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Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) causes substantial economic losses to the shrimp farming industry. Most research on EHP was focused on Penaeus vannamei due to its widespread farming and impact. The information on EHP infection in farmed tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, is scarce, especially considering its re-introduction and use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) seeds in India. A polymerase chain reaction–based (two-step PCR) survey targeting the spore wall protein (SWP) gene and SSU rRNA gene was conducted to understand the prevalence of EHP in P. monodon farms across six states, three each on the east and west coasts of India. While only 19 of 63 farms (30.15%) surveyed during the study revealed the presence of EHP using SWP-specific PCR, 38 farms (60.31%) were found to be positive with SSU rRNA PCR. Coast-wise, prevalence estimated using SWP-specific PCR showed 35% in the east and 21.7% in the west. However, only one of the farms showed EHP in the first step of PCR. The low level of infection, as indicated by the PCR analysis, was further validated and confirmed by histology and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The EHP load ranged from 1.0 × 103 to 3.7 × 106 copies/µg DNA, and histology of the hepatopancreas showed only mild pathological changes and inclusion-like bodies similar to the developmental stages of EHP. Some of the samples showed bacteria-induced hemocyte infiltration and nodule formation. However, no microsporidian spores could be noticed in the histological sections. The phylogenetic analysis of sequences of SWP-specific PCR amplicons showed similarity with earlier reported EHP strains from P. vannamei from Thailand, Latin America, and India. A statistical epidemiological study to identify risk factors associated with HPM revealed the presence of EHP infection in previous cultures, the use of wild seeds and continuous farming as potential risk factors, and the use of SPF seeds and bleaching as protective factors. P. monodon is susceptible to EHP infection, yet the impact on the species is significantly lower than that reported in P. vannamei. The present report forms the latest data on the prevalence of EHP in P. monodon farms in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiger shrimp (Panaeus monodon) is a crucial fishery product in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, distributed within 12 h by land routes, leading to quality deterioration due to microbial contaminants. This study aimed to analyze the presence of microbial contaminants in tiger shrimps and detect risk factors that cause the presence of bacterial contaminants in shrimp. The sampling used in this study was a purposive sampling of tiger shrimp based on three organoleptic quality categories (good (1), moderate (2), and poor (3)) and analyzed with several specific media. Risk factor observations were performed during the handling process. The highest total bacteria and coliforms were found in shrimp 3, at 30.25x10 6 cfu/g and >1100 MPN/g, respectively. Based on the distribution of bacteria in each shrimp, shrimps 2 and 3 were contaminated by six types of bacteria: Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Salmonella/Shigella, Klebsiella sp., E. coli, and S. aureus. E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and Salmonella/Shigella bacteria were not found in shrimp 1. The presence of these bacteria plays a role in the deterioration of tiger shrimp. Bacteria in shrimp is caused by the equipment and materials used, worker behavior, and environmental conditions that do not pay attention to hygiene during the tiger shrimp handling process. These results suggest that the long distribution process of tiger shrimp, coupled with poor handling, leads to bacterial contamination, resulting in quality degradation in the form of tiger shrimp spoilage, requiring a particular strategy to minimize bacterial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of adding fermented herbal extracts (FHE) derived from mulberry leaf (Morus alba), Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), and fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda) to the diet of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) on their growth, moulting performance, feed efficiency, and nutrient retention. The main feed used in this trial was a commercially manufactured pellet; then, five different doses of FHE supplementation were used: 0 mL/kg feed (P0, control), 50 mL/kg feed (P1), 100 mL/kg feed (P2), 150 mL/kg feed (P3), and 200 mL/kg feed (P4). Weight gain, average daily gain, and length gain of shrimps fed P2 were significantly higher than that of those fed the control diet. A similar result was observed in moulting performance. The application of P2 showed superior results in enhancing the feed efficiency of cultured shrimp. Thus, the protein and energy retention of P. monodon was significantly better in P2 treatment groups. P0 had the lowest crude protein, while shrimp on the P2 and P3 diets had the highest crude protein content of any treatment group. Crude lipid content was lower in shrimp fed diets supplemented with FHE compared to those fed the control diet. In addition, higher energy contents were found in P1 and P2 treatment groups. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the juvenile tiger shrimp diet contain 100 mL/kg of FHE for the best effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological invasions are among the major stressors on aquatic ecosystems. It can significantly affect species distribution and native biodiversity. Penaeus monodon invasions are frequently reported worldwide, leading to the establishment of several breeding populations. P. monodon was first recorded and morphologically identified in the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt in 2016. The current investigation aimed to assess the genetic diversity and origin of a P. monodon population from the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, and to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. monodon populations worldwide using two different mitochondrial barcode regions, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA. Different P. monodon populations with Indo-Pacific and Atlantic origins were included for these purposes. Based on the COI, 16 haplotypes were recorded in nine P. monodon populations, with 45 polymorphic sites. High haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.7575) and high nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0261) were also recorded. Based on 16S rRNA, 37 haplotypes were recorded in seven P. monodon populations, with 72 polymorphic sites, high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.9838), and high nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0985). The populations of P. monodon within its species range (of Indo-Pacific and Atlantic origins) shared many haplotypes, indicating shared lineages. Barrier analysis has divided the studied