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The rural schools, in the state of Para, have an educational proposal that seeks to offer quality education, considering the specificities of the rural reality. To this end, the Political Pedagogical Project (PPP) is essential to define several elements of the educational process. However, some teaching units consider the document to be a mere legal requirement. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyze the PPP of a municipal school, located in the surroundings of a conservation unit in the Brazilian Amazon, in Sao Caetano de Odivelas, seeking to understand the strategies proposed to articulate the development of teaching, in the context of the local reality. The research adopted the qualitative method, with bibliographical and documental support and was carried out in the period from October 2022 to March 2023. Among the results, it is noteworthy that the PPP has limitations and is not an appropriate document to guide the actions and school practices. Among the limitations is the absence of the peculiarities related to the way of life, work, territory and territoriality of the people and populations of the Mocapajuba Marine Extractive Reserve.

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Brazil nut or Amazonian-nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is native to the Amazon with a long history of management by traditional populations (or extractivists). “Bleeding” is a management practice in which the trunk is cut to expel resin and bolster fruit production. The objective of this paper was to describe how this practice is perceived and performed by extractivists in three extractive reserves (reservas extrativistas or Resex): Rio Ouro Preto (in the state of Rondônia, RO), Rio Cautário (RO), and Chico Mendes (in Acre, AC). First, semi-structured interviews were conducted in nine communities, sampling at least 30% of the families in each community. Subsequently, to understand variation in how this practice is performed, we used snowball sampling and applied another questionnaire to extractivists who executed bleeding. Almost all extractivists knew of the practice, but not all engaged in it. Many extractivists believed that expelling the resin prevents fruit abortion and improves production.

In Brazil, the emergence of environmental issues has a strong link with the emergence of new themes and political actors in rural areas and with contemporary manifestations of the agrarian issue. In this article, I seek to provide an overview of the relationships between land appropriation, the struggles of the populations that live in those lands, and the progressive articulation of these struggles with environmental issues. We begin with a historical contextualization and subsequently explore the formation of new political actors and identities around land uses. Next, we address contemporary impasses of land and environmental conflicts in the face of the expansion of agribusiness, financialization, and land grabbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction The collection of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (castanha-da-Amazônia; Brazil nuts) seeds make up part of the everyday activities of the traditional populations that have inhabited all of the Amazon basin since remote times. Nonetheless, knowledge about these harvesting activities in native forest areas has not been well documented. The present study was designed to better understand the significance of this harvesting activity as well as the traditional ecological knowledge of the harvesters. Methods Utilizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas para a coleta de dados com extrativistas de castanha, moradores de Caroebe, Roraima (n = 18) durante o período de março de 2021 a março de 2022. The data analysis was based on the frequency of responses to socio-economic questions and their knowledge about that plant species as well as why those interviewees chose that line of work. We also adopted the Spearman and Mann–Whitney non-parametric tests to correlate variables identified in the study, and selected sections of their depositions to highlight the traditional knowledge of the interviewees and their experiences as harvesters. Results Constatamos que as razões para a escolha do trabalho com o extrativismo para todos os entrevistados é a necessidade de renda complementar, tradição familiar (55%), the sense of well-being provided by contact with the natural environment (25%), and a favorable disposition toward that type of work (11%). Harvesting involves collective work, and many of the interviewees had engaged in those efforts to help their families since their childhood or adolescence. The older harvesters cited more animal species that consumed the Brazil nuts (ρ = 0.60; p = 0.009) and perceived more and greater changes in the environment that were prejudicial to the Brazil nut trees (U = 9.50; p = 0.022). The interviewees who reported lower incomes cited more significant cultural changes and more suggestions concerning conservation activities. According to their statements, deforestation, and the burning and illegal cutting of native trees, including Brazil nut trees, have contributed to environmental change in the region and raised significant concerns about the future of harvesting activities. Conclusion The activities of the “nut-crackers” represent to them more than just a simple source of income, as harvesting provides them with a connection to nature that promotes their well-being and cultural heritage. The nut harvesters have gained specific knowledge concerning both environmental and cultural changes. Those changes have mainly come about through the expansion of agricultural activities and the felling of native forests—which are the main threats to the future of Brazil nut extraction. Attributing value to the folk knowledge of those harvesters would strengthen the local economy, promote forest conservation, and help to better understand the impacts of anthropic activities on the forest and the harvesting of natural products.

