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Abstract The cost fluctuations associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, as primary modalities for treating malignant tumors, are closely related to medical decision-making and impose financial burdens on patients. In response to these challenges, China has implemented the Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) payment system to standardize costs and control expenditures. This study collected hospitalization data from patients with malignant tumors who received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy at Hospital H from 2018 to 2022. The dataset was segmented into two groups: the intervention group, treated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) alongside standard therapies, and the control group, treated with standard therapies alone. Changes and trends in hospitalization costs under the DRG policy were analyzed using propensity-score matching (PSM), standard deviation (SD), interquartile range (IQR), and concentration index (CI). Findings showed a decreasing trend in the standard deviation of hospitalization costs across all treatment modalities. Radiotherapy exhibited the most significant decrease, with costs reducing by 2547.37 CNY in the control group and 7387.35 CNY in the intervention group. Following the DRG implementation, the concentration indexes for chemotherapy and radiotherapy increased, while those for immunotherapy did not exhibit this pattern. Costs were more concentrated in patients who did not receive TCM treatment. In summary, DRG reform positively impacted the cost homogeneity of inpatient treatments for malignant tumors, particularly in the control group not receiving TCM treatment. The effects of DRG reform varied across different treatment modalities. Although short-term fluctuations in hospitalization costs may occur, initial evidence during the study period shows the positive impact of DRG reform on cost homogeneity.

Abstract Conventional macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B-ketolide (MLSBK) antibiotics are unable to counter the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance that is conferred by the constitutive methylation of rRNA base A2058 or its G2058 mutation, while the presence of unmodified A2058 is crucial for high selectivity of traditional MLSBK in targeting pathogens over human cells. The absence of effective modes of action reinforces the prevailing belief that constitutively antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus remains impervious to existing macrolides including telithromycin. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a novel series of macrolides, featuring the strategic fusion of ketolide and quinolone moieties. Our effort led to the discovery of two potent compounds, MCX-219 and MCX-190, demonstrating enhanced antibacterial efficacy against a broad spectrum of formidable pathogens, including A2058-methylated Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and notably, the clinical Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates harboring A2058G mutations which are implicated in the recent pneumonia outbreak in China. Mechanistic studies reveal that the modified quinolone moiety of MCX-190 establishes a distinctive secondary binding site within the nascent peptide exit tunnel. Structure-activity relationship analysis underscores the importance of this secondary binding, maintained by a sandwich-like π–π stacking interaction and a water–magnesium bridge, for effective engagement with A2058-methylated ribosomes rather than topoisomerases targeted by quinolone antibiotics. Our findings not only highlight MCX-219 and MCX-190 as promising candidates for next-generation MLSBK antibiotics to combat antibiotic resistance, but also pave the way for the future rational design of the class of MLSBK antibiotics, offering a strategic framework to overcome the challenges posed by escalating antibiotic resistance.

IntroductionChina is a large agricultural nation with the majority of the population residing in rural areas. The allocation of health resources in rural areas significantly affects the basic rights to life and health for rural residents. Despite the progress made by the Chinese government in improving rural healthcare, there is still room for improvement. This study aims to assess the spatial spillover effects of rural health resource allocation efficiency in China, particularly focusing on township health centers (THCs), and examine the factors influencing this efficiency to provide recommendations to optimize the allocation of health resources in rural China.MethodsThis study analyzed health resource allocation efficiency in Chinese rural areas from 2012 to 2021 by using the super-efficiency SBM model and the global Malmquist model. Additionally, the spatial auto-correlation of THC health resource allocation efficiency was verified through Moran test, and three spatial econometric models were constructed to further analyze the factors influencing efficiency.ResultsThe key findings are: firstly, the average efficiency of health resource allocation in THCs was 0.676, suggesting a generally inefficient allocation of health resources over the decade. Secondly, the average Malmquist productivity index of THCs was 0.968, indicating a downward trend in efficiency with both non-scale and non-technical efficient features. Thirdly, Moran’s Index analysis revealed that efficiency has a significant spatial auto-correlation and most provinces’ values are located in the spatial agglomeration quadrant. Fourthly, the SDM model identified several factors that impact THC health resource allocation efficiency to varying degrees, including the efficiency of total health resource allocation, population density, PGDP, urban unemployment rate, per capita disposable income, per capita healthcare expenditure ratio, public health budget, and passenger traffic volume.DiscussionTo enhance the efficiency of THC healthcare resource allocation in China, the government should not only manage the investment of health resources to align with the actual demand for health services but also make use of the spatial spillover effect of efficiency. This involves focusing on factors such as total healthcare resource allocation efficiency, population density, etc. to effectively enhance the efficiency of health resource allocation and ensure the health of rural residents.

