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We provide new families of compact complex manifolds with no K\"ahler structure carrying symplectic structures satisfying the \textit{Hard Lefschetz Condition}. These examples are obtained as compact quotients of the solvable Lie group $\mathbb{C}^{2n} \ltimes_{\rho} \mathbb{C}^{2m}$, for which we construct explicit lattices. By cohomological computations we prove that such manifolds carry symplectic structures satisfying the \textit{Hard Lefschetz Condition}. Furthermore, we compute the Kodaira dimension of an almost-K\"ahler structure and generators for the de Rham and Dolbeault cohomologies.

We study the Kodaira dimension of almost complex manifolds admitting an $\mathrm{SU} (m)$-structure. We introduce the notion of almost complex structure of splitting type and of associated $\mathrm{SU} (m)$-structure. When the latter is pseudoholomorphic, we provide two constructions that allow to obtain non-invariant almost complex structures with Kodaira dimension $0$, resp.\ with Kodaira dimension $-\infty$. Our results apply, in particular, to complex structures of splitting type and to several almost complex manifolds already well-studied in the literature, Comment: 19 pages. No figures. Comments are welcome

In this paper we briefly survey the classical problem of understanding which Lie algebras admit a complex structure, put in the broader perspective of almost complex structures with special properties. We focus on the different behavior of invariant and non-invariant structures, with a special attention to their canonical bundle and Kodaira dimension. We provide new examples of computations of Kodaira dimension of invariant and non-invariant structures., Comment: 13 pages. No figures. Comments are welcome

Let $(M,J)$ be a $n$-dimensional complex manifold: a $p$-K\"ahler structure (resp. $p$-symplectic structure) on $M$ is a real, closed $(p,p)$-transverse form $\Omega$ (resp. real, closed $2p$-form whose $(p,p)$-component is transverse). We give obstructions to the existence of such structures on compact complex manifolds. We provide several families of compact complex manifolds which admit both $(n-1)$-symplectic structures and special Hermitian metrics.

We provide families of compact $(n + 1)$-dimensional complex non K\"ahler manifolds satisfying the $\partial\bar{\partial}$-Lemma, with holomoprhically trivial canonical bundle, carrying a balanced metric and with no $p$-K\"ahler structures. Such a construction extends to the completely solvable case in any dimension Nakamura's construction of low-dimensional holomorphically parallelizable solvmanifolds., Comment: 14 pages. Comments are welcome!

We study the interplay between geometrically-Bott-Chern-formal metrics and SKT metrics. We prove that a $6$-dimensional nilmanifold endowed with a invariant complex structure admits an SKT metric if and only if it is geometrically-Bott-Chern-formal. We also provide some partial results in higher dimensions for nilmanifolds endowed with a class of suitable complex structures. Furthermore, we prove that any K\"ahler solvmanifold is geometrically formal. Finally, we explicitly construct lattices for a complex solvable Lie group in the list of Nakamura [23] on which we provide a non vanishing quadruple $ABC$-Massey product., Comment: 32 pages

We study the spaces of $(d + d^c)$-harmonic forms and $(d + d^\Lambda)$-harmonic forms, the natural generalization of the spaces of Bott-Chern harmonic forms, resp. symplectic harmonic forms from complex, resp. symplectic, manifolds to almost Hermitian manifolds. With the same techniques, we also prove that Bott-Chern and Aeppli numbers of compact complex surfaces depend only on the topology of the underlying manifold, a fact that was well-known for Hodge numbers of compact complex surfaces. We give several applications to compact quotients of Lie groups by a lattice., Comment: 26 pages, no figures. V2: updated attribution and references of Theorem C. Updated bibliography. Version submitted for publication. Comments are welcome

Let $(M,J)$ be a $2n$-dimensional almost complex manifold and let $x\in M$. We define the notion of almost complex blow-up of $(M,J)$ at $x$. We prove the existence of almost complex blow-ups at $x$ under suitable assumptions on the almost complex structure $J$ and we provide explicit examples of such a construction. We note that almost complex blow-ups are unique. When $(M,J)$ is a $4$-dimensional almost complex manifold, we give an obstruction on $J$ to the existence of almost complex blow-ups at a point and prove that the almost complex blow-up at a point of a compact almost K\"ahler manifold is almost K\"ahler., Comment: 23 pages