Introduction: The collection of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (castanha-da-Amazônia; Brazil nuts) seeds make up part of the everyday activities of the traditional populations that have inhabited all of the Amazon basin since remote times. Nonetheless, knowledge about these harvesting activities in native forest areas has not been well documented. The present study was designed to better understand the significance of this harvesting activity as well as the traditional ecological knowledge of the harvesters. Methods: Utilizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas para a coleta de dados com extrativistas de castanha, moradores de Caroebe, Roraima (n = 18) durante o período de março de 2021 a março de 2022. The data analysis was based on the frequency of responses to socio-economic questions and their knowledge about that plant species as well as why those interviewees chose that line of work. We also adopted the Spearman and Mann–Whitney non-parametric tests to correlate variables identified in the study, and selected sections of their depositions to highlight the traditional knowledge of the interviewees and their experiences as harvesters. Results: Constatamos que as razões para a escolha do trabalho com o extrativismo para todos os entrevistados é a necessidade de renda complementar, tradição familiar (55%), the sense of well-being provided by contact with the natural environment (25%), and a favorable disposition toward that type of work (11%). Harvesting involves collective work, and many of the interviewees had engaged in those efforts to help their families since their childhood or adolescence. The older harvesters cited more animal species that consumed the Brazil nuts (ρ = 0.60; p = 0.009) and perceived more and greater changes in the environment that were prejudicial to the Brazil nut trees (U = 9.50; p = 0.022). The interviewees who reported lower incomes cited more significant cultural changes and more suggestions concerning conservation activities. According to their statements, deforestation, and the burning and illegal cutting of native trees, including Brazil nut trees, have contributed to environmental change in the region and raised significant concerns about the future of harvesting activities. Conclusion: The activities of the "nut-crackers" represent to them more than just a simple source of income, as harvesting provides them with a connection to nature that promotes their well-being and cultural heritage. The nut harvesters have gained specific knowledge concerning both environmental and cultural changes. Those changes have mainly come about through the expansion of agricultural activities and the felling of native forests—which are the main threats to the future of Brazil nut extraction. Attributing value to the folk knowledge of those harvesters would strengthen the local economy, promote forest conservation, and help to better understand the impacts of anthropic activities on the forest and the harvesting of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes two of the most important pillars of Brazil's developmentalist project: its internal colonialism and the use of the State of Exception. In order to do that. the focus of the analysis is the construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, identified as an outstanding case of Brazil's development project. The adopted methodology is based on bibliographic and documentary review through law and literature. It explains the Brazilian project by tracing parallels between the Belo Monte plant and the construction of the windmill in George Orwell's "Animal Farm". The first parallel is the manipulation of ideas to generate social legitimization. In Orwell's novella. the legitimation was generated by the popular demand for better lives for all, summarized in the promise of the "threedays week. while in Brazil the basis for social legitimation is the fuzzy concept of development. almost interchangeable with economic growth, based on a notion of trickle-down economics according to which the whole population would stand to gain from the enrichment of a few. The second parallel is the creation of a State of Exception aimed at making the exception of law the rule in specific territories and to specific populations in order to legally justify the constructions. Finally, it brings up a debate about what it means to be a subject of rights in a context of autoimperialism. drawing attention to the fact that traditional populations. such as indigenous peoples, are being sacrificed in the name of a Brazilian developmental project. as for accumulation to exists it needs to coexist with violence and hoarding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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IntroductionAlthough socioeconomic vulnerability and lifestyle factors may contribute to the transmission of Toxocara spp., no study has investigated indigenous populations in Brazil using the One Health approach.MethodsAccordingly, this study assessed anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in Brazilian indigenous people and healthcare professionals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs (feces and hair) in dogs as definitive hosts and in soil samples of the indigenous communities were also recovered and molecularly investigated.ResultsOverall, 342/463 (73.9%) indigenous individuals and 46/147 (31.3%) non-indigenous healthcare professionals were seropositive for Toxocara spp. In addition, T. canis eggs were retrieved from 9/194 (4.6%) dog fecal samples and 4/204 (2.0%) dog hair samples, mainly from the Paraná State communities (3/42; 7.1%). Soil contamination