Abstract Introduction The term “health poverty trap” describes a vicious cycle in which developing countries or regions become trapped in low levels of health and poverty during the process of modernization. Although significant progress has been made in alleviating poverty in China, there is still a need to further enhance the living conditions of its impoverished population. Methods This research utilizes the data of the three national representative panel surveys from 2014 to 2020. The primary objective is to gain a better understanding of the intricate relationship between health and poverty. To examine the self-reinforcing effects of the cumulative cycle between health and poverty, we employ unconditional quantile regression analysis. Result The low-income group exhibits lower overall health status compared to the average level. Economic constraints partially hinder the ability of low-income individuals to access healthcare resources, thereby reinforcing the cyclical relationship between health and poverty. Additionally, the unique psychological and behavioral preferences of individuals in health poverty act as indirect factors that further strengthen this cycle. Health poverty individuals can generate endogenous force to escape the “health poverty trap” by enhancing their confidence levels and digital literacy. Conclusions The research examines the coexistence of health gradients and economic inequality among Chinese residents. Additionally, the study explores the endogenous force mechanism of escaping the health poverty trap from psychological and behavioral perspectives. This research also offers insights into optimizing government poverty alleviation programs to effectively address this issue.

Abstract Matrix vesicles (MVs) have shown strong effects in diseases such as vascular ectopic calcification and pathological calcified osteoarthritis and in wound repair of the skeletal system due to their membranous vesicle characteristics and abundant calcium and phosphorus content. However, the role of MVs in the progression of osteoporosis is poorly understood. Here, we report that annexin A5, an important component of the matrix vesicle membrane, plays a vital role in bone matrix homeostasis in the deterioration of osteoporosis. We first identified annexin A5 from adherent MVs but not dissociative MVs of osteoblasts and found that it could be sharply decreased in the bone matrix during the occurrence of osteoporosis based on ovariectomized mice. We then confirmed its potential in mediating the mineralization of the precursor osteoblast lineage via its initial binding with collagen type I to achieve MV adhesion and the subsequent activation of cellular autophagy. Finally, we proved its protective role in resisting bone loss by applying it to osteoporotic mice. Taken together, these data revealed the importance of annexin A5, originating from adherent MVs of osteoblasts, in bone matrix remodeling of osteoporosis and provided a new strategy for the treatment and intervention of bone loss.

Introduction Raising the price of cigarettes via taxation has been promoted by the World Health Organization as an important tobacco control strategy. Price elasticity of cigarettes is not uniform and is dependent upon individual and environmental determinants. Many studies have examined the determinants of price-induced smoking, taking into account sociodemographic characteristics and consumption patterns. Little research has been conducted on the association between anti-smoking environments and price-induced smoking behavior. This study addresses the deficit within the Chinese context. Methods Participants were 2852 male smokers identified through a multi-stage survey sampling process encompassing 6 cities in China between July and December 2016. A standardized questionnaire tapped price-induced smoking reduction and related information. Both unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression methods were applied in the analyses. Results In all, 25.5% (95% CI: 22.5–27.9) of smokers in this study decreased their smoking expenditures following the 2015 excise tax increase. The adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that increased exposures to an anti-smoking information environment (AOR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.10–1.79), restricted smoking in their home (AOR=1.67; 95% CI: 1.32–2.08) and workplace (AOR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.09–1.85) were more likely to report diminished cigarette smoking following the tax increases. Conclusions This study adds to understanding price-induced smoking behavior among urban male Chinese smokers. Strengthening of excise tax policies needs to intensify environmental smoking restrictions and public education campaigns to increase the sensitivity of cigarette price changes among smokers.

