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politus (Say) Scaeva politus Say, 1823: 88. Toxomerus politus: Sinclair et al. 2016: 92 [review]; Marín-Armijos et al. 2017: 182 [checklist]. Distribution. Native. Nearctic, Neotropical; Galápagos: San Cristóbal (ICCDRS), Santa Cruz, Santiago. Remarks. Adults of this species were collected in humid zones., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Say, T. (1823) Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 9 - 54, 73 - 104.","Sinclair, B. J., Thompson, F. C. & Wyatt, N. (2016) The flower flies of the Galapagos Islands (Diptera: Syrphidae). Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 152 (2), 79 - 96.","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328"]}

crockeri (Curran) Paroxyna crockeri Curran, 1934: 157. Linsley & Usinger 1966: 169 [checklist]; Foote 1967: 34 [catalogue]; Arnaud 1979: 330 [type catalogue]; Foote 1982: 51 [review]. Campiglossa crockeri: Norrbom et al. 1999: 109 [catalogue]. Dioxyna crockeri: Norrbom et al. 2010: 20 [new combination]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Baltra, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, Rábida, Santa Cruz, Santiago. Remarks. Host plant unknown, but other species of this genus breed in species of Asteraceae. Adults have been observed resting on flowers of Darwiniothamnus Harling (Boada 2005). The genus Dioxyna Frey is now considered a junior synonym of Campiglossa (Han & Ro 2019)., Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667, {"references":["Curran, C. H. (1934) The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. no. 13. Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 21 (13), 147 - 172.","Linsley, E. G. & Usinger, R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 33 (7), 113 - 196.","Foote, R. H. (1967) Family Tephritidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Vol. 57. Departamento de Zoologia, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 91.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1979) A catalog of the types of Diptera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Myia, 1, i - v + 1 - 505.","Foote, R. H. (1982) The Tephritidae (Diptera) of the Galapagos Archipelago. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 10, 48 - 55.","Norrbom, A. L., Carroll, L. E., Thompson, F. C., White, I. M. & Freidberg, A. (1999) Systematic information database of fruit flies. In: Thompson, F. C. (Ed.), Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia, 9, 65 - 251 & Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) (1998) 1.","Norrbom, A. L., Sutton, B. D., Steck, G. J. & Monzon, J. (2010) New genera, species and host plant records of Nearctic and Neotropical Tephritidae (Diptera). Zootaxa, 2398 (1), 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2398.1.1","Boada, R. (2005) Insects associated with endangered plants in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Entomotropica, 20 (2), 77 - 88.","Han, H. - Y. & Ro, K. - E. (2019) DNA barcoding reveals a species group of the genus Campiglossa (Diptera, Tephritidae, Tephritinae) with recognition of a new species from East Asia and previously unknown females of Campiglossa coei (Hardy). ZooKeys, 899, 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 899.46779"]}

Se registra la presencia de cinco especies de Syrphidae en el Campus universitario de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Perú. La colección se realizó empleando red entomológica y aspirador. Las identificaciones se lograron empleando claves especializadas. Lasabundancias de las cinco especies encontradas fueron evaluadas en cuatro sectores del campus. Lasespecies identificadas corresponden a Eupeodes (Metasyrphus) sp., Allograpta sp., Platycheirus(Carposcalis) chalconotus (Philippi, 1865), Toxomerus sp. y Eristalis bogotensis Macquart, 1842.

Studies were conducted to broaden the current knowledge on seasonality, richness, abundance, and role of syrphids flies in the greenhouse pepper agroecosystem (GPA) in northwestern Argentina. In the GPA, a great richness (54 species) and abundance (517 individuals) of syrphids were found within Syrphinae (40 species; 443 individuals) and Eristalinae (14 species; 74 individuals) subfamilies. Besides, three species, Ocyptamus dimidiatus, O. gastrostactus and Toxomerus watsoni, were recorded for the first time in Argentina, and 12 species were recorded for the first time in Tucuman, expanding their geographical distribution to northwestern Argentina. Syrphid population tend to increase in spring and autumn. The environment occupation by different species showed remarkable differences since 41 were found in an open field, three in the greenhouse, and 10 in both environments. The richness and biodiversity were higher at the open field than in the greenhouse, however, these greenhouse species are important as biological control agents (BCA). Among them, the most abundant were Allograpta exotica, A. obliqua, T. duplicatus, Toxomerus sp. 1, O. dimidiatus and O. zoroaster, whose larvae were found feeding on pepper pests such as whiteflies and aphids. New plant-pest-predator associations were established, involving pepper, weeds, aphids, whiteflies, and syrphids. Four collection methods: Malaise trap, sweep net, infested plant tissues, and McPhail trap contributed to 59.2%, 70.4%, 8.6%, and 7.4% of total syrphid richness, respectively. Based on abundance, distribution in the GPA, and direct involvement in pepper pest control, A. exotica, A. obliqua, T. duplicatus, and Toxomerus sp.1 can be used as BCA for the control of whiteflies and aphids in GPA.

Toxomerus politus (Say, 1823) Fig. 214 Scaeva polita Say, 1823: 88 Syrphus politus Say, 1823: 88 * Syrphus achoratus Macquart, 1842: 97 * Syrphus cingulatulus Macquart, 1850: 459 Mesogramma politus Loew, 1866: 157 * Syrphus hecticus Jaennicke, 1867: 398 Mesogramma anchorata Schiner, 1868: 348 * Mesograpta anchorata Osten Sacken, 1875: 48 * Mesograpta polita Osten Sacken, 1875: 48 * Mesograpta politum Fluke, 1956: 228 * Type locality and data. “ USA. Virginia: Fairfax Co., near Annandale ” (fixed by NT designation) (NT, ♂, USNM). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♀, Lluta Valley, km 41, 21.4.196 8, Leg. J. Acuña (UTA). References. Say, 1823: 88 (desc.); Sack, 1941: 100 (cat.); Boyes et al., 1973: 395 (karyotypes); Thompson et al., 1976: 53 (cat.); Metz & Thompson, 2001: 240 (desc.); Marinoni et al., 2004: 556 (ecological study); Marinoni et al., 2007: 149 (desc. & dist.); Mengual et al., 2008: 719 (phylogeny); Borges & Couri, 2009: 47 (desc.); Morales & Köhler, 2008: 44 (ecological study); Reemer & Rotheray, 2009: 1 (biological study); Nunes-Silva et al., 2010: 178 (ecological study); Reemer, 2010: 193 (notes & dist.); Mengual et al., 2012: 195 (phylogeny); Souza et al., 2014: 6 (ecological study); Arcaya et al., 2013: 146 (dist.); Bortolotto et al., 2016: 159 (ecological study); Miranda & Moran, 2016: 8, figs 64, 65, 79 & 92 (female terminalia); Montoya, 2016: 484 (cat.); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017 (cat.). World distribution. Southern Canada to Argentina, including West Indies and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded to Arica y Parinacota region (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. This species could inhabit transverse valleys between 5 and 500 m. a.s.l. Biology and notes. Toxomerus politus is here reported from Chile for the first time and is a flower fly species widely distributed in South America. Larvae have been described as polinivorous (Reemer & Rotheray 2009; Nunes- Silva et al., 2010) All basic aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. LC; AOO = 2 km 2 and one locality (or subpopulation). This species is widely distributed in all Neotropical region., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Say, T. (1823) Descriptions of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 73 - 104.","Macquart, J. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 1 e Supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1841, 5 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792","Macquart, J. (1850) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 4 e supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, del'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1849, 309 - 479.","Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria sexta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 9, 127 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18650090303.","Jaennicke, F. (1867) Neue exotische Dipteren. Abhandlun genheraus gegeben von der Senkenbenber gischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 6, 311 - 408, pls. 43 - 44.","Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1875) A list of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 3, 38 - 71.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Boyes, J. W., Boyes, B. C., van Brink, J. M. & Vockeroth, J. R. (1973) Cytotaxonomy of South American Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Genetica, 44 (3), 368 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00161313","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Metz, M. A. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256.","Marinoni, L., Miranda, G. F. G. & Thompson, F. C. (2004) Abundancia e riqueza de especies de Syrphidae (Diptera) em areas de borda e interior de floresta no Parque Estadual de Vila Velha, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 48 (4), 553 - 559. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262004000400019","Marinoni, L., Morales, M. N. & Spaler, I. (2007) Chave de identificacao ilustrada para os generos de Syrphinae (Diptera, Syrphidae) de ocorrencia no sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropical, 7, 145 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032007000100019","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2179.1.1","Morales, M. N. & Kohler, A. (2008) Comunidade de Syrphidae (Diptera): diversidade e preferenciasflorais no Cinturao Verde (Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 41 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000100008","Reemer, M. & Rotheray, G. E. (2009) Pollen feeding larvae in the presumed predatory syrphine genus Toxomerus Macquart (Diptera, Syrphidae). Journal of Natural History, 43, 939 - 949. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930802610576","Nunes-Silva, P., Cordeiro, G. D., Obregon, D., Neto, J. F. L., Thompson, F. C., Viana, B. F., Freitas, B. M. & Kevan, P. G. (2010) Pollenivory in larval and adult flower flies: pollen availability and visitation rate by Toxomerus politus Say (Diptera: Syrphidae) on sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae). Studia Dipterologica, 17 (1 / 2), 177 - 185.","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295","Mengual, X., Stahls, G. & Rojo, S. (2012) Is the mega-diverse genus Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae) monophyletic? Evidence from molecular characters including the secondary structure of 28 S rRNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 191 - 205 https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.09.014","Souza, J. M. T. D., Marinoni, R. C. & Marinoni, L. (2014) Open and disturbed habitats support higher diversity of Syrphidae (Diptera)? A case study during three yr of sampling in a fragment of Araucaria Forest in Southern Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 14 (1), 236. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jisesa / ieu 098","Arcaya, E., Mengual, X., Perez-Banon, C. & Rojo, S. (2013) Registros y distribucion de sirfidos depredadores (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae) en el estado Lara, Venezuela. Bioagro, 25, 143 - 148.","Bortolotto, O. C., Junior, M., de Oliveira, A., Hoshino, A. T. & Campos, T. A. (2016) Distance from the edge of forest fragments influence the abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in wheat fields. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 38, 157 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.4025 / actasciagron. v 38 i 2.27711","Miranda, G. F. G. & Moran, K. (2016) The female abdomen and genitalia of Syrphidae (Diptera). Insect Systematic & Evolution, 48 (2), 157 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 48022153","Montoya, A. L. (2016) Family Syrphidae. Zootaxa, 4122 (1), 457 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4122.1.39","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328"]}

