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Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is commonly performed in patients with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), but because very long-term follow-up results of RFCA are limited, we investigated the 10-year RFCA outcomes of non-paroxysmal AF.Methods and Results: We retrospectively enrolled 100 patients (89 men, mean age 53.5±8.4years) with drug-refractory symptomatic non-paroxysmal AF who underwent 3D electroanatomic-guided RFCA. Procedural characteristics at index procedures and clinical outcomes were investigated. In the index procedures, all patients had pulmonary vein isolation, 56 (56.0%), 48 (48.0%), and 32 (32.0%) underwent additional linear, complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) and non-pulmonary vein (NPV) foci ablations, respectively. After 124.1±31.7 months, 16 (16%) patients remained in sinus rhythm after just 1 procedure (3 with antiarrhythmic drugs [AAD]) and after multiple (2.1±1.3) procedures in 53 (53.0%) patients (22 with AAD). Left atrial (LA) diameter (hazard ratio HR 1.061; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.020 to 1.103; P=0.003), presence of NPV triggers (HR 1.634; 95% CI 1.019 to 2.623; P=0.042) and undergoing CFAE ablation (HR 2.003; 95% CI 1.262 to 3.180; P=0.003) in the index procedure were independent predictors for recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia.The 10-year outcomes of single RFCA in non-paroxysmal AF were unsatisfactory. Enlarged LA, presence of NPV triggers, and undergoing CFAE ablation in the index procedure independently predicted single-procedure recurrence. Multiple procedures are required to achieve adequate rhythm control.

Serpins constitute a family of proteins with a very wide distribution in nature. Serpins have a well-conserved tertiary structure enabling irreversible protease inhibition or other specific biochemical functions. We examined the 189 putative wheat serpin genes previously identified by Benbow et al. (2019) via analysis of gene annotations (RefSeq v1.0) and combined our previous examinations of wheat ESTs and the 454 genome assembly. We found that 81 of the 189 putative serpin genes, plus two manually annotated genes, encode full-length, structurally conserved serpins. Expression of these serpin genes during wheat development and disease/abiotic stress responses was analysed using a publicly available RNAseq database. Results showed that the wheat LR serpins, homologous to Arabidopsis AtSerpin1 and barley BSZx, are ubiquitously expressed across all tissues throughout the wheat lifecycle, whereas the expression of other wheat serpin genes is tissue-specific, including expression only in the grain, only in the root, and only in the anther and microspore. Nine serpin genes were upregulated in both biotic and abiotic responses. Two genes in particular were highly expressed during disease and abiotic challenges. Our findings provide valuable information for further functional study of the wheat serpins, which in turn may lead to their application as molecular markers in wheat breeding.

A fracture liaison services (FLSs) and its modified services reduce refractures and mortality and can be cost-effective. Limited studies have addressed whether urban-rural differences exist in vertebral fracture outcomes and management. Therefore, the aims of the study were to investigate any urban-rural differences in refracture, mortality, prescription pattern, and associated factors of vertebral fractures after receiving assistance from an FLSs.Baseline characteristics and osteoporosis medication prescription patterns of participants were collected. After 1-year follow-up, mortality, refracture rate, and osteoporosis medication switching and adherence were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify baseline correlates on one-year mortality.There was higher mortality rate in the rural group but no urban-rural difference in the 1-year refracture rate after implementation of FLSs and medication management services (MMSs). The types of osteoporosis medications prescribed for both groups were similar, but participants in the rural group were less likely to change their osteoporosis medications during the 1-year follow-up timeframe and with lower adherence rate. The likelihood of being older and having chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, and neurological disease was higher in the rural group.Our multicomponent services have similar effectiveness in osteoporosis treatment between urban and rural areas. The overall adherence rate was lower in the rural group with higher mortality but no difference in the refracture rate in one year.