populations into groups in which Egypt was grouped with populations of Atlantic origin (based on COI and 16S rRNA) and supported with evidence of the Atlantic origin of the Egyptian population. This study showed that the Suez Canal is not the inevitable route for this species to invade the Mediterranean; therefore, precision must be exercised when determining the route of entry of any species into the Mediterranean Sea. The frequent introductions/invasions of the P. monodon population significantly contributed to the observed patterns of genetic diversity and favored its ability to adapt, colonize, and expand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabicius, 1798) is a popular Indonesian fishery product with high market value both domestically and internationally. Its high nutritional value makes it a valuable product that is in high demand. Along with increased production, various challenges appeared in management and feed quality aspects. Multi-enzymes are one method for increasing the tiger shrimp productivity. This study aimed to identify the dose of multi-enzymes in the feed that leads to an optimal growth performance, and optimum activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase), as well as improving the essential amino acids index in the shrimp body. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications each, thus 12 experimental units were applied. The treatments used were A at 0%/kg feed, B at 40%, C at 60%, and D at 80%/kg feed. The experimental animal was the tiger shrimp with a mean weight of 0.07g/ ind. The shrimps were reared in the hatchery laboratorium of the Marine Science and Fishery Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The parameters examined were essential amino acid index (EAAI), essential amino acid score (EAAS), enzyme type activity, specific growth rate (SGR), relative weight gain (RWG), survival rate (SR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). The results showed that feed with 80% multienzyme/kg provided the highest EAAI compared to other doses, namely 2.64. In addition, the most EAAS deficiency occurred in methionine EAA, namely 9.29 in multi-enzyme feed with a dose of 40%/kg. SGR, RWG, and PER were not significantly different (P> 0.05), but SR showed a significant difference (P< 0.05). The activity of amylase, protease, and lipase enzymes in the tiger shrimp also increased with the addition of multienzyme doses to the feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Kalimantan has a superior commodity: tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Some of these commodities are marketed to several areas in Samarinda City and to areas outside Samarinda City, namely West Kutai Regency (Barong Tongkok Market). The distribution process uses a cold chain (cool box) system for 12 hours of travel. Long distribution times cause product quality to decrease. This study aims to assess tiger shrimp's quality and handling strategies using a cold chain system at PPI Selili Samarinda City. The quality level is determined using organoleptic testing at points 1 (PPI Selili) and 2 (Pasar Barong Tongkok). The formal safety assessment (FSA) method is used to identify risks in each handling activity, risk assessment associated with tiger shrimp deterioration, risk control, and recommendations to minimize quality degradation. Based on organoleptic tests, the quality of tiger shrimp is included in the category of safe for consumption. Product handling activities included unloading products from ships, moving them to terminals, washing, structuring, packaging in cool boxes, transportation by shipping services, shipping to Melak Pasar Barong Tongkok, unloading from shipping services, and product arrangement. The highest potential risk is handling shipments to Melak Pasar Barong Tongkok, which has 22 potential hazards. Risk mitigation can be applied through socialization and evaluation related to suitable fish handling methods (CPIB) and making operational schedules for cleaning in the product loading and unloading area before and after handling activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive performance of captive tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is a crucial aspect of sustainable aquaculture. This study explores the potential of Cyperus spp. extract components (CE) to enhance the reproductive performance of captive tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Our methods involved feeding captive tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon with feed enriched with 0, 300, 400, and 500 µg CE/g Body Weight (BW) over a 60-day rearing period. Eyestalk ablation was used as a positive control. Post-feeding experiments, we observed the shrimp for their reproductive performance. The results were promising: the male broodstock exhibited the highest molting percentage when fed with feed enriched with 400 µg CE/g BW, while females showed the highest molting percentage at 500 µg CE/g BW. The highest percentage of males carrying spermatophores and mating females was observed at 500 µg CE/g BW. Broodstockfed feed enriched with 500 µg CE/g BW produced 337,339 eggs with an average egg diameter of 289.5 µm, yielding 16,175 nauplii. The highest expression of vitellogenin and spermatogenesis was found in the 400-500 µg/g BW range. These findings suggest that the optimal dose of CE for promoting gonadal maturation in captive shrimp broodstock is 400-500 µg/g BW. The potential of this study to increase larval production in aquaculture practices is significant. By utilizing environmentally friendly plant-derived hormones like CE, we can develop more sustainable aquaculture methods, thereby reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional hormone induction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brackish water-induced lands are abandoned by their owners because the land is unproductive. These lands are adjacent to the pond. This study aims to evaluate the brackish water-induced land through the rice-tiger shrimp coculture system. The land was reconstructed using excavators into 70 % rice fields and 30 % caren for shrimp cultivation. On this land, cultivation was carried out with Irrigated Inbred Rice (Inpari 34) and tiger shrimp (P) and Inpari 35 and tiger shrimp (T). Each treatment is two replicates. Salt-tolerant rice seeds used are varieties of Inpari 34 and Inpari 35 planted on rice fields after seedbeds for 25 days. Post larvae (PL) of tiger shrimp were adapted to a salinity of 7 ppt for 30 days, to be stocked at a density of 4 ind/m2. The growth of rice and tiger shrimp growth and water quality were monitored at a 14-day interval. Production of rice and tiger shrimp was counted at the end of the study. The results showed that salt-tolerant rice varieties Inpari 34 grew from 40 to 108 cm in height and Inpari 35 grew from 43 to 126 cm with production reach 5.060 ± 64.28 and 4.324 ± 19.09 t/ha, respectively, during 105 days of culture period. The survival rate and body weight of tiger shrimp are 20.19 ± 0.43 % and 11.56 ± 2.36 g for Inpari 34 and 