Toxomerus schlingeri Thompson & Thompson, 2007 Figs 216–217 Toxomerus schlingeri Thompson & Thompson, 2007: 325 Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (HT, ♂, MEUC). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Cica, 12.VI.1968, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); 1♀, Valle de Lluta, 28.I.1968, Leg. R.H. González (MEUC); 1♀, Valle de LLuta, 12.I.1971, Leg. L. Ruz (UCV); Atacama: 1♂, Parque Nacional Llanos de Challe, VIII.2017, phot. col.: Gabriela Germain (CSP); Coquimbo: 1♀, humedal El Culebron, 02.VIII.2019, phot. col.: Francisco Carreño (CSP); Tongoy, 4 km southwest, 18.X.1997, Leg. Betty & F.C.Thompson (MEUC; specimen lost). References. Thompson & Thompson, 2007: 325 (key & desc.). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From Arica y Parinacota regions to Coquimbo region (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. From coastal to inland valley ecosystems (5– 500 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Toxomerus schlingeri is associated with some exotic grasses such as M. sativa (Thompson & Thompson 2006), Salicornia sp. (Francisco Carreño, CSP record), and R. raphanistrum L. (Gabriela Germain, CSP record). Type specimen lost (Danilo Cepeda pers. comm.). Other aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. EN under B1ab (iii) + 2ab (iii) using EOO = 3,296 km 2, AOO = 12 km 2 and five localities (or subpopulations)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 156, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Thompson, F. C. (2007) A new Costa Rican flower fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) and a replacement name for a Neoptropical flower fly genus. Studia Dipterologica, 167 - 170.","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331."]}

Syrphidae, more commonly known as flower flies, are considered one of the most important Diptera families worldwide because of their critical role in pollination, biological control and decomposition of organic matter. The study of these flies in Chile has stagnated due to a lack of local experts as well as the absence of an updated catalog of species. This study is an attempt to remedy the latter of these issues by providing an illustrated and updated catalog to the Syrphidae of Chile. Species are presented under currently accepted names, with synonyms and previous combinations listed and original references. Type localities, world and Chilean distribution by geopolitical Chilean regions, taxonomic and biological notes, a complete record of bibliographic references and extinction risk under IUCN Red List criteria are provided. This catalog recognizes 132 species of Syrphidae, belonging to four subfamilies (Eristalinae, Microdontinae, Pipizinae and Syrphinae), 13 tribes and 47 genera. A total of 46 species (34.84 %) is restricted to the geopolitical territory of Chile. Eight species are considered exotic, one is considered incertae sedis and three are based on doubtful records. Seventeen species of 10 different genera (Copestylum Macquart, 1846; Dolichogyna Macquart, 1842; Eosalpingogaster Hull, 1949b; Eupeodes Osten Sacken, 1877; Meromacrus Rondani, 1848; Palpada Macquart, 1834; Paragus Latreille, 1804; Sphiximorpha Rondani, 1850; Sterphus Philippi, 1865 and Toxomerus Macquart, 1855) are reported from Chile for the first time. A total of 44 species (33.33 %) reported from Chile are directly threatened by human activities such as agriculture, forestry, mining and/or urbanization and indirectly by climate change. The gaps found in the geographic distribution of Chilean flower fly species and what it means for its use by disciplines such as ecology, floral biology and agronomy, are discussed. In addition, the use of this illustrated catalog for biological conservation, the potential definition of priority areas and ecosystem management plans based on this group of Diptera are also discussed.

Toxomerus floralis (Fabricius, 1798) Syrphus floralis Fabricius, 1798: 563 Scaeva floralis Fabricius, 1805: 253 * Syrphus quadrifasciatus Bigot, 1857: 337 Mesogramma subannulata Loew, 1866: 157 Mesogramma floralis Schiner, 1868: 347 * Toxomerus subannulatus Kertész, 1910: 150 * Mesogramma flamminea Hull, 1941a: 312 Mesograpta floralis Fluke, 1956: 223 * Type locality and data. “Cajenne” (HT, ♂, ♀, UZMC). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, 1♀, Cica, 12.VI.1968, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); 1♀, Lluta CAMPEX, IX.1967, Leg. A. Aguilera (UTA); 1♀, Cuya, Camarones, 25.II.1976, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); 2♂, Chica, Picha, Lluta, 12.XI.1969, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA). References. Fabricius, 1798: 563 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 312 (cat.); Hull, 1941d: 312 (desc.); Thompson et al., 1976: 50 (cat.); Thompson, 1981: 68, (desc.); Thompson & Thompson, 2006: 323 (desc.); Borges & Couri, 2009: 35 (desc.); Reemer, 2010: 191 (desc.); Arcaya et al., 2015: 146 (ecological study); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017: 180 (cat.). World distribution. Bahamas, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador; El Salvador, Guatemala, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Chile. Chilean distribution. Only recorded for Arica y Parinacota region (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. From coastal to inland valley ecosystems (5– 500 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Toxomerus floralis is a flower fly species widely distributed in Neotropical areas and probably associated with crops in Azapa, Camarones and Lluta valley. Arcaya et al. (2013) recorded this species feeding on Aphidae and leafhopper insects. Biological aspects and potential prey in Chile are unknown. Conservation status. LC; EOO = 608 km 2, AOO = 12 km 2 and three localities (or subpopulations). This species is widely distributed for all Neotropical region., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Supplementum entomologiae systematicae. C. G. Proft et Storch, Hafniae [Copenhagen], 572 pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1805) Systema antliatorum: secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunsvigae, 30 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15806","Bigot, J. M. F. (1857) Dipteres nouveaux provenant du Chili. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 3, 5, 277 - 308.","Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria sexta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 9, 127 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18650090303.","Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Hull, F. M. (1941 a) Some new species of Syrphidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 14, 61 - 63.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Hull, F. M. (1941 d) Some new species of Syrphidae from South America. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 31, 311 - 315.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. (1981) The Flower Flies of the West Indies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 9, 1 - 200.","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331.","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2179.1.1","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328","Arcaya, E., Mengual, X., Perez-Banon, C. & Rojo, S. (2013) Registros y distribucion de sirfidos depredadores (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae) en el estado Lara, Venezuela. Bioagro, 25, 143 - 148."]}

Toxomerus incaicus Sack, 1941 Figs 212–213 Toxomerus incaicus Sack, 1941: 101 Type locality and data. “ Querobamba, Peru ” (LT, ♂, SMT). Material examined. Arica y Parinacota: 1♂, Cica, 12.VI.1968, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); 1♂, Lluta CAMPEX, IX.1967, Leg. A. Aguilera (UTA); 1♂, Cuya, Camarones, 25.II.1976, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); 1♀, Chica, Picha, Lluta, 12.XI.1969, Leg. N. Hichins (UTA); Biobío: 1♂, Lajuna del Laja, 13-16.II.1957, Leg. L. Peña (CNC). References. Sack, 1941: 101, fig. 3 (abdomen, male) (desc.); Mengual, 2011: 146 (desc. & key); Marín-Armijos et al., 2017: 180 (cat.). World distribution. Peru, Bolivia and Chile. Chilean distribution. Recorded in altiplanic towns in Arica y Parinacota and from Biobío regions (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. From inland valleys to precordillera ecosystems (200–1000 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Toxomerus incaicus is here reported from Chile for the first time and is associated with highlands ecosystems. All basic aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown. Conservation status. EN under B1ab (iii) + 2ab (iii) using EOO = 4,134 km 2, AOO = 12 km 2 and 5 localities (or subpopulations)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Marin-Armijos, D., Quezada-Rios, N., Soto-Armijos, C. & Mengual, X. (2017) Checklist of the flower flies of Ecuador (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 691, 163 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13328"]}