was observed only in the Paraná State communities (36/90; 40.0%), with the molecular detection of T. canis. River water consumption was also associated with indigenous seropositivity (Odds ratio, 11.4).DiscussionIndigenous individuals in Paraná State communities were 2.72-fold more likely to be seropositive than those in São Paulo State, likely due to a lack of sanitary infrastructure. In this scenario, a primarily soil-transmitted disease may also have become waterborne, with embryonated eggs probably spread to water supplies by rain. Full-time healthcare professionals in daily contact with indigenous communities were 9.2-fold more likely to be seropositive than professionals who visited sporadically, suggesting exposure to Toxocara spp. during their work and raising health concerns. In addition, the findings herein showed a significantly higher seroprevalence in indigenous people than in healthcare workers (χ2 = 85.5; p

This article aims to analyze the environmental sustainability of the traditional Atalaia community, in the municipality of Canavieiras, Bahia, Brazil. The research undertaken uses a qualitative and quantitative approach. For this purpose, sustainability indicators were used, covering the social, economic, and natural resources dimensions. The scale adopted was the ordinal from 0 to 4, with the following intervals: from 0 to < 0.8 (critical sustainability); from 0.8 to < 1.6 (low sustainability); from 1.6 to < 2.4 (average sustainability); from 2.4 to < 3.2 (medium-high sustainability); and from 3.2 to 4 (high sustainability). The results of the study show that, in general, the community of Atalaia has average environmental sustainability, general index of 2.100. In all three dimensions considered, an average environmental sustainability was also achieved, in the social dimension it obtained 2.238, in the economic dimension it obtained 1.686 and in the dimension of natural resources it obtained 2,377. The aspects of health and transportation infrastructure were those identified by the community as the ones most in need of attention and improvement actions. This indicates the need to implement effective actions aimed at these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to reflect on the ethnoknowledge of traditional populations employed in ways of using agrobiodiversity, which is why we focus on investigating the Kokama of Alto Solimões, Amazonas. Being the traditional indigenous practices, which characterize the way of life, the theme research base in communities located near or far from the urban perimeter of the city. With the intention of collecting more information to achieve the objectives of the study, a survey and bibliographical reading, field work and organization of the collected data were carried out. The results obtained in the research reveal that in the Kokama communities of Alto Solimões, agriculture, or agricultural activity, is one of the main sources of subsistence. In proportion to this, carrying out agriculture enables the dialogue between ethno-knowledge and agro-biodiversity, which is fundamental due to the feasibility of the results for the Kokama families, through which a diversity of species cultivated annually is found - banana, cassava, cassava, among others, with the presence of cultivars with short cycle. Furthermore, the use of agrobiodiversity reveals the forms of transmission of ethno-knowledge that takes place through orality or practice from generation to generation, but also the importance of this maintenance through the practice of the way of life and strengthening of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of nontimber forest products, an important tool in the conservation of forests and the generation of social benefits, is prominent in the economies of extractive communities. This article describes the production chain of fava d'anta (Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne) in two conservation areas of Chapada do Araripe, Northeast of Brazil, highlighting the socioeconomic profile of the collectors and the main conflicts in the extraction process of this resource. Participant observation and semistructured questionnaires were used to collect the information. Data were analyzed by SWOT-AHP, which ranked the main factors and subfactors that can affect the production chain. The extractivist family groups comprise individuals with low levels of education, and their economic base is dependent on the extractions of diverse (at least four) forest products. The fava d'anta chain presents difficulties regarding community organization, resource marketing and distribution, profit sharing among the stakeholders, conservation, and overexploitation of the species. On the other hand, the chain is effective in supporting the subsistence of collectors and the empowerment of minority groups. Obtaining the resource in distinct environments (forested, managed, and cultivated areas) allows extractivists to meet the market demand for the product while safeguarding the species in its natural environments. Collection of fava d'anta fruit in the region is important for extractivist communities and that, for the activity to be effective in promoting regional development, the organizational and institutional environment will need to be adjusted under constant monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Tellus is the property of Revista Tellus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last decades, public investments, technological advances and population growth have led to the breaking of barriers that historically limited the use of Amazonian coastal marine ecosystems, causing threats to the traditional fishermen's