel, Niyondiko, Jean-Claude, Kilembe, Adolphe Manzanza, Ilunga, Jean Pierre Mwema, Sarah, Nehema Hailemariam, Makeya, Gabriel Mubobo, Mwepu, Idesbald Mwebe, Likongo, Ted Botawaosenge, Mvwala, Richard Kapela, Mubunda, Raphael Nzau Kapend, Mukuna, Noellie Kanka, Pembe, Julie Djondo, Ndaye, Nicolas Lumuanga, Amisi, Eric Bibonge, Madika, Mike Ilunga, Lungela, Joe Kembo, Mayemba, Didier Ndonda, Diyoyo, Philomene Mamba, Ngalala, Alex Mbo, Mukenga, Martin Mamba, Kabuni, Patricia Tito, Mpoto, Dany Bolimo, Mole, Herve Inesnku, Keby, Louise, Buti, Oria Andavo, Phaka, Anselme, Mayenge, Belinda, Kalongo, Jean Jeacques Kabuley, Mawisa, Timothe Kemfuni, Ngwizani, Rodrigue Tondo, Leya, Kuyala, Sanduku, Dieudonne Kisile, Mawisa, Timothe Nkemfuni, Mfumu, Coco Nseke, Bolenge, Mbuta, Kabuce, Desire Kinzenzengu, Kintieti, Patrick, Mbuluku, Amelia, Mahuwa, Vicky, Mabiala, Tharcice Khonde, Ngoy, Guilain, Boloko, Patrick, Mvwama, Nono Mazangama, Kengbanda, Jose, Mushimbonga, Pitchou, Kuhapala, Blaise, Marcel, Nzosani, Guylain, Kienze, Mboma, Gerard, Sagboze, Sandra Zalambo, Manika, Michel Muteya, Kigayi, Jean Pierre Mumbere, Cishugi, Roger Mukanire, Mugisho, Placide Buhendwa, Baguma, Roger, Kongolo, Moïse, Mbayabu, Michel Mandungu, Muamba, Crispin Mukendi, Kapinga, Edmond Banema, Kapinga, Vasco Ngolela, Nsumpi, Guylain Tshimanga, Odia, Patrick Kanda, Bingidimi, Salomon, Kpengbemale, Gilbert, Imposo, Desire Hubert Bofunga Bosonga, Matondo, Patricia, Lelo, Servet, Kalambayi, Jeremie, Abdel-Ghaffar, Mohamed, Soliman, Abdelrahman, Abdelrahman, Mostafa, Shehata, Sameh, Rabee, Alia, Heba, Mohamed Abou, Abdelfattah, Mohamed Rabei, Ghoniem, Tamer Ahmed Maher, Shehata, Sherif M.K., Lotfy, Mohamed, ElHaddad, Ahmed, Gebremeskel, Bereket, Fisseha, Girmay, Abay, Mebrahtu, Bahrey, Degena, Hika, Assefa, Ali, Abdurezak, Moges, Kindie, Ahmed, Jemal, Abdisa, Desalegn, Megersa, Abebe, Abayne, Wendwosen, Berhane, Haftom, Esayas, Reiye, Kifle, Fitsum, Desita, Kokeb, Addise, Abebe, Shimelash, Dagim, Tadesse, Shitalem, Zemedkun, Bezaye, Kenna, Peniel, Yirdie, Ayenew, Sisay, Abinet, Gashu, Tebikew, Mihretu, Fassil, Ahmed, Yesuf, Debebe, Bekele, Misgea, Abdureuf, Agmas, Amare, Assefa, Rahel, Gelmo, Abdurahman, Alemu, Seifu, Damtachew, Brook, Mersha, Merid, Chemere, Yaekob, Fekadu, Samuel, Regasa, Sintayehu, Sileshi, Bonsa, Wosen, Desalegn, Adamu, Rebira, Mulugeta, Gersam, Bacha, Teshome, Gudisa, Zewude, Bekele, Kebebe, Tasew, Alelign, Gezahegn, Habtamu, Atlaw, Daniel, Solomon, Damtew, Gebresillasie, Habtemariam, Tesfaye, Girmaye, Sarbecha, Negussie, Sahiledengle, Biniyam, Seyoum, Kenbon, Ganfure, Gemechu, Tekalegn, Yohannes, Tesfaye, Gosa, Ayichew, Temesgen, Sendaba, Shibiru, Redwan, Musefa, Muse, Eyasu, Nina, Girma, Sime, Bizuneh, Tadege, Addisalem, Jima, Anbesse, Ayalew, Nugusu, Workneh, Dagmawi, Teferi, Daniel, Nyassi, Momodou T., Sanyang, Landing N., Jallow, Omar, Keita, Abdoulie, Jammeh, Kitabu, Roberts, Charles, Idoko, Patrick, Marenah, Kebba, Njie, Masirending, Marena, Musa, Suwareh, Karamba, Boissey, Simon, Jarjusey, Fatoumatta, Jah, Awa, Sanyang, Awa, Jabbi, Dado, Camara, Kajali, Correa, Armando, Jabang, John, Jaiteh, Lamin, Dampha, Lamin, Manneh, Aminata, Sowe, Baboucarr, Bah, Abdoulie, Jawo, Edrisa, Okoje, Victoria, Baro, Momodou, Bah, Yaya, Njie, Mustapha, Mbowe, Sainabou, Kanteh, Ebrima, Ceesay, Sarjo, Manneh, Alagie, Atito-Narh, Evans, Wilson, Adwoa, Hussey, Romeo, Okine, Emmanuel, Kwarteng, Jemima, Ntiamoah, Ridge, Dadzie, Samuel, Aseti, Mark, Sowah, Naa, Appiah, Akosua, Bankah, Charles, Mburugu, Patrick, Chokwe, Thomas, Olang, Patrick, Gacii, Vernon, Nabulindo, Susane, Gatheru, Antony, Mwiti, Timothy, Mwangi, Caroline, Muriithi, Julius, Ojuka, Daniel, Ogutu, Omondi, Masitara, Evans, Chaudhry, Mohamed, Kamundi, Reuben, Kangangi, Annmarie, Massaquoi, Thomas, Takow, Stephen, Moraa, Felister, Munubi, Aziz, Kimani, Moses, Wobenjo, Adili, Nguu, Linda, Omeddo, Vincent, Malaba, Rose, Nabwana, Ambrose, Mwancha, Anita, Mugaa, Alexandria, Wamwaki, John, Chege, Joyce, Sinari, Seymour, Ndonga, Andrew, Shitsinzi, Rose, Akello, Walter, Kimani, Winfred, Kirwa, Elisha, Saruni, Seno, Wainaina, Andrew, Nshom, Ernest, Kenseko, Aidah, Shisanya, Kizito, Wanjiru, Purity, Cherotich, Julliah, Kimutai, Judy, Wahome, Benson, Wangui, Grace, Wamalwa, Dennis, Mwangi, Stephen, Chege, John, Wanjiku, Tabitha, Njoki, Carolyne, Waititu, Wachira, Ambani, Conrad, Murimi, Samuel, Waithira, Sharon, Mouti, Nilson, Kibet, Collins, Kibet, John, Sokobe, Virginia, Jeymah, Beatrice, Kamadi, Antony, Gichuri, Faith, Moses, Steve, Wasike, David, Adeya, Favours, Bitta, Caesar, Ogendo, Stephen, Kariuki, Killian, BenAbdalla, Hdaya, Suliaman, Taha, Abokhzam, Fatima Ali, Isa, Mohaned, Huwaysh, Mohammed, Bourawi, Asma, Alzubaidy, Kais, Albaraesi, Mohammed, Bahroun, Sumayyah, Alhadi, Abdulmueti, Msherghi, Ahmed, Mohamed, Amira, Khaled, Ala, Aljadi, Nouran, Bareig, Elham, Elgazwi, Khaled, Elgazwi, Adel, El-busife, Ibrahim, Owhida, Safa, Eltwati, Almahdi, Elakeili, Samah, Abubaker, Taha, Elkhfeefi, Fatima, Hasan, Soha Younis, Alttaira, Amal, Elmraied, Imbarkah, Wishah, Rim, Abugassa, Omar, Ahmed, Hazem, Ellafi, Amera, Shoukrie, Shoukrie, Aldokali, Nawal, ElGammudi, Aws, Alkaseek, Akram, Elhaddad, Hoda, Alqaarh, Ayyah, Brish, Ahlam, Abudsnnuga, Malek, Albuaishi, Salsabil, Albashri, Mohammed, Morgom, Marwa, Alawami, Mohammed, Shawesh, Eman, Almabrouk, Abdullah, Alwarfalli, Moaz, Abeid, Nagia, Buzreg, Anis, Malek, Ans, Abayu, Ameerah, Abdulhafith, Butaina, Abouruwes, Wedad, Albakuri, Marim, Almuammari, Sabria, Alsaghair, Esam, Alreshi, Fatheia, Badi, Hassan, Alfetoey, Rabiee, Zubia, Naji, Almiqlash, Bushray, Alshuhoumi, Abdulsalam, Ben Jouira, Rayet Al-islam, Dier, Amaal, Gebril, Essra, Abdelkabir, Mohammed, Moussa, Sana, Alfitori, Marwa, Azbeda, Mabroukah, Alamin, Hajar, Barka, Ejmeya, Mosbah, Omlsaad, Abdasalam, Rema, Hiyoum, Miftah, Abd allateef, Maryam, Altomi, Ibrahim, Alsakloul, Mahdi, Karami, Ekhlas, Alriqeeq, Munyah, Omar, Mabruka, Samer, Ashraf, Aemeesh, Aml, Bouhuwaish, Ahmad, Elusta, Ahmed, Ahmeed, Sultan, Hassan, Wesal AlFighi, Altayr, Mouadah Ali, Addalla, Mohamed, Geddeda, Abrar, Khoja, Kheria, Alhaj, Doaa, Etturki, Muaad, Elhadi, Ahmed, Ellojli, Ibrahim, Shuwayyah, Anshirah, Elfaghih, Ahmed, Alduwayb, Malak, Aleiyan, Mohamed, Aboubreeq, Wedad, Alkassem, Soliman, Ashour, Sami, Ben Hasan, Hayat, Ben Hasan, Najat, Yahya, Ali, Chisala, Palesa, Kommwa, Edward, Simwinga, Lusayo, Chalira, Agness, Kachitsa, Precious, Mtalimanja, Onias, Traoré, Drissa, Sissoko, Moussa, Camara, Moussa, Koita, Adama, Koumaré, Sekou, Sacko, Omar, Coulibaly, Mahamadou, Soumaré, Lamine, Keita, Soumaïla, Keita, Sidiki, Dicko, Hamadoun, Diallo, Boubacar, Bengaly, Boureima, Keita, Mohamed, Diallo, Siaka, Ouattara, Drissa, Ongoiba, Nouhoun, Beye, Seydina, Berthe, Honoré, Diakite, Mamadou, Sima, Mamadou, Togo, Adégné, Dembele, Bakary, Diango, Djibo, Samake, Moussa, Traoré, Youssouf, Traoré, Louis, Oumar, Ongoïba, Gaoussou, Sogoba, Traoré, Issaga, Sangaré, Sidy, Kanté, Doua, Cissé, Lassana, Souleymane, Thiam, Koniba, Keita, Maiyalagan, Sundaresan, Chong, Julien, Mohit, Adil, Mungar, Khushyant, Vinayagam, Shankaran, Ramlochun, Kevin, Sim, Jamie, Sneha, Desai, Kissoon, Vishaal, Tseung, Yan, Aboobakar, Mohamed, Fokeerah, Nitish, Ramsewak, Ravi, Gopall, Jayprakash, Abeeluck, Meetheelesh, Seewoo, Varun, Jankee, Divyanand, Puryag, Ashveen, Beemadoo, Senthil, Deenoo, Yashraj, Goureah, Abhisek, Makoon, Munawwara, Rambojan, Hemanshu, Shanjugsingh, Beeharry, Viraswami, Kevin, Joomye, Shehzaad, Bhugwandass, Ashwant, Deelawar, Bibi, Leelodharry, Vakil, Mungur, Luckshmanraj, Aungraheeta, Sajid, Bhajoo, Sirsingh, Rajcoomar, Manpreet, Seetaram, Rishi, Gaya, Subha, Batra, Gini, Sunnassee, Yoshvin, Petkar, Shailendra, Hicham, Sbai, Smail, Labib, Said, Ait