Toxomerus duplicatus (Wiedemann, 1830), doubtful record Syrphus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830: 142 Mesogramma duplicata Schiner, 1868: 350 * Mesogramma duplicatus Curran, 1926d: 114 * Syrphus ochrogaster Thomson, 1869: 494 * Mesograpta duplicata van der Wulp, 1883: 4 * Type locality and data. “ Uruguay, Montevideo ” (HT, ♂, ♀, NMW). Material examined. No individuals were reviewed. Tarapacá (Thompson & Thompson 2006). References. Wiedemann, 1830: 142 (desc.); Walker, 1852: 240 (desc.); Thomson, 1869: 494 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 313 (cat. & n. comb.); Lynch Arribálzaga, 1892: 52 (key); Kertész, 1910: 131 (cat.). Schiner, 1868: 350 (n. comb.); Curran, 1926b: 114 (key); Curran, 1930a: 4 (key); Curran, 1934: 401 (key); Hull, 1941a: 312 (descr.); Sack, 1941: 97 (cat.); Hull, 1943b: 10 (n. comb.); Hull, 1943b: 14, 18 (key & desc.). Hull, 1943b: 23 (descr.); Hull, 1943b: 32 (ill.); Hull, 1943b: 6, 32 (key & ill.); Fluke, 1956: 218–219, 221, 232 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 59 (dist.); Thompson et al., 1976: 48, 50, 56 (n. comb & cat.), syn. nov.; Thompson & Thompson, 2006: 322 (desc.); Borges & Couri, 2009: 31 (desc. & syn.). World distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Chile. Chilean distribution. Unknown. Altitudinal range. Unknown. Biology and notes. Toxomerus duplicatus is a native species probably associated with crops in transverse valleys and ravines.A specimen identified as T. duplicatus in the MNHNCL is an individual belonging to Allograpta hortensis. Throughout this study we did not find museum specimens or collected specimens of this species. Thus, there is not enough evidence for the species to actually occur in Chile and it should be considered as a doubtful record. Conservation status. Not evaluated because this species is a doubtful record for Chile., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hammburg, 684 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14603","Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Curran, C. H. (1926 d) Appendix. New Diptera from Jamaica. In: Gowdey, C. C., 1826, Catalogus insectorum jamaicensis. Entomological Bulletin of Departament of Agriculture of Jamaica, 4 (1 / 2), pp. 1 - 114.","Thomson, C. G. (1869) Diptera, Species nova descripsit. In: Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien, K. (Ed.), Kongligas venska fregatten Eugeniesresaom kringjorden. Pt. 2. Zoologie. 1. Insekter. P. A. Norstedt & Suner, Stockhom, pp. 443 - 614.","Wulp, F. M. van Dek (1883) Amerikaansche Diptera (1882 - 1883). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 26, 1 - 60.","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331.","Walker, F. (1852) Diptera. In: Saunders, W. W. (Ed.), InsectaSaundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F. R. S., F. L. S. & c. Vol. 1. Van Voorst, London, pp. 157 - 414.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Kertesz, K. (1910) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7. G. Engelmann Budapestini, 470 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5141","Curran, C. H. (1926 b) Notes on Wiedemann's types of Syrphidae. Canadian Entomologist, 58, 111 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 58111 - 5","Curran, C. H. (1930 a) New Diptera belonging to the Genus Mesogramma Loew (Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 405, 1 - 14.","Curran, C. H. (1934) Diptera of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 66, 287 - 532.","Hull, F. M. (1941 a) Some new species of Syrphidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 14, 61 - 63.","Sack, P. (1941) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 97 - 120 pp. [reprinted as Sack, P (1951) Syrphidae (Dipt.). In: Titschack, E. (Eds.), Beitragezur Fauna Perus. Band 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 93 - 116].","Hull, F. M. (1943 b) The genus Ceriogaster Williston (Syrphidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 12, 138 - 140.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2179.1.1"]}

Toxomerus vertebratus (Rondani, 1863) Figs 218–219 Syrphus vertebratus Rondani, 1863: 10 Syrphus interruptus Philippi, 1865: 747 Syrphus octoguttatus Jaennicke, 1867: 398 Mesogramma philippi Shannon, 1927: 24 Toxomerus philippi Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 138 * Mesograpta philippi Fluke, 1956: 227 * Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (T, ♂, ♀, MZUN). Material examined. Coquimbo: 3♂, 1♀, El Naranjo, Tilama, III.1968, Leg. J. Molina (MEUC); Valparaíso: 1♂, Los Molles, 11.VIII.1966, Leg. M. E. Irwin (MEUC); 12♂, 45♀, Valle Piquenes, Rio Blanco, 24.XI.1958, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Tranque Las Palmas, Villa Alemana, 9.IV.1965, Leg. L. Marnef (MNHNCL); 1♀, Limache, 11.X.1966, Leg. C. Vivar (MNHNCL); 1♂, Bosque relicto Quintero, 9.IV.1966, Leg. C. Vivar (MNHNCL); 1♂, Playa Ancha, 4.IX.1965, Leg. D. Lanfranco (MNHNCL); 1♂, Quebrada verde, 19.X.1963, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, 7♀, Hijuelas, 11.X.1960, Leg. N. Hichins (MEUC); 1♂, Parque Peñuelas, 23.IV.1965, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♀, ConCon, 6.V.1964, Leg. N. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♀, Valle Alegre, 26.VIII.1966, Leg. C. Vivar (MNHNCL); 1♂, Quillota, 19.XI.1965, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); Metropolitana: 2♂, Caleu, TilTil, 7.XI.1998, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Rungue, 22.XI.1982, Leg. M. Elgueta (MNHNCL); 11♂, 16♀, Rinconada de Maipú, 10.V.1966, Leg. N. Hichins (MEUC); 1♂, Cerro Renca, 19.X.1952, Leg. Orellana (MNHNCL); 1♂, Santiago, 10.V.1979, Leg. NN (SAG); 1♀, La Castrina, 30.X.1969, Leg. L. Alfaro (MNHNCL); 1♀, Ñuñoa 5.XI.1982, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); 2♂, Barrancas, 10.X.1970, Leg. L. Álvarez (MEUC); Maule: 4♂, Río Teno, Curicó, 8–26.I.1968, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); Ñuble: 2♂, 13♀, Liucura, 1959, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 8♂, 3♀, Nogeche, 17.XII.1953 (CNC); Biobío: 3♀, Desembocadura Rio Biobío, 22.XI.1970, Leg. J.W. Boyes (CNC); 1♂, 13♀, Caramavida, Arauco, 11.I.1954, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); La Araucanía: 2♂, 1♀, El Manzano, 30km W to Angol, 8–9.XII.1972, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); 1♀, Angol, 15.VIII.1951, Leg. S. Huenchunao (MNHNCL); 3♀, Cordillera Las Raíces, Lonquimay, 25–28.XII.1967, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); 1♂, 15♀, Cerro Adencul, 20–231. XII.1976, Leg. L.E. Peña (CNC); 1♂, Lican ray, 17.XI.1986, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL); Los Ríos: 1♂, Liquiñe, Valdivia, 19.I.1982, Leg. T. Cerda (MNHNCL); 1♂, Pemehue, 9.I. 1946, 700m, Leg. Kuschel (MNHNCL); 3♂, Punta Curiñanco, 11.II.2008, Leg. NN (UACH); 1♂, 14♀, Paillaco, 19.XI.1970, Leg. J.W. Boyes (CNC); 2♂, 2♀, Maullín, Puerto Toledo, 17.XII.1972, Leg. L.E. Peña (MEUC); Los Lagos: 1♂, Anticura, Puyehue, 5.II.1978, Leg. G. Arriagada (MNHNCL); 1♂, 5♀, Pucatrihue, III.1969, Leg. Salgado (MEUC); 1♀, Lago Chapo, 28.II.1983, Leg. G. Arriagada (MNHNCL); Magallanes: 1♂, Punta Arenas, 22.VII.1968, Leg. V. Pérez (MNHNCL). References. Rondani, 1863: 10 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 312 (cat.); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 138, fig. 26b (abdomen female) (desc.); Etcheverry, 1963: 110 (cat.); Rojas, 1966: 175 (cat. of predators of aphids); Etcheverry, 1970: 95 (cat.); Thompson et al., 1976: 40 (cat.); Zúñiga et al., 1986: 480 (predators of aphids); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005: 412 (pollinator study); Thompson & Thompson, 2007: 325 (desc. & cat.); López et al., 2012: 6 (key); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2014: 6 (ecological study, supplementary material). World distribution. Chile. Chilean distribution. From Coquimbo to Magallanes regions (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. From coastal to precordillera ecosystems (0–1000 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Toxomerus vertebratus is widely distributed and associated with several native herbaceous and tree species (see Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005, 2016). In central and southern Chile, it has shown a melanic form, probably a strategy to raise its temperature in the temperate forest and crops (Fig. 64). This flower fly species has been observed visiting flowers of Anemone decapetala Ard. (Joaquín Sepúlveda, CSP record); B. rapa (Vinicio Aguilera, CSP record); Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Fernanda Gatalina, CSP record); Myoporum sp. (Gabriela Germain, CSP record); Oxalis sp. (Asiel Olivares, CSP record); R. raphanistrum (Famelica Hedonista, CSP records); Stachis grandidentata Lindl. (César Martínez, CSP record); T. officinale (Fernando Tellez and Janet Aguilera, CSP record) and Tussilago sp. (Ani Mari, CSP record). Toxomerus vertebratus was treated as an ‘unplaced’ species by Thompson et al. (1976) due to the unknown location of the Rondani type collection. The syntypes placed in the Naples collection were probably destroyed during World War II. Thompson & Thompson (2006) searched the Philippi material in 1997 without finding any specimens that could be considered type material of Syrphidae, and give a complete explanation for this category in T. vertebratus. Conservation status. LC; EOO = 668,567 km 2, AOO = 136 km 2, 36 subpopulations and 43 localities., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on pages 156-158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Rondani, C. (1863) Diptera exotica revisa et annotata. Novis non nullisdescriptis. E. Soliani, Modena, 99 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8160","Philippi, P. I. (1865) Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595 - 782. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9295","Jaennicke, F. (1867) Neue exotische Dipteren. Abhandlun genheraus gegeben von der Senkenbenber gischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 6, 311 - 408, pls. 43 - 44.","Shannon, R. C. (1927) A review of the South American two-winged flies of the family Syrphidae. Proceedings of the United States Natural Museum, 70, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.70 - 2658.1","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Rojas, S. (1966) Identificacion de insectos entomofagos. Agricultura Tecnica, Chile, 26, 173 - 175.","Etcheverry, M. (1970) Syrphidae (Diptera) y Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) Colectados en la Provincia de Tarapaca (Chile). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 13, 94 - 96.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Zuniga, E., den Bosch, R. V., Drea, J. J. & Gruber, F. (1986) Control biologico de los afidos (Hom.; Aphididae) de los cereales en Chile. ii. obtencion, introduccion y cuarentena de depredadores y parasitoides 1. Agricultura Tecnica, Chile, 46 (4), 479 - 487.","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x","Thompson, F. C. (2007) A new Costa Rican flower fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) and a replacement name for a Neoptropical flower fly genus. Studia Dipterologica, 167 - 170.","Lopez, R., Araya, J. E. & Sazo, L. (2012) Colectas de Syrphidae (Diptera) en alfalfa en Colina, Regioin Metropolitana, Chile, y clave de identificacion de seis especies de Allograpta. Boletin Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 38, 3 - 15.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Ramos-Jiliberto, R., Valdovinos, F. S., Martinez, P., Castillo, J. A. & Armesto, J. J. (2014) Decadal trends in the pollinator assemblage of Eucryphia cordifolia in Chilean rainforests. Oecologia, 176, 157 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00442 - 014 - 3000 - 0","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Diaz, I. & Armesto, J. J. (2016) Upper canopy pollinators of Eucryphia cordifolia, a tree of South American temperate rain forest. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 4, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2016.4.9","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331."]}

