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Relevance. The Altai Кray with its administrative center, Barnaul, is an endemic region for tick–borne rickettsioses. The contribution of other tick-borne infections (TBI) to the structure of overall morbidity in the subject is significantly lower. To assess the risks of complication of the epidemiological situation for bacterial TBI (tick-borne rickettsioses, borrelioses, human granolucytic anaplasmoses, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, coxiellosis) and understand the level of their diagnosis in the region, it is important to study the occurrence of their pathogens in ticks, comparing them with the officially registered incidence. The aim is the study of the epidemiological and epizootological situation in Barnaul for bacterial tick-borne infections as well as an analysis of the factors influencing the registration of the incidence of these infections. Materials and methods. The materials were official statistical reporting data, information, analytical materials, accounting and reporting documentation of the Department of Rospotrebnadzor and the Ministry of Health of the Altai Region. The infection of ticks collected in the biotopes of Barnaul with different landscapes by pathogens of tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), borrelioses, rickettsioses, and Q fever were studied using molecular biological methods. The species of Rickettsia were determined by Sanger sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results. Rickettsia conorii subsp. raoultii detected in the Dermacentor ticks with a high occurrence (61.9%), DNA of R. helvetica detected in the Ixodes ticks (5.1%). R. sibirica was not been detected. The infection rate of ticks by Borrelia burgdoferi s.l. was 27.8%; 5.1% of imagos contained B. miyamotoi DNA. Pathogens of HGA, HME were founded in 6.2%, 1.0% of individuals of Ixodes ticks, respectively. In two copies out of 300, the causative agent of Q fever identified. The dynamics of the number of people affected by tick bite over the period 2014-2023 did not tend to decrease, and against this background, there is a continuing high incidence of Siberian tick typhus, in contrast to the incidence of borreliosis. Other bacterial TBI have not been noted in Barnaul officially. Conclusions. In Barnaul, high risks of complications of the epidemiological situation of ixodic tick-borne borreliosis (including non-erythemic forms) have identified, and underdiagnosis of the disease is likely. The question of the etiological structure of tick-borne rickettsiosis, the occurrence of infected individuals with an atypical picture remains unknown. The difficulty of diagnostic of tick-borne rickettsiosis without rash is aggravated by the shortage of reagent kits, primarily for the detection of specific antibodies. The landscape confinement of Dermacentor and Ixodes ticks should take into account when organizing long-term stationary observation sites for monitoring and forecasting the epidemiological and epizootological situation. The risks of Barnaul population infection by HGA, MECH and Q fever pathogens were also noted. Special attention should be paid to the introduction into clinical practice of reagent kits for complex laboratory verification of tick-borne infections.

Introduction. In the realities of modern society experiencing the processes of globalization and informatization, there is an increasing demand for young professionals with the skills and abilities to analyze large amounts of information, able to make decisions based on data effi ciently and quickly. Theoretical analysis. This article discusses the main features of the implementation of the analytical activity of the teacher. One of the key components of a teacher’s professional competence is analytical activity, which allows to analize, predict and evaluate the results of their work, as well as quickly respond to changes in the educational environment. Interpretations of the concept of “readiness” were analyzed, and the essence and structure of the readiness of future teachers for analytical activity were revealed. The novelty of the work lies in the revision of the structural components of the teacher’s readiness for analytical activity, corresponding to modern requirements of educational standards. The necessity of training specialists with the skills and abilities to work with data and information technologies is emphasized. Conclusion. The conclusion is formulated, according to which the formation of the future teacher’s readiness for analytical activity is a necessary factor of his or her successful professional activity, which can be carried out through the use of simulation modeling software in the educational process.

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed significant gaps in the coverage and quality of the existing international and national statistical surveillance systems. The most reliable approach to estimating mortality associated with short-term risk factors or factors fluctuating within calendar years is based on estimating weekly excess mortality. Although this approach is obvious, its application turned out to be problematic due to the lack of reliable data. In response to this challenge, a new Short-Term Mortality Fluctuations (STMF) data series was created in 2020. The Russian Short-Term Mortality Fluctuations Data Series (RuSTMF) is a further development of the STMF idea at the regional level. It contains weekly crude and standardized death rates for the Russian regions and Russia as a whole. The main source for calculating death rates is depersonalized individual data on the deceased provided by the Rosstat. This database provides for the analysis of short- and medium-term changes in mortality in males, females and total population in Russia as a whole and its regions, as well as the estimation of «excess» deaths during short-term sharp increases in mortality due to, for example, heat or cold waves, seasonal influenza epidemics, the Covid-19 pandemic or technogenic catastrophes.

