Search

The rising older population in Japan is associated with a rise in cases of dementia. Support for the increased number of family caregivers of people living with dementia is crucial, as caring may negatively affect a family caregiver’s health. This study seeks to evaluate the feasibility and applicability of a recently developed Japanese version of START (STrAtegies for RelaTives). START is a psychosocial coping intervention program developed in the United Kingdom that has been shown to improve caregivers’ mood and quality of life in a randomized controlled trial. We made changes to START (e.g., idioms, linguistic nuance, and providing care insurance information suited for Japan) to make it culturally appropriate. Fourteen Japanese female family caregivers of relatives with mild dementia (n = 10) or mild cognitive impairment (n = 4) were referred to the study, but six were excluded owing to illness and busyness. This single-arm study had a before–after trial evaluating psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety, quality of life, and subjective care burden. The acceptance retention and satisfaction rate suggest the feasibility and acceptability of the START program; 8/14 (>55%) eligible, prospective participants consented and were included in this study, all (8/8) of whom completed all START sessions. The mean program satisfaction score was 30.25 (standard deviation = 2.25) out of a potential 32. The results suggest that it is feasible and acceptable to deliver START in Japanese and based on the results of analysis using a linear mixed model, there is initial indication that the intervention improved family caregivers’ quality of life, depressive symptoms, and care burden.

This study investigated the feasibility of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for improving mood and quality of life in an older woman with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), depression, and anxiety. The program comprised eight 30-minute weekly sessions; interventions included behavioral activation, relaxation, and cognitive reconstruction, in which the patient's caregiver also participated. The patient's condition was assessed before and immediately after the intervention. After 3 and 12 months, the caregiver reported the patient's behavioral and psychological symptoms by using self-reported psychological scales for depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Although CBT helped to improve mood and quality of life in the short term (3 months), the results were not sustained over the long term (12 months). Even though improvement in psychological symptoms did not persist and only one patient with MCI was evaluated, these results suggest that CBT is a feasible nonpharmacological treatment option and provide preliminary support for wider use of CBT in Japan. CBT programs should be tailored to the needs of patients with MCI and dementia, and regular follow-up sessions should be used to evaluate program feasibility and improvement in patient mental health.

BACKGROUND This study developed a Japanese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-J) and its short form (GAI-J-SF) to evaluate anxiety in older adults in Japan and assess these measures' psychometric properties with a cross-sectional design. METHODS Participants (N = 400; mean age: 75 years) were community-dwelling older adults who answered a set of self-report questionnaires. They were recruited from a community centre for older persons in the Kanto region of Japan. Of the respondents, 100 participated in a follow-up survey to evaluate test-retest reliability. Item response theory was adopted to evaluate item parameters. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis with categorical data suggested that, as with the original Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, the GAI-J/GAI-J-SF had a unifactor structure. Test-retest correlation and internal consistency analyses indicated that these scales had high reliability. Item response theory results showed that both measures' item parameters were acceptable. Correlations with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, State Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Only, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were mostly consistent with our hypotheses. This supports the high convergent validity of the GAI-J/GAI-J-SF. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the GAI-J and the GAI-J-SF have robust psychometric properties for assessing late-life anxiety in older Japanese adults. Future GAI-J studies in clinical groups are needed.

Background Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for older people with dementia and depression/anxiety alleviates negative moods. However, CBT research focusing on this population in Japan is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a recently developed cognitive-behavioral program for people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), focusing on symptom alleviation and patient satisfaction. Method Sixteen Japanese patients with mild dementia ( n =3) and MCI ( n =13) participated in the study. A single-arm, pre-post study was implemented in two medical school hospitals in Japan. The CBT program included eight bi-weekly sessions conducted by one clinical psychologist. The feasibility and acceptability outcomes (perceived satisfaction, understanding, and usefulness of the program) were measured before and immediately after completing the sessions, and the psychological outcomes (depression, anxiety, quality of life [QOL], neuropsychiatric symptoms, and caregiver burden) were measured at three periods (i.e., before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention). A linear mixed model was adopted for comparing these outcomes. Results Three candidates were excluded because of unavailability, lack of interest, and refusal to participate; therefore, 13 candidates (81%) participated in this study. However, three participants dropped out because of lack of motivation and health-related reasons during the program. Finally, ten participants (76.9%) attended all program modules. The mean patient and caregiver satisfaction scores using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire were 31.0±10.05 and 28.0±2.83 out of 32, respectively. The linear mixed model demonstrated that the time effect was significant at a 99% level for depression ( d =1.62), anxiety ( d =1.39), and QOL ( d =1.00) for the patients, and significant at a 95% level for anxiety ( d =1.08) for their caregivers. Conclusion The study found that this CBT program is feasible and acceptable for older Japanese people with dementia and MCI. The program also improved patients’ QOL, alleviated anxiety and depressive symptoms, and decreased caregivers’ anxiety.