Toxomerus calceolatus (Macquart, 1842) Figs 210–211 Syrphus calceolatus Macquart, 1842: 91 Mesogramma calceolatus Shannon, 1927: 24 * Mesograpta calceolatus Fluke, 1956: 219 * Type locality and data. “ Chile ” (T, A, MNHNP). Material examined. Antofagasta: 1♂, Toconao, El Loa, 8.I.1996, Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); Coquimbo: 1♀, Tranque Recoleta, 28.X.1975, Leg. Camousseight (MNHNCL); 2♂, 2♀, El Naranjo, Tilama, I.1968, Leg. J. Molina (MEUC); Valparaíso: 1♀, San Pedro, 5.IV.1966, Leg. C. Vivar (MNHNCL); 1♂, Caleta Higuerillas, 6.V.1963, Leg. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♀, Santa Rosa de Colmo, 14.VIII.1963, Leg. Hichins (MNHNCL); 1♂, Bosque relicto Quintero, 9.IV.1966, Leg. C. Vivar (MNHNCL); 1♂, Limache, 11.V.1966, Leg. C. Vivar (MNHNCL); 1♀, Los Andes, 30.XI.1957, Leg. NN (MNHNCL); 1♂, Las Melosas, 16.XII.1995, Leg. G. Cerda (MNHNCL); Metropolitana: 4♂, 4♀, Rinconada de Maipú, 30.I.1963, Leg. NN (MEUC); O’Higgins: 1♀, San Vicente de TaguaTagua, 15.XI.1969, Leg. F. Rojas (MNHNCL); Los Ríos: 3♂, 7♀, Valdivia, 22.III.1981, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); 1♂, Santa María, 9.X.1988, Leg. E. Krahmer (UACH); Los Lagos: 1♂, Ancud, Chiloé, 30.I.1996, Leg. M. Cerda (MNHNCL). References. Macquart, 1842: 151 (desc.); Williston, 1886: 311 (cat.); Reed, 1888: 300 (cat.); Shannon, 1927: 24 (desc. & key); Shannon & Aubertin, 1933: 138, fig. 26a (abdomen, female) (desc.); Etcheverry, 1963: 58 (cat.); Rojas, 1966: 175 (cat. of predators of aphids); Etcheverry, 1970: 95 (cat.), Thompson et al., 1976: 49 (cat.); Marinoni et al., 2007: 149 (illustrated key); Thompson & Thompson, 2006: 325 (desc. & cat.); Boyes et al., 1973: 371 (karyotypes); González & Coscarón, 2005: 347 (distr.); Smith-Ramírez et al., 2005: 412 (pollinator study); López et al., 2012: 6 (key). World distribution. Argentina and Chile. Chilean distribution. From Antofagasta to Los Lagos región (Fig. 220). Altitudinal range. From coastal to highland ecosystems (5– 2,500 m.a.s.l.). Biology and notes. Some indivudals of T. calceolatus recently captured showed some grade of melanism in the tergites, with yellow fasciae thinnest, which can due to coldest conditions of growing habitat of larvae. Toxomerus calceolatus is associated with the native herbaceous and tree species Anagallis alternifolia Cav. var. and E. cordifolia, respectively (Smith-Ramírez et al. 2005, 2016). This flower fly species has been observed visiting B. rapa (Joaquín López, CSP record); Baccharis sp. (Matías Cortés, CSP record); Hebe speciosa (A. Cunn) J. C. Andersen (Fernanda Gatalina, CSP record); T. officinale (Daniel Cross, Gabriel Germain and Victor Jesam, CSP records); Ranunculus sp. (Norka Contreras, CSP records) and R. raphanistrum (Ani Mari and Felipe Cabello, CSP records). Conservation status. LC; EOO = 516,491 km 2, AOO = 56 km 2 and 15 localities (or subpopulations)., Published as part of Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Riera, Pamela, Pañinao-Monsálvez, Laura, Guzmán, Vicente Valdés & Henríquez-Piskulich, Patricia, 2021, Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes, pp. 1-178 in Zootaxa 4959 (1) on page 151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4959.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4693464, {"references":["Macquart, J. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux oupeuconnus. 1 e Supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1841, 5 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15792","Shannon, R. C. (1927) A review of the South American two-winged flies of the family Syrphidae. Proceedings of the United States Natural Museum, 70, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.70 - 2658.1","Williston, S. W. (1886) Catalog of the described species of South American Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 308 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076478","Reed, E. C. (1888) Catalogo de los Insectos Dipteros de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 73, 271 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8562","Shannon, R. C. & Aubertin, D. (1933) Syrphidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 6. Fascicle 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 120 - 170.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Rojas, S. (1966) Identificacion de insectos entomofagos. Agricultura Tecnica, Chile, 26, 173 - 175.","Etcheverry, M. (1970) Syrphidae (Diptera) y Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) Colectados en la Provincia de Tarapaca (Chile). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 13, 94 - 96.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Marinoni, L., Morales, M. N. & Spaler, I. (2007) Chave de identificacao ilustrada para os generos de Syrphinae (Diptera, Syrphidae) de ocorrencia no sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropical, 7, 145 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032007000100019","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331.","Boyes, J. W., Boyes, B. C., van Brink, J. M. & Vockeroth, J. R. (1973) Cytotaxonomy of South American Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Genetica, 44 (3), 368 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00161313","Gonzalez, C. R. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Diversidad de dipteros en la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile. In: Smith-Ramirez, C., Valdovinos, C. & Armesto, J. J. (Eds.), Historia, biodiversidad y ecologia de los bosques costeros de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, pp. 330 - 349.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Nunez, M., Gonzalez, C. & Armesto, J. J. (2005) Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 399 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2005.00388. x","Lopez, R., Araya, J. E. & Sazo, L. (2012) Colectas de Syrphidae (Diptera) en alfalfa en Colina, Regioin Metropolitana, Chile, y clave de identificacion de seis especies de Allograpta. Boletin Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 38, 3 - 15.","Smith-Ramirez, C., Martinez, P., Diaz, I. & Armesto, J. J. (2016) Upper canopy pollinators of Eucryphia cordifolia, a tree of South American temperate rain forest. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 4, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2016.4.9"]}

Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are a cosmopolitan group of flower-visiting insects, though their diversity and importance as pollinators is understudied and often unappreciated. Data on 1,477 Syrphid occurrences and floral associations from three years of pollinator collection (2017-2019) in the Southern Illinois region of Illinois, United States, are here compiled and analyzed. We collected 69 species in 36 genera off of the flowers of 157 plant species. While a richness of 69 species is greater than most other families of flower-visiting insects in our region, a species accumulation curve and regional species pool estimators suggest that at least 33 species are yet uncollected. In order to further the understanding of Syrphidae as pollinators in the Southern Illinois region, we produced a NMDS ordination of floral associations for the most common syrphid species. The NMDS did not sort syrphid species into discrete ecological guilds, and syrphid floral associations generally fit those predicted by traditional pollination syndromes. We also conducted a preliminary analysis of the pollen-carrying capacity of different syrphid taxa, which found severalEristalisspecies to carry pollen loads comparable to the European Honey Bee,Apis mellifera, and showed significant differences in the pollen-carrying capacity of various syrphid species. Notably, the extremely common genusToxomerusand other small Syrphinae species carried very little pollen, while large and pilose Eristalinae species carried large pollen loads.

Resumen. Se documenta por primera vez la presencia de larvas de Toxomerus politus depredando huevos de Spodoptera frugiperda colocados en hojas de maiz en Oaxaca, Mexico.

El pulgón lanígero (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann) es un fitófago que incide en huertos de manzano [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var domestica (Borkh) Mansf.] establecidos en el estado de Chihuahua. Para su combate se ha privilegiado el uso de insecticidas convencionales, incurriendo en aplicaciones extemporáneas que posiblemente repercuten en la baja ocurrencia de enemigos naturales. Con base en lo anterior y la reducida información sobre enemigos naturales del pulgón lanígero del manzano en México, durante los años 2011 y 2012 se realizó el presente trabajo con la finalidad de identificar la incidencia de depredadores y parasitoides asociados a colonias de pulgón lanígero en huertos de manzano con diferente manejo de plagas. Por manejo del huerto, se detectaron 38 y 35 ejemplares para los huertos sin manejo y con manejo integrado de plagas, valores que fueron estadísticamente iguales entre sí y diferentes a los 12 ejemplares detectados en el huerto con manejo convencional. Las especies de depredadores asociadas a colonias de pulgón lanígero en Chihuahua fueron: Hippodamia convergens, Chrysopa nigricornis, Chrysopa oculata, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Chrysoperla comanche, Chrysopa spp., Allograpta obliqua, Sirphus sp. y Toxomerus sp., mientras que como parasitoides se detectó solo a Aphelinus mali.

Relatively little is known about pollination and other aspects of the reproductive biology of bamboos, but wind pollination is assumed to be the rule, at least in woody bamboos. Documenting the reproductive biology of woody bamboos is a complex task due to the long periods of time between flowering cycles, which range from 3 to 120 years. Insects visiting Guadua paniculata and G. inermis flowers were collected in the field. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of the visiting insects. Four species of bees, three from tribe Meliponini (Geotrigona acapulconis, Plebeia frontalis and Trigona fulviventris) and one from tribe Apini (Apis mellifera), along with a syrphid fly (Toxomerus teligera) were found visiting bamboo flowers. Some species of Hemiptera were also found feeding on the flowers, such as Neortholomus jamaicensis (Lygaeidae), or preying on the flower visitors (Apiomerus pictipes (Reduviidae)). Insects visiting bamboo inflorescences may facilitate the release of pollen grains into the air, promoting outcrossing and genetic flow among the individuals of the flowering bamboo populations.