Colonialism and colonization have always attracted the attention of Americanists. It is well known how much attention the highest political leadership of our country pays to this phenomenon. To study the main aspects of this phenomenon by concrete examples is a significant task of historical and legal science. Purpose: to reveal ideological and political-legal aspects of the English colonization of America, including possible manifestations of genocide, on the example of its early forms. Methods: historical, logical, comparative-legal, formaldogmatic. Results: the English colonization of North America developed from stalemate to stalemate until they replaced the general Christianization of the Virginia Indians by the depopulation of the Aborigines, committing a true genocide. Jamestown became a classic form of English colonialism not at all because of its dynamic treaty relations with the Indians there. On the contrary, wave after wave, more and more new settlers penetrated even into the farthest reaches of Virginia to enslave or exterminate the local Indians. Therefore, the main achievement of the British-Virginians was the establishment of a colonial regime under which the surviving Indians were doomed to suffer the miserable fate of tributaries and slaves.

The experience of treating a patient with a mine blast wound of the T11 vertebra with an anatomical disruption of the spinal cord, bilateral hemo- and pneumothorax is presented. As a result of the injury, the patient suffered massive destruction of soft tissues with the formation of a full-thickness defect up to the vertebral bodies. The tactics of staged surgical treatment of the patient are described: elimination of fracture dislocation, fixation of the spine and plastic surgery of the soft tissues of the wound defect using the VAC system. A review of current publications devoted to the epidemiology and tactics of treatment of combat injuries of the spine and spinal cord is presented.

Objectives: To identify typical patterns of abdominal wall muscle activation in patients with diastasis recti and inguinal hernias compared to controls during the Valsalva maneuver, voluntary coughing, and physical activity. Methods: The study included 15 subjects: 5 with diastasis recti, 4 with inguinal hernias, and 6 healthy controls. The functions of rectus abdominis (RA) and external oblique (OE) muscles were measured by surface electromyography (sEMG). Using ultrasound, the thicknesses of the RA, OE, internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TA) muscles were assessed as well as the echo intensity (EI) of RA and OE. Results: We found a significant effect of the type of abdominal wall pathology on the maximum sEMG amplitude (p = 0.005). There was a reliable trend in maximum sEMG amplitude, with the highest one in diastasis recti and a significantly lower one in inguinal hernias. Duncan’s test showed a significant difference in muscle thickness, both on the right and left sides, between patients with diastasis and controls, but only on the left side between patients with diastasis and those with inguinal hernia (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The abdominal wall pathology results in a change in the function and structure of the abdominal muscles, which can be detected using electromyography and ultrasound examination. The presence of diastasis recti is accompanied by an increase in bioelectrical activity and a decrease in thickness.