way of life and the conservation of these important ecosystems. Therefore, the government has sought to reconcile the multiple interests on the Amazon coast, as well as to meet the territorial claims of these traditional populations, through the creation of conservation units, resulting in the largest continuous protected mangrove forest in the world. However, the lack of a proper perception of the multiple territories that make up these traditional fishermen's way of life, has contributed for their conquests to be rights and not in fact. Thus, this research aims, through the case study of the coast of Pará and an approach based on historical and theoretical context, to contribute to a better perception of these multiple territories of traditional fishermen and to overcome the productive x unproductive dichotomy that has guided fisheries management in the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By reconstructing major events that took place over the past 50 years in a small caiçara village situated within the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo, this article explores the issue of environmentality, a process through which local people incorporate mandates of environmental governance and policies, progressively mobilizing and performing the position of environmental stewards. In 2003, this community was recognized as a quilombo reminiscent. The recognition led to a self-division of the community into two groups with around 35 families each. One group maintained a caiçara self-designation, whereas the other adopted a quilombola identity. Using qualitative data obtained through long-term participant observation and interviews with local residents, the article shows that over time, socioeconomic, environmental, institutional and cultural changes, culminating with quilombola recognition, have contributed to an ongoing formation of a “green collective” among quilombola families.

The economic modernization of the Amazon fostered by the Brazilian military government during the 1960s and 1970s was largely realized without taking into consideration the presence of local households which lived from the extraction of forest products (mainly non-timber). When they began to be expulsed, a political resistance, often guided by the Catholic Church, appeared as well as the creation of unions based on traditional identities, especially that of rubber tappers. During the 1980s, these unions made a strategic alliance with the ecologist movement which started to consider traditional populations, whose lifestyle depended on the forest, as allies for the protection of the Amazon rainforest. The movement gained a decisive momentum at the end of the decade by putting forward new proposals of land tenure for traditional populations, grounded on collective land rights. This strategy has been very efficient during the 1990s and 2000s, during which about 1,300,000 km2 of rainforest were set apart and reserved for the use of “traditional communities” under a variety of legal status. But it has also led to mix under the same “collective” etiquette and principles a number of different ways of using and managing land and natural resources. This assumption however should be nuanced by a careful analysis of the resource management systems existing in each case, for they are in general complex and mix varying proportions of individual and collective decisions. The aim of this paper is to explore this question using the example of the Chico Mendes agroextractive settlement (PAE-CM), inhabited by about 100 rubber tapper families and symbolic of the political struggle of traditional populations in the Amazon for being the home of the rubber tapper leader Chico Mendes assassinated in 1988. Applying Ostrom “design principles”, we try to catch what are the local institutional arrangements and to see if they suggest collective or individual management, and what the boundaries between both categories are. As a conclusion, we find that the PAE-CM’s system is much less collective than expected, and also very much controlled by external authorities, in a logic pretty much away from the idea of a CPR system. This finding is useful to understand the shortcomings in the actual management of the PAE but also to foresee difficulties which will probably arise in the management of many of the areas which have gained collective land rights or collective management statutes in the Amazon.

ABSTRACT An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the Quilombola Community of Serra do Evaristo in the municipality of Baturité, Ceará state, Brazil. We interviewed 41 residents who provided information on the plants used, the types of use, the preparation methods, the purchase location of the plants and their knowledge source. One hundred and fourteen species belonging to 53 botanical families were recorded. Six types of use were reported, with most species being used for medicinal purposes (43% of the species), followed by food (25%), decoration (23%), construction (5%), domestic fuel (3%) and ritualistic purposes (3%). The most cited species were Musa paradisiaca L. (banana), Zea mays L. (corn), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean), Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (orange), Melissa officinalis L. (common balm), Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (aloe vera), Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (lemon grass), Mentha sp.(mint) and Psidium guajava L. (guava). The knowledge and use of the plants is part of a cultural heritage passed down through families, and has been helping the survival and maintenance of the Quilombola identity in the studied community.

