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The need to rethink the role of urban debt policy in accordance with the growing needs of urban communities and their sustainable socio-economic development is identified. In Ukraine, the legal preconditions for the formation of cities' own debt policy and the implementation of borrowing in both domestic and foreign nancial markets. The current state of local budgets and decentralization processes only highlight the need for cities to develop debt policy. The formation of the institution of local borrowings in Ukraine is analyzed and an in-depth analysis of borrowings of city councils in 2014-2019 is carried out with the definition of three periods: 2014-2015 - increase in borrowed funds, but such borrowings were formed mainly due to debt activity of Kyiv City Council domestic local bonds; 2016–2017 - decrease in the amount of borrowed funds, which occurred under the inÀuence of macroeconomic, political and fiscal instability; 2018-2019 - resumption of debt activity of city councils that had experience of borrowing in the previous, relatively analyzed, period and diversification of forms of local borrowing. Based on the cluster analysis, the main characteristics of the modern debt policy of city councils of Ukraine, which is based on the di൵erentiation of city councils-borrowers, are determined. The main borrower remains the Kyiv City Council (the share was about 67%), the activity of borrowings was noted in the following city councils: Zaporizhia, Dnipro, Lviv, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk. It is established that the debt policy of city councils is based on raising funds from NEFCO, state-owned banks and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. Improving the debt policy of city councils of Ukraine should be based on the synergy of actions of central government agencies: (Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Debt Agency of Ukraine, NBU, National securities and stock market commission (NSSMC)Financial Control Ofice, etc.) and city councils. Vectors for improving the debt policy of city councils should be an integral part of the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector of Ukraine until 2025 and meet its key strategic goals and directions.

The article analyzes the state and dynamics of modern functioning of the financial market of Ukraine, development of legislative, normative and institutional support for realization of the strategy of development of the domestic financial sector in the conditions of an open economic system. Some indicators of activity of banking and non-bank lending institutions were characterized and key problems of their functioning were determined. It has been established that medium- and long-term fiscal policy is dependent on the development of the financial sector, in particular the stock market. The lack of reliable instruments on the domestic securities market is identified, which is a deterrent to the development of institutional participants and hinders the development of the entire financial market. It is substantiated that further development of the financial sector requires strategic measures for its improvement, the definition of a single policy on the development of the financial market at the state level, a reorientation to the creation of domestic investment sources, increased transparency in the adoption of regulatory decisions and the role of associations of market entities, etc. It is noted that the key to stabilization and economic revival of the country is the creation of an effective system of control over the management of national resources and public finances. Corrective actions are proposed to develop the institutional structure of the market, develop its infrastructure, protect shareholders' rights, increase transparency and introduce effective and open regulatory policy and appropriate supervision. Also, a number of measures were proposed for successful implementation of Ukraine's European integration in the financial sector and, in the long run, to ensure macroeconomic stability in Ukraine under the conditions of an open economic system.

This article is concerned with the research of digital divide challenge and its social and economic impacts. Authors review the formation of definitions and their development. Because of research, the views of famous scientists on divide, its main aspects and role in social and economic relation system are mentioned; definition of “digital divide” is reviewed; author typologies of digital divide are reviewed; five main areas of digital divide concept are highlighted; its reasons and impacts are defined. Phenomena of digital divide started to be researched extensively at the end of XX century; the following concepts can be highlighted from the main ones: total access availability, capacity development, economical change, digital public goods development, global digital cooperation. Therefore, digital divide is the newest type of divide, which is still in theoretical justification infancy; there is still no universal definition of this phenomena.

The article discusses the need to create active protection of a mobile radio communication channel in the UHF/VHF band using a radio interference generator in the conditions of action of enemy ground-based radio monitoring means. The problem of determining the boundaries of the location area of a directional radio interference generator is formulated, at each point of which the protection of a mobile radio communication channel is provided. An algorithm for determining the boundaries of the radio interference generator location zone is proposed. The dependence of the shape and size of the obtained location zone of the radio interference generator on the current parameters of the mobile radio communication channel model is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs of Vietnam are highly threatened by a combination of anthropogenic impacts and natural disturbances. As a result, preservation of the remaining reefs is a major governmental concern. Con Dao Islands, located in the coastal area of southern Vietnam in the South China Sea, still possess diverse and healthy coral communities. Coral surveys conducted in 2017–2020 on six sites within the marine protected area of Con Dao National Park revealed extensive coral cover (62.8–95.5%) and diversity (168 stony coral species). Coral communities were mostly dominated by Acroporidae followed by Poritidae and Fungiidae. Temporal dynamics over a 3-year period exhibited no significant decrease in the cover of dominant coral taxa, despite the severe thermal anomaly in 2019 and subsequent moderate coral bleaching, suggesting that the local corals may be successfully acclimating to the current level of thermal stress, although further study of coral adaptation in this region is warranted. High diversity and coral cover, together with the potential of resistance and resilience to repeated thermal stress in coral communities of the Con Dao Archipelago, highlights the need for authorities to pay special attention to this area and to expand conservational efforts to preserve this unique natural site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the problem of determining the electromagnetic availability zone of the radio transmitter of the radio communication channel in the UHF/VHF range on the terrain map of the area. This problem was solved using well-known mathematical models of radio signal propagation, depending on the characteristics of the specific area. Based on the wave algorithm, a bounds calculation method of electromagnetic availability zone is proposed, using a digitized radiation pattern of radio means. The conducted calculations show the effectiveness of the method in the tasks of assessing the performance of a mobile radio communication channel and its security at local combat operations in the conditions of operation of an enemy radio reconnaissance receiver or a radio interference system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]