In this paper we introduce several new cohomologies of almost complex manifolds, among which stands a generalization of Bott-Chern and Aeppli cohomologies defined using the operators $d$, $d^c$. We explain how they are connected to already existing cohomologies of almost complex manifolds and we study the spaces of harmonic forms associated to $d$, $d^c$, showing their relation with Bott-Chern and Aeppli cohomologies and to other well-studied spaces of harmonic forms. Notably, Bott-Chern cohomology of $1$-forms is finite-dimensional on compact manifolds and provides an almost complex invariant $h^1_{d + d^c}$ that distinguishes between almost complex structures. On almost K\"ahler $4$-manifolds, the spaces of harmonic forms we consider are particularly well-behaved and are linked to harmonic forms considered by Tseng and Yau in the study of symplectic cohomology., Comment: 34 pages

We study almost complex structures on parallelizable manifolds via the rank of their Nijenhuis tensor. First, we show how the computations of such rank can be reduced to finding smooth functions on the underlying manifold solving a system of first order PDEs. On specific manifolds, we find an explicit solution. Then we compute the Nijenhuis tensor on curves of almost complex structures, showing that there is no constraint (except for lower semi-continuity) to the possible jumps of its rank. Finally, we focus on $6$-nilmanifolds and the associated Lie algebras. We classify which $6$-dimensional, nilpotent, real Lie algebras admit almost complex structures whose Nijenhuis tensor has a given rank, deducing the corresponding classification for left-invariant structures on $6$-nilmanifolds. We also find a topological upper-bound for the rank of the Nijenhuis tensor for left-invariant almost complex structures on solvmanifolds of any dimension, obtained as a quotient of a completely solvable Lie group. Our results are complemented by a large number of examples., Comment: 28 pages

Let $(M^{2n},J)$ be a compact almost complex manifold. The almost complex invariant $h^{p,q}_J$ is defined as the complex dimension of the cohomology space $\left\{\left[\alpha\right]\in H^{p+q}_{dR}(M^{2n};\mathbb{C}) \,\vert\,\alpha\in A^{p,q}(M^{2n}),\, d\alpha = 0 \right\}$. When $2n=4$, it has many interesting properties. Endow $(M^{2n},J)$ with an almost Hermitian metric $g$. The number $h^{p,q}_d$, i.e., the complex dimension of the space of Hodge-de Rham harmonic $(p,q)$-forms, is almost K\"ahler invariant when $2n=4$. In this paper we study the relationship between $h^{p,q}_J$ and $h^{p,q}_d$ in dimension $2n\ge4$. We prove $h^{n,0}_J=0$ if $J$ is non integrable and show that $h^{p,0}_d$ is almost K\"ahler invariant. If $M^{2n}$ is a compact quotient of a completely solvable Lie group and $(J,g,\omega)$ is left invariant, we find information also on $h^{1,1}_d$. Finally we study the $\mathcal{C}^\infty$-pure and $\mathcal{C}^\infty$-full properties of $J$ on $n$-forms for the special dimension $2n=4m$., Comment: 25 pages; we added new results

We study the Kodaira dimension of a real parallelizable manifold $M$, with an almost complex structure $J$ in standard form with respect to a given parallelism. For $X = (M, J)$ we give conditions under which $\operatorname{kod}(X) = 0$. We provide examples in the case $M = G \times G$, where $G$ is a compact connected real Lie group. Finally we describe geometrical properties of real parallelizable manifolds in the framework of statistical geometry., Comment: 19 pages. Comments are welcome!