The fuzzing test is able to discover various vulnerabilities and has more chances to hit the zero-day targets. And ICS(Industrial control system) is currently facing huge security threats and requires security standards, like ISO 62443, to ensure the quality of the device. However, some industrial proprietary communication protocols can be customized and have complicated structures, the fuzzing system cannot quickly generate test data that adapt to various protocols. It also struggles to define the mutation field without having prior knowledge of the protocols. Therefore, we propose a fuzzing system named ICPFuzzer that uses LSTM(Long short-term memory) to learn the features of a protocol and generates mutated test data automatically. We also use the responses of testing and adjust the weight strategies to further test the device under testing (DUT) to find more data that cause unusual connection status. We verified the effectiveness of the approach by comparing with the open-source and commercial fuzzers. Furthermore, in a real case, we experimented with the DLMS/COSEM for a smart meter and found that the test data can cause a unusual response. In summary, ICPFuzzer is a black-box fuzzing system that can automatically execute the testing process and reveal vulnerabilities that interrupt and crash industrial control communication. Not only improves the quality of ICS but also improves safety.

Premature atrial complexes (PACs) have been suggested to increase the risk of adverse events. The distribution of PAC burden and its dose–response effects on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death had not been elucidated clearly. We analyzed 15,893 patients in a medical referral center from July 1st, 2011, to December 31st, 2018. Multivariate regression driven by ln PAC (beats per 24 h plus 1) or quartiles of PAC burden were examined. Older group had higher PAC burden than younger group (p for trend p p = 0.001) or sub-distribution model (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.04‒1.21, p = 0.004). In ordinal PAC model, 4th quartile group had significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality than those in 1st quartile group (HR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.13‒1.94, p = 0.005), but no difference in cardiovascular death were found in competing risk analysis. In subgroup analysis, the risk of high PAC burden was consistently higher than in low-burden group across pre-specified subgroups. In conclusion, PAC burden has a dose response effect on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death.

AimsPremature atrial complexes (PACs) have been reported to increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Beta blockers at low dosages may help to reduce PAC symptoms, but it is unclear whether they can improve long-term outcomes.MethodsPatients enrolled from a Holter cohort in a medical referral center were stratified into high-burden (≥100 beats/24 h) and low-burden (ResultsIn the high-burden sub-cohort, after propensity score matching, the treatment group and non-treatment group respectively had 208 and 832 patients. The treatment group had significantly lower mortality rates than the non-treatment group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.521, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.294–0.923, p = 0.025], but there was no difference in new stroke (HR = 0.830, 95% CI = 0.341–2.020, p = 0.681), and new atrial fibrillation (HR = 1.410, 95% CI = 0.867–2.292, p = 0.167) events. In the low-burden sub-cohort, after propensity score matching, there were 614 patients in the treatment group and 1,228 patients in the non-treatment group. Compared to the non-treatment group, up to 40% risk reduction in mortality was found in the treatment group (HR = 0.601, 95% CI = 0.396–0.913, p = 0.017), but no differences in new stroke (HR =0.969, 95% CI = 0.562–1.670, p = 0.910) or atrial fibrillation (HR = 1.074, 95% CI = 0.619–1.863, p = 0.800) were found.ConclusionsBeta blockers consistently decreased long-term mortality in high-burden and low-burden patients. Interestingly, this effect was not achieved through reduction of new-onset stroke or AF, and further research is warranted.

Background Transmural lesion creation is essential for effective atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Lesion characteristics between conventional energy and high-power short-duration (HPSD) setting in contact force-guided (CF) ablation for AF remained unclear. Methods Eighty consecutive AF patients who received CF with conventional energy setting (power control: 25–30 W, force–time integral = 400 g s, n = 40) or with HPSD (power control: 40–50 W, 10 s, n = 40) ablation were analyzed. Of them, 15 patients in each conventional and HPSD group were matched by age and gender respectively for ablation lesions analysis. Type A and B lesions were defined as a lesion with and without significant voltage reduction after ablation, respectively. The anatomical distribution of these lesions and ablation outcomes among the 2 groups were analyzed. Results 1615 and 1724 ablation lesions were analyzed in the conventional and HPSD groups, respectively. HPSD group had a higher proportion of type A lesion compared to conventional group (P P = 0.04). The procedure time and ablation time were significantly shorter in the HPSD group than that in the conventional group (91.0 ± 12.1 vs. 124 ± 14.2 min, P = 0.03; 30.7 ± 19.2 vs. 57.8 ± 21 min, P = 0.02, respectively). At a mean follow-up period of 11 ± 1.4 months, there were 13 and 7 patients with recurrence in conventional and HPSD group respectively (P = 0.03). Conclusion Optimal ablation lesion characteristics and distribution after conventional and HPSD ablation differed significantly. HPSD ablation had shorter ablation time and lower recurrence rate than did conventional ablation.