The mineralization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential and crucial process for physiological bone formation and pathological calcification. The abnormal function of ECM mineralization contributes to the worldwide risk of developing mineralization-related diseases; for instance, vascular calcification is attributed to the hyperfunction of ECM mineralization, while osteoporosis is due to hypofunction. AnnexinA6 (AnxA6), a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, has been extensively reported as an essential target in mineralization-related diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, osteosarcoma, and calcific aortic valve disease. To date, AnxA6, as the largest member of the Annexin family, has attracted much attention due to its significant contribution to matrix vesicles (MVs) production and release, MVs-ECM interaction, cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx, and maturation of hydroxyapatite, making it an essential target in ECM mineralization. In this review, we outlined the recent advancements in the role of AnxA6 in mineralization-related diseases and the potential mechanisms of AnxA6 under normal and mineralization-related pathological conditions. AnxA6 could promote ECM mineralization for bone regeneration in the manner described previously. Therefore, AnxA6 may be a potential osteogenic target for ECM mineralization.

Tomato leaf mold is a common disease in tomato production and severely impacts the growth, fruit quality and yield of tomato plants. Research on tomato leaf mold has a long history and has focused mainly on the differentiation of pathogen races, the structure and function of pathogen Avr gene products, the cloning of Cf resistance genes and the analysis of disease resistance mechanisms. Interactions between Cf and Avr are in accordance with the ''gene-for-gene'' hypothesis and typical Cf/Avr interactions are part of effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, an increasing number of studies have proven that pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is involved in the disease resistance response system mediated by Cf genes. In addition, different Cf genes have both similar and different roles in the disease resistance response, indicating that the disease resistance mechanism of Cf genes is complex. In this paper, progress in tomato leaf mold research was reviewed, and the regulatory mechanism underlying the Cf-mediated disease resistance response was thoroughly explored. We hope this summary will lay a foundation for research on tomato leaf mold disease resistance mechanisms and is applicable to breeding for disease resistance.

Weed species composition has been assessed for major crops such as rice, rubber, and oil palm but not for cash crops in Malaysia. In this study, we determine the associations between maize yields and weed species, weed density, mean temperature, and mean rainfall. Annual field surveys of weeds were conducted in maize (Zea mays L.) in a former tin-mining land in Malim Nawar, Perak, Malaysia, during June of 2017, 2018, and 2020 to determine the effects of weeds on maize yields. The field surveys in 2017, 2018, and 2020 involved 120 quadrats (0.5 m × 0.5 m) with 40 replicates. Fifteen species were observed, representing 14 genera and 9 families and consisted of 9 broadleaves, 3 grasses, and 1 sedge. Phytosociological characteristics, namely, frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, abundance, and relative abundance, were used to analyze weed species composition at the study site. The species with the highest mean density and relative abundance were Cyperus sp., followed by Amaranthus viridis, Eleusine indica, Hedyotis corymbosa, and Phyllanthus amarus. These five species accounted for 65% of the total relative abundance. Individual broadleaf, sedge, and grass weed types were compared between paired years using a two-proportion z-test. The variation in number of individuals in each group was significant between 2017 and 2018, 2018 and 2020, and 2017 and 2020. The relationship between maize yield and mean rainfall, mean temperature, and weed species was analyzed using a general linear model, none of which affected maize yields. The results of this study provide a foundation for practical weed management in maize fields in Malaysia, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security.