We provide families of compact astheno-K\"ahler nilmanifolds and we study the behaviour of the complex blowup of such manifolds. We prove that the existence of an astheno-K\"ahler metric satisfying an extra differential condition is not preserved by blowup. We also study the interplay between Strong K\"ahler with torsion metrics and geometrically Bott-Chern metrics. We show that Fino-Parton-Salamon nilmanifolds are geometrically-Bott-Chern-formal, whereas we obtain negative results on the product of two copies of primary Kodaira surface, Inoue surface of type $\mathcal{S}_M$ and on the product of a Kodaira surface with an Inoue surface., Comment: 23 pages

We study compact almost complex manifolds admitting a Hermitian metric satisfying an integral condition involving $\overline \partial$-harmonic $(0,1)$-forms. We prove that this integral condition is automatically satisfied, if the Hermitian metric on the compact almost complex manifold is strongly Gauduchon. Under the further assumption that the almost complex structure is integrable, we show that the integral condition for a Gauduchon metric is equivalent to be strongly Gauduchon. In particular, a compact complex surface with a Gauduchon metric satisfying the integral condition is automatically K\"ahler. If we drop the integrability assumption on the complex structure, we show that there exists a compact almost complex $4$-dimensional manifold with a Hermitian metric satisfying the integral condition, but which does not admit any compatible almost-K\"ahler metric.

We prove that the dimension $h^{1,1}_{\overline\partial}$ of the space of Dolbeault harmonic $(1,1)$-forms is not necessarily always equal to $b^-$ on a compact almost complex 4-manifold endowed with an almost Hermitian metric which is not locally conformally almost K\"ahler. Indeed, we provide examples of non integrable, non locally conformally almost K\"ahler, almost Hermitian structures on compact 4-manifolds with $h^{1,1}_{\overline\partial}=b^-+1$. This answers to a question by Holt., Comment: Published version

Let $(X,J,g,\omega)$ be a compact $2n$-dimensional almost-K\"ahler manifold. We prove primitive decompositions of $\partial$-, $\overline{\partial}$-harmonic forms on $X$ in bidegree $(1,1)$ and $(n-1,n-1)$ (such bidegrees appear to be optimal). We provide examples showing that in bidegree $(1,1)$ the $\partial$- and $\overline{\partial}$-decompositions differ., Comment: Final version to appear on "Revista de la Uni\'on Matem\'atica Argentina"

It is proved that the properties of being Dolbeault formal and geometrically-Bott-Chern-formal are not closed under holomorphic deformations of the complex structure. Further, we construct a compact complex manifold which satisfies the $\partial\overline{\partial}$-lemma but admits a non vanishing Aeppli-Bott-Chern-Massey product.

An {\em almost p-K\"ahler manifold} is a triple $(M,J,\Omega)$, where $(M,J)$ is an almost complex manifold of real dimension $2n$ and $\Omega$ is a closed real tranverse $(p,p)$-form on $(M,J)$, where $1\leq p\leq n$. When $J$ is integrable, almost $p$-K\"ahler manifolds are called $p$-{\em K\"ahler manifolds}. We produce families of almost $p$-K\"ahler structures $(J_t,\Omega_t)$ on $\C^3$, $\C^4$, and on the real torus $\mathbb{T}^6$, arising as deformations of K\"ahler structures $(J_0,g_0,\omega_0)$, such that the almost complex structures $J_t$ cannot be locally compatible with any symplectic form for $t\neq 0$. Furthermore, examples of special compact nilmanifolds with and without almost $p$-K\"ahler structures are presented.

We compute almost-complex invariants $h^{p,0}_{\overline\partial}$, $h^{p,0}_{\text{Dol}}$ and almost-Hermitian invariants $h^{p,0}_{\bar\delta}$ on families of almost-K\"ahler and almost-Hermitian $6$-dimensional solvmanifolds. Finally, as a consequence of almost-K\"ahler identities we provide an obstruction to the existence of a symplectic structure on a given compact almost-complex manifold. Notice that, when $(X,J,g,\omega)$ is a compact almost Hermitian manifold of real dimension greater than four, not much is known concerning the numbers $h^{p,q}_{\overline\partial}$.