As the number of people with dementia in Japan continues to rise, family caregivers are experiencing an increasing care burden. Previous research has shown that this care burden can affect family caregivers' physical and mental health. Therefore, providing support for caregivers of family members with dementia has become an urgent issue in the country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of applying STrAtegies for RelaTives (START), a psychosocial intervention programme developed in the UK to improve caregivers' moods and quality of life, to Japanese family caregivers. Specifically, in this paper, we provide a detailed description of the application of the Japanese version of START to a female caregiver. Our investigation found that the Japanese version of START is a feasible option for alleviating the mental and physical burden on family caregivers of patients with dementia. This result provides preliminary support for the wider application of START in Japan, as it can decrease care burden and improve the daily lives of caregivers of people with dementia. It also supports the development and implementation of other systems that can provide similar services for other caregivers.

Rogerian psychotherapy relies on a patient's potential for self-healing and assumes that the patient will show desirable personality changes if the psychotherapist is satisfied with necessary and sufficient demands. Rogerian psychotherapy is usually not considered intrusive because of its supportive features. However, there is no treatment without side effects. Insufficient informed consent for psychotherapy, the risk of dependence, regression, traumatic stress caused by probing too deeply, and missing the chance to perform suitable medical treatment are discussed.

Article, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry. 21(3): 281-286 (2005)

An electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystal (electrode-separated PQC) is constructed with no electrode attached to either side of the quartz plate, but electrodes are separately inserted in the electrolyte solution on both sides of the quartz plate, and are connected to an oscillator. The frequency shifts due to the solution properties and the mass change on the quartz plate is just the same as for a normal piezoelectric quartz crystal (normal PQC) having two electrodes. The electrode-separated PQC will be more useful than the normal PQC because it can be made smaller, higher frequency, and then cheaper. Amino acid, organic acid and sugar are important substances in the alcoholic beverage made by fermentation, such as sake. The Amino acids were determined using electrode-separated PQC coated with chitosan in copper (II) solution. Formation of complex with chitosan on the quartz plate, Cu(II) and amino acid in the sample solution induced the frequency shift of PQC. On the other hand, using non-coated electrode-separated PQC, concentration of organic acid and sugar in the liquid were determined, because the frequency of the crystal filled with the liquid containing organic acid and sugar was shifted with the viscosity and conductivity, respectively.

From the pH dependence of oscillation frequencies of one-electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystals (ESPQC’s) modified with chitosan and N-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl) chitosan (DCPC) in buffer solutions, it was deduced that the chitosan and DCPC films on an ESPQC contained water and that the water content depended on pH. Contrary to the expectation based on the Sauerbrey equation, the binding of ionic surfactants to chitosan and DCPC films increased the frequencies. This apparently abnormal phenomenon was explained by the release of water in swollen films. The frequency of the DCPC-modified ESPQC increased on addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride at pH lower and higher, respectively, than 7.8. A linear relationship between surfactant concentration and frequency shift, whose slope depended on only the chain length of the surfactant alkyl group, was obtained in the range 5–50 µmol dm−3 hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. The DCPC-modified ESPQC can be used for a quantitative determination of cationic surfactants in this concentration range.

フロー系において，硝酸アンモニウムを含む硝酸溶液中でリン酸イオンとモリブデン酸イオンの反応によりモリブドリン酸アンモニウム沈殿を生成させ，沈殿を片面電極分離型水晶発振子の水晶振動子上に付着させた．この沈殿付着による水晶発振子の振動数変化を用いてリン酸イオンを定量するフロー分析法を開発した．モリブドリン酸アンモニウムの沈殿付着は，水晶振動子の表面状態に非常に強く影響された．すなわち，清浄な表面の水晶振動子では，振動数の時間的変化量は小さく，その再現性も悪かった．しかし，あらかじめ適当量のモリブドリン酸アンモニウム沈殿を付着させた水晶振動子では，振動数は良い再現性で時間にほぼ比例して変化した．これらの振動数変化量の挙動は，清浄な振動子表面には沈殿が付着し難く，あらかじめ沈殿を付着させた振動子表面には沈殿が容易に付着することを示す．リン酸イオンの定量に対する最適条件を決定するために，あらかじめ沈殿を付着させた水晶振動子を用いて，硝酸アンモニウム，硝酸，モリブデン酸アンモニウムの濃度，溶液の流量，反応コイルの長さ及び妨害イオンの影響を検討した．検討した条件を基にリン酸イオンを定量したところ，10分間の付着時間では0～10 μmol dm－3の濃度範囲において相関係数が0.99以上の検量線を作成することができた．また，5 μmol dm－3のリン酸に対する相対標準偏差は3.3％（n＝8）であった．実試料として河川水と湖水を用い，リン酸イオンを検量線法と標準添加法により定量した．標準添加法による定量値は，吸光光度法（リンモリブデンブルー法）の定量値とほぼ良い一致を示したが，検量線法による値は，吸光光度法の値に比べ相当小さかった．以上のことから，水晶発振子を用いる本法は標準添加法を併用することで，河川水や湖水中など環境水中のリン酸イオンの定量に適用可能であると考えられる．

In order to estimate life-cycle costs properly, pavement performance curve suitable to analysis period is indispensable. This study mentions performance prediction model created from Pavement Data Base. To establish the model, the method was proposed how to presume the relative frequency and mode of road surface condtions at the time of assuming that repair was not conducted. . Appropriate standard performance prediction model about cracking, rutting, and evenness was attained in this procedure. And estimating life cycle cost was available for network level using this model.

Silver(I) adsorbed selectively onto a quartz plate modified with N-(2-pyridylmethyl)chitosan in an ammonium chloride buffer solution containing EDTA, and the frequency of the quartz plate increased. It was supposed that the increasing frequency was caused by the desorption of adsorbed water on the chitosan derivative, which was induced from the reaction of silver(I) with the chitosan derivative. The concentration of the buffer, pH, temperature, conductivity and eluent affected the frequency shift resulting from the adsorption of silver(I). The frequency decreased at a conductivity lower than 2.2 mS/cm, and increased with increasing conductivity above this value. The frequency shifts caused by the adsorption of silver(I) were proportional to the concentration over the range 10 - 80 nM of silver(I), and the correlation coefficient was 0.9969. The detection limit and the relative standard deviation at 50 nM for five times were 6 nM and 3.4%, respectively. The proposed method was simple while showing higher sensitivity and selectivity.

固形せっけんの主成分であるオレイン酸ナトリウム, 更には市販の固形せっけんが完全電極分離型水晶発振子の水晶振動子上及びコラーゲンを塗布した水晶振動子上に付着する. また, 液体洗剤の主成分であるドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム (DBS) 及び市販の液体洗剤は水晶振動子上には付着しないがコラーゲン膜上に付着し, 水を流しても溶離せず残っていることが, 水晶発振子の振動数変化より分かった. これは, 実生活において, せっけんを使用してすすぐときに, 水で簡単にすすいだだけではせっけん成分が食器や皮膚上に残留しているかもしれないことを示唆している. そこで, 水晶振動子及びコラーゲン上へのオレイン酸ナトリウム及びDBSの付着と溶離について詳細に検討した結果, オレイン酸ナトリウムとDBSは水晶振動子上には付着しないが, 温度が高いほど又は酸性媒質中では付着しやすくなり, アルカリ性溶液中では付着しないことが分かった.