Using molecular beam epitaxy, we prepared seven p-type AlGaN samples of ~25% in Al content, including six samples with Mg-doped/un-doped AlGaN alternating-layer structures of different layer-thickness combinations, for comparing their p-type performances. Lower sheet resistance and higher effective hole mobility are obtained in a layer-structured sample, when compared with the reference sample of uniform Mg doping. The improved p-type performance in a layer-structured sample is attributed to the diffusion of holes generated in an Mg-doped layer into the neighboring un-doped layers, in which hole mobility is significantly higher because of weak ionized impurity scattering. Among the layer-structured samples, that of 6/4 nm in Mg-doped/un-doped thickness results in the lowest sheet resistance (the highest effective hole mobility), which is 4.83 times lower (4.57 times higher) when compared with the sample of uniform doping. The effects of the Mg-doped/un-doped layer structure on p-type performance in AlGaN and GaN are compared.

Study design In vitro cell culture study. Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and lovastatin on differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward nucleus pulposus (NP)-like phenotype. Overview of literature MSCs offer a cell source to the cell-based therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. TGF-β1 is used to induce MSCs to differentiate into NP-like cells; however, an undesired expression of collagen type I has been reported. Statins reportedly stimulate expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and promote the chondrogenic phenotype to NP cells. However, the effects of statins with or without TGF-β1 on the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells remain unclear. Methods Human MSCs were treated with TGF-β1 alone, lovastatin alone, and simultaneous or sequential treatment with TGF-β1 and lovastatin. After the proposed stimulation, the total RNA was extracted to assess the expression profile of NP cells-specific genes. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for examining the microscopic morphology. Furthermore, we detected the syntheses of S-100 protein, aggrecan , and collagen type II in the extracellular matrix using immunohistochemical staining. Results Simultaneous or sequential treatment of TGF-β1 and lovastatin could further augment the BMP-2 overexpression compared with lovastatin-alone treatment. However, the mRNA expression of aggrecan and collagen type II was not compatible with the expression level of BMP-2 . Immunohistochemical studies revealed compatible production of aggrecan, collagen type II , and S-100 protein in all three groups treated with lovastatin. Cells in groups treated with lovastatin were less populated than that in the group treated with TGF-β1 alone. Conclusions This study demonstrates a promising role of lovastatin in inducing human MSCs into NP-like cells. However, further optimization of cell density before lovastatin treatment, treatment duration, and combination with TGF-β1 are warranted to attain better stimulatory effects.

Whether bleeding should be considered a sufficient sign to justify thorough cancer surveillance in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients receiving nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) remains unclear. We investigated the relationships between bleeding events and new-onset cancers in AF patients receiving NOACs in a prospective cohort (n = 395, mean follow-up duration of 2.8 years). There were 18 patients who were diagnosed with new-onset cancers 584 ± 372 days after the initiation of NOACs. The patients with new-onset cancers had higher HAS-BLED scores (no, preexisting and new-onset cancer: 1.51 ± 0.81, 1.69 ± 0.87, and 2.11 ± 0.96, respectively; p = 0.006) and a higher incidence of bleeding events (22%, 33%, 67%, respectively; p0.001) than did patients without new-onset cancers. Bleeding events that preceded the diagnosis of new-onset cancers were independently correlated with new-onset cancers (odds ratio: 7.89, p = 0.001) in the multivariate logistic regression. More than half of the patients (61%) with new-onset cancers had either a significant period of drug interruption for at least 2 months or discontinued NOACs. In conclusions, bleeding in AF patients receiving NOACs could be an alerting sign of new-onset cancers and should prompt the initiation of thorough surveillance to detect early cancers.