The biology and morphology of the larva of Toxomerus pulchellus (Macquart, 1846) are described. The larvae were observed feeding on pollen of seven grasses species in the Lesser Antilles (Martinique, Guadeloupe) and French Guiana. In Martinique, feeding behaviour of adults and larvae on Para grass [ Brachiaria purpurascens (Raddi) Henr.] took place from 5 : 00 to 9 : 00 am. These hours coincide with the period of maximum pollen availability. During the rest of the day and night, larvae stay in the superior leaf sheaths. The larva of T. pulchellus is compared with those larvae of known pollen-feeding species, Toxomerus politus (Say, 1823) and Toxomerus apegiensis (Harbach, 1974). The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of T. pulchellus has features similar to that in T. politus and T. apegiensis., Palynophagie chez la larve de Toxomerus pulchellus (Diptera, Syrphidae). La biologie et la morphologie des larves de Toxomerus pulchellus (Macquart, 1846) sont décrites. Des larves visitant les fleurs de sept espèces de graminées et se nourrissant de leur pollen ont été observées dans les Petites Antilles (Martinique, Guadeloupe) et en Guyane française. En Martinique, l’activité alimentaire des adultes et des larves sur l’herbe de Para [ Brachiaria purpurascens (Raddi) Henr.] a lieu entre 5 h 00 et 9 h 00, coïncidant avec la période durant laquelle un maximum de pollen est disponible. Durant le reste de la journée, les larves restent cachées dans les gaines foliaires supérieures. La larve de T. pulchellus est comparée avec celles des espèces dont l’activité palynophage est connue, Toxomerus politus (Say, 1823) et Toxomerus apegiensis (Harbach, 1974). Le squelette céphalopharyngien de T. pulchellus présente des caractéristiques morphologiques similaires à ceux de T. politus et T. apegiensis., Dumbardon-Martial Eddy. Pollen feeding in the larva of Toxomerus pulchellus (Diptera, Syrphidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 121 (4),2016. pp. 413-420.

Toxomerus immaculatus (Macquart, 1842) comb. nov. Syrphus immaculatus Macquart, 1842: 158. Type-locality: Brazil or Chile [T ♀ MNHN]. Ocyptamus immaculatus. Thompson et al. (1976: 20). Comments. The type specimen shows typical abdominal markings of Toxomerus species and should be allocated therein. The illustrated type specimen in Macquart (1842: plate 17: fig. 1) clearly shows that it is a Toxomerus species., Published as part of Mengual, Ximo, Miranda, Gil Felipe G. & Thompson, F. Christian, 2018, Unraveling Ocyptamus and the Baccha legacy (Diptera: Syrphidae): redefinition of groups and new species descriptions, pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 4461 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4461.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1459796, {"references":["Macquart, P. J. M. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Tome deuxieme, 2. e partie. Memoires de la Societe Royal des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille, 1841 (1), 65 - 200, 22 pls.","Thompson, F. C., Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. A catalogue of the Diptera of the American South of the United States, 46, 1 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898"]}

The systematics of Ocyptamus sensu lato has been reviewed, its species groups redefined, and some taxa resurrected. These and other related taxa are diagnosed to aid in distinguishing between them. The status of the following genera is revised: Calostigma Shannon stat. rev., Hermesomyia Vockeroth stat. rev., Hybobathus Enderlein stat. rev., Mimocalla Hull stat. rev., Orphnabaccha Hull stat. rev., Pipunculosyrphus Hull stat. rev., Pseudoscaeva Vockeroth stat. rev., and Styxia Hull stat. rev. New species of the Neotropical genus Ocyptamus are described from Costa Rica and Venezuela: Ocyptamus maximus Thompson sp. nov., Ocyptamus myiophagus Thompson sp. nov., and Ocyptamus megafemur Thompson sp. nov. In addition, an identification key for the genera and species groups of Ocyptamus sensu lato is provided, as well as a redescription of Syrphus sargoides Macquart.Lectotypes are designated for Doros disjuncta Sack, Baccha placiva Williston, Baccha pulla Sack, Ocyptamus funebris Macquart, Syrphus sargoides, and Syrphus immaculatus Macquart. Moreover, Syrphus immaculatus Macquart is considered to be a species of the genus Toxomerus, and new species synonyms are also given: Baccha atypica Curran is a junior synonym of Syrphus conjunctus Wiedemann; Baccha flata Hull and Doros disjuncta Sack are jun. syn. of Syrphus sargoides Macquart; Baccha bromleyi Curran is a jun. syn. of Ocyptamus funebris Macquart; Baccha sepia Hull, Baccha danaida Hull, Baccha violacea Hull, and Baccha ursula Hull are all synonyms of Ocyptamus pullus (Sack); Baccha nerissa Hull is a jun. syn. of Pelecinobaccha hiantha (Hull); and Baccha panamensis Curran is a jun. syn. of Pelecinobaccha transatlantica (Schiner).

paraduplicatus Borges, 2009: 44. Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo: Salesópolis. HT M (CNC). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Medellín)), Brazil. Refs.: Borges & Couri, 2009: 44 (org. des.), (Thorax, lateral vew, wing, hind leg, abdomen, M genitalia complex, F genitalia). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Medellín, 6.267404 °, - 75.585789 °, 1570m, v. 2010, Leg. Entomology Group (CEUA). pictus (Macquart), 1842: 159 (Syrphus). Type locality: " Guyane ". HT F (MNHNP). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Belmira)), Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico south to Argentina. Refs.: Macquart), 1842: 159 (99) pi. 16 fig. 11 (habitus) Hull, 19431: 30, fig. 13 (abdomen). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Belmira, Paramo de Belmira, 6.707065 °, - 75.714136 °, 3057m, 1 male, 1 female, 5.iii. 2009, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on pages 483-484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179, 1 - 72.","Macquart, J. (1842) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 1 e Supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1841, 5 - 140"]}

procrastinatus Metz, 2001: 242. Type locality: Brazil, Santa Catarina, Nova Teutonia. HT M (USNM). Distr.: Colombia (Quindio (Quimbaya)) Argentina, Brazil, Panama. Refs.: Metz & Thompson, 2001: 242, (abdomen, thorax, wing, M genitalia); Borges & Pamplona, 2001: 49, (F genitalia). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Quindio: Quimbaya, Vereda Kerman, Km 7, 4.614947 °, - 75.807598 °, 1339m, 1 male, Leg. H. Vargas, Vsr. Fish (CEUA)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Metz, M. A. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256."]}

virgulatus (Macquart), 1850: 456 (Syrphus). Type locality: "Patrie inconnue, probablement le Bresil ". HT M (UMO). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Caldas, La Pintada, San Roque), Huila (Obando), Quindio (Filandia)), Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela. Refs.: Macquart, 1850: 456 (152), (abdomen); Thompson et al. 1976: 56 (cat.); Borges & Couri, 2009: 58 (desc, and syn.), (abdomen, M genitalia, F genitalia); Reemer, 2010: 194 (desc, syn,), (habitus M and F). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Caldas, Alto La Romera, 6.090000°, -75.638000°, 1560m, 3 males, Leg. A.L. Montoya (CEUA); Caldas, Alto de San Miguel, 6.090000°, -75.638000°, 1560m, 27.vii. 2009, Leg. J. Cardona, N. Franz, G. Mazo, Net (CEUA); La Pintada, 5.736521 °, - 75.632087 °, 650m, 2 females, 26.v. 2007, Leg. N. Uribe, Vsr. Fish (CEUA); San Roque, Corregimiento San Jose del Nus, 6.503175 °, - 74.926885 °, 1800m, 1 female, 5.i. 2007, Leg. N. Uribe, VSR. Fish (CEUA); Huila: Obando, 1.926307 °, - 76.300314 °, 1850m, 2 males, 1 female, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA); Quindio: Filandia, Hacienda Bengala, 4.685291 °, - 75.617533 °, 2000m, 1 male, 1 female, 10.ix. 2008, Leg. A.L. Montoya (CEUA)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Macquart, J. (1850) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 4 e supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1849, 309 - 479.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179, 1 - 72.","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295"]}

anthrax (Schiner), 1868: 350 (Mesogramma). Type locality: "South America ". HT M/F (NMW). Distr.: Colombia (Magdalena (Aracataca)), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru. Refs.: Thompson et al. 1976: 48 (cat.); Mengual, 2011: 6 (key), 8 (diagn. and syn.), (thorax, lateral view, M genitalia). vitrecens (Hull), 1930: 142 (Mesogramma)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf - Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Mengual, X. (2011) Black - tie dress code, two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 140, 1 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 140.1930","Hull, F. M. (1930) Some new species of Syrphidae from North and South America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 56, 139 - 148."]}