BACKGROUND: The model of obesity under experimental conditions is reproduced by using high-calorie diets in animals. It has been established that metabolic disorders cause meta-inflammation not only in peripheral organs and tissues, but also in brain structures. The search for effective neuroprotective antioxidants to suppress inflammatory processes in the cerebral cortex in obesity is an urgent task due to the widespread prevalence of this disease.AIM: to evaluate the effect of minor biologically active substances — carnosine (CAR) and α-lipoic acid (ALA) on the cytokine profile of the frontal cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain in Wistar male rats with obesity induced by a high-calorie choline-deficient diet.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The studies were carried out on male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 150±10 g. The animals were randomized by body weight into 5 groups. For 8 weeks, rats of the 1st (control) group received a complete modified diet of AIN93M; rats of the 2nd group consumed a high-calorie choline-deficient diet (HCHDR), the fat content of which was 45%, fructose — 20% of the energy value of the diet; rats of the 3rd group received HCHDR with the addition of CAR at a dose of 75 mg per 1 kg of body weight; rats of the 4th group received HCHDR with the addition of ALA at a dose of 75 mg per 1 kg of body weight; rats of the 5th group received HCHDR with the addition of the CAR + ALA complex in a total dose of 150 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Animals were removed from the experiment by decapitation under ether anesthesia. The levels of triglycerides (Tg) and free fatty acids (FFA) in blood plasma (mmol) were determined on a biochemical analyzer (Konelab 20i, Thermo Clinical Labsystems Oy, Finland). Content of cytokines and chemokines (pg/ml): GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, MCP-1, M-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-2, MIP-3α, RANTES, and TNF-α in cerebral cortex lysates were determined by multiplex immunoassay using a Luminex 200 analyzer (Luminex Corporation, USA). To assess the relationship between the level of cytokines in blood plasma and changes in their concentrations under the influence of HCCDR in lysates of the cortex of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain, the ratio was calculated: the level of cytokines pg/ml in blood plasma [1]/the content of cytokines pg/ml in lysates (pl/ lys) for each sample.RESULTS: On the model of obesity in rats, the presence of an inflammatory process in the cerebral cortex was established, as evidenced by an increase in the content of pro-inflammatory factors: IL-2, M-CSF, MIP-1α and RANTES and a decrease in the content of immunoregulatory cytokines of varying severity: IL-10, IL17A, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, TNF-a, MIP-2 and MIP-3α in group 2 rats. (HCHDR) compared with the control group. Enrichment of HCHDR with biologically active substances: CAR, ALA or their complex, ensured the normalization of lipid metabolism, as evidenced by the decrease in the ratio of circulating Tg to FFA in the blood serum of rats to control values: 1st gr. (control) — 1,04±0.23; 2nd gr. (HCHDR) — 1,64±0.63; 3rd gr. (CAR) — 0,98±0.31; 4th gr. (ALA) — 0,86±0.31; 5th gr. (CAR+ALA) — 1,02±0.38. Enrichment of HCHDR with CAR, ALA or their complex led to a decrease in the content of pro-inflammatory and apoptosis-regulating cytokines and chemokines in the cortex of the frontal lobe of the rat brain: IL-1α, IL-2, IL-17A, M-CSF, MCP-1, MIP3α and RANTES, along with an increase in the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which indicates the suppression of the inflammatory process induced by the consumption of HCHDR in rats.CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate the prospect of using CAR and ALA or their complex as neuroprotective antioxidants to reduce the inflammatory process in brain structures in obesity.

This paper sets forth a geomechanics framework for assessing the energy efficiency of rotary percussive drilling using the energy criterion, which has been proposed by Victor Oparin for volumetric destruction of high-stress rocks having nonuniform physico-mechanical properties. We review the long-term research and development in the specified area of science and technology, including research and development projects implemented at the Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A new modified expression of Oparin's dimensionless energy criterion of volumetric rock destruction k is introduced. The range of in situ values is determined for the energy criterion of volumetric rock destruction at the optimized energy efficiency of rotary percussive drilling. The temporo-spatial intervals of geotechnical monitoring are found to control pneumatic drilling energy efficiency at subsoil use objects in Russia. The integrated experimental, theoretical and geotechnical approach to the comprehensive investigation of real-time processes of rock fracture in rotary percussive drilling using the energy concept possesses the necessary geomechanical performance-and-technology potential to create the next level geotechnical monitoring of drilling systems for various purposes, including determination of physico-mechanical properties and the stress-strain analysis of rock mass in full-scale drilling.

The current stage of development of complex states is characterized by the growing equality of citizens in the constitutional law sphere. The American experience is particularly important in this regard. Purpose: to analyze the constitutional law aspects of the struggle of the North American states with privileges and immunities for a century – from the late 18th to the late 19th century; to trace the historical roots of religious intolerance, their fixation in the early forms of American constitutionalism, i.e., early state constitutions and colonial charters. Methods: historical, logical, comparative legal, formal dogmatic methods are applied. Results: it is concluded that the achievement of constitutional equality for American citizens has been a joint federal and state endeavor since at least the mid-19th century. Their struggle against privileges and immunities was long and inconsistent, including in relation to religious intolerance. The latter traditionally prevented the establishment of religious freedom in North America since the earliest phase of the colonial period in its history.