Laalim, Youssef, Motaai, Doumiri, Mouhssine, Alilou, Mustapha, Farnaoui, Nora, Bensghir, Mustapha, Elkoundi, Abdelghafour, Jaafari, Abdelhamid, Elwali, Abderhmann, Meziane, Mohammed, Atmani, Walid, Rebahi, Houssam, Chichou, Hajar, Zarouf, Safae, Soummani, Abderraouf, Taoufik, Abou Elhassan, Essafti, Meryem, Traoré, Aminata Oumou, Hamza, Hamzaoui, Berdai, Adnane, Linda, El allani, Oussama, Salhi, Mucopo, Nelson, Banze, Machado, Saide, Mouzinho, Sitoi, Tomas, Machava, Artur, Carlos, Antonio, Guidione, Amilton, de Carvalho, Antonio Saide, Gemo, Natacha, Camal, Samiro Sema, Cuna, Arsénio, Madeira, Ornelos, Assuade, Ladino, Fernandes, Dercio Amde, Fernandes, Dulce Alexandre Machavae, Sebastião, Mandua, Sikombe, Bernard, Kandjimi, Matti, Shekimweri, Ayoub, Shilomboleni, Diana, Kandjii, Mbaundju, Kabongo, Leonard, Hangero, Cholastic, Ndjoze, Ike, Nailonga, Ruben, Uukonga, Immanuel, Nakanyala, Uutoni, Johannes, Lavinia, Haruzuvi, Adrian, Terblanche, Chris, Shimenda, Natangwe, Katjipu, Delwina, Shalimba, Hilma, Kaweendwa, Juliah, Mbuyi, Ali, Oyedele, John, Mulolo, Mapumba, Njuki, Peter, Ndaie, Mutombo, Munyika, Akutu, Katangolo, Hilma, Tjiyokola, David, Mhene, Tawanda, Masiambiri, Archbald, Mandudzo, Paidamoyo, Kapepiso, Sandra, Mavesere, Haziel, Tjihoto, Cedia, Manyere, Daylight, Kauraisa, Charlotte, Garanowako, Learnmore, Tune, Michael, DeKlerk, William, Ndolo, Benvenue, Angula, Maria, Hishekwa, Ndapewoshali, Nandjendja, Elizabeth, Tsauses, Elsabe, Mouton, Eunice, Katandawa, Kudzai, Bruwer, Sophia, Van Staden, Jaydee, Siteketa, Beata, Kaholongo, Beata, Ntinda, Martha, Nashidengo, Pueya, Kandjumbwa, Johanna, Lipumbu, Lahia, Sirfi, Moussa, Djibo, Fouma, Mahaman, Moutari, Bachir, Abdoulaye Mahaman, Mamane, Maikassoua, Ousseini, Adakal, Hamissou Souley, Maman Noury, Oumarou, Rabo, Idrissa, Rekia, Ichaou, Moussa, Saley, Amina, Seyni, Abdoulay, Amadou, Sahabi, Mahamane Laminou, Mahamane Sani, Camara, Issoufou Moustapha, Gagara, Moussa, Daddy, Hadjara Rabiou, Adamou, Harissou, Magagi, Ibrahim Amadou, Habou, Oumarou, Ramatou, Sabo, Kadas, Saidu, Mohammed, Rabiu, Ballah, Abubakar, Olalekan, Tella, Bwala, Kefas, Adamu, Mohammed, Isa, Adamu, Adeyeye, Ademola, Fayose, Samuel, Akinmade, Akinola, Ajayi, Taiwo, Nwasor, Elizabeth, Yakubu, Saidu, Ugwu, Euphemia, Mukoro, George, Ahmed, Muhammed, Akafa, Gideon, Lawal, Ahmad, Nwoye, Daniel, Odigbo, Michael, Sarkin-Pawa, Zulaihatu, Sholadoye, Tunde, Fomete, Benjamin, Yakubu, Hamisu, Kabiru, Abdulkadir, Timothy, Samaila, Yusuf, Ali, Saadu, Tasiu, Mohammed, Babangida, Yunus, Abdulghaffar, Olagunju, Ganiyat, Aminu, Muhammad, Idris, Mohammad, Tolani, Musliu, Dalhat, Nasiru, Gana, Samuel, Adike, Talent, Anyanwu, Lofty-John, Sheshe, Abdurrahman, Aji, Sani, Atiku, Mamuda, Attah, Raphael, Muhammed, Abubakar, Oseni, Rasaki, Salisu-Kabara, Halima, Nkemjika, Benjamin, Salami, Omotayo, Akadri, Adekunle, Olayinka, Bukola, Onuoha, Clement, Jamaare, Umar Usman, Jibrin, Auwalu Saminu, Abdullahi, Sani Giade, Ishaku, Ibrahim, Odewabi, Adenike, Bamigboye, John, Kuforiji, Oladapo, Ogo, Chidiebere, Ogunmuyiwa, Stella, Abdurrazzaaq, Abdussemee, Tanimola, Adebayo, Adeyanju, Michael, Andero, Oluwatimilehin, Ojo, Temitope, Adedotun, Olusi, Kehinde, Gbadamosi, Buraimoh, Jimoh, Muhammad, Kabiru, Baidoo, Sophia, Okoli, Patrick, Adigun, Azeez, Ezeonye, Ekene, Isa, Kabir, Aremu-Kasumu, Yetunde, Shoretire, Kamil, Enesi, Peter, Ezike, Amechi, Olawoye, Olatunde, Ugwu, Emmanuel, Ukah, Christopher, Olugbenga, Abolade, Chidiebere, Nwachukwu, Abdulraman, Nasiru, Olusegun, Adebiyi, Halisa, Alisa, Yusuf, Semiat, Salisu, Jamila, Okoro, Chidiebube, Suleiman, Abdul, Onowighose, Fabian, Farinyaro, Aliyu, Baba, Suleiman, Abdulmajid, Umar, Abdurrahman, Aisha, Obi, Ogochukwu, Alabi, Olatunde, Adeyemi, William, Salau, Jelili, Taiwo, Jones, Nwafulume, Nnaemeka, Ibiyeye, Taiye, Agu, Edith, Danboy, Ayodeji, Abdulazeez, James, Ekwunife, Christopher, Nnaji, Chimaobi, Onyekpere, Chigozirim, Arunsi, Amara, Egwim, Jude, Nwana, Obianuju, Ojiegbe, Nnabuike, Mbamba, Charles, Ngwu, Paul, Imahigbe, Frank