Background Shoplifting is a serious problem among patients with eating disorders. For more than a decade, we have treated many patients with eating disorders incarcerated in Hachioji Medical Prison only for repeated shoplifting. Methods We analyzed the prison records and medical records of female psychiatric patients transferred to Hachioji Medical Prison between 2002 and 2011. Based on the offense listed at the time of sentencing, we extracted a shoplifting group and a drug-offense group from among all patients with eating disorders. One patient from the former group who had used substances and two from the latter group who had never shoplifted were excluded from the study. The groups had 41 and 14 patients, respectively. A control group comprised patients with other mental disorders (n = 34). We compared eating disorder histories and subtypes, weight changes, comorbidities, life histories, past behavioral problems, and clinical behavioral problems among the three groups. Results The shoplifting group exhibited less impulsive behavior, substance abuse, antisocial features, borderline personality disorder, and past bulimia than did the drug-offense and control groups. The shoplifting group had higher educational achievement and steadier employment; however, their eating disorder histories and interpersonal dysfunction were more severe, and they had a higher psychiatric treatment dropout rate. There were also significant relationships with low body weight, anorexia nervosa-restricting type, obsessive–compulsive behaviors, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder in the shoplifting group. During the clinical course, food refusal, excessive exercise, food hoarding, and falsification of dietary intake amounts were more frequently observed in the shoplifting group. Conversely, drug requests and occurrences of self-harm were less frequent in the shoplifting group than in the drug-offense group. Conclusions Although these results may be associated with specific characteristics of patients with eating disorders in the medical prison setting, we concluded that the repeated shoplifting by these patients is unrelated to antisocial or impulsive characteristics but is deeply rooted in these patients’ severe and undertreated eating disorder psychopathology. Strong supportive treatment should be considered for patients with eating disorders who develop shoplifting behaviors. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between shoplifting and eating disorders.

水平に置かれた金属電極上に水晶振動子を置き,その上に1滴の電解質(塩化カルシウム)溶液を滴下して,この溶液中に浸された白金線電極と金属電極とで,水晶振動子を振動させる.この無電極型水晶発振子の電解質溶液に,ドデシル硫酸イオン(SDS)を含む試料溶液の1滴を滴下して生じた沈殿が水晶振動子上に付着することによる振動数変化を測定してSDSの定量を行った.この際,滴の大きさを一定にするために油性ペンで円を描くこと,金属電極の大きさを滴(円)の大きさにすること,電解質及び試料溶液に緩衝液を加えること,などにより,感度は少し悪くなるが,50μM SDSの採取による5回の相対標準偏差が5.5%となり,再現性の向上が見られた.更に,微量定量を行うために,対イオンとして分子量の大きい陽イオン性界面活性剤であるセチルトリメチルアンモニウムイオン(CTAC)を用いて,イオン会合体として付着させることにより,0.2～10μMのSDSが定量できた.このときの5μMのSDSを採取しての4回の相対標準偏差は6.8%であった.

An ion-pair associate of a cationic copper(I) complex formed with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine) and dodecylsulfate ions adsorbs on the quartz plate of an electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystal. The adsorptive behavior depends on pH and concentrations of neocuproine, hydroxylammonium chloride as reducing agent, and sodium dodecylsulfate. The frequency change is proportional to the concentration of copper(II) in sample solution over the range 2.0–15 μM. The relative standard deviation at 5.0 μM ( n =10) was 6.9%. The adsorbed copper(I) complex could be removed from the quartz plate with a 50% 2-propanol aqueous solution. The continuous determination of copper(II) without the eluent could be performed with a shorter time and good repeatability.

水晶発振子は大気中での微量てんびんとして開発され利用されてきた.この原理は,水晶発振子上で生じた質量変化を振動数変化として検出するものである.水晶発振子の振動数変化は,質量のみに依存し,どんな物質による質量変化かには関係しない.従って,水晶発振子を化学分析の検出器として用いる際には,特定の物質のみが付着するようにする必要があり,定量法の重要な課題となる.又,この水晶発振子を液体中での検出器として用いるためには,大気中での振動数特性のほかに,密度,粘度,電気伝導度,誘電率などの液性も考慮する必要があり,より複雑になる.ここでは,水晶発振子を液体中の微量成分分析の検出器として用いるために,これらの振動数を変化させる要因をいかに考慮するか.いかにしたら特定の物質だけが付着するようになるか.又,より簡単に定量するにはどのようにすれば良いか,などについて,読者の研究の参考になればと,液体中における化学分析に関係した論文をまとめてみた.