Let $(M,J,g,\omega)$ be a $2n$-dimensional almost Hermitian manifold. We extend the definition of the Bott-Chern Laplacian on $(M,J,g,\omega)$, proving that it is still elliptic. On a compact K\"ahler manifold, the kernels of the Dolbeault Laplacian and of the Bott-Chern Laplacian coincide. We show that such a property does not hold when $(M,J,g,\omega)$ is a compact almost K\"ahler manifold, providing an explicit almost K\"ahler structure on the Kodaira-Thurston manifold. Furthermore, if $(M,J,g,\omega)$ is a connected compact almost Hermitian $4$-manifold, denoting by $h^{1,1}_{BC}$ the dimension of the space of Bott-Chern harmonic $(1,1)$-forms, we prove that either $h^{1,1}_{BC}=b^-$ or $h^{1,1}_{BC}=b^-+1$. In particular, if $g$ is almost K\"ahler, then $h^{1,1}_{BC}=b^-+1$, extending the result by Holt and Zhang for the kernel of Dolbeault Laplacian. We also show that the dimensions of the spaces of Bott-Chern and Dolbeault harmonic $(1,1)$-forms behave differently on almost complex 4-manifolds endowed with strictly locally conformally almost K\"ahler metrics. Finally, we relate some spaces of Bott-Chern harmonic forms to the Bott-Chern cohomology groups for almost complex manifolds, recently introduced by Coelho, Placini and Stelzig., Comment: final version

Let $(X,J)$ be a $4$-dimensional compact almost-complex manifold and let $g$ be a Hermitian metric on $(X,J)$. Denote by $\Delta_{\overline\partial}:=\overline\partial\overline\partial^*+\overline\partial^*\overline\partial$ the $\overline\partial$-Laplacian. If $g$ is \emph{globally conformally K\"ahler}, respectively \emph{(strictly) locally conformally K\"ahler}, we prove that the dimension of the space of $\overline\partial$-harmonic $(1,1)$-forms on $X$, denoted as $h^{1,1}_{\overline\partial}$, is a topological invariant given by $b_-+1$, respectively $b_-$. As an application, we provide a one-parameter family of almost-Hermitian structures on the Kodaira-Thurston manifold for which such a dimension is $b_-$. This gives a positive answer to a question raised by T. Holt and W. Zhang. Furthermore, the previous example shows that $h^{1,1}_{\overline\partial}$ depends on the metric, answering to a Kodaira and Spencer's problem. Notice that such almost-complex manifolds admit both almost-K\"ahler and (strictly) locally conformally K\"ahler metrics and this fact cannot occur on compact complex manifolds., Comment: Version accepted for publication

In this paper we relate the cohomology of $J$-invariant forms to the Dolbeault cohomology of an almost complex manifold. We find necessary and sufficient condition for the inclusion of the former into the latter to be true up to isomorphism. We also extend some results obtained by J. Cirici and S.O. Wilson about the computation of the left-invariant cohomology of nilmanifolds to the setting of solvmanifolds. Several examples are given.

We study the hard Lefschetz property on compact symplectic solvmanifolds, i.e., compact quotients $M=\Gamma\backslash G$ of a simply-connected solvable Lie group $G$ by a lattice $\Gamma$, admitting a symplectic structure.

The aim of this paper is to continue the study of Kodaira dimension for almost complex manifolds, focusing on the case of compact $4$-dimensional solvmanifolds without any integrable almost complex structure. According to the classification theory we consider: $\mathfrak{r}\mathfrak{r}_{3, -1}$, $\mathfrak{nil}^4$ and $\mathfrak{r}_{4, \lambda, -(1 + \lambda)}$ with $-1 < \lambda < -\frac{1}{2}$. For the first solvmanifold we introduce special families of almost complex structures, compute the corresponding Kodaira dimension and show that it is no longer a deformation invariant. Moreover we prove Ricci flatness of the canonical connection for the almost K\"ahler structure. Regarding the other two manifolds we compute the Kodaira dimension for certain almost complex structures. Finally we construct a natural hypercomplex structure providing a twistorial description., Comment: 31 pages. Final version, to appear on International Journal of Mathematics