, Okoroji, Emmanuel, Ikenna, Iloh, Mohammed, Abdulrahman, Adeniyi, Adebayo, Ariyo, Toluwalope, Gabriel, Olajide, Orewole, Tesleem, Idris, Salawu, Adebara, Idowu, Okunlola, Abiodun, Akinbade, Akinwale, Afolabi, Oluwasesan, Bakare, Adewumi, Adeyemo, Olabisi, Ugwu, Benjamin, Nuhu, Samuel, Embu, Henry, Isamade, Erdoo, Obikili, Chinedu, Ocheke, Amaka, Peter, Solomon, Orshio, Donald, Onuminya, Peter, Okopi, Jack, Bankole, Olufemi, Afolabi, Bosede, Osinowo, Dapo, Oluwole, Ayodeji, Rotimi, Muyiwa, Desalu, Ibironke, Ojewola, Rufus, Mofikoya, Bolaji, Owonikoko, Kola, Adeoye, Adeolu, Bobo, Temidayo, Akinloye, Taiwo, Ama, David, Okoronkwo, Ebere, Mahmud, Muhammad, Adebiyi, Jamiu, Babalola, Temitope, Muhammad, Mansur, Aruna, Afeez, Osazuwa, Maryrose, Yusuf, Ayodeji, Lawal, Isiaka, Fidelis, Bitrus, Pius, Rephath, Jomosu, Cyril, Adedayo, Adebayo, Aliyu, Abubakar, Agholor, Adaora, Abdulazeez, Abdullateef, Bala, Chabiya, Eze, Eziamaka, Ani, Elizabeth, Okeke, Uchenna, Adebayo, Dominica, Ekwunife, Okechukwu, Modekwe, Victor, Ugwunne, Chuka, Okoro, Chukwuemeka, Uche, Chisom, Olateju, Simeon, Ige-Orhionkpaibima, Fred, Adetoye, Adedapo, Aaron, Olurotimi, Abimbola, Jeremiah, Faponle, Folayemi, Ajayeoba, Olumuyiwa, Jagun, Olusoji, Fatungase, Oluwabunmi, Akiseku, Adeniyi, Nwokoro, Chigbundu, Shoyemi, Ramotalai, Ogundele, Ibukunolu, Joseph, Nankat, Bura, Salihu, Nwezoku, Chukwuka, Bwala, Manu, Philips, Meshach, Usman, Abubakar, Filibus, Emmanuel, Umate, Zara, Chukwuka, Nwabuoke, Nuhu, Ahmed, Ibrahim, Watakiri, Nggada, James, Izge, Ali, Ismail, Musa, Eyelade, Olayinka, Adigun, Tinuola, Osinaike, Babatunde, Ogunbode, Olayinka, Idowu, Olusola, Lawal, Taiwo, Ogundiran, Temidayo, Shittu, Olayiwola, Ayandipo, Omobolaji, Edino, Stephen, Songden, Zumnan, Akitoye, Olumide, Ekele, Bissallah, Akaba, Godwin, Atim, Terkaa, Adeleke, Akitoye, Okochi, Owoicho, Akeju, Sunday, Ukpoju, Ernest, Osaheni, Osayomwanbo, Obaseki, Ifunanya, Kehinde, Lateef, Monday, Osawemwenze, Nte, Stanley, Agboifo, Adesuwa, Dawodu, Omajuwa, Orhiere, Precious, Atiti, David, Kalu, Queeneth, Effiom, Felix, Kolawole, Israel, Ojo, Olawale, Olabinjo, Afusat, Ige, Olufemi, Ogunyemi, Beatrice, Oladosu, Olusola, Adesina, Kikelomo, Agodirin, Sulaiman, Shittu, Asimiyu, Idrisa, Audu, Adamu, Sadiq, Ali, Nuhu, Adewunmi, Olayinka, Nwankwor, Stephen, Olakanmi, Akinwumi, Ajayi, Oluseye, Ajayi, Ayotolu, Ogunmola, Victor, Olakanmi, Oluwafunke, Kuranga, Adam, Uche, Enoch, Osuagwu, Chukwuemeka, Ilo, Chukwudi, Matthew, Mesi, Uko, Uko, Mba, Ngozi, Alagbe-Briggs, Olubusola, Dodiyi-Manuel, Amabra, Onajin-Obembe, Bisola, Obasuyi, Bright, Echem, Richard, Mike-Elechi, Ihuoma, Otokwala, Job, Edubio, Mark, Eyo, Catherine, Udo, Isaac, Abdulrahman, Aliyu, Abdullahi, A.A., Bello, Ibrahim Galadima, Mohammed, Usman Adinoyin, Oyaromade, Abidemi, Bello, Mohammed, Muhammad, Usman, Mbah, Emeri, Okereke, Hyacinth, Aminu, Almustapha, Ahmadu, Anthony, Rogers, Abu, Samai, Peter, Amara, Sao, Yankuba, Margaret, Josayah, Mary, Jnr, Jayah Swarray, Dawo, Alusine, George, Peter, Kabba, Mustapha, Bah, Mohamed, Mondeh, Charles, Kapuwa, Ibrahim, Sheku, Mohamed, Mattia, Philip, Sesay, Brima, Omoshoro-Jones, Jones O.A., Mbeki, Motselisi, Cloete, Estie, Anderson, Philip, Mrara, Busi, Steyn, Annemarie, Mhlari, Tsakani, Proctor, Nic, Robertson, Caroline, Lamacroft, Gillian, Singh, Usha, Sikhakhane, Sebenzile, Gate, Kelly, Nzenza, Shepherd, Kasonga, John Tshimbalanga, Ndebele, Sibongile, Kande, Patrick Lufuta, Davids, Jody, Orlandi, Tino-vito, de Jong, Marischka, Stark, Hugo, Roodt, Francois, Hall, Jonathan, Nortje, Ian, Akpakan, Akanimo, Govindasamy, Vishendran, Sathiram, Ronisha, Kathrada, Mohammad, Farina, Zane, Frittella, Lucio, Kohler, Charles, Lubelwana, Sibuyiselwe, Ikram-Hameed, Sarwat, Smit, Adriaan, Cassiem, Muneerah, Freeman, Yvonne, Goga, Saaliha, Cronje, Larissa, Buzdugan, Constantin, Chirkut, Subash, Singh, Priyadeshni, Jithoo, Sandhya, Rughubar, Vivesh, Arnold, John, Bipath, Rishan, Kinoo, Suman