Background Before the COVID-19 pandemic, stagnating life expectancy trends were reported in some high-income countries (HICs). Despite previous evidence from country-specific studies, there is a lack of comparative research that provides a broader perspective and challenges existing assumptions. This study aims to examine longevity trends and patterns in six English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States) by combining period and cohort perspectives and to compare them with other HICs. Methods Using data from the Human Mortality and World Health Organization Mortality Databases, we estimated partial life expectancy, lifespan inequality and cohort survival differences for 1970–2021, as well as the contribution of causes of death to the gap in life expectancy between English-speaking countries and the average for other HICs in 2017–19. Results In the pre-pandemic period, the increase in life expectancy slowed in all English-speaking countries, except Ireland, mainly due to stagnating or rising mortality at young-middle ages. Relative to other HICs, those born in Anglophone countries since the 1970s experienced relative survival disadvantage, largely attributable to injuries (mainly suicides) and substance-related mortality (mainly poisonings). In contrast, older cohorts enjoyed advantages for females in Australia and Canada and for males in all English-speaking countries except the United States. Conclusions Although future gains in life expectancy in wealthy societies will increasingly depend on reducing mortality at older ages, adverse health trends at younger ages are a cause for concern. This emerging and avoidable threat to health equity in English-speaking countries should be the focus of further research and policy action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify typical patterns of abdominal wall muscle activation in patients with diastasis recti and inguinal hernias compared to controls during the Valsalva maneuver, voluntary coughing, and physical activity. Methods: The study included 15 subjects: 5 with diastasis recti, 4 with inguinal hernias, and 6 healthy controls. The functions of rectus abdominis (RA) and external oblique (OE) muscles were measured by surface electromyography (sEMG). Using ultrasound, the thicknesses of the RA, OE, internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TA) muscles were assessed as well as the echo intensity (EI) of RA and OE. Results: We found a significant effect of the type of abdominal wall pathology on the maximum sEMG amplitude (p = 0.005). There was a reliable trend in maximum sEMG amplitude, with the highest one in diastasis recti and a significantly lower one in inguinal hernias. Duncan's test showed a significant difference in muscle thickness, both on the right and left sides, between patients with diastasis and controls, but only on the left side between patients with diastasis and those with inguinal hernia (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The abdominal wall pathology results in a change in the function and structure of the abdominal muscles, which can be detected using electromyography and ultrasound examination. The presence of diastasis recti is accompanied by an increase in bioelectrical activity and a decrease in thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focused on the development of the structure and content of consolidating orientation of pedagogical functions of university teachers in international students' training. The leading method of research is the modeling method that allows producing of the established structure's and content's justification of consolidating orientation of teachers' pedagogical functions. The article deals with the structure and content of the concept "consolidating orientation of university teachers' pedagogical functions "; defines the content of educational process's updating in international students' training through the implementation of the consolidating orientation of teachers' pedagogical functions; substantiates the educational-methodical complex of educational process's updating of international students on the basis of the results of the study. The productivity of educational-methodical complex is proved using the criteria of formation of: cross-cultural interaction competence; ability to overcome barriers of cross-cultural communication; skills of objective evaluation of their own positions in the cross-cultural interaction with teachers, fellow students, in society; ability to plan cross-cultural interaction with others in the course of their professional activities; planning abilities of "settling" in the region, and others.

The paper dwells on the results obtained via long-term monitoring over food grain contamination with such a mycotoxin as deoxynivalenol (DON); monitored grains include wheat, barley, corn, oats, and rye. From 1989 to 2018 6,800 grain samples were analyzed; they came from Zentralny, Juzhniy, Privolzhskiy, Uralskiy, Sibirskiy, Severo-Kavkazskiy, Dalnevostochniy, and Severozapadniy Federal Districts (FD) in the RF. Depending on a year when a specific crop was gathered, frequency of DON detection in food grain samples varied from 0 to 42 % and maximum toxin contents reached 6.65 mg/kg. Over the whole examined period 10 % samples turned out to be contaminated and one forth of them contained the toxin in quantities exceeding maximum permissible levels (MPL). DON detection frequency amounted to 24–42 % in years when mass epiphytoties occurred (1989, 1992 and 1993) as well as in crops gathered in 2014 and 2017; DON was detected in quantities exceeding MPL in 9–27 % examined samples in those years. 78 % contaminated samples came from Juzhniy and Severo-Kavkazskiy FD and another 10 % were from Dalnevostochniy FD. An authentic correlation between frequency of toxin detection and a number of rainy and sunny days in May was established on the example of wheat samples that came from Krasnodar region. Analysis of contamination dynamics has revealed that over the last years there has been an ascending trend in frequency of DON detection in wheat that came not only from regions where Fusarium head blight was widely spread but also from regions in Severozapadniy, Sibirskiy and Privolzhskiy FD. Health risks related to DON introduction with products obtained via wheat grains processing were assessed; the assessment revealed that DON was introduced in doses higher than conditional acceptable daily intake (ADI) for people living in Juzhniy and Severo-Kavkazskiy FD in 1992, 1993, 2014 and 2017. Average frequency of DON detection amounted to 4.2; 11.9; 3.0 and 0.6 % for barley, corn, rye, and oats samples and its maximum contents amounted to 8.95; 0.95; 0.96 and 0.44 mg/kg accordingly. Just as it was the case with wheat, the greatest share of contaminated samples came from Juzhniy, Severo-Kavkazskiy and Dalnevostochniy FD. Contamination tended to grow for all the examined grains and it calls for relevant measures aimed at controlling food grains safety.