Aims J-wave syndrome in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) has been linked to an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia. We investigated the significance of J waves with respect to substrate manifestations and ablation outcomes in patients with ARVC. Methods and results Forty-five patients with ARVC undergoing endocardial/epicardial mapping/ablation were studied. Patients were classified into two groups: 13 (28.9%) and 32 (71.1%) patients with and without J waves, respectively. The baseline characteristics, electrophysiological features, ventricular substrate, and recurrent ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) were compared. Among the 13 patients with J waves, only the inferior J wave was observed. More ARVC patients with J waves fulfilled the major criteria of ventricular arrhythmias (76.9% vs. 21.9%, P = 0.003). Similar endocardial and epicardial substrate characteristics were observed between the two groups. However, patients with J waves had longer epicardial total activation time than those without (224.7 ± 29.9 vs. 200.8 ± 21.9 ms, P = 0.005). Concordance of latest endo/epicardial activation sites was observed in 29 (90.6%) patients without J waves and in none among those with J waves (P Conclusion The presence of J waves was associated with the discordance of endocardial/epicardial activation pattern in terms of transmural depolarization discrepancy in patients with ARVC.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity during adolescence, leading to altered postural control with compromised stability. To identify the effects of AIS on whole-body balance control during obstacle-crossing, 14 adolescents with Lenke 1 thoracic AIS and 14 healthy controls were compared in terms of the inclination angle (IA) of the body's center of mass (COM) relative to the center of pressure (COP), the rate of change of IA (RCIA) and the jerk index of IA. Between-side comparisons were also performed for the AIS group. The patients showed less smooth COM-COP motion in the sagittal plane with significantly increased anterior RCIA and IA jerk index during crossing with either the concave side (p = 0.001) or the convex side (p = 0.001) leading when compared to healthy controls. In the frontal plane, the patients showed close-to-zero RCIA (p = 0.002) while crossing with the leading limb, with an increased IA magnitude (p = 0.039) only while crossing with the concave-side limb leading. The patients with Lenke 1 thoracic AIS were found to cross obstacles with altered, compromised COM-COP control in both sagittal and frontal planes when compared to healthy controls. The results suggest that the thoracic spinal deformity in Lenke 1 AIS affects the whole-body balance control during obstacle-crossing, which should be monitored for signs of increased risk of loss of balance in the management of such patient groups.

Background Intracardiac electrogram recording is influenced by the electrode size and inter-electrode spacing. Smaller electrodes with a closer inter-electrode spacing may improve the mapping resolution and outcome. Methods Substrate mapping of the left atrium and residual pulmonary vein (PV) potentials during sinus rhythm was sequentially performed using a 3.5-mm electrode tip catheter and a 1-mm electrode multielectrode catheter in 33 patients (Group 1) that underwent repeat atrial fibrillation (AF) procedures. PV gap identification and electrophysiological characteristics were compared. Arrhythmia freedom was compared with a propensity matched (1:2) control group (66 patients, Group 2) undergoing repeat AF procedures guided by wide inter-electrode spacing catheter. Results In the Group 1 patients, the total area of residual PV potentials measured using the 1-mm catheter was larger than that measured by the 3.5-mm catheter. Overall 1.97 ± 0.59 (1–3) and 1.49 ± 0.62 (1–3) PVs were identified by the 1-mm electrode and 3.5 mm catheters, respectively (P = 0.02). The gaps not identified by the 3.5 mm catheter had a smaller width and lower voltage. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in the areas with residual PV potentials identified by the 1-mm catheter resulted in complete electrical isolation of the PVs. Arrhythmia freedom at one year of follow-up was achieved in 26 of 33 (78.8%) patients in Group 1, which was significantly higher than the matched control group (33/66 [50%], P Conclusion In the patients with a previous PV isolation, mapping with small, closely spaced electrodes can increase the detection rate of residual PV potentials and improve the outcome.