Mewa, Msolo, Ncumisa Khanyisa, Ackermans-Deijnen, Fleur, Boka, Tshegofatso Mmasello Emma, Greenwood, Martyn Biccard, Jayrajh, Shakthi Anand, Naidoo, Devarani, Reddy, Syndrini, Rungan, Devandiran Harriraman, Subrayen, Kylene, Roos, John, Tredoux, Nina, Plumacher, Pascal, Reed, Anthony, Steinhaus, Harald, Nock, Mariesa, Herselman, Paul Ryan, Davies, Gareth, Harvey, Talitha, Muller, Franklin, Naude, Willem, Pretorius, Tania, Swart, Johan Jochemus, Walls, Merryn, Gokal, Prashant, Rorke, Nicolette, Dhoodhat, Farzaana, Dzanibe, Precious, Hussain, Mohammed Yusuf, Junpath, Ashmita, Maharaj, Ameela, Makanisi, Hylda, Moosa, Khalid, Wong, Ting Ting, Mould, Sean, Ramsamy, Trisha, Matos-Puig, Roel, Morgan, Hayley, Nabeebuccas, Nadeem, Naidoo, Ria Devi, Pather, Viantha, Bahadur, Vasheel Vasheel, Pillay, Renilda, Fullerton, Zahnne, Bell, Nicole, Grey, Bongisa, Visentin, Vincent Lorenzo, Van Zyl, Hendrik Adriaan, Killingbeck, Terri Anne, Maneveldt, Emile, Thiart, Gerhard, Venter, Magdelena May, Swart, Oostewalt, Grobelaar, Mariette, Cairns, Carel, Bishop, David, Steenkamp, Christien, Khumalo, Thandekile, Naidoo, Noel, Murray, Ross, Kopieniak, Martin, Sishange, Melusi, Ndimande, Mxolisi Brian, Jaworska, Megan, Ikram, Sarwat, Rainier, Bence, Liebenberg, Renier J., Zwiegers, Helena D., Nortje, Philip M., Bhagwan, Kamal, Flint, Margot, Dyer, Robert, Adams, Simone, Bwambale, Yoshua, Ngomo, Danny, Kanku, Patrice, Pillay, Nivashen, de Castro, Alexa, Maharaj, Atisha, Carim, Janine, Taylor, Jenna Leigh, Köhne, Karl M., Drummond, Leanne W., Temlett, Leanne, Geldenhuys, Lieze, Seilbea, Yvonne, Naidoo, Kathryn, Kalafatis, Nicola A., Verwey, Stefné, Biyase, Thulile, Kisten, Theroshnie, Kusel, Belinda S., Hardcastle, Timothy Craig, Magagula, Richard, Kampik, Christian, Xulu, Kuzolunga, Solala, Sivuyisiwe, Sayed, Mia, Enicker, Basil, Madaree, Anil, Mukama, Innocent, Madombwe, Gladmore, Zulu, Nonhlanhla, Gasa, Nompumelelo, Kanjana, Nokuzula, Buthelezi, Sebenzile, Buthelezi, Thembelihle, Brink, Andries, Potgieter, Francois, Mrara, Busisiwe, Alexander, Zaynab, Choto, Charles, Ima, Paula, Gxagxisa, Zintle, Ningiza, Baphethuxolo, Lamacraft, Gillian, Mogorosi, Jerome, du Plessis, Nadia, de Man, Leonie, Thompson, Suné, van Heerden, Gerrit, Turton, Edwin W., van der Linde, Pieter M., Teme-Pitse, Josephine K., Tladi, Reitumetse, Saffy, Gillian D., Roscher, Ene-Mari, Fortune, Kristel, Barnard, George, Makhasane, Tiisetso, Bowen, Evan, Pal, Akangcha, Moore, Rachel, Fourtounas, Maria, Adam, Mary Augusta, Arumugan, Renessa, Hyman, Gabriella, Jonosky, Jaclyn, Makondo, Maninginingi, Moodley, Heveshan, Munda, Phillip, Nyalungu, Mzwandile, Olusola, Victor, Pinto, Sohan Zane, Pillay, Tristan, Singh, Lucinda, Wondoh, Paul Mwindekuma, Devar, John, Baloyi-Mnisi, Boitumelo, Koto, Zach, Mabitsela, Matlou Ernest, Ndlovu, Sibongile Ruth, Mthelebofu, Branny, Beck, Colin, Dold, Matthew, Fan, Alice, MacQueen, Shannon, Matabata, Thembani, Mpehle, Catherine, Kulenkampf, Charné, Mhlari, Tsakani McCreath, Nyoka-Mokgalong, Simangele Cecilia, Masinge, Felix Thumba, Gunpath, Randhir Ramnath, Pat Mothwa, Maropeng Petrus, Mothwa, Jo-Anne Asenath, Mhlanga, Danai, Colly, Jamie-Lyn, Peter, Aunel Mallier, Ben Hameda, Khalid, Mokae, Pulane, Moumakoe, Stella Josephine, Ekeh, Kelechi, Lengo, Nezingu, Booyens, Marnus, Seale, Inge Louise, Theron, Pieter Daniel, Schuman, Nicolaas Abraham, Sonn, Amber Carlyn, Stander, Jacobus Lukas, Cloete, Nadia, Cloete, Marius, Makepeace, Catherine Ann, van der Westhuizen, Ronel, Messiahs, Leanne Robyn, Visagie, Amy Ruth, Vawda, Fatima, Voster, Frans Christiaan, Dhilraj, Deepika, Smith, Oliver, Bolon, Stefan, Montwedi, Daniel, Mbeki, Motsilisi, Wyngaard, Jayde, Ngcelwane, Mthunzi, Kleyenstuber, Thomas, Phukubye, Phyllis, Schärf, Liesel, Laker, Grace, Semenya, Elizabeth, Dembskey, Reinhard, Tarlton, Thomas, Jiri, Tapiwa, Mushid, Ngoie Hubert, Ngwenya, Nhlanhla Samuel, Mogodi, Hazel