An ionic surfactant in solution reacts with an ionic surfactant having the opposite charge to form an ion pair which adsorbs on the quartz plate of an electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) in a flow system. The frequency change resulting from the adsorption depends upon pH, concentration of buffer and counter ion, and the flow rate of the solution. By controlling these factors, cationic or anionic surfactants at μM concentrations can be determined with no interference from diverse ions found in a river water. In addition, cationic and anionic surfactants cannot coexist in the same solution, because they react with each other to form the ion pair which deposits from solution. Only the form in excess remains. For this reason, it was found that the ionic surfactant could be detected and determined by adding a definite concentration of cationic surfactant monitoring its change of concentration using the above procedure.

The authors investigated the adhesion coefficient between rails and wheels using a model "Slip Adhesion Test Truck" and model rails, and quantitatively evaluated factors such as rail temperature and humidity which may affect adhesion. The adhesion coefficient was measured under various conditions. As a result, they find that adhesion is strongly influenced by the rail temperature and the humidity around the running surface of rails.

Many trains were derailed and damaged by the earthquake in Kobe on January 17, 1995. At the same time, many railway girder bridges and viaducts were seriously damaged by the quake. It was postulated that serious accidents could occur as a result of trains running at high speeds into these girder bridges or viaducts. Fortunately, no fatal accidents occurred. On investigating such accidents, the authors found that they rarely occur, because a train derailed by the violent shock of a quake is so radically decelerated by the huge running resistance caused by the derailment that it stops just after the quake. On the other hand, it takes some time until the bridges or viaducts collapse after the quake.

The community consultation center was established as the core facility for a project entitled "Community Support Network for Citizens with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Dementia." This study reports on our center's activity and user outcomes. Users consulted with medical staff regarding their memory problems and were self-screened using a touch-panel computer assisted screening tool (TPST). Dementia was suspected when the TPST score was 12 points or below, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was conducted by our onsite clinical psychologists, which served as the gold standard. All reports were provided to user's primary care physicians, or a nearby medical institute if users did not have a primary care physician. Patient outcomes were obtained from participating medical institutes. Informed consent was obtained for all users. In the four-year period, 2802 users visited the center. Of them, 1565 registered (men/women=519/1046; mean age, 74 years). Of 1354 people who used TPST, 622 (45.9%) scored 12 points or below. 409 confirmed diagnoses from the medical institutes revealed MCI in 11.2%, Alzheimer's disease in 37.1%, and vascular dementia in 8.0%. Among the 207 users who had no primary care physicians at consultation, 43 (20.8%) were diagnosed with MCI or dementia. Approximately half of the users who took the TPST were suspected of dementia following interview by a clinical psychologist. Both MCI and dementia were confirmed by the medical institutes in 59.6% of users. We conclude that our consultation center plays a pivotal role in early diagnosis of MCI and dementia.

The electrical equivalent circuit parameters of an electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC), where the gaps between the electrodes and the crystal plate were filled with various liquids, were evaluated from admittance measurements and were compared with those of a normal PQC with Au electrodes adhering to the crystal plate. The resistance parameter in the equivalent circuit of the electrode-separated PQC was more sensitive to the specific conductivity, density and viscosity of liquids than was that of the normal PQC. This parameter, unlike that of the normal PQC, was also affecteded by the permittivity of the liquid. The effect of the liquid properties on the other parameters in the equivalent circuit and the series resonant frequency are also discussed.

Metal ions were adsorbed on the quartz plate of an electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystal in solution. The substances adsorbed were hydroxides. Only a few metal ions adsorbed in solutions of higher ionic strength, but a quartz plate coated with Teflon adsorbed many metal ions and had a higher sensitivity, that is, it could be used for the determination of small amounts of metal ions.

電極分離型水晶発振子を川いて,種々の金属イオンについて,種々の沈殿剤を兼ねたpH緩衝液を逐次連続的に流し,金属イオンの水酸化物,炭酸塩,あるいはリン酸塩を形成させ,生じた沈殿の水晶振動子上への付着及び脱着による振動数変化を数値化し,多変量解析法で,定性,定量分析を行う方法を確立した.この方法により,ステンレス鋼中のニッケル及びクロムの同時定量を行った結果,分離やマスキングなどの前処理なしに,定性および定量分析を行うことができ,本法が,簡単で迅速な定性,定量分析法であることが確認できた.