Municipal Solid Waste governance in China entered a new phase in March 2017 when the Chinese government began requiring major cities to enforce waste sorting as well as to develop a system of laws, regulations, and standards regarding waste sorting. This study used text mining and the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) Index model to develop an evaluation system of Municipal Solid Waste sorting management policies that included 10 first-level variables and 51 second-level variables to quantitatively evaluate the texts of waste sorting management policies in 11 major cities, and then the PMC surface of policy texts was constructed to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of individual policies according to the PMC index values. The results revealed that there were no excellent level or bad level policies among the 11 policies, with an average PMC index value of 7.71. Overall, the 11 policy texts all set out clear goals and programs in accordance with local conditions, but there are some differences across policies in terms of indicators, including policy content, policy function, policy evaluation, restriction and incentives. This study provides a fresh viewpoint on the policy evaluation of waste sorting management and offers some insight for policymakers, who should pay attention to waste separation, focus on key indicators of the policy, and enhance the effectiveness of the policy response. In addition, the applicability of the evaluation model and the difficulties associated with waste sorting governance of China in post-epidemic are discussed.

Abstract The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a double‐tubular nanomachine widely found in gram‐negative bacteria. Its spear‐like Hcp tube is capable of penetrating a neighboring cell for cytosol‐to‐cytosol protein delivery. However, gram‐positive bacteria have been considered impenetrable to such T6SS action. Here we report that the T6SS of a plant pathogen, Acidovorax citrulli (AC), could deliver an Rhs‐family nuclease effector RhsB to kill not only gram‐negative but also gram‐positive bacteria. Using bioinformatic, biochemical, and genetic assays, we systematically identified T6SS‐secreted effectors and determined that RhsB is a crucial antibacterial effector. RhsB contains an N‐terminal PAAR domain, a middle Rhs domain, and an unknown C‐terminal domain. RhsB is subject to self‐cleavage at both its N‐ and C‐terminal domains and its secretion requires the upstream‐encoded chaperone EagT2 and VgrG3. The toxic C‐terminus of RhsB exhibits DNase activities and such toxicity is neutralized by either of the two downstream immunity proteins, RimB1 and RimB2. Deletion of rhsB significantly impairs the ability of killing Bacillus subtilis while ectopic expression of immunity proteins RimB1 or RimB2 confers protection. We demonstrate that the AC T6SS not only can effectively outcompete Escherichia coli and B. subtilis in planta but also is highly potent in killing other bacterial and fungal species. Collectively, these findings highlight the greatly expanded capabilities of T6SS in modulating microbiome compositions in complex environments.

Abstract Background Golden 2-Like (G2-like) transcription factors play an important role in plant development. However, the roles of these G2-like regulatory genes in response to abiotic stresses in tomato are not well understood. Results In this study, we identified 66 putative G2-like genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and classified them into 5 groups (I to V) according to gene structure, motif composition and phylogenetic analysis. The G2-like genes were unevenly distributed across all 12 chromosomes. There were nine pairs of duplicated gene segments and four tandem duplicated SlGlk genes. Analysis of the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) showed that the promoter regions of SlGlks contain many kinds of stress- and hormone-related CREs. Based on RNA-seq, SlGlks were expressed in response to three abiotic stresses. Thirty-six differentially expressed SlGlks were identified; these genes have multiple functions according to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and are enriched mainly in the zeatin biosynthesis pathway. Further studies exhibited that silencing SlGlk16 in tomato would reduce drought stress tolerance by earlier wilted, lower superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) activities, less Pro contents and more MDA contents. Conclusions Overall, the results of this study provide comprehensive information on G2-like transcription factors and G2-like genes that may be expressed in response to abiotic stresses.

With the rapid rise of artificial intelligence, smart senior care has become a new trend for future development. The collection of “Typical Cases of Chinese Elderly Service Industry Development” is selected by the script materials. The main purpose of this article is to investigate how smart senior care can achieve value co-creation by grounded theory. This study explores the phenomenon of value co-creation in the participation of multiple actors in smart senior care services. Findings show that institutional guarantee, technical intake, market empowerment, emotional support, service interaction, and reciprocity norm are identified as the driving factors for value co-creation. In addition, the behavioral processes of value co-creation include multi-actor value consensus, co-creation environment establishment, practical value co-creation, public value sharing, and diffusion of service added value in smart senior care. Finally, this study constructs a practical logic model of achieving value co-creation. It extends and enriches the scope of the value co-creation theory. This study confirms that value co-creation can be effectively achieved in smart senior care by the above-mentioned ways, revealing its driving factors and behavioral processes. The article expands on the application of value co-creation in the field of public healthcare. The results have important theoretical and practical significance for narrowing the public service equalization gap.