Genus Toxomerus Macquart Toxomerus Macquart, 1855: 112 (1855: 92). Type species, notatus Macquart (orig. des.) = geminatus (Say). Refs.: Hull, 1941: 45–49 (key); Thompson, 1981: 66 (key); Thompson, 1999 a: 326 (key); Metz & Thompson, 2001: 225 –256 (rev. of larger spp.); Thompson & Thompson, 2006: 317 –331 (rev. of Chilean spp); Marinoni et al. 2007: 149, 150 (desc, key, illustrations); Borges & Couri, 2009: 1 –72 (rev. of Brazilian spp.); Reemer, 2010: 190 –194 (rev. of Surinam spp.); Mengual, 2011: 1 –26 (rev. of Black–tie dress spp.). Mesogramma Loew, 1866 a: 157 (1872 b: 31) (name preocc. by Stephens, 1850). Type species, parvula Loew (Williston, 1887: 98). Mesograpta Loew, 1872: 114 (1872 b: 290) (nom. nov. for Mesogramma Loew). Type species, parvula Loew (aut.). Mitrosphen Enderlein, 1938: 227. Type species, Syrphus tibicen Wiedemann (orig. des.). Antiops Enderlein, 1938: 228. Type species, Mesograpta? saphiridiceps Bigot (orig. des.)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Macquart, J. (1855) Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 5 a supplement. Memoirs de la Societe Royale des Sciente, de l'Agriculture et des Art, de Lille, 1854, 25 - 156.","Thompson, F. C. (1981) The Flower Flies of the West Indies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 9, 1 - 200.","Thompson, F. C. (1999 a) A key to the genera of the flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the Neotropical Region including descriptions of new genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms used. Contributions on Entomology International, 3, 321 - 378.","Metz, M. A. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256.","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331.","Marinoni, L., Morales, M. N. & Spaler, I. (2007) Chave de identificacao ilustrada para os generos de Syrphinae (Diptera, Syrphidae) de ocorrencia no sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropical, 7, 145 - 160. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032007000100019","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179, 1 - 72.","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295","Mengual, X. (2011) Black - tie dress code, two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 140, 1 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 140.1930","Loew, H. (1866 a) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria sexta. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 9, 127 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18650090303","Stephens, J. F. (1850) List of the specimens of British Animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part V. Lepidoptera [1]. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 352 pp.","Williston, S. W. (1887) Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 31, 1 - 335.","Enderlein, G. (1938) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Syrphiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin, 1937, 192 - 237."]}

idalius (Hull), 1951 a: 11 (Mesograma). Type locality: Ecuador, Oriente, Puyo. HT M (AMNH). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Itagui), Valle del Cauca), Brazil, Ecuador. Refs.: Thompson et al. 1976: 51 (cat.); Borges & Couri, 2009: 36 (desc.), (Head, lateral view, M genitalia, F genitalia). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Itagui, 1750m, 1 male, 10.x. 2004, Leg. E. Alarcon (CEUA)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179, 1 - 72."]}

polygraphicus (Hull), 1940 a: 249 (Mesogramma). Type locality: Brazil, Sao Paulo, Bateia. HT F (CNC). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (San Vicente), Cundinamarca, Meta, Quindio (Filandia), Santander (Charalá)), Brazil, Peru. Refs.: Hull, 1941: 31, (abdomen); Thompson et al. 1976: 54 (cat.); Borges & Couri, 2009: 48 (desc. and syn.), (abdomen, M genitalia, F genitalia). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: San Vicente, Vereda El Chaparal 1800m, 1 male, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA); Meta: km 91 carretera Bogotá–Villavo Pipiralito, 4.139059 °, - 73.780962 °, 1000m, 14.vi. 1980, Leg. C. Hernandez (ICN); Quindio: Filandia, Hacienda Bengala, 4.685291 °, - 75.617533 °, 2000m, 1 male, 1 female, 10.ix. 2008, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA); Santander: Charalá, Cañaverales, 6.304190 °, - 73.173909 °, 1800m, 28.xi. 1978, Leg. I. de Arévalo (ICN)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179, 1 - 72."]}

lacrymosus (Bigot), 1884: 107 (Mesograpta?). Type locality: " Brazil; Mexico ". HT M/F (UMO). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Alejandria, La Pintada, Maceo, Medellín, Nariño, San Roque, San Vicente), Boyacá, Caldas (Norcacia)), Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico. Refs.: Hull, 1941: 31, (abdomen); Thompson et al. 1976: 51 (cat.); Borges & Couri, 2009: 38, (wing, M genitalia, F genitalia); Reemer, 2010: 192 (desc, syn.), (habitus, M and F). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Alejandria, Vereda San José, 6.403715 °, - 75.064663 °, 1445m, 1 male, 1 female, Leg. Entomology Group, Net (CEUA); La Pintada, 5.736521 °, - 75.632087 °, 650m, 1 female, 4.v. 2007, Leg. M.C. Vélez, Vsr. Viscera (CEUA); Maceo, Reserva Cañón del Río Alicante, 6.540547 °, - 74.770327 °, 840m, 1 female, Leg. S. Perez, Net (CEUA); Medellín, Barrio Belén, 6.216630 °, - 75.599930 °, 1500m, 1 female, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA); Nariño, Vereda Puente Linda, 5.631484 °, - 75.245454 °, 2400m, 2 females, Leg. L. Rios, Net (CEUA); San Roque, Corregimiento San Jose del Nus, 6.503175 °, - 74.926885 °, 1800m, 2 females, 5.i. 2007, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA); San Vicente, Vereda El Chaparal 1800m, 2 females, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA); Caldas: Norcacia, 5.560100°, - 74.893349 °, 700m, 3 females, 5.xii. 2007, Leg. A.L. Montoya (CEUA). laenas (Walker), 1852: 241 (Syrphus). Type locality: " Brazil ". HT M (BMNH). Distr.: Brazil, Colombia. Refs.: Hull, 1943 e: 41, fig. 79 (abdomen); Mengual 2011: 18 (desc.), 12, fig. 12 (abdomen, M, dorsal), 25 (thorax, lateral). nitidiventris Curran, 1930 b: 9 (Mesogramma)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on pages 482-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Bigot, J. M. F. (1884) Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 24 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie). Especes nouvelles, no. III. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 6, 4, 73 - 116.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179, 1 - 72.","Reemer, M. (2010) A second survey of Surinam Syrphidae (Diptera): Introduction and Syrphinae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 153, 163 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000295","Walker, F. (1852) Diptera. In: Saunders, W. W. (Ed.), Insecta Saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F. R. S., F. L. S., & c. Vol. 1. Van Voorst, London, pp. 157 - 414.","Hull, F. M. (1943 e) The genus Mesogramma. Entomology American, 23, 1 - 41.","Mengual, X. (2011) Black - tie dress code, two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys, 140, 1 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 140.1930","Curran, C. H. (1930 b) New Diptera belonging to the Genus Mesogramma Loew (Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 405, 1 - 14."]}

duplicatus (Wiedemann), 1830: 142. Type locality: Uruguay, Montevideo. HT M/F (NMW). Distr.: Colombia ((Antioquia (San Pedro de los Milagros)), Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Uruguay. Refs.: Thompson et al. 1976: 50 (cat.); Thompson & Thompson, 2006: 322 (desc.), (abdomen, M genitalia); Borges & Couri, 2009: 31 (desc. and syn.), (wing, F genitalia). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: San Pedro de los Milagros, 1 male, 20.vi. 2001, Leg. V. Pérez (CEUA)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 481, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hammburg, 684 pp.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Thompson, F. C. & Thompson, B. J. (2006) A new Toxomerus species from Chile (Diptera, Syrphidae). Studia Dipterologica, 13, 317 - 331.","Borges, Z. M. & Couri, M. S. (2009) Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2179, 1 - 72."]}

insignis (Schiner), 1868: 347 (Mesogramma). Type locality: "South America ". HT F (NMW). Distr.: Colombia Antioquia (Alejandria, Caldas, Guarne, Jardin, La Ceja, Medellín, Nariño, San Vicente), Boyacá, Caldas (Manizales), Quindío (Filandia), Risaralda (Pereira), Valle del Cauca), Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela. Refs.: Schiner, 1868: 347, (habitus, head); Thompson et al. 1976: 51 (cat.); Metz & Thompson, 2001: 234 (redesc.), (abdomen, thorax), (wing, M genitalia). elongata Hull, 1941: 46 (Mesogramma). Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Alejandria, Vereda El Carbón, 6.403715 °, - 75.064663 °, 1445m, 1 male, Leg. Entomology Group, Net (CEUA); Caldas, Alto La Romera, 6.090000°, -75.638000°, 1560m, 1 female, Leg. E. Alarcón (CEUA); Guarne, Vereda Piedras Blancas, 6.291588 °, - 75.493345 °, 2660m, 1 female, Leg. Entomology Group (MEPB); Jardin, Vereda La Herrera, Cuchilla Jardin Tamesis, 5.568645 °, - 75.737518 °, 2750m, 1 female, 19.v. 2006, Leg. Velez, Perez & Vargas, Net (CEUA); La Ceja, Alto la Union, Forest, 6.016132 °, - 75.370182 °, 2500m, 10.ix.2008, 1male, Leg. A.L. Montoya, Net (CEUA); Medellín, San Antonio de Prado, Vereda Yarumalito, 6.186412 °, - 75.658630 °, 2300m, 3 males, 7–8.xi. 2008, Leg. C. Bota & N. Uribe, Manual (CEUA); Nariño, Vereda Puente Linda, 5.631484 °, - 75.245454 °, 2400m, 1 female, Leg. L. Rios, Net (CEUA); San Vicente, Vereda Chaparral, 3.750000°, - 75.583333 °, 1354m, 1 female, Leg. M. Wolff & A. Bustamante, Net (CEUA); Caldas: Manizales, Vereda las Palomas, Reserva Rio Blanco, 5.111962 °, - 75.462904 °, 2550m, 2 males, Leg. A. Velez, Net (CEUA); Quindio: Filandia, Hacienda Bengala, 4.685291 °, - 75.617533 °, 2000m, 3 males, 10.ix. 2008, Leg. A.L. Montoya (CEUA); Risaralda: Pereira, Wildlife Sanctuary Otún Quimbaya, 4.728880 °, - 75.577850 °, 1890m, 1 female, vi. 2010, Leg. C. Bota, Net (CEUA)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: von Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf - Urbair. K. Gerold, Vienna, pp. 1 - 388.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Metz, M. A. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256."]}

saphiridiceps (Bigot), 1884: 105 (Mesograpta?). Type locality: " Mexico ". HT M (UMO). Distr.: Colombia (Meta (Restrepo)), Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. Refs.: Thompson et al. 1976: 54 (cat.); Metz & Thompson, 2001: 244 (redesc.), (abdomen, wing, M genitalia). flavus Hull, 1941: 432 (Mesogramma), Published as part of Montoya, Augusto L., 2016, FAMILY SYRPHIDAE, pp. 457-537 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.39, http://zenodo.org/record/259323, {"references":["Bigot, J. M. F. (1884) Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 24 e partie, XXXII, Syrphidi (2 e partie). Especes nouvelles, no. III. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 6, 4, 73 - 116.","Thompson, F. C, Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) Family Syrphidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Edanee, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49898","Metz, M. A. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256."]}

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the distance from the edge of native forests on the abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies in wheat fields. The study was conducted in four commercial fields in the North of Paraná State, Brazil, during the wheat crop season of 2009. Two transects were surveyed parallel to the edge of the forest at two distances: 25 (“near”) and 525 meters (“far”) from the edge. The abundance of hoverflies was compared using a χ2 test (p ≤ 0.05). In total, 1,845 hoverflies adults were collected, which represented 15 species and three genera. The most abundant species was Allograpta exotica (60.43%), followed by Toxomerus dispar (17.78%) and Toxomerus watsoni (7.26%) (Diptera: Syrphidae). An important inference was that all fields showed a higher abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies closer to the edge of the forest (25 m) during the wheat tillering stage. The initial abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies in wheat fields is likely greater near the edge because of the availability of resources in the surrounding forest that enhance hoverfly survival during periods of low aphid infestation.