Morongoa, Sinevici, Carmen, Usenbo, Anthony Osarogie, Fodo, Naledi, Chimini, Anesu, Sikobi, Ntetelelo, Nokwange, Sinovuyo, Noqhamza, Mluleki, Thembisa, Qumba, Bhat, Kajake Anantha Padmanabha, Mathew, Rabin, Middleton, Katrin, Adewunmi, Abdus-sami, Dickson, Craig, Bulbulia, Humairah, Bester, Bianka, de Klerk, Michelle, Benade, Christia, Viljoen, Francois, Fischer, Monique, Alfaki, Khalid, Awad, Abdalmalik, Algray, Abdelsalam, Elsiddig, Mohammed, Mohamed, Suha, Mahmoud, Salih, Osman, Muhammed, Elgailany, Asia, Suliman, Mazin, Mohammed, Hanaa, Aljeally, Lina, Dirar, Mohammed, Osman, Mohammed, Mohamed, Mazin, Elhasan, Mohamed, Widatalla, Abrar, Abubakr, Abubakr, Mohamed, Eman, Nour, Alshareef, Gama, Ntonto Doris, Shabangu, Dolorosa Khetsiwe, Iradikunda, Cynthia, Mkoko, Samuel, Kisanga, Paul, Lema, Emmanuel, Lyimo, Benson, Binde, Mohamed, Chandika, Alphonce, Salim, Salim, Jumbe, Sylvia, Makubi, Abel, Kotecha, Vihar, Kachinde, Felician, Nyakiroto, Museleta, Jitambi, Emmanuel, Geofrey, Venant, Josiah, Johaphes, Makubi, Phinius, Manumbu, Frank, Mlingwa, Suzan, Ibenzi, Ernest, Mbelle, Peter, Peleus, Kato, Chiwanga, Enid, Richard, Nillah, Leonard, Shoo, Sanka, Paulo, Mushi, Subira, Nyangasa, Bashir, Janabi, Mohamed, Majani, Naizihijwa, Palangyo, Pedro, Nyawawa, Evarist, Ramadhan, William, Lydenge, Faraj, Masenga, Gileard Gabriel, Rashid, Sakina, Jusabani, Mubashir, Ndebea, Ansbert, Cheru, Jenitha, Henjewele, Margaret, Kilimanjaro, Greyson, Sikimata, Sarah, Donatus, Deocles, Maduhu, Hazina, Mariro, Tumaini, Massasi, Given, Shabani, Moshi Moshi, Cholela, Braison, Mgeleka, Marco, Mbilinyi, Yohatinus, Chiwanga, Faraja, Exavery, Bilton, Haule, Caspar, Ndile, Samson, Harya, Sirili, Magandi, Julieth, Manyama, Deogratius, Matindi, Redempta, Moshi, Adam, Kitwana, Daudi, Makia, Merida, Muhochi, Philip, Herman, Miriam, Miombo, Clauda, Kahindo, Furaha, Kishebuka, Langtone, Ussiri, Elijah, Kinasa, Gloria, Adel, Patrick, Malaba, Eric, Sakwari, Vensesla, Lugereka, Sadot, Mungia, Mohamed, Mocha, George, Wella, Herman, Protas, Cecilia, Karua, Patrick, Kashagama, Ahmada, Mwasambugu, Faraja, Kajeri, Suzana, Mchilla, Jacquiline, Lucumay, Elibariki, Maise, Robert, Marti, Amon, Mahundi, Beatrice, Jager, Frederika, Majani, Charles, Rukeha, Ludovick, Mohamed, Tareeq, Fuad, Nabila, Halinga, Winifrida, Chrisant, Elias, Msoma, Gilbert, Kihwili, Titus, Temu, Gadiel, Yusuf, Naima, Saleh, Rashid, Inoja, Rashid, Shang'a, Eva, Ibrahim, Stella, Msuma, Hussein, Edward, Edwin, Kilamile, Paul, Mwakyolile, Stephen, Adja, Talkana, Gueouguede, Edem, Oussene Seddoh, Hafoudhoi, Adam, Saliou, Egbohou, Pilakimwe, Ahomagnon, Mawunyo, Kadjossou, Olivier, Boukari, Abdul-Bassiti, Nabukenya, Mary T., Muhindo, Ruth, Waswa, Peter, Agaba, Peter Kaahwa, Kabatoro, Daphne, Kayongo, Joseph, Naggujja, Margaret, Rehema, Nabasiige, Nansubuga, Phiona, Kavuma, Daniel, Lubikire, Aggrey, Bisilikirwa, Hope, Ssebaggala, Godfrey, Muwema, Emmanuel, Agaba, Humble Joan, Kiconco, John, Wataaka, Nicholas, Chan, Bonet, Nampawu, Mary Juliet, Bulamba, Fred, Bua, Emmanuel, Mugala, Christine, Nyakato, Caroline, Ochieng, John Paul, Jovia, Linda Kyomuhendo, Kateregga, George, Alum, Rachel, Najjuma, Lazia, Nampiina, Gorret, Kintu, Andrew, Sempiira, Joshua, Simon, Luzige, Kayima, Peter, Eyul, Jacob, Odwar, Erick, Nkwine, Rita, Namata, Christine, Nabakka, Elizabeth, Kakaire, Denis, Mushangwe-Mtisi, Velda, Munhamo, Erisha, Dhege, Celestino, Hungwa, Juliet, Jasi, Hemish, Ntoto, Crispin, Matsika, Derek, Mutseyekwa, Brightson, Zimbovoora, Joseph, Gudyanga, Beaulah, Mazingi, Dennis, Mbanje, Chenesa, Mlambo, Busisiwe, Chiwanga, Michael, Chifamba, Harunavamwe N., Zhou, Sarudzai, Hove, Esta, Dende, Shamiso, Manjengwa, Beauty, Kapisa, Penias, Mashava, Chiura, Caritas, Katsukunya, Locadia, Muguti, Godfrey, Mashava, Doreen, Ndhlovu, Elton, Mangwangwa, Zanele, Dube, Nombulelo, Stephens, Timothy, Pearse, Rupert, Puchert, Mariechen, Martin, Graham, and Biccard, Bruce

