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Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A and B started in 1970 as a merger of Transactions Quarterly of the American Society for Metals and Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME. [...]

The Community Development Society (CDS) started in 1970 in response to a need to provide opportunities for practitioners in the newly emerging community development profession to build their skills and [...]

The 20th-century American economics profession and its leading professional organization--the American Economic Association (AEA)--were privileged and shaped by the federal government's need to direct resources and to call on experts. Bureaucratic tendencies to classify and count had an impact on the discipline's self-concept, the articulation of subdisciplines, and the establishment of multiple research agendas. They also powerfully framed the strategies for growth and development formulated and deployed by the AEA itself. A consensus of professional opinion and the standardization of curriculums emerged out of the involvement of economists and the AEA with governmental affairs. At the same time, such public engagement was fraught with risks and contradictions--posing challenges and difficulties with which the AEA and the profession would have to contend for decades to come.

The history of the Market Research Society (MRS) and the International Journal of Market Research is discussed. The Society was established in 1946, and its 23 founding members represented virtually the entire United Kingdom profession. In 1958, it was determined that the Society's activities must be focused on professional development and training. In 1959, MRS's flagship journal was launched.

This paper offers highlights from the 100 (plus) years of the Botanical Society of America (BSA) and draws extensively on the archives of the BSA. In addition to examining the founding of the society and the attempt to 'professionalize' botany in late 19th century America. the paper also explores the complex relations between the BSA and a number of related societies in the United States, the Society's struggle to create a coherent identity for itself, the place of botany as a whole in the context of the burgeoning biological sciences in the 20th century, and the changing role of the BSA in an international context. The paper assesses both the achievements and the challenges facing the BSA. It closes by offering some historical reflections on the status of 'botany' as a science and the historical significance of terms like 'plant biology' and 'plant science.' Key words: American botany; Botanical Society of America; history of botany; scientific society.

The year 2003 marks a quarter of a century of successful cooperation amongst the libraries that make up the membership of the library network UNILINC. Formed in 1978 and originally [...]

From the founding of the ASCE in 1852 through today, engineers have relied not only on their individual reputations, but also on the character of the entire discipline. The value of ethical behavior to individual engineers and to the profession leads us to assume that codes of ethics should exist, that they should shape engineers' behavior, and that they should be enforced. Yet for the first 60 years of their society's existence, ASCE members repeatedly rejected proposals that the society adopt a formal code of ethics to define appropriate behavior for ASCE members. Furthermore, the code the society eventually did adopt in 1914 was accepted reluctantly, amid strong concern that it would unduly restrict an engineer's behavior and practice. The first ASCE code was intended, in effect, not so much as a collection of rules, but as a declaration of engineers' independence from such rules. This paper explores the origins of the ASCE's first code of ethics to provide a historical backdrop for contemporary discussions about what it means to be an ethical engineer and what role professional societies should play in establishing, encouraging, and enforcing ethical standards. CE Database keywords: ASCE Code of Ethics; Engineering profession.

The history of industrial pollution and pollution control provides an excellent vantage point from which to examine some of the most serious costs of industrial development: the environmental costs. Industry's [...]

The 25th anniversary of the International Simulation and Gaming Association (ISAGA) is a good occasion to assess the current situation in the field of gaming-simulation, particularly from an ISAGA perspective. After describing the purpose and thrust of the association and outlining the position of ISAGA in the academic field, a short history of gaming-simulation is sketched, starting with the general management games of the 1950s. As the starting point for the development of the field, their generic structure and development are presented as the common background for gaming-simulation in other areas. Current global changes show that we are in a period of transition with unknown outcomes. Can such a situation of weakly organized complexity be governed or managed? Gaming-simulation could be very useful in supporting processes of change within and between the industrialized and developing societies, as it is well suited to dealing with various forms of social complexity. Recent scientific insights hold promise for the use of gaming-simulation in developing a better understanding of the complex dynamics of social systems. Improvements necessary to advancing the field are also discussed. KEYWORDS: across-domain knowledge; complexity; general management games; global change; interdisciplinary knowledge; ISAGA constitution and bylaws; organized complexity; transdisciplinary knowledge.

Trade associations, which served the business, social and political needs of shopkeepers, underwent a period of rapid growth in late nineteenth century Britain. These well subscribed associations, which catered to 'legitimate' traders aimed to provide their members with the means of acquiring 'a living profit'. Significantly, by forcing shopkeepers to define their terms of membership, a clear-cut division emerged within the retailing community between 'principal' (specialist) and 'domestic' (general) shopkeepers. A shopkeeping sub-culture, oriented around associational life, began to serve principal traders. By introducing new methods of supplying stock, by reducing price competition, and by sustaining traditional skills, associations promoted a sense of trade fellowship which culminated in a tendency for principal traders to identify with their trade, rather than the wider business community. Importantly, this camaraderie was promoted further by the sociability provided by this associational world. Citizen shopkeepers of high-Victorian years were replaced by traders who delegated their political voice in many matters to their associations. By forging new trade alliances shopkeepers asserted their independence from the business elite and developed their own social identity.

This paper describes and analyzes the emergence and development of Dutch business interest associations (BIAs), combining the approaches of corporatism and Olsonian logic of collective action. Various factors facilitating the emergence of BIAs are identified. The development of BIAs from representative to control organizations is described on a number of dimensions. The emergence and development of BIAs can only be explained by looking at both the 'logic of membership' and the 'logic of influence' which denote the exchange relations with members and interlocutors. Crises and conflicts in these environments were important. Hence separately, Olsonian logic (referring to the logic of membership) and coporatism (referring to the logic of influence) stop short of explaining BIAs. Their combination is required. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), associations developed along other dimensions such as professionalization and the diversification of resources and output. Differentiation and Centralization In the internal structuring of associations the following logical development phases can [...]

Byline: Edwin J. Elton (1), Martin J. Gruber (1) Author Affiliation: (1) New York University, USA Article History: Registration Date: 02/10/2004