The prevalence of the tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsioses pathogens in ticks collected in Barnaul, the administrative center of Altai Krai, Western Siberia, was studied. The causative agent of tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA) Rickettsia raoultii was revealed to be present in 61.9% of the samples from Dermacentor ticks. Moreover, Rickettsia helvetica has been identified in 5.1% of Ixodes ticks.

Excess mortality has been used to measure the impact of COVID-19 over time and across countries. But what baseline should be chosen? We propose two novel approaches: an alternative retrospective baseline derived from the lowest weekly death rates achieved in previous years and a within-year baseline based on the average of the 13 lowest weekly death rates within the same year. These baselines express normative levels of the lowest feasible target death rates. The excess death rates calculated from these baselines are not distorted by past mortality peaks and do not treat non-pandemic winter mortality excesses as inevitable.We obtained weekly series for 35 industrialized countries from the Human Mortality Database for 2000–2020. Observed, baseline and excess mortalities were measured by age-standardized death rates. We assessed weekly and annual excess death rates driven by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and those related to seasonal respiratory infections in earlier years. There was a distinct geographic pattern with high excess death rates in Eastern Europe followed by parts of the UK, and countries of Southern and Western Europe. Some Asia-Pacific and Scandinavian countries experienced lower excess mortality. In 2020 and earlier years, the alternative retrospective and the within-year excess mortality figures were higher than estimates based on conventional metrics. While the latter were typically negative or close to zero in years without extraordinary epidemics, the alternative estimates were substantial. Cumulation of this ''usual'' excess over 2–3 years results in human losses comparable to those caused by COVID-19.Challenging the view that non-pandemic seasonal winter mortality is inevitable would focus attention on reducing premature mortality in many countries. As SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to be the last respiratory pathogen with the potential to cause a pandemic, such measures would also strengthen global resilience in the face of similar threats in the future.

Objective: comparative analysis of body composition indicators obtained by two methods of data registration — anthropometry and bioimpedance measurement, and analysis of the distribution of subcutaneous fat on the body of football players in accordance with the playing role.Materials and methods: аnthropometric measurements and bioimpedance studies of body composition were carried out in 24 football players of the Moscow football club of the second division professional football league. The average age of the athletes was 24.16 ± 0.87 years.Results: the survey involved 24 football players of the Moscow football club of the professional football league of the second division. The average age of the players was 24.16 ± 0.87 years. When determining the composition of the body using two methods, it was found that the calculation method and the bioimpedance method give different results. On average, the calculation method shows higher indicators of body fat mass (%FBM = 18.9 ± 1.04) than the bioimpedance method (%FBM = 14.7 ± 0.76), the differences are significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, differences in muscle mass are insignificant — in terms of BIA %SMM = 47.06 ± 0.59, according to the calculation method %SMM = 47.0 ± 0.63 (the differences are unreliable, p > 0.05). There were no differences in the component composition of the body of football players depending on the game role. The topography of subcutaneous fat on the body of athletes-football players has certain patterns, but does not depend on the playing role of athletes.Conclusion: the analysis revealed differences in the body composition data of football players obtained using two registration methods. The data of the study can serve as model criteria for body composition and the distribution of subcutaneous fat on the body of athletes for selection in football activities and for comparative characterization and discussion of the results of similar studies.