We proposed a new method to augment the traditional sliding hip screw (SHS) with cerclage reconstruction plates to treat pathologically impending and actual peritrochanteric fractures as well as to revise open reductions and internal fixations to increase the construct strength against the shearing force, thus reducing the implant failure rate. In this retrospective study, patients with peritrochanteric pathology with at least two years of follow-up who underwent augmentation with cerclage reconstruction plates (modified SHS) and conventional SHS between 1 May 2015 and 31 May 2017 were divided into groups A (n = 12) and B (n = 28), respectively. Demographic data, surgery duration, blood loss, complications, and local radiotherapy were analyzed. The average surgery duration was significantly longer in group A (p = 0.013). The estimated intraoperative and perioperative blood losses were not significantly different between the groups. The implant survival rates were not significantly different under competing risk analysis. The success rate of a revision surgery with modified SHS was excellent, and implant survival time was &gt, 2 years, as observed with the previous SHS constructs. Subtrochanteric region involvement and a postoperative visual analog scale ≥4 could be risk factors of implant failure and revision surgery. This technique can be an alternative treatment for difficult pathologic peritrochanteric fractures, especially those with previous plating failure.

Background Despite limited evidence, postoperative prophylactic antibiotics are often used in the setting of permanent pacemaker implantation or replacement. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of postoperative antibiotics. Hypothesis Postoperative prophylactic antibiotics may be not clinically useful. Methods We recruited 367 consecutive patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation or generator replacement at a tertiary referral center. Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and procedure information were collected, and all patients received preoperative prophylactic antibiotics. Postoperative prophylactic antibiotics were administered at the discretion of the treating physician, and all patients were seen in follow-up every 3 to 6 months for an average follow-up period of 16 months. The primary endpoint was device-related infection. Results A total of 110 patients were treated with preoperative antibiotics only (group 1), whereas 257 patients received both preoperative and postoperative antibiotics (group 2). After a mean follow-up period of 16 months, 1 patient in group 1 (0.9%) and 4 patients in group 2 (1.5%) experienced a device-related infection. There was no significant difference in the rate of infection between the 2 groups (P = 0.624). In the univariate analysis, only the age (60 ± 11 vs 75 ± 12 years, P < 0.001) was significantly different between the infected and noninfected groups. In the multivariate analysis, younger age was an independent risk factor for infective complications (odds ratio = 1.08, P = 0.016). Conclusions Patients treated with preoperative and postoperative antibiotics had a similar rate of infection as those treated with preoperative antibiotics alone. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Kubernetes, which is the most popular orchestration platform for Docker containers, is used widely for developing microservices and automating Docker instance life cycle administration. Because of advancements in containerization technology, a single server can run multiple services and use hardware resources more efficiently. However, containerized environments also bring new challenges in terms of complete monitoring and security provision. Thus, hackers can exploit the security vulnerabilities of containers to gain remote control permissions and cause extensive damage to company assets. Therefore, in this study, we propose KubAnomaly, a system that provides security monitoring capabilities for anomaly detection on the Kubernetes orchestration platform. We develop a container monitoring module for Kubernetes and implement neural network approaches to create classification models that strengthen its ability to find abnormal behaviors such as web service attacks and common vulnerabilities and exposures attacks. We use three types of datasets to evaluate our system, including privately collected and publicly available datasets as well as real‐world experiment data. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of KubAnomaly by comparing its accuracy with that of other machine learning algorithms. KubAnomaly is shown to achieve an overall accuracy of up to 96% for anomaly detection. It successfully identifies four real attacks carried out by hackers in September 2018. Moreover, its performance overhead is only 5% greater than that of current methods. In summary, KubAnomaly significantly improves container security by avoiding anomaly attacks.