Published
2021
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22. Does Exposure to Facial Composites Damage Eyewitness Memory? A Comprehensive Review

Author

Sporer, Siegfried L., Tredoux, Colin G., Vredeveldt, Annelies, Kempen, Kate, and Nortje, Alicia

Abstract

Eyewitnesses often create face likenesses, which are published in the hope that potential suspects will be reported to the police. Witnesses exposed to another witness's composite, however, may be positively or negatively influenced by such composites. A good likeness may facilitate identification, but a bad likeness that resembles an innocent suspect may lead to a misidentification ("mix-up"). We offer a theoretical review, and comprehensively summarize extant studies descriptively because most studies did not report enough statistical details to warrant a formal meta-analysis. Some studies showed negative exposure effects, particularly when the innocent suspect and composite shared misleading features. Studies that exposed witnesses to "good" composites reported positive or no effects on lineup performance, and some highly powered studies also showed no effect. We outline suggestions for further investigations under ecologically valid conditions. We also make recommendations for investigative practice, and the evaluation of identification evidence by fact finders or courts.

Published
2020
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25. Should South Africa train specialist endodontists? A cross-sectional online survey

Author

Glynn Dale Buchanan, Mohamed Yasin Gamieldien, Sheree Tredoux, Martin Vorster, Nichola Warren, and Peet J Van der Vyfer

Subjects
dental education, dental referral, dental specialty, endodontics, postgraduate training, Dentistry, RK1-715
Abstract

Introduction: Endodontics as an independent dental specialty exists in many regions worldwide, with training programs established in both developed and developing countries. Endodontic specialty training is, however, currently not available in South Africa. This study aimed to determine whether private dental practitioners, who perform clinical endodontic treatment, believed that South Africa should train specialist endodontists. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted. An online program was used to generate a survey which was electronically mailed to 3252 South African private dental practitioners. Quantitative and qualitative questions with open-ended responses were used. Topics included the following: demographic information, management/referral strategies regarding difficult endodontic cases, and need for endodontics as an independent dental specialty in South Africa. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive methods. Results: A total of 215 (n = 215/3252) responses were received by the closing date. The overall response rate was 7%. The valid responses of 193 participants were included (n = 193/215). The majority (83%, n = 160/193) of the respondents indicated the opinion that South Africa should train specialist endodontists. The reasons for this opinion were varied. Strategies in place for the management of difficult endodontic cases and existing endodontic referral pathways were additionally identified. Conclusion: There is a need to train specialist endodontists in South Africa.

Published
2021
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29. The Effect of a Synthetic Scent on Cheetah Behaviour

Author

Alexia Tommasi, Andreas G. J. Tredoux, Jacek A. Koziel, and Giulia Esposito

Subjects
Acinonyx jubatus, cheetah, captive breeding, volatile organic chemical, reproductive behaviour, synthetic scent, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

In cheetahs, age at first parturition correlates negatively with reproductive lifespan (asymmetric reproductive aging); therefore, breeding cheetahs at a young age is essential to maximize reproductive performance in this species. However, younger females display a significantly reduced frequency of copulatory behaviour, which negatively affects breeding. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known to regulate appropriate behavioural responses in various species, including reproductive behaviour; moreover, they have proven to play a role in captive breeding methods in cheetahs, as well as mate choice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a synthetic scent (SS) on the frequency of the five oestrous behaviour(s) (sniff, rub, roll, spray, and meow-chirp) known to be indicative of oestrus in female cheetahs. Based on the results of a previous study from our research group, five VOCs, identified in the marking fluid of male cheetahs, and known to be pheromones involved in reproductive behaviour, were used to create the SS. This was accomplished by mixing benzaldehyde, acetophenone, indole, dimethyl disulphide and phenol with (99.9%) ethanol. Seven female cheetahs were then observed for one oestrus cycle without stimulation (control) and then once again while exposed to the SS (treatment), which was sprayed on foil trays placed around the outside of each enclosure. The occurrence of the five oestrous behaviours was recorded and tallied per day of observations. Although the SS did not have a significant effect on the frequency of oestrous behaviours displayed by the females used in this study, five of the seven (71%) did show an increase in their behaviour with the SS when oestrogen concentrations were at their highest (peak oestrus), including three of the four younger females. The SS also significantly increased the sniffing behaviour in general. Although the results of this study do indicate that VOCs influence cheetahs and their behaviour, firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to the low number of animals used, as well as the significant effect the observation methods had on the results. Nonetheless, this study represents the first of this kind in cheetahs, therefore representing an important step in determining the role of VOCs in aiding breeding in captivity.

Published
2023
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34. OA-490 Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of MTBVAC in newborns in a TB endemic area: a phase 2a randomized, double-blind, dose-defining trial

Author

Tameris, Michele, primary, Barja, Sara, additional, Rozot, Virginie, additional, Imbratta, Claire, additional, Musvosvi, Munyaradzi, additional, Jelsbak, Ingrid Murillo, additional, Geldenhuys, Hennie, additional, Shenje, Justin, additional, Luabeya, Angelique, additional, Mendelsohn, Simon, additional, Tredoux, Nicolette, additional, Fisher, Michelle, additional, Bilek, Nicole, additional, Asma, Toefy, additional, Mabwe, Simbarashe, additional, Doce, Juana, additional, Aguilo, Nacho, additional, Marinova, Dessislava, additional, Puentes, Eugenia, additional, Martin, Carlos, additional, Mukherjee, Rajat, additional, Scriba, Thomas, additional, and Hatherill, Mark, additional

Published
2023
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35. Campbelltown – Changing our Future: study protocol for a whole of system approach to childhood obesity in South Western Sydney

Author

Nicola Maitland, Mandy Williams, Bin Jalaludin, Steven Allender, Claudia Strugnell, Andrew Brown, Joshua Hayward, Nicholas Crooks, Jaimie Tredoux, Vincy Li, and Karen Wardle

Subjects
Whole of system approach, Causal loop diagram, Community-based interventions, Community-led, Childhood obesity, Implementation science, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background In Australia, around 67% of adults and 25% of children (5–17 years) are currently overweight or obese (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 4364.0.55.001 - National Health Survey: First Results, 2017–18, 2018). The Campbelltown – Changing our Future study will translate ‘a whole of system’ approach, previously trialed in rural communities in Victoria and the Australian Capital Territoty, to Campbelltown Local Government Area (LGA), a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse urban community in south western Sydney, NSW. Methods The study intervention will use a five-step approach; 1 – set up a childhood obesity monitoring system by collecting baseline data from children in primary schools across Campbelltown LGA to give a local context to the community when developing the systems map; 2 - key stakeholders develop systems maps which inform the development of the interventions; 3 - key stakeholders and community groups identify priority areas for action and form working groups; 4 - implementation of the interventions; 5 - evaluation of the interventions. The study will adopt a longitudinal pre/post design with repeated measures at baseline, 2 years and 4 years. Both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used to collect and analyse the data. Discussion Addressing childhood overweight and obesity is complex and requires a multifaceted intervention. This approach has the capacity to impact a range of factors that influence childhood overweight and obesity utilising existing capacity of multiple partners with broad community reach. Findings will develop local responses which capture the complexity of obesity at a community level and further our understanding of the interrelationships and relative importance of local factors impacting childhood overweight and obesity. This study aims to provide evidence for systems methods and approaches suitable for adaption and scaling and may provide evidence of successful community intervention elements.