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extractive Reserves (Resex) are established from territorial spaces to contribute towards the conservation of certain environmental areas. There is a concern for the conservation of natural resources through sustainable use and permanence and maintenance of the life of populations traditionally inhabiting these areas. These spaces are the product of historical struggles, initially in the northern region of Brazil. The process of Resex constitution is the stage of several interests featuring conflicts, especially social and environmental struggle. In the case of Marine Resex, the conflicts have acquired a greater dimension due to the privileged sites where it was established. Current paper contributes to the debate on the main perspectives and challenges involved in the founding of a Resex. Current descriptive research comprises bibliographic information on the theme, and data from interviews with extractivists of the Marine Resex of Canavieiras BA Brazil. Results show that the conservation of certain environments through the establishment of a Resex is basic for territorial protection and the maintenance of the populations' lifestyle. However, the organization and the mobilization of traditional peoples are crucial for its establishment. This is due to contrary interests to their establishment because of their specificities, localization and the different forms of social-environmental conflicts inherent to the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the conflicts and contradictions in the territorial expansion of agribusiness globalized in MATOPIBA, considered the newest agricultural frontier in Brazil. For this, a survey of documents on MATOPIBA was carried out in information vehicles, such as governmental and non-governmental bodies, and entities linked to social movements. The collection was performed with the descriptor MATOPIBA, from 2017 to 2018, and selected 201 documents. The categorization was carried out through content analysis, with the creation of two thematic axes: Axis 1: The expansion of agribusiness. Axis 2: Conflicts and resistances of traditional populations. On the one hand, agribusiness finds in MATOPIBA the environmental and social conditions for the territorial expansion of capital in its neoliberal phase, with the articulation of logics of production/accumulation of multinationals to the pension funds that invest and and, on the other hand, traditional populations struggle against violence, killings, and the depletion of their resources. Despite the pressure on several traditional territories, as well as human rights violations, various groups are facing the exclusionary logic of agribusiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract The veredas (palm swamps) of the cerrado biome are legally protected as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (Permanent Preservation Areas), and the use of fire in these wetlands is prohibited. We carried out a preliminary assessment of environmental impacts of the local use of agricultural fire in veredas through a collaborative research project in Jalapão (Tocantins, Brazil). We found that "roças de esgoto" (drained peat swamp swidden fields) form the basis of the agricultural system of this region. These fields ensure production throughout the year, provide more income than "roças de toco" (rainfed swidden fields), and may function as a repository of agrobiodiversity on a regional scale. This study suggests that the use of fire in veredas associated with roças de esgoto does not lead to significant deforestation, that is, to the disappearance of the forest physiognomy, but instead helps maintain tree cover during the fallow period, possibly accelerating natural succession.

Forest products are a source of income for traditional forest peoples, for providing raw materials such as fruits, resins, gums and vines that are used both in nature, as in the development of other products. Thus, the objective of this study was to understand the different forms of ownership of forest resources in the Community São José, Costa da Terra Nova, municipality of Careiro da Várzea, Amazonas. The method used was the case study with questionnaires, interviews and participant observation. It can be seen that use riparian forest seeds for making crafts and consequently sell to tourists visiting the community; use wood to build their homes; use medicinal plants in helping to diseases and use the Agroforestry main activity.

In 1988, Brazil adopted a new constitution that embraced democracy, integration, and multiculturalism. In this context, and as a remedy against the discrimination suffered by the Afro-Brazilian population since slavery, the state granted rural black communities (so-called quilombolas) the possibility of obtaining special legal status, including the collective ownership of their lands. Since 2006, these communities are also considered protected areas, which underscores their environmental role. This article analyzes and questions certain aspects of Brazilian environmental governance, starting with the quilombola model, which is a variant of a delegated socio-territorial model of managing environmental resources, at once collective and local. Firstly, I am interested in the genesis of this model, from the evolution of environmental management paradigms to the specific Brazilian case. In this section, I present the national and international historical and ideological context by which quilombolas have become crucial actors in the environment debate. Next, I analyze the contemporary realities of environmental governance. For this, and in addition to the standardized discourses, I study the practices of the quilombola communities and the actors with whom they interact. I emphasize how often the environment becomes a political instrument, used in various ways depending on the current paradigms, the actors involved and their own interests, thus leading to certain ambiguities and distortions. Finally, I show how the sustainability of the collective management of resources depends, on one hand, on the domestic economic needs of the quilombolas and, on the other hand, the hierarchical and interdependent power relations that they have long maintained with regional political and economic actors.