Whether ectopic atrial rhythm (EAR) is a high-risk cardiovascular phenotype (eg, the manifestation of a diseased sinoatrial node) or just a benign accelerated ectopic pacemaker remains unclear.We aimed to analyze the cardiovascular outcomes and underlying mechanisms in patients with EAR.From a 12-lead electrocardiogram hospital-based electrocardiogram database, a total of 2896 adults with EAR were propensity score matched at 1:5 with 14,480 patients with sinus rhythm (SR). Patients were retrospectively followed up for cardiovascular mortality (the primary outcome) and permanent pacemaker implantation (the secondary outcome). Heart rate variability was analyzed to compare autonomic function between patients with EAR and those with SR.The prevalence of EAR was 1.13%, which increased with age. Compared with the matched patients, those with EAR had a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.93; 95% confidence interval 1.52-2.44; P.0001) and permanent pacemaker implantation (adjusted hazard ratio 5.94; 95% confidence interval 3.89-9.09; P.0001) according to the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The risk of cardiovascular mortality was similar across the subgroups on the basis of age, sex, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and chronic kidney diseases. In patients with EAR, the low frequency/high frequency and standard deviation of the mean normal-to-normal intervals/root mean square of successive RR interval differences ratios for heart rate variability were both lower than those in patients with SR. This implied autonomic imbalance in patients with EAR.Patients with EAR have a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality and permanent pacemaker implantation, which was associated with autonomic imbalance.

BACKGROUND The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) has been previously reported. However, the detailed mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of acid reflux on the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system, atrial/ventricular electrophysiology, and AF inducibility. METHODS Eighteen rabbits were randomized into three groups: acid reflux (group 1, n = 6), control (group 2, n = 6), and acid reflux with periesophageal vagal blockade (group 3, n = 6). Atrial and ventricular effective refractory periods (ERPs) and AF inducibility were checked at baseline and then hourly until 5 hours after the experiment. RESULTS Three hours after the experiment, atrial ERP prolongation was noted in groups 2 and 3 (P

Introduction. Hyperglycemia is a major factor in influencing the patency rate of arteriovenous shunts, potentially associated with the RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway. Besides, galectin-3 mediates thrombotic mechanisms in venous thrombosis and peripheral artery disease. We hypothesized that high ROCK activity and galectin-3 levels are associated with arteriovenous shunt dysfunction. Methods. We prospectively enrolled 38 patients diagnosed with arteriovenous shunt dysfunction. 29 patients received a complete follow-up and each provided two blood samples, which were collected at the first visit for occluded status of arteriovenous shunts and 1 month later for patent status. A Western blot assay for a myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT) was performed to examine Rho-kinase activity. A Western blot assay for platelet galectin-3 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for circulating galectin-3 were completed. Results. Higher platelet MYPT ratios and galectin-3 levels were identified at occluded arteriovenous shunts (MYPT ratio: 0.5 [0.3–1.4] vs. 0.4 [0.3–0.6], p = 0.01; galectin-3: 1.2 [0.4–1.6] vs. 0.7 [0.1–1.2], p = 0.0004). The plasma galectin-3 binding protein ELISA was also higher at occluded arteriovenous shunts (8.4 [6.0–9.7] μg/mL vs. 7.1 [4.5–9.1] μg/mL, p = 0.009). Biomarker ratios (occluded/patent status) trended high in patients with poorly controlled diabetes (MYPT ratio: 1.7 [1.0–3.0] vs. 1.1 [0.7–1.3], p = 0.06; galectin-3: 1.6 [1.3–3.4] vs. 1.1 [0.8–1.9], p = 0.05). Conclusion. High platelet ROCK activity and galectin-3 levels are associated with increased risk in arteriovenous shunt dysfunction, especially in patients with poorly controlled diabetes.

We study the electronic structure of the skutterudite ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{13}$, which is known to exhibit a charge density wave (CDW) transition, at temperature ${T}_{CDW}\ensuremath{\sim}160$ K, coupled to a metal-to-metal transition. We use temperature dependent hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate the occupied and unoccupied electronic states of ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{13}$. The Co $2p$ and Sn $3p$ core level spectra show small but finite shifts in binding energy positions across ${T}_{CDW}$ while Ce $3d$ core level spectra do not show any change across the transition. The Ce ${M}_{4,5}$-edge XAS spectrum compared with calculations indicate a typical trivalent ionic ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ spectral shape, ruling out Kondo screening in ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{13}$. In contrast, the Co ${L}_{2,3}$-edge XAS spectrum compared with a calculated spectrum shows evidence for hybridization with neighboring Sn atoms in a trigonal prismatic co-ordination. Temperature dependent XAS across the Co ${L}_{2,3}$-edge shows a small shift across ${T}_{CDW}$, consistent with HAXPES results. Detailed XAS measurements as a function of temperature show that the spectral shifts occur with a hysteresis across ${T}_{CDW}$, indicative of a first-order transition. Valence band spectra show a normal Fermi edge above and below ${T}_{CDW}$. The Co $3d$ states are observed at a binding energy of $\ensuremath{\sim}2$ eV while the Ce $4f$ states occur as a weak feature within 0.5 eV of the Fermi level. The results suggest an unusual CDW transition coupled to a metal-to-metal transition in ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{13}$.