The frequency of an electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystal shifted in a solution of sodium oleate surfactant, which is the main component of solid soap. All solutions of 10 marketed solid soaps marketing also gave frequency shifts. A quartz plate coated with collagen, which is very much like human skin, showed the same behavior in frequency as a quartz plate without collagen, except for an increasing frequency. The soap components adsorbed were not desorbed in deionized water. These results indicate that soap components remain on glasses, dishes and human skin after simple rinsing with water.

A measuring system was constructed with a horizontal platinum plate, a piezoelectric quartz crystal (quartz plate) on the platinum plate and a platinum wire set vertically above the centre of the platinum plate and at a distance of 0.8 mm from it in the same housing. The platinum plate and the wire were connected to an oscillator. The procedure is as follows: set the quartz plate on the platinum plate, set the recorder to record the frequency, place a single drop of reagent solution containing buffer and electrolyte on the quartz plate, leave for about 7 min to obtain a constant frequency, place a single drop of the ion sample solution containing electrolyte and buffer on the quartz plate along with a platinum wire using a micropipette, read off the frequency shift (ΔF, Hz) between the frequency at the start (when the single drop of the sample solution was placed, F1) and that at 100 s later (F2), ΔF = F1 – F2, and calculate the concentration of the ion from a calibration graph constructed with a standard solution. Sulphate and potassium ions at levels of 50 μM-0.5 mM can be determined using the barium salt or tetraphenylborate, respectively, with good reproducibility.

クロマトグラムでピークの重なった個々の成分を定量する方法を多変量解析法で検討した.方法は 以下のとおりである.クロマトグラムの重なった各ピーク高さを,ピークの頂点を中心として, 2.5mm(0.625秒)間隔で測定した.測定値を内標準のピーク高さで割り多変量解析のためのデータとした.例として,クロマトグラムのピークが重なるように測定した,メタノールと酢酸エチルの混合物について定量した.メタノールと酢酸エチルの混合比50:50を用いてのRSD(n=10)はメタノールが0.63%,酢酸エチルが0.57%であった.同一クロマトグラムを用いたピーク面積からのRSDはメタノールが3.92%,酢酸エチルが0.88%であった.GCなどで分離の悪いピークから定量分析を行う場合,ピークの重なりの程度が増加するにつれて,定量誤差が大きくなる.そこで定量誤差が大きくなるような重なりをもったピークから,正確に定量できる方法として,ピークの高さを一定の時間間隔ごとに測定し,その測定値を用いて多変量解析法で定量分析を行った.その結果,メタノールと酢酸エチルの混合試料(メタノール:酢酸エチル=50.00:50.00)を用いての再現性は,メタノールについて言えば,従来から行われているピーク面積による定量法のRSD(n=10)は3.92%であったが,本方法の RSD(n=10)は0.63%と従来法と比較して再現性のよい結果が得られた.

オシレーターから水晶発振子への回路を開き,その部分(電極)を液体に浸しても,水晶発振子は安定に発振し,その際の基本振動数は,電解質溶液に浸した場合には電気伝導度に,又,有機溶媒に浸したときには主に誘電率に依存して変化する.線状電極を電解質溶液に浸した場合には,電気伝導度に比例して振動数が変化し,更に電極間隔が狭くなるほど感度が増加した.従って,この水晶発振子は溶液の電気伝導度や誘電率の検出器として用いることができるので,液体クロマトグラフの電気伝導度検出器として,又,容量分析の終点検出器としての利用を試みた.

I outline the current situation and future tasks for psychiatric services in Japanese prisons. I describe the provision of facilities specializing in psychiatric services, preparation of legal aspects related to involuntary treatment, provision of therapeutic educational programs regarding addictive crimes, and the measures required for continuation of treatment after release from prison. I also discuss how, in the current system, under the "Act on Mental Care and Treatment for Persons who have Caused Serious Cases under the Condition of Insanity," unfairness arises in the treatment of mentally disordered offenders, requiring a division between medical care and justice (correctional institutions).

The electrodes were removed from both surfaces of a piezoelectric quartz crystal and platinum electrodes were set on both sides of the crystal plate a few tenths of a millimetre apart. The spaces were filled with liquids. This system, called an electrode-separated piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC), oscillation when the electrodes were connected to an oscillator, and the frequency varied with the density, viscosity and specific conductivity of the liquid like a normal piezoelectric quartz crystal having vacuum-evaporated metal electrodes, and the permittivity of the liquid also varied with mass change on the surface of the crystal plate in the liquid. The electrode-separated PQC was used as a detector for liquid chromatography.