Let $(X, J)$ be a complex manifold with a non-degenerated smooth $d$-closed $(1,1)$-form $\omega$. Then we have a natural double complex $\overline{\partial}+\overline{\partial}^\Lambda$, where $\overline{\partial}^\Lambda$ denotes the symplectic adjoint of the $\overline{\partial}$-operator. We study the Hard Lefschetz Condition on the Dolbeault cohomology groups of $X$ with respect to the symplectic form $\omega$. In \cite{TW}, we proved that such a condition is equivalent to a certain symplectic analogous of the $\partial\overline{\partial}$-Lemma, namely the $\overline{\partial}\, \overline{\partial}^\Lambda$-Lemma, which can be characterized in terms of Bott--Chern and Aeppli cohomologies associated to the above double complex. We obtain Nomizu type theorems for the Bott--Chern and Aeppli cohomologies and we show that the $\overline{\partial}\, \overline{\partial}^\Lambda$-Lemma is stable under small deformations of $\omega$, but not stable under small deformations of the complex structure. However, if we further assume that $X$ satisfies the $\partial\overline{\partial}$-Lemma then the $\overline{\partial}\, \overline{\partial}^\Lambda$-Lemma is stable.

We consider several differential operators on compact almost-complex, almost-Hermitian and almost-K\"ahler manifolds. We discuss Hodge Theory for these operators and a possible cohomological interpretation. We compare the associated spaces of harmonic forms and cohomologies with the classical de Rham, Dolbeault, Bott-Chern and Aeppli cohomologies.

Let $(M,J,g,\omega)$ be a complete Hermitian manifold of complex dimension $n\ge2$. Let $1\le p\le n-1$ and assume that $\omega^{n-p}$ is $(\partial+\overline{\partial})$-bounded. We prove that, if $\psi$ is an $L^2$ and $d$-closed $(p,0)$-form on $M$, then $\psi=0$. In particular, if $M$ is compact, we derive that if the Aeppli class of $\omega^{n-p}$ vanishes, then $H^{p,0}_{BC}(M)=0$. As a special case, if $M$ admits a Gauduchon metric $\omega$ such that the Aeppli class of $\omega^{n-1}$ vanishes, then $H^{1,0}_{BC}(M)=0$., Comment: 10 pages

The notion of Kodaira dimension has recently been extended to general almost complex manifolds. In this paper we focus on the Kodaira dimension of almost K\"ahler manifolds, providing an explicit computation for a family of almost K\"ahler threefolds on the differentiable manifold underlying a Nakamura manifold. We concentrate also on the link between Kodaira dimension and the curvature of the canonical connection of an almost K\"ahler manifold, and show that in the previous example (and in another one obtained from a Kodaira surface) the Ricci curvature of the almost K\"ahler metric vanishes for all the members of the family., Comment: 22 pages. Comments are welcome!

We study the space of closed anti-invariant forms on an almost complex manifold, possibly non compact. We construct families of (non integrable) almost complex structures on $\R^4$, such that the space of closed $J$-anti-invariant forms is infinite dimensional, and also $0$- or $1$-dimensional. In the compact case, we construct $6$-dimensional almost complex manifolds with arbitrary large anti-invariant cohomology and a $2$-parameter family of almost complex structures on the Kodaira-Thurston manifold whose anti-invariant cohomology group has maximum dimension., Comment: Final version will appear on the Journal of Geometric Analysis

Let $M$ be an $n$-dimensional $d$-bounded Stein manifold $M$, i.e., a complex $n$-dimensional manifold $M$ admitting a smooth strictly plurisubharmonic exhaustion $\rho$ and endowed with the K\"ahler metric whose fundamental form is $\omega=i\partial\overline{\partial}\rho$, such that $i\overline{\partial}\rho$ has bounded $L^\infty$ norm. We prove a vanishing result for $W^{1,2}$ harmonic forms with respect to the Bott-Chern Laplacian on $M$., Comment: 11 pages

In this note we study the behavior of symplectic cohomology groups under symplectic deformations. Moreover, we show that for compact almost-K\"ahler manifolds $(X,J,g,\omega)$ with $J$ $\mathcal{C}^\infty$-pure and full the space of de Rham harmonic forms is contained in the space of symplectic-Bott-Chern harmonic forms. Furthermore, we prove that the second non-HLC degree measures the gap between the de Rham and the symplectic-Bott-Chern harmonic forms.