Bacterial Rhs proteins with toxic domains are often secreted by type VI secretion systems. Here, the authors show that one of these proteins self-cleaves into three fragments, with the Rhs core and the N-terminal domain facilitating secretion and function of the C-terminal toxic domain.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a spear-like nanomachine found in gram-negative pathogens for delivery of toxic effectors to neighboring bacterial and host cells. Its assembly requires a tip spike complex consisting of a VgrG-trimer, a PAAR protein, and the interacting effectors. However, how the spike controls T6SS assembly remains elusive. Here we investigated the role of three VgrG-effector pairs in Aeromonas dhakensis strain SSU, a clinical isolate with a constitutively active T6SS. By swapping VgrG tail sequences, we demonstrate that the C-terminal ~30 amino-acid tail dictates effector specificity. Double deletion of vgrG1&2 genes (VgrG3+) abolished T6SS secretion, which can be rescued by ectopically expressing chimeric VgrG3 with a VgrG1/2-tail but not the wild type VgrG3. In addition, deletion of effector-specific chaperones also severely impaired T6SS secretion, despite the presence of intact VgrG and effector proteins, in both SSU and Vibrio cholerae V52. We further show that SSU could deliver a V. cholerae effector VasX when expressing a plasmid-borne chimeric VgrG with VasX-specific VgrG tail and chaperone sequences. Pull-down analyses show that two SSU effectors, TseP and TseC, could interact with their cognate VgrGs, the baseplate protein TssK, and the key assembly chaperone TssA. Effectors TseL and VasX could interact with TssF, TssK and TssA in V. cholerae. Collectively, we demonstrate that chimeric VgrG-effector pairs could bypass the requirement of heterologous VgrG complex and propose that effector-stuffing inside the baseplate complex, facilitated by chaperones and the interaction with structural proteins, serves as a crucial structural determinant for T6SS assembly.

Fluid shear stress (FSS) facilitates bone remodeling by regulating osteogenic differentiation, and extracellular matrix maturation and mineralization. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of how mechanical stimuli from FSS are converted into osteogenesis remain largely unexplored. Here, we exposed MC3T3-E1 cells to FSS with different intensities (1 h FSS with 0, 5, 10, and 20 dyn/cm2 intensities) and treatment durations (10 dyn/cm2 FSS with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h treatment). The results demonstrate that the 1 h of 10 dyn/cm2 FSS treatment greatly upregulated the expression of osteogenic markers (Runx2, ALP, Col I), accompanied by AnxA6 activation. The genetic ablation of AnxA6 suppressed the autophagic process, demonstrating lowered autophagy markers (Beclin1, ATG5, ATG7, LC3) and decreased autophagosome formation, and strongly reduced osteogenic differentiation induced by FSS. Furthermore, the addition of autophagic activator rapamycin to AnxA6 knockdown cells stimulated autophagy process, and coincided with more expressions of osteogenic proteins ALP and Col I under both static and FSS conditions. In conclusion, the findings in this study reveal a hitherto unidentified relationship between FSS-induced osteogenic differentiation and autophagy, and point to AnxA6 as a key mediator of autophagy in response to FSS, which may provide a new target for the treatment of osteoporosis and other diseases.

(1) Background: It is well recognised that a focus on changing behaviour remains a dominant and often appealing approach to develop health policies. This study provides a sociological insight into young adults’ knowledge of the health effects of smoking cigarettes. We also examine the challenges in tobacco control and criticize the implementation policies in Chinese context. (2) Methods: The study applies both a micro-sociological and a macro-sociological approach using semi-structured interviews and documents as the primary research methodology. Fieldwork was conducted from July to September 2016 and December 2016 to March 2017. The qualitative study involved 45 semi-structured interviews with young adults aged 16–24 years (15 females and 30 males) in Tianjin, China. A grounded theory approach was used for a thematic analysis. (3) Results: The participants knew cigarettes are harmful, although they lacked a comprehensive understanding of the health risks of smoking. Because the health consequences usually emerge after a long period of smoking, young smokers decide to take the health risk. All participants have a general understanding of China’s tobacco control policies and think that the implementation is ineffective. (4) Conclusions: Changing in smoking is a process embedded in complex social environments and cultures. Smoking behaviour is not only a personal choice, but also related to personal connections with peers and identity in Chinese society. The Chinese government has made significant achievements in tobacco control since joining the WHO framework convention on tobacco control in 2005. However, implementation needs to be stricter in order to achieve international levels of control, especially in taxes on tobacco product and the price of cigarettes. There is an urgent need for the regulation of e-cigarettes in China.