Aims Most left atrial tachycardia (LAT) is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics and outcomes of LAT without AF have not been investigated. This study sought to determine the long-term ablation outcomes and predictors of recurrence of isolated LAT. Methods This is a single-center study of consecutive patients with isolated LAT. Atrial arrhythmia recurrence was determined from follow-up records of patients who underwent LAT ablation from 2008 to 2017. Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics associated with atrial arrhythmia recurrence were identified. Results A total of 50 patients (53 ± 19 years, 46% male) with 59 LAT (1.16 ± 0.47 per patient) were enrolled. Over a mean follow-up of 37 ± 33 months, atrial arrhythmia recurrence occurred in 22 (44%) patients, 11 with atrial tachycardia (AT) only, five with AF only, and six with concurrent AT and AF. The incidence of pulmonary vein (PV) origins increased significantly in the repeat procedure (P = 0.036). Multivariate analysis identified left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as the only predictor of any atrial arrhythmia recurrence and LAT recurrence, while smoking and identified macroreentrant LAT in the index procedure predicted AF recurrence. Conclusion This study demonstrated a higher rate of atrial arrhythmia recurrence, including AF, among patients with initially isolated LAT. A lower LVEF predicted any atrial arrhythmia and LAT recurrence, whereas smoking and index macroreentrant AT mechanism predicted long-term AF. PV ATs were frequently observed in recurrent patients irrespective of index procedure origin.

BACKGROUND The reason for recurrence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) after catheter ablation in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is not clear. METHODS In this study, 91 ARVC patients (age, 47 ± 13 years; 47 men) who underwent catheter ablation for drug-refractory ventricular arrhythmia (VA) were enrolled. The patients were categorized into single or multiple procedures (n = 28). The baseline characteristics and electrophysiological features of the patients were examined to elucidate the reason of the VA recurrences. RESULTS A total of 186 VAs were induced during the index procedure and 176 (94.6%) were eliminated. Successful, partially successful, and failed ablations were achieved in 89.0%, 8.8%, and 2.2% of the patients, respectively. During a mean follow-up period of 32 ± 26 months, 35 patients had VA recurrences. Forty-two repeat procedures were performed for 81 induced VAs in 28 patients. Of the 42 repeat procedures, successful, partially successful, and failed ablations were achieved in 37, 4, and 1 of the procedures, respectively. Most of the recurrent VAs (70 [72.9%]) originated from the newly-developed circuits owing to the scar progression. The patients with repeat procedure had worsening right ventricular remodeling. The multivariate analysis revealed that history as endurance athlete significantly predicted the need of a repeat procedure in spite of the initially successful endocardial/epicardial ablation and negative inducibility (hazard ratio: 3.014, 95% confidence interval: 1.493-6.084, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS In spite of the initial complete VA elimination, history as an athlete was associated with scar progression, RV remodeling, and VA recurrences from the newly developed arrhythmogenic substrates/circuit in ARVC.

