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Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They govern the immunogenicity of the retina, which is considered to be part of the CNS; however, it is not known how microglia develop in the eye. Here, we studied human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that had been expanded into a self-formed ectodermal autonomous multi-zone (SEAM) of cells that partially mimics human eye development. Our results indicated that microglia-like cells, which have characteristics of yolk-sac-like linage cells, naturally develop in 2D eye-like SEAM organoids, which lack any vascular components. These cells are unique in that they are paired box protein 6 (PAX6)-positive, yet they possess some characteristics of mesoderm. Collectively, the data support the notion of the existence of an isolated, locally developing immune system in the eye, which is independent of the body's vasculature and general immune system.

Summary A treatment for intractable diseases is expected to be the replacement of damaged tissues with products from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Target cell purification is a critical step for realizing hiPSC-based therapy. Here, we found that hiPSC-derived ocular cell types exhibited unique adhesion specificities and growth characteristics on distinct E8 fragments of laminin isoforms (LNE8s): hiPSC-derived corneal epithelial cells (iCECs) and other non-CECs rapidly adhered preferentially to LN332/411/511E8 and LN211E8, respectively, through differential expression of laminin-binding integrins. Furthermore, LN332E8 promoted epithelial cell proliferation but not that of the other eye-related cells, leading to non-CEC elimination by cell competition. Combining these features with magnetic sorting, highly pure iCEC sheets were fabricated. Thus, we established a simple method for isolating iCECs from various hiPSC-derived cells without using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. This study will facilitate efficient manufacture of iCEC sheets for corneal disease treatment and provide insights into target cell-specific scaffold selection., Highlights • hiPSC-derived cells exhibited differences in expression of laminin-binding integrins • hiPSC-derived corneal epithelial cells (iCECs) adhered to and grew on LN332E8 • Non-epithelial eye-related cells derived from hiPSCs adhered to LN211E8 • Laminin adhesion coupled with magnetic sorting enabled purification of iCEC sheets, Transplantation of hiPSC-derived corneal epithelial cell (iCEC) sheets is expected to serve as a treatment for severe corneal diseases. The efficacy of this treatment depends on effective iCEC purification. Hayashi and colleagues used differential laminin adhesion of iCECs and non-CECs in combination magnetic cell sorting to develop a simple method to obtain highly pure iCEC sheets without using FACS.

When corneal epithelial stem cells residing in the corneal limbus become dysfunctional, called a limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), corneal transparency is decreased, causing severe vision loss. Transplantation of corneal epithelial cell sheets (CEPS) derived from stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells, is a promising treatment for LSCD. However, the potential effect of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) concordance on CEPS transplantation has not been addressed. Here, we show that there is no difference in the immune response to CEPS between HLA-matched and -unmatched peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions. CEPS transplantation in cynomolgus monkeys revealed that the immune response to major histocompatibility-unmatched CEPS was not strong and could be controlled by local steroid administration. Furthermore, programmed death ligand 1 was identified as an immunosuppressive molecule in CEPS under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Our results indicate that corneal epithelium has low immunogenicity and allogeneic CEPS transplantation requires mild immunosuppression.

Lacrimal glands are the main exocrine glands of the eyes. Situated within the orbit, behind the upper eyelid and towards the temporal side of each eye, they secrete lacrimal fluid as a major component of the tear film. Here we identify cells with characteristics of lacrimal gland primordia that emerge in two-dimensional eye-like organoids cultured from human pluripotent stem cells