We construct a simply-connected compact complex non-K\"ahler manifold satisfying the $\partial\bar\partial$-Lemma, and endowed with a balanced metric. To this aim, we were initially aimed at investigating the stability of the property of satisfying the $\partial\bar\partial$-Lemma under modifications of compact complex manifolds and orbifolds. This question has been recently addressed and answered in \cite{rao-yang-yang, yang-yang, stelzig-blowup, stelzig-doublecomplex} with different techniques. Here, we provide a different approach using \v{C}ech cohomology theory to study the Dolbeault cohomology of the blow-up $\tilde X_Z$ of a compact complex manifold $X$ along a submanifold $Z$ admitting a holomorphically contractible neighbourhood.

Let $X$ be a compact complex manifold with trivial canonical bundle and satisfying the $\partial\bar{\partial}$-Lemma. We show that the Kuranishi space of $X$ is a smooth universal deformation and that small deformations enjoy the same properties as $X$. If, in addition, $X$ admits a complex symplectic form, then the local Torelli theorem holds and we obtain some information about the period map. We clarify the structure of such manifolds a little by showing that the Albanese map is a surjective submersion., Comment: 22 pages

Let $(X,J,\omega,g)$ be a complete $n$-dimensional K\"ahler manifold. A Theorem by Gromov \cite{G} states that the if the K\"ahler form is $d$-bounded, then the space of harmonic $L_2$ forms of degree $k$ is trivial, unless $k=\frac{n}{2}$. Starting with a contact manifold $(M,\alpha)$ we show that the same conclusion does not hold in the category of almost K\"ahler manifolds. Let $(X,J,g)$ be a complete almost Hermitian manifold of dimension four. We prove that the reduced $L_2$ $2^{nd}$-cohomology group decomposes as direct sum of the closure of the invariant and anti-invariant $L_2$-cohomology. This generalizes a decomposition theorem by Dr\v{a}ghici, Li and Zhang \cite{DLZ} for $4$-dimensional closed almost complex manifolds to the $L_2$-setting., Comment: 13 pages

In this paper we study complex symplectic manifolds, i.e., compact complex manifolds $X$ which admit a holomorphic $(2, 0)$-form $\sigma$ which is $d$-closed and non-degenerate, and in particular the Beauville-Bogomolov-Fujiki quadric $Q_\sigma$ associated to them. We will show that if X satisfies the $\partial \bar{\partial}$-lemma, then $Q_\sigma$ is smooth if and only if $h^{2,0}(X) = 1$ and is irreducible if and only if $h^{1,1}(X) > 0$., Comment: 12 pages

We investigate degenerate special-Hermitian metrics on compact complex manifolds, in particular, degenerate K\"ahler and locally conformally K\"ahler metrics on special classes of non-K\"ahler manifolds.

We study cohomological properties of complex manifolds. In particular, under suitable metric conditions, we extend to higher dimensions a result by A. Teleman, which provides an upper bound for the Bott-Chern cohomology in terms of Betti numbers for compact complex surfaces according to the dichotomy $b_1$ even or odd.

Let $(X,J)$ be an almost-complex manifold. In \cite{li-zhang} Li and Zhang introduce $H^{(p,q),(q,p)}_J(X)_{\rr}$ as the cohomology subgroups of the $(p+q)$-th de Rham cohomology group formed by classes represented by real pure-type forms. Given a proper, surjective, pseudo-holomorphic map between two almost-complex manifolds we study the relationship among such cohomology groups. Similar results are proven in the symplectic setting for the cohomology groups introduced in \cite{tsengyauI} by Tseng and Yau and a new characterization of the Hard Lefschetz condition in dimension $4$ is provided.

A notion of geometric formality in the context of Bott-Chern and Aeppli cohomologies on a complex manifold is discussed. In particular, by using Aeppli-Bott-Chern-Massey triple products, it is proved that geometric Aeppli-Bott-Chern formality is not stable under small deformations of the complex structure.