Vasovagal responses (VR) encountered during radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) suggest ablation of the atrial tissue subjacent to the ganglionic plexi (GP) and confer durability of PVI.We hypothesized that VR during cryoballoon PVI (CB-PVI) in PAF can predict mid-term AF recurrence.We enrolled 39 patients who underwent PVI using 2nd generation cryoballoon for PAF from November 2014 to July 2016. We evaluated the long term outcomes for those who had VR during index procedure.A total of 39 patients (76% male, mean age 57 ± 9 years) underwent CB-PVI for PAF and 66.67% (26/39) had VR. VR was frequently observed in the LSPV (100%), followed by RSPV (64%), LIPV (60%), and less frequently, RIPV (28%). Overall, the mean difference in the HR and SBP, and the relative differences in the HR and SBP were observed during CB-PVI in the LSPV (mean difference in HR, p 0.001; mean difference in SBP, p 0.001; relative difference in HR, p 0.001); relative difference in SBP, p 0.001). After PVI, 22/26 (84.62%) and 5/13 (38.46%) of patients in the VR and NVR group, respectively, maintained SR at 14 ± 6 months follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed statistical difference in favor of patients with VR during CB-PVI (log rank p 0.01) with a better mid-term outcome.In a small cohort of patients, VR during CB-PVI in PAF is a surrogate marker for ablation of atrial tissue subjacent to the GP and predicts a favorable mid-term outcome for AF recurrence.

Mobile apps are widely adopted in daily life, and contain increasing security flaws. Many regulatory agencies and organizations have announced security guidelines for app development. However, most security guidelines involving technicality and compliance with this requirement is not easily feasible. Thus, we propose Mobile Apps Assessment and Analysis System (MAS), an automatic security validation system to improve guideline compliance. MAS combines static and dynamic analysis techniques, which can be used to verify whether android apps meet the security guideline requirements. We implemented MAS in practice and verified 143 real-world apps produced by the Taiwan government. Besides, we also validated 15,000 popular apps collected from Google Play Store produced in three countries. We found that most apps contain at least three security issues. Finally, we summarize the results and list the most common security flaws for consideration in further app development.

Summary Gastritis cystica polyposa is relatively rare and characterized by polypoid hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of the gastric glands in stomach. Most cases are related to previous gastric surgeries, but a few cases have been reported in unoperated stomachs. We present a 34-year-old man who had anemic symptoms with melena and exertional dyspnea for 3 weeks. He denied any surgical history. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed diffuse giant folds extending from the lower to the upper body of the stomach with nodularity and no obvious bleeding site. A pathologic diagnosis of a punch biopsy specimen from the giant folds revealed only moderately active chronic inflammation with a high Helicobacter pylori density. After serial studies, the patient received a whole layer gastric biopsy during a laparoscopy. Gastritis cystica polyposa was diagnosed on the pathology report. Our present case highlights the rare clinical and endoscopic condition of gastritis cystica polyposa in an unoperated stomach.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Balanced degenerative scoliotic patients with back pain with or without focal neurological signs were sometimes treated with large scale deformity correction surgery. However, postoperative morbidity and even mortalities were noted. Facet syndrome and sacroiliac syndrome could be found and treated on these patients and lower their back pain to a certain degree. PURPOSE This study is aimed to study the effect of back pain of degenerative scoliotic patients treated with radiofrequency ablation. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Prospective non-randomized case series from a single hospital by a single surgeon (author) from May 2017 to January 2019. PATIENT SAMPLE Patients diagnosed with degenerative scoliosis on plain film with symptoms of low back pain for more than 2 months were enrolled and patients who had focal neurological signs or could not finish the complete follow-up were excluded. OUTCOME MEASURES Patients were followed up to 6 months (immediate postop, postop 1 mo, 3 mos, 6 mos), and VAS, SF-36, and ODI scores were recorded. METHODS Radiofrequency ablation was done with fluoroscopic, ultrasound and sensory-motor stimulation guidance under local anesthesia in the operating room. RESULTS Eleven consecutive cases of (male: female 4:7, average age: 75.7±9.8, Cobb angle: 20.0±11.9, s/p fusion surgery: 4) were enrolled. Average interval: 4.0±2.2 months. (preop, 1 wk, 1 mo, 3 mos, 6 mos, *:P CONCLUSIONS Balanced degenerative scoliotic patients with back pain could have relief of partial back pain by treating facet and sacroiliac pain with radiofrequency ablation as an alternative or analgesics treatment before they underwent large scale deformity correction surgery. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.