Shun Shibata, Ryuhei Hayashi, ToruOkubo. Yuji Kudo, Tomohiko Katayama, Yuko Ishikawa, Junko Toga, Emiko Yagi. Yoichi Honma, Andrew J. Quantock, Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi, Kohji Nishida, "Selective Laminin-Directed Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Distinct Ocular Lineages", Cell Reports, Vol. 25, Issue 6, 6 pp. 1668-1679, Elsevier, 2018, The extracellular matrix plays a key role in stem cell maintenance, expansion, and differentiation. Laminin, a basement membrane protein, is a widely used substrate for cell culture including the growth of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Here, we show that different isoforms of laminin lead to the selective differentiation of hiPSCs into different eye-like tissues. Specifically, the 211 isoform of the E8 fragment of laminin (LN211E8) promotes differentiation into neural crest cells via Wnt activation, whereas LN332E8 promotes differentiation into corneal epithelial cells. The immunohistochemical distributions of these laminin isoforms in the developing mouse eye mirrors the hiPSC type that was induced in vitro. Moreover, LN511E8 enables generation of dense hiPSC colonies due to actomyosin contraction, which in turn led to cell density-dependent YAP inactivation and subsequent retinal differentiation in colony centers. Thus, distinct laminin isoforms determine the fate of expanded hiPSCs into eye-like tissues.

The conjunctival epithelium, which covers the sclera (the white of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids, is essential for mucin secretion and the establishment of a healthy tear film. Here, we describe human conjunctival development in a self-formed ectodermal autonomous multi-zone (SEAM) of cells that were derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and mimic whole-eye development. Our data indicate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) drives the generation of cells with a conjunctival epithelial lineage. We also show that individual conjunctival cells can be sorted and reconstituted by cultivation into a functional conjunctival epithelium that includes mucin-producing goblet cells. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), moreover, is necessary for the maturation of hiPSC-derived conjunctival epithelium-particularly the goblet cells-indicating key complementary roles of EGF and KGF in directing the differentiation and maturation, respectively, of the human conjunctival epithelium.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are potentially valuable cell sources for disease models and future therapeutic applications; however, inefficient generation and the presence of integrated transgenes remain as problems limiting their current use. Here, we developed a new Sendai virus vector, TS12KOS, which has improved efficiency, does not integrate into the cellular DNA, and can be easily eliminated. TS12KOS carries KLF4, OCT3/4, and SOX2 in a single vector and can easily generate iPSCs from human blood cells. Using TS12KOS, we established iPSC lines from chimpanzee blood, and used DNA array analysis to show that the global gene-expression pattern of chimpanzee iPSCs is similar to those of human embryonic stem cell and iPSC lines. These results demonstrated that our new vector is useful for generating iPSCs from the blood cells of both human and chimpanzee. In addition, the chimpanzee iPSCs are expected to facilitate unique studies into human physiology and disease.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by progressive ossification of soft tissues. FOP is caused by mutations in activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) that cause its constitutive activation and result in dysregulation of BMP signaling. Here, we show that generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from FOP-derived skin fibroblasts is repressed because of incomplete reprogramming and inhibition of iPSC maintenance. This repression was mostly overcome by specific suppression of ALK2 expression and treatment with an ALK2 inhibitor, indicating that the inhibition of iPSC generation and maintenance observed in FOP-derived skin fibroblasts results from constitutive activation of ALK2. Using this system, we identified an ALK2 inhibitor as a potential candidate for future drug development. This study highlights the potential of the inhibited production and maintenance of iPSCs seen in diseases as a useful phenotype not only for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying iPS reprogramming but also for identifying drug candidates for future therapies. STEM CELLS2012; 30:2437–2449

This paper reports system development to aim at the localization partial discharge (PD) in real time. When the PD localization method is applied in practice, it is crucial to construct a system appended to automatic operation of measurement data, waveform analysis, and localization as well from the viewpoint of efficiency improvement. This time, we constructed an automatic measurement system allowing localization of PD source when the acoustic wave caused by the PD propagates in oil and directly reaches three or four AE sensors. S.Coenen proposes a technique using the energy of acoustic wave signal for reducing an error margin in the arrival time calculation of the acoustic wave signal, which is indispensable to construct such a localization system. The above technique is incorporated into our developed system to enhance the performance. Experiments and simulation were carried out on PD localization in a simulated oil-filled chamber using the developed PD location system. We discuss PD location algorism and automatic acquisition of the arrival time of the acoustic wave from the PD source to the sensors.