An electrodeless piezoelectric quartz crystal system was constructed with a quartz crystal plate, electrolyte solutions and platinum plates or rods immersed in the solutions for connecting to an oscillator, instead of the electrodes. The crystal without electrodes oscillates in the solutions. The frequency varies with temperature, specific conductance of the solutions and the mass change of the plate caused by the adsorption of material from the solution in, the same way as a normal piezoelectric quartz crystal with electrodes.

Many metal ions are spontaneously adsorbed onto a piezoelectric quartz crystal and change the oscillation frequency. The pH ranges in which the metal ions adsorbed were just below that of precipitate formation as the ‘hydroxides’; frequency changes caused by adsorption were not observed in these pH ranges where the ‘hydroxides’ formed. Cationic organic reagents, such as crystal violet and methylene blue, were also adsorbed on the piezoelectric quartz crystal but non-ionic and anionic organic compounds were not. These results showed that the crystal was negatively charged on the surface.

Piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) having no evaporated metallic electrodes (quartz plate) oscillated in gases when an oscillator was connected to platinum plates set on both sides of the quartz plate. The frequency of the quartz plate increased with increasing the distance between the plates. The frequencies shifted with the densities of gases and the mass adsorbed onto the plate just as in normal PQC. The system was named an electrode-separated PQC. The electrode-separated PQC with a Teflon-coated quartz plate could be used to detect the relative humidity in gases.

水晶発振子の一方の電極をはがし,その代わりに,水晶板との間に一定の間隔をおいて,白金板電極を設置した電極分離型水晶発振子を作製し,その間げきに液体を満たした場合の振動数特性を検討した.電極分離型水晶発振子は,水晶板と白金板電極との間げきを5.3mm以下にし,液体を満たすと発振し,そのときの基本振動数は溶液の比導電率の増加と共に大きく減少した.非電解質溶液に対する振動数の変化(ΔF)は,次式に従って,溶液の密度(ρ)及び粘度(η)の増加と共に減少した.ΔF=a(√ρη-1.0).a=比例定数.有機溶媒を満たした場合には,溶媒の密度,粘度及び比誘電率に依存して変化し,この変化量は,両電極とも水晶板に金属を蒸着した普通の水晶発振子のそれよりも数倍大きくなった.又,水晶板に物質が付着すると,振動数が変化した.従って,電極分離型水晶発振子は,液性に対する小型検出器として利用できると同時に,従来の水晶発振子と同様に重みセンサーとしても利用できる.

The frequency of a piezoelectric quartz crystal is decreased when iodide is electrodeposited on the silver electrode of the crystal at—0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl. From 3 × lO -7 M to 1 × 10 -5 M iodide can be determined with few interferences, and a procedure for removal of interfering species is given. Iodide is removed from the electrode by electrolysis at —0.4 V after each determination.

The complexing of the lithium ion with other popular solvents has been studied in acetonitrile (AN) using a monovalent cation-sensitive glass electrode. A method similar to that developed to study the complexing of the sodium ion was employed. Mono- and di-solvated species were formed for methanol, pyridine, formamide, methylfomamide, and HMPA. Tri-solvated species were also formed for DMF, DMA, and DMSO. In general, the complexing of the lithium ion with these solvents was more pronounced than that of the sodium ion. The formation constants for the mono-solvated lithium ion were 4.5 for methanol, 5.2 for pyridine, 16 for DMF, 20 for formamide, 25 for methylformamide, 49 for DMSO, 62 for DMA, and 2.1×103 for HMPA. When water was the complexing solvent, the equilibrium potential could not be obtained, probably because of the hydrolysis of the hydrated lithium ion. Prior to these experiments, the cation-sensitive glass electrode was confirmed to respond to the lithium-ion activity in different solvents by c...

Silver in solution is determined in situ by frequency change of a piezoelectric quartz crystal due to electrodeposition on the electrode of the crystal immersed in the solution. A test solution containing EDTA for masking other metal ions flows through a thermostated cell which contains the crystal with platinum-plated electrodes. The frequency change is proportional to the silver concentration in the range 10−6−3 × 10−5 M after electrodeposition for 10 min, and 2 × 10−7−1 × 10−6 M for 1 h.