Published
2019
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36. Chemical Characterization of the Marking Fluid of Breeding and Non-Breeding Male Cheetahs

Author

Alexia Tommasi, Andreas G. J. Tredoux, Jacek A. Koziel, and Giulia Esposito

Subjects
marking fluid, gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry, reproductive behavior, Felidae, Acinonyx jubatus, cheetahs, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Scent is known to play an important role in the reproduction of cheetahs and other felids. In fact, the presence/odor of a male cheetah has been noted to trigger the estrous cycle in females. The objective of this study was to analyze the marking fluid (MF) of male cheetahs from different breeding groups to determine the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present, with the aim of identifying potential pheromones relating to sexual behavior/attraction in this species. Four breeding (B; age: 8.9 ± 1.3 years old) and four non-breeding (NB; age: 5.5 ± 0.8 years old) males were selected for this study. Samples were collected into a glass beaker, transferred immediately into a 20 mL glass screw-cap vial with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated silicone septum, and stored until analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A contingency test with Fisher’s exact test, using the frequency (FREQ) procedure of SAS 9.4, was conducted to determine the difference between the number of VOCs identified per breeding group; furthermore, differences in relative concentration (RC) of the identified VOCs between breeding groups were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures with the GLIMMIX procedure. From the 13 MF samples analyzed, 53 VOCs were identified, and 12 were identified in all the samples. Five of these (dimethyl disulfide, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, phenol, and indole) are known to be involved in attraction/sexual behavior in mammals. Between the two groups, the RC of indole was significantly higher in the NB group, whereas the RC of dodecanoic acid was significantly higher in the B group. Although not significant, the RC of benzaldehyde was higher in the B versus the NB group. The results of this study do support the hypothesis of differences in VOCs’ between B and NB male cheetahs. However, the overlapping of age and breeding status and the diet differences could not be controlled. Still, the evidence of changes in MF composition in male cheetahs necessitates further studies on possible strategies to improve reproduction in captivity.

Published
2022
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42. Early Learning Assessment Innovation in South Africa: A Locally Appropriate Monitoring Tool

Author

Dawes, Andrew, Biersteker, Linda, Girdwood, Elizabeth, Snelling, Matthew, and Tredoux, C. G.

Abstract

In 2015, Innovation Edge commissioned the development of South Africa's first national-level preschool child assessment tool. The project's key innovations were that the tool should fairly assess children from across the cultural and socio-economic spectrum, be inexpensive in terms of equipment and administration costs, and be administered in about 45 minutes. Rather than professional evaluators, well-trained persons with a background in early childhood education would serve as assessors. Finalized in 2016, the primary purpose of the Early Learning Outcomes Measure (ELOM) (www.elom.org.za) is to provide the country with a national instrument to fairly assess children age 50-69 months from all socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. This brief article describes the program's early learning development standards and how to effectively interpret ELOM data.

Published
2018
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45. The Taxation of Company Distributions in Respect of Hybrid Instruments in South Africa: Lessons from Australia and Canada

Author

Liezel G Tredoux and Kathleen Van der Linde

Subjects
hybrid equity instrument, Hybrid instrument, hybrid debt instrument, third-party backed share, non-equity share, non-share equity, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, K1-7720
Abstract

Tax legislation traditionally distinguishes between returns on investment paid on equity and debt instruments. In the main, returns on debt instruments (interest payments) are deductible for the paying company, while distributions on equity instruments (dividends) are not. This difference in taxation can be exploited using hybrid instruments and often leads to a debt bias in investment patterns. South Africa, Australia and Canada have specific rules designed to prevent the circumvention of tax liability when company distributions are made in respect of hybrid instruments. In principle, Australia and Canada apply a more robust approach to prevent tax avoidance and also tend to include a wider range of transactions, as well as an unlimited time period in their regulation of the taxation of distributions on hybrid instruments. In addition to the anti-avoidance function, a strong incentive is created for taxpayers in Australia and Canada to invest in equity instruments as opposed to debt. This article suggests that South Africa should align certain principles in its specific rules regulating hybrid instruments with those in Australia and Canada to ensure optimal functionality of the South African tax legislation. The strengthening of domestic tax law will protect the South African tax base against base erosion and profit shifting through the use of hybrid instruments.

Published
2021
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47. Some Drastic Measures to Close a Loophole: The Case of Pienaar Brothers (PTY) LTD v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service (87760/2014) [2017] ZAGPPHC 231 (29 May 2017) and the Targeted Retroactive Amendment of Section 44 of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962

Author

Liezel Tredoux and SP van Zyl

Subjects
Retroactive amendments, secondary taxes on companies, rollover relief, tax avoidance, share premium, share capital, contributed tax capital., Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, K1-7720
Abstract

A taxpayer has the right to arrange his tax affairs within the constraints of the law to his best advantage to pay the least amount of tax. Coupled with this right is the taxpayer's right to certainty, which entails that the time of payment of taxes, the manner of payment, and the amount of payment must be clear and plain to the taxpayer and to any other person. Accordingly, a taxpayer must have peace of mind that revenue laws will not be amended arbitrarily, retrospectively, and with the effect that the taxpayer's position is affected negatively. The South African tax legislation allows the deferral of tax liability when amalgamation transactions, asset for share transactions, and mergers and acquisitions are embarked upon by a taxpayer. This article analyses the judgment in Pienaar v Commissioner: South African Revenue Services (87760/2014) [2017] ZAGPPHC 231 (29 May 2017) critically with specific reference to amalgamation transactions, the taxpayer's right to tax certainty, and the application of retroactive amendments to completed transactions.

Published
2018

48. Tracing the consequences of child poverty

Author

Boyden, Jo, Dawes, Andrew, Dornan, Paul, and Tredoux, Colin

Subjects
Child development, Child poverty, Ethiopia, India, Inequality/inequalities, Life course, Millennium Development Goals, Peru, Sustainable development goals, Vietnam, Poverty and precarity
Abstract

Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Using life course analysis from the Young Lives study of 12,000 children growing up in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam over the past 15 years, this book draws on evidence on two cohorts of children, aged from 1 to 15 and from 8 to 22. It examines how poverty affects children’s development in low and middle income countries, and how policy has been used to improve their lives, then goes on to show when key developmental differences occur. It uses new evidence to develop a framework of what matters most and when and outlines effective policy approaches to inform the no-one left behind Sustainable Development Goal agenda.

Published
2019
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