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This paper analyzes the political-economic intentions that led to the construction of the Rio-Santos highway, one of the big constructions of the military dictatorship under the management of Mario Andreazza as Minister of Transport (1967-1974). This study also highlights the land conflicts generated with the construction of the highway and the strategies used by businesspersons to expel local populations, recognized as caiçaras and that used to live from agriculture and fishing. Finally, this research describes the process of resistance of these caiçaras communities, mainly in the city of Ubatuba (SP), and the nomination of these as traditional populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recognition of the Maroon communities, the State began to implement policies aimed Agroecology its development. Considering that the territory can be an important tool for analysis of projects in this issue and those who cover their different perspectives, are more likely to materialize, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agroecological actions in maroon community Mandira, in Cananéia/SP. The study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 with qualitative techniques. The projects analyzed were: creation of the Extractive Reserve and resource management; and implementation of agroforestry. The creation of the Reserve provided greater sustainability and remuneration, but has shown signs of declining natural stocks, specialization in the activity and reduction of production for own consumption. The design of agroforestry systems provided greater product diversity and autonomy, social capital formation and healthy diet, indicating that the territorial perspective can contribute to more effective results and analysis of projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Sustainability in Debate / Sustentabilidade em Debate is the property of University of Brasilia, Center for Sustainable Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this article is to raise some reflections on collective memory to understand the concept of identity and, subsequently, that of territorial identity in relation to traditional population living places, through a case study carried out at the Ilhabela County, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the Curral neighborhood/beach, using interviews and memory analysis in relation to the place. Through observation, interview analysis and theoretical discussions, it is understood that, by constructing the individual memory of the common past, collective memory is essential for territorial identity and can allow the passage from a resistance identity to a project identity, based on the cultural wealth idea brought by socio-diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local rural and indigenous communities have assumed increasing responsibility for conservation within and between areas buffering the impacts of agricultural or resource-extraction zones and protected areas. Empowering local communities as central partners in conservation and climate-change mitigation has allowed many people to gain access to land and citizenship rights but has provided limited improvements in access to social services and economic opportunities even as expectation about their role as environmental stewards grows. These expectations, however, are inconsistent with reality. We conducted multiple field studies in Brazil since the mid-1980s to illustrate the discrepancies between conservation programs and local conditions and expectations. We suggest that public policies and conservation programs should not delegate responsibility for managing protected areas to local and indigenous communities without considering local needs and expectations and locals' attitudes toward conservation. In other words, behavior that maintains or improves the environment should not be treated as traditional based on the expectations of outsiders. Framing local populations as traditional environmentalists creates contradictions and frustrations for local populations and for conservation professionals and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Along the world's (sub) tropics mangroves are important coastal ecosystems supporting small-scale fisheries and human populations, highlighting the need to consider participatory approaches in this ecosystem management. We carried out a socio-ecological assessment to characterize the use and perceptions of local populations at Northeastern Brazil (São Francisco River Estuary) on mangrove fisheries and local development, and pointed out strategies for environmental planning. The questionnaire-based results show that the locals are economically dependent on mangrove fisheries, exploring 12 types of fish, 4 types of crabs, 3 types of mollusks and shrimps. All populations indicated a decrease in the fishery yield, mainly due to a high fishery pressure and shrimp farming. We conclude that strategies pointed out by the locals as creation of an protected area of sustainable use (Extractive Reserve), aided by government support to create a local small-scale fishery processing industry, to cultivate oysters and fish and ecotourism are sustainable alternatives for poverty alleviation and mangrove conservation. These alternatives and the socio-ecological assessment should be a guideline for other mangroves areas worldwide with similar environmental problems and where fishery is the base of economic subsistence, in order to guarantees the long term sustainability of mangrove socio-ecological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic modernization of the Amazon fostered by the Brazilian military government during the 1960s and 1970s was largely realized without taking into consideration the presence of local households which lived from the extraction of forest products (mainly non-timber). When they began to be expulsed, a political resistance, often guided by the Catholic Church, appeared as well as the creation of unions