Phylogenetic relationships between two New World Syrphinae taxa (Diptera, Syrphidae), i.e. the highly diverse genus Ocyptamus and the large genus Toxomerus, were analysed based on molecular characters. The monophyly of both taxa was tested and the taxonomic status of included subgenera and species groups was examined. Toxomerus constitutes the monogeneric tribe Toxomerini with more than 140 described species, while Ocyptamus (tribe Syrphini) is a very diverse genus (over 300 spp.) with multiple recognised subgenera and species groups. Sequence data from three gene regions were used: the mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes. The secondary structure of two expansion segments (D2, D3) of the ribosomal 28S RNA gene is presented for the family Syrphidae and used for the first time in a multiple sequence alignment. Molecular data were analysed using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Toxomerus was always recovered as monophyletic within Ocyptamus, and relationships to other New World taxa such as Salpingogaster (Eosalpingogaster) were well-supported. Only the subgenera and species groups of Ocyptamus were consistently recovered as monophyletic lineages, thus the apparent non-monophyly of Ocyptamus demands reclassification of this clade.

Toxomerus hauseri Mengual sp. n. and T. picudus Mengual sp. n. are described from Peru and Ecuador respectively. Toxomerus circumcintus (Enderlein, 1938) is treated as a valid species and not considered synonym of T. marginatus, and Toxomerus ovatus (Hull, 1942) is considered junior synonym of Toxomerus nitidus (Schiner, 1868). An identification key for the Toxomerus species with dark abdomens is given along with diagnoses for each studied species.

Resources for natural enemies are often lacking in agricultural fields. The provisioning of floral resources in crop fields can ameliorate this problem by providing nectar and pollen to natural enemies. To select an appropriate floral resource, plants must be screened for their flowering times and attractiveness to natural enemies and pests. We tested the attractiveness of nine species of annual flowering plants to hoverflies, which are important predators of aphids in California lettuce fields. We also sampled arthropods in the foliage of tested plants, to assess the abundances of other natural enemy and pest species that were present. Tested plants included three commonly-used insectary plants and six flowering plant species that showed potential as either harvestable herbs or cut flowers. Harvestable insectary plants may provide additional economic incentive for growers to set aside land for floral resources. The commonly-used insectary plant sweet alyssum consistently attracted the most hoverflies and the least bees, while potentially harvestable plants attracted few hoverflies. Competition with bees may have reduced hoverfly visits to several of the tested plant species. Sweet alyssum also stayed in bloom the longest, and contained the highest numbers of predatory hemipterans. Results suggest that plants should be screened for their attractiveness to not only the target biological control agent, but also to other potential competitors for floral resources. While this initial study focused on a limited selection of harvestable annual plants, a wide variety of other marketable plant species, particularly perennials, remain to be tested for their attractiveness to hoverflies or other beneficial arthropods.

Capturing unusually profitable prey early in life potentially enhances one's future fecundity and survival. Newly emerged crab spiderlings Misumena vatia (Araneae: Thomisidae) occasionally capture prey that greatly exceed them in size. I attempted to evaluate what if any long-term advantage these kills provided by presenting naive, just-emerged spiderlings with syrphid flies Toxomerus marginatus that exceeded the initial mass of the spiderlings six-fold, a prey that the spiderlings occasionally captured in the field. A second group of spiderlings received a single syrphid initially and subsequently a single fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster every other day, and a control group received a fruit fly every other day. The few spiderlings that regularly captured the syrphids gained significantly more mass than the other groups. Individuals taking an initial syrphid and then fruit flies did not gain more mass than controls fed on solely on fruit flies. Neither did a group of spiderlings followed in the...

The morphology and biology of the larva of Toxomerus apegiensis (Harbach, 1974) are described from Suriname. This larva feeds on pollen of Olyra obliquifolia Steudel, a bambusoid grass (Poaceae) that grows in the understorey of tropical rainforests. The morphology of the larva of Toxomerus politus (Say, 1823), which feeds on pollen of corn, Zea mays, is redescribed. These species are the only known phytophages within the otherwise predatory genus Toxomerus. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of T. apegiensis shows features that are hypothesized to be modifications towards pollen feeding. These features are absent in the larva of T. politus. Possible evolutionary scenarios of the development of phytophagy within Toxomerus are briefly discussed based on published information on phylogeny of the genus.

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most important pests in Brazilian maize fields that causes damage to approximately 57% of the crop (Cruz etal., 1999 S.). However, several biological control agents occur freely in agroecosystems and are known to suppress the S. frugiperda population (Dequech et al., 2004 ; Bortolotto et al., 2014 ). Among the predator insects, hoverflies have been reported to occur in maize fields but are usually associated with aphid infestation (Swaminathanet al., 2015). Thus far, few studies have investigated hoverflies preying on lepidopteran pests, and the spectrum of preys examined is unclear. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Toxomerus dispar larvae (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Syrphidae) preying on S. frugiperda caterpillars (Figure 1).Thirty specimens of hoverfly larvae were collected from 100 plants (in V

Toxomerus teliger (Fluke) (Figs. 155–157) Mesograpta teligera Fluke, 1953: 125 (descr.); Wirth et al., 1965: 571 (cat.). Toxomerus teliger Metz & Thompson, 2001: 228, 246 (key & redescr.). Diagnosis. Face 1/3 as long as eye width, yellow; frontal triangle yellow. Proepimeron yellow; scutum black except broadly yellow laterally; scutellum brown with yellow margins, black pilose; anepimeron black. Pro and mesofemora yellow, metafemur yellow on basal 1/2 and brown on apical 1/2; pro and meso tibiae yellow, metatibia brownish. Wing extensively bare; alula broader than cell BM appically, not microtrichose. Abdomen 3 th tergum black with sub-lateral arcuate yellow vitta continuous to basal border and shiny apical fascia. Surstylus very broad; postanal process little distinct; aedeagus slender; superior lobe somewhat trapezoid with curved anterior extension, with setae apically, scattered hairs and erect setae along anteroventral margin. Female genitalia: 9 th tergum with a semicircle black macula with two concavities anteriorly; epiproct slender; cercus slender; hypoproct somewhat triangular; 9 th sternum as in Fig. 156; three rounded spermatecae similar in size (Figs. 155–157). Length. Body 9.5–11.8 mm, wing 7.1–8.0 mm. Type material examined. Paratype. UNITED STATES. Arizona: Baboquivari, Mesograpta teligera, ♂, VII 19–50, H. O. Wright (USNM). Other material examined. VENEZUELA. Bolivar: N. Rio Yuruani, ♂ & ♀, 29/VI-10/VII/1987, Gran Sabana (FMNH). BRAZIL. Rondônia: Porto Velho, ♂, 2♀, XI-1954,, XI-1954, F. Pereira, W. Dante, & M. Alvarenga (MZSP); Vilhena, 12 ♂ & 12 ♀, X/1986, P. Magno & J. Becker (MZSP). Mato Grosso: Pouso Grande, 2♂ & ♀, X/1949, X/1949, W. Bokermann (MZSP); Sinop, 10 ♂ & 6 ♀, III/1976, Alvarenga & Roppa (MZSP); Vera, 12 ♂ & 9 ♀, X/1973, Alvarenga & Roppa (MZSP). Goiás: Lagoa Formosa, ♀, 26–28/X/1964, Exp. Depto. Zool (MZSP). Rio de Janeiro: Jacarepaguá, ♂, XII/1969, M. Alvarenga (MNRJ). São Paulo: Santo Amaro, ♂, X/1962, J. Lane (MZSP). Geographical record. Widespread from the southern United States to southeastern Brazil., Published as part of Borges, Zuleica M. & Couri, Marcia S., 2009, Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species 2179, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2179 on page 56, {"references":["Fluke, C. L. (1953) New Syrphidae from North America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 26, 125 - 129.","Wirth W. W., Sedman, Y. S. & Weems, H. V. (1965) Family Syrphidae. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook, 276, 557 - 625.","Metz, M. & Thompson, F. C. (2001) A revision of the larger species of Toxomerus (Diptera: Syrphidae) with description of a new species. Studia dipterologica, 8, 225 - 256."]}