GATA transcription factors (TFs) are widely distributed in eukaryotes. Some GATA TFs have been shown to be related to photosynthesis, germination, circadian rhythm, and other functions in plants. Our previous study found that some members of this family have obvious responses when tomato plants are subjected to drought stress, in which the SlGATA17 gene is significantly upregulated. To further verify the function of this gene under drought stress, we constructed tomato lines with this gene overexpressed. Phenotypic and physiological indicators indicated that the SlGATA17-overexpressing plants were more drought tolerant than the wild-type plants. Transcriptomic sequencing results showed that the overexpression of the SlGATA17 gene improved the activity of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. The PAL enzyme activity assay results confirmed that the initial activity of this pathway was enhanced in transgenic plants, especially in the initial response stage, indicating that the SlGATA17 gene regulates the drought resistance of tomato plants by regulating the activity of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway.

Raman spectrum is a common method of evaluating the graphitization degree of carbon materials. However, there is still some controversy over its evaluation for coal graphitization, i.e., whether large ID/IG means a high graphitization degree of coal. This work uses an ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectrum to find a better index of graphitization degree. The T peak (sp3 sites) of coal was first directly detected. The IT/IG and ID/IG decrease after pyrolysis in UV Raman spectra at 266 nm, which shows that the sp3 site relative content decreases and the sp2 site relative content increases. Moreover, the absolute value of the D band dispersion slopes as the excitation wavelength increases and the D peak width decreases, which shows that the coal gets more orderly after pyrolysis. The position difference (G–D) decreases and the G peak width increases after pyrolysis in UV–Vis Raman spectra, indicating the decomposition of vitrinite in coal. The 2D′ peak decreased after pyrolysis. These parameters in multi-wavelength Raman spectra can be used to evaluate the structure of coal.

Summary: The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a lethal microbial weapon that injects a large needle-like structure carrying toxic effectors into recipient cells through physical penetration. How recipients respond to physical force and effectors remains elusive. Here, we use a series of effector mutants of Vibrio cholerae to determine how T6SS elicits response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. We show that TseL, but no other effectors or physical puncture, triggers the tit-for-tat response of P. aeruginosa H1-T6SS. Although E. coli is sensitive to all periplasmically expressed effectors, P. aeruginosa is most sensitive to TseL alone. We identify a number of stress response pathways that confer protection against TseL. Physical puncture of T6SS has a moderate inhibitory effect only on envelope-impaired tolB and rseA mutants. Our data reveal that recipient cells primarily respond to effector toxicity but not to physical contact, and they rely on the stress response for immunity-independent protection.

C2H2-type zinc finger proteins are classic and extensively studied members of the zinc finger family. C2H2-type zinc finger proteins participate in plant growth, development and stress responses. In this study, 99 C2H2-type zinc finger protein genes were identified and classified into four groups, and many functionally related cis-elements were identified. Differential C2H2-ZFP gene expression and specific responses were analyzed under drought, cold, salt, and pathogen stresses based on RNA-Seq data. Thirty-two C2H2 genes were identified in response to multiple stresses. Seven, 3, 5, and 8 genes were specifically expressed under drought, cold, salt, and pathogenic stresses, respectively. Five glycometabolism and sphingolipid-related pathways and the endocytosis pathway were enriched by KEGG analysis. The results of this study represent a foundation for further study of the function of C2H2-type zinc finger proteins and will provide us with genetic resources for stress tolerance breeding.