based on traditional identities, especially that of rubber tappers. During the 1980s, these unions made a strategic alliance with the ecologist movement which started to consider traditional populations, whose lifestyle depended on the forest, as allies for the protection of the Amazon rainforest. The movement gained a decisive momentum at the end of the decade by putting forward new proposals of land tenure for traditional populations, grounded on collective land rights. This strategy has been very efficient during the 1990s and 2000s, during which about 1,300,000 km2 of rainforest were set apart and reserved for the use of "traditional communities" under a variety of legal status. But it has also led to mix under the same "collective" etiquette and principles a number of different ways of using and managing land and natural resources. This assumption however should be nuanced by a careful analysis of the resource management systems existing in each case, for they are in general complex and mix varying proportions of individual and collective decisions. The aim of this paper is to explore this question using the example of the Chico Mendes agroextractive settlement (PAE-CM), inhabited by about 100 rubber tapper families and symbolic of the political struggle of traditional populations in the Amazon for being the home of the rubber tapper leader Chico Mendes assassinated in 1988. Applying Ostrom "design principles", we try to catch what are the local institutional arrangements and to see if they suggest collective or individual management, and what the boundaries between both categories are. As a conclusion, we find that the PAE-CM's system is much less collective than expected, and also very much controlled by external authorities, in a logic pretty much away from the idea of a CPR system. This finding is useful to understand the shortcomings in the actual management of the PAE but also to foresee difficulties which will probably arise in the management of many of the areas which have gained collective land rights or collective management statutes in the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buscando um conjunto etário que tivesse vivido sua juventude entre as populações remanescentes de quilombos do norte do Estado do Espírito Santo e ainda na presença da Mata Atlântica, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal identificar as memórias sociais de juventude nessas comunidades, relacionando as representações desse passado compartilhado às mudanças ambientais e sociais que recentemente impactaram a sua região. Foram entrevistadas 11 pessoas, homens e mulheres, com idade entre 40 e 61 anos. Os dados, trabalhados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo, demonstraram um hiato na relação dos participantes com as gerações mais novas que não havia sido experimentado com relação aos seus ascendentes; bem como as implicações dessa transformação socioambiental que, ao atuar em estruturas arcaicas de constituição territorial e temporal das comunidades, funcionou como agente primordial tanto do distanciamento entre as gerações quanto da seleção das formas mnêmicas mais relevantes.Searching for an age group who lived their youth among populations remnant of former runaway slave communities in the northern Espírito Santo State (Brazil) and also at the Atlantic Rainforest, this research had the main objective of identifying the social memories of younger days in these communities, relating the representations of this past and the environmental and social changes that recently impacted their region. Eleven men and women were interviewed, with ages varying from 40 to 61 years. The data, processed by content analysis technique, demonstrated a hiatus at the relation of the participants with younger generations which had not been experienced with respect to their ascendants; as well as the implications of this social-environmental transformation that, while acting on the communities archaic structures of territorial and temporal constitution, worked as a prime agent both in the distancing between generations, and on the selection of the more relevant mnemic shapes.

O artigo analisa a gestão coletiva de bens comuns no extrativismo da mangaba destacando o acesso aos recursos, os arranjos institucionais e os conflitos sociais entre os atores envolvidos. A pesquisa foi realizada no Nordeste do Brasil a partir de observações, entrevistas e dados secundários. O trabalho mostra a existência de remanescentes de mangabeiras bem conservados a partir da gestão coletiva.This article analyses the collective management of common goods within the context of mangaba fruit collection; it focuses on the access to resources, the institutional arrangements and the social conflicts among the involved actors. The research was undertaken in northeastern Brazil and is based on observations, interviews and secondary data. The study demonstrates the existence of well preserved mangaba trees due to collective management.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar processos que vão do extrativismo ao consumo da mangaba, enfatizando os diferentes atores em cena, as suas relações, os canais de comercialização e as características do consumo. A pesquisa foi realizada no nordeste do Brasil (BA, AL, SE e PE), por meio de métodos qualitatitivos e quantitativos. Os principais resultados mostram uma fraca tendência de domesticação para atender à demanda crescente do mercado e ameaças ao extrativismo por fatores externos.The aim of this article is to analyse the processes which begins from raw material extraction to the consumption of mangaba, emphazising different actors, their relationships, marketing channels, and consumption characteristics. The research was carried out in the Northeast of Brazil (Brazilian states of Bahia, Alagoas, Sergipe and Pernambuco) using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The main results indicated weak domestication of mangaba trees to attend to an increasing market demand, and threats to extractivism by external factors.