Toxomerus productus (Curran) (Figs. 18, 140, 141, 142) Mesogramma producta Curran, 1930: 5 (descry. & key); 1934: 24 (key); Hull, 1943b: 14, 32 (key and ill.). Mesogramma triradiata Hull, 1942: 48 (descr.); 1943b: 7, 33 (key and ill.). Mesogramma camilla Hull, 1951a: 20 (descr.). Mesogramma cyrilla Hull, 1951a: 9 (key). Mesogramma vanessa Hull, 1951a: 15 (descr.). Mesograpta camilla Fluke, 1956: 220 (cat.). Mesograpta cyrilla Fluke, 1956: 221 (cat.). Mesograpta producta Fluke, 1956: 229 (cat.); Etcheverry, 1963: 61 (distribution). Mesograpta triradiata Fluke, 1956: 231 (cat.). Mesograpta vanessa Fluke, 1956: 232 (cat.). Toxomerus productus Gerdes, 1975: 16 (ill.); Thompson et al., 1976: 53 (cat. & n. comb.). Toxomerus triradiatus Thompson et al., 1976: 53 (cat. & n. comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus cyrillus Gerdes, 1975: 16 (ill.); Thompson et al., 1976: 53 (cat. & n. comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus camilla Thompson et al., 1976: 49 (cat. & n. comb.), syn. nov. Toxomerus vanessa Thompson et al., 1976: 56 (cat. & n. comb.), syn. nov. Male. Head: face 1/2 as long as eye width, yellow, shiny except sparsely white pollinose and pilose laterally; gena black; frontal triangle yellow, white pilose; vertical triangle black, white and bronze pollinose, black pilose; occiput black, silver pollinose, with thick white pile, with a short row of brownish pile superiorly; antenna yellow, black pilose, arista brown. Thorax: postpronotum yellow; proepisternum black, white pollinose; proepimeron usually yellow; scutum black except broadly yellow laterally, bronze pollinose except for bluish-white pollinose medial vitta, yellow pilose; scutellum yellow, black pilose; anterior anepisternum black, sparsely yellow pilose; posterior anepisternum black on anterior 1/2, yellow pilose dorsally, posterior ½ yellow, yellow pilose; katepisternum black except dorsal 1/3 yellow, dull, yellow pilose; anterior and dorsomedial anepimeron yellow; posterior anepimeron black; plumula yellow, calypter yellowish with yellowish fringe except brown fringe on dorsal lobe; posterior mesothoracic pleuron (katepimeron, meron, katatergum, anatergum and postscutellum) black, anatergum yellow posterodorsally; methatoracic pleuron yellow; metasternum yellow to brown; halter yellow. Legs: pro- and mesocoxae black on basal 2/3, yellow apically, yellow pilose; metacoxa yellow, yellow pilose; trochanters yellow, yellow pilose; pro- and mesofemora yellow, yellow pilose; metafemur yellow except for black annulus on apical 1/3, yellow and black pilose; pro- and mesotibiae yellow, yellow pilose, mesotibia yellow and black pilose; metatibia yellow, brown on medial 1/3, black pilose; pro- and mesotarsi yellow, protarsus yello pilose, mesotarsus black pilose; metatarsus brown to black, black pilose. Wing: hyaline, extensively microtrichose, bare only: on basal 1/2 or less of cell C, basal 1/5 of cell R1, basal 2/3 or less of cell R and basal 3/4 or less of cell BM; alula broader than cell BM appically, microtrichose (Fig. 18). Abdomen: terga yellow and black pilose; 1 st tergum black except yellow anteriorly and laterally; 2 nd tergum black with medial yellow fascia; 3 rd to 4 th terga black with yellow fascia on anterior 1/2 with two medial black macula; 5 th tergum yellow with black macula medially. Male genitalia: surstylus broader and somewhat triangular apically, with scattered short setae; postanal process almost 3/4 as long as surstylus; aedeagus slender dorsally with some projections ventrally; superior lobe somewhat rectangunlar with short dorsal extension, forked distad, with long hairs along anteroventral margin and strong setae ventrally, with small proeminence medio-posteriorly with hairs. Female. Similar to male except for the frons black, bronze pollinose, black pilose. Anterior anepisternum bare. Female genitalia: 9 th tergum with somewhat triangular black macula; epiproct slender; cercus slender; hypoproct somewhat triangular, little convex anteriorly; 9 th sternum as in Fig. 141; three oval spermatecae similar in size (Figs. 140–142). Length. Body 6.5–8.0 mm, wing 5.5–6.5 mm. Discussion. Gerdes (1975) indicated that the male genitalia of Toxomerus productus and Toxomerus cyrillus were identical and suggested that the names were synonyms. Based on this work the male holotype, female allotype and male paratype of Mesogramma cyrilla and male holotype of Mesogramma productus were compared and the synonymies were confirmed. The same comparison has done with the male holotype and female allotype of Mesogramma Camilla. Type material examined. Holotype. ECUADOR. Mesogramma productus, male (AMNH). Other material examined. ECUADOR. Macas, Rio Upano, ♂, ♀, 24/I/1939, 24/I/1939, F. M. & H. Brown (CNC). BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Alpinópolis, ♂, II/1961, Claudionor Elias (DZUP); Paraná: Curitiba, ♂, 8/III/1976, H. S. Telford (DZUP). Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia, ♀, 26/VI/1937, (AMNH); ♀, 20/VII/1937, F. Plaumann (CNC). Geographical record. South America., Published as part of Borges, Zuleica M. & Couri, Marcia S., 2009, Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species 2179, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2179 on pages 50-51, {"references":["Curran, C. H. (1930) New Diptera belonging to the genus Mesogramma Loew (Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 405, 1 - 14.","Hull, F. M. (1943 b) The genus Mesogramma. Entomologica Americana, 23, 1 - 41.","Hull, F. M. (1942) Some new species of Baccha and Mesogramma. Ohio Journal of Science, 42, 73 - 74.","Hull, F. M. (1951 a) New species of Mesogramma (Diptera: Syrphidae). American Museum Novitates, 1480, 1 - 22.","Fluke, C. L. (1956) Catalogue of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 6, 193 - 268.","Etcheverry, M. (1963) Descripciones originales, sinonimia y distribucion geografica de las especies de la familia Syrphidae (Diptera) en Chile. Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, 5, 1 - 144.","Gerdes, C. (1975) Notes on types of Toxomerus (Diptera: Syrphidae). Entomological News, 86, 13 - 22. [1893.03.31]","Thompson, F. C., Vockeroth, J. R. & Sedman, Y. S. (1976) A Catalogue of the Americas South of the United States: Family Syrphidae. Vol. 46. Museu de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 195 pp."]}

Toxomerus mosaicus sp. nov (Figs. 1, 8, 15, 31, 59, 60, 61, 113, 114, 115) Male. Head: face 1/3 as long as eye width, shiny yellow, sparsely white pollinose and pilose laterally (Fig. 1); gena brown; frontal triangle yellow, white pilose; vertical triangle narrow, elongate, black, bronze pollinose, black pilose; occiput black, silver pollinose, with thick white pile, with a short row of brownish pile superiorly; antenna yellow to brownish, black pilose, arista brown. Thorax: postpronotum yellow; proepisternum black, dull pollinose, yellow pilose; supracoxal yellow macula present; scutum black except broadly yellow laterally, bronze pollinose except for greyish pollinose medial vitta, yellow pilose; scutellum brown with yellow margins or all brownish, black pilose; anepisternum black except yellow posterior 1/2, yellow pilose; katepisternum black except dorsal 1/3 yellow, dull, yellow pilose; anepimeron black, yellow dorsomedially; plumula yellow; calypter yellowish with yellowish fringe except brown fringe on dorsal lobe; posterior mesothoracic pleuron (katepimeron, meron, katatergum, anatergum and postscutellum) black; methatoracic pleuron yellow; metasternum brown; halter yellow (Fig. 8). Legs: pro- and mesolegs yellow except coxae black; yellow pilose except as follow, profemur black pilose on 1/3 dorsoapical, mesofemur black pilose; metacoxa yellow, yellow pilose; metafemur yellow, black pilose; metatibia yellow, yellow and black pilose, metatarsus brown dorsally and yellow ventrally, black pilose dorsally and yellow pilose ventrally. Wing: hyaline, extensively microtrichose; bare only: on basal 1/3 of cell C, basal 1/6 of cell R1, basal 2/3 of cell R and basal 2/3 of cell BM; alula broad, broader than cell Bm appically, microtrichose (Fig. 15). Abdomen: 1st tergum black except narrowly yellow basolaterally, yellow pilose; 2nd tergum black except yellow cross medially with not connected transversal strip, yellow pilose; 3rd to 5th tergum black with different shapes of yellow macula, black pilose; sterna yellow, yellow pilose (Fig. 31). Male genitalia: surstylus almost all with the same width, with long bristles on dorsal surface; postanal process 3/4 as long as surstylus; aedeagus enlarged, proeminent dorsally and ventrally; superior lobe somewhat rectangular, forked dorsally, with erect bristles in distad anterior margin and scattered hairs (Figs. 59–61). Female. Similar to male except for normal the frons black, bronze pollinose, black pilose; fronto-orbital plate. black on 1/3 superior and yellow on 2/3 inferior, bronze pollinose, black pilose. Anterior anepisternum bare. Female genitalia: 9th tergum with almost pentagonal black macula basomedially; epiproct reduced; cercus slender; hypoproct with ogive-like shape; 9th sternum with deep median scavation on anterior margin; two spermatecae rounded, with the same size (Figs. 113–115). Length: body 8.3–9.5 mm. Wing 6.9–8.3 mm. Discussion. Toxomerus mosaicus is a large species, morphologically similar to T. undecimpunctatus , both having similar male genitalia, but the new species differs from T. undecimpunctatus in having a longer postanal process and different abdominal pattern, reminding a mosaic. Material of this species was found in various collections identified by Hull as T. fragmentaria Hull, but there is no paper about that. Etymology: The term mosaicus comes from the Greek word mouseîn that means small pieces with many shapes to form some design. T. mosaicus has some small yellow macula on abdomen reminding the mosaic pieces. Type material. Holotype. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia, male, VI/1964, F. Plaumann (USNM). Paratypes. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia, 2 ♂ & ♀, V/1970, F. Plaumann (USNM); ♀, IV/196_, F. Plaumann (CNC); 4 ♀, V/1970, F. Plaumann (MZSP); ♂, III/1971, F. Plaumann (MZSP); Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Pardinho, ♂, 09/IV/2003, Marcel G. Hermes (MNRJ). Geographical record. Southeastern Brazil., Published as part of Borges, Zuleica M. & Couri, Marcia S., 2009, Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species 2179, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2179 on pages 41-42