Este artigo trata da Mata Atlântica e das interferências antrópicas que este bioma sofreu no tempo, tendo por objetivo incluir o legado da atividade humana como parte das suas condições ecológicas. Como forma de análise dos processos sucessionais, é proposto o resgate dos paleoterritórios, aqui entendidos como as resultantes ecológicas decorrentes do uso dos ecossistemas por populações passadas na busca de suas condições de existência.This article deals with the Atlantic Rainforest and the anthropic interferences imposed on this biome throughout time. Its goal is to include the legacy of human activity as part of the explanation for its ecological state. As a way to analyze the sucessional processes, the concept of paleo-territory recovery is proposed in order to understand the ecological resultants due to the use of the ecosystems by traditional populations for means of existence.

Este artigo aborda a Terra do Meio (PA), região brasileira localizada em um dos estados mais conflituosos da Amazônia, que tem se convertido em um desafio simbólico para a gestão pública integrada neste país. Ela está em um contexto que traz elementos característicos de um complexo sistema geopolítico: grilagem de terras e exploração irracional dos recursos naturais; baixa presença do Estado; falta de integração das políticas públicas que incidem sobre o território. A existência de um movimento social estruturado e a intervenção de ONGs socioambientalistas na proteção e conservação da biodiversidade e das populações tradicionais (índios, ribeirinhos, seringueiros e agricultores familiares) formam o cenário em questão. Este artigo apresenta a caracterização socioambiental e econômica da região e discute o mosaico de unidades de conservação e o corredor de biodiversidade do Xingu como alternativas para um plano de ordenamento territorial como perspectiva de gestão integrada para a região.Terra do Meio, a region of the state of Pará, the most conflict-ridden in the Brazilian Amazon, presents an emblematic challenge for integrated public administration in the country, since it typifies characteristic frontier geopolitics: illegal occupation of public lands, irrational resource usage, absence of government, and inconsistent public policies for the region. The regional scenario includes an organized social movement, as well as NGOs supporting biodiversity protection and conservation and traditional populations (Indians, riparian communities, rubber tappers and family farmers). In this article, we present a socio-environmental and economic description of the region and discuss the reserves mosaic and Xingu biodiversity corridor as alternatives for integrated regional land use planning and management.

This work addresses the coexistence of forests with agricultural environments in two areas of the Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil. One is located on Ilha Grande (South coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro) with almost 100% of forest cover, most of which was previously cultivated by caiçaras. The other area is the Pedra Branca Massif (in the West Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro), also covered by secondary forests where there are still some crops. In the latter, we studied the farmers' relationship with the city's growth dynamics. In both cases, the conflicts and peculiarities arising from the coexistence of protected areas with small agricultural communities and the consequences related to the Atlantic Forest dynamics are examined. The recording of these experiences, by means of a long-term interdisciplinary perspective on landscape, can bring new approaches to the processes of co-evolution of human societies with the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group discussion improves on individual reasoning performance for a wide variety of tasks. This improvement, however, could be largely specific to members of modern, schooled, affluent Western cultures. In two studies, we observed the same improvement in the members of a traditional population—indigenous Maya from Guatemala. Two features of reasoning can account for this improvement: the myside bias, which precludes individuals from improving their performance on their own, and the ability to soundly evaluate others' arguments, which allows individuals to benefit from group discussions. These two features were observed in the traditional population studied: solitary reasoning performance was marked by the myside bias; individuals were more likely to be convinced by arguments for the correct answer rather than for a wrong answer. Together with previous evidence, the present results strengthen the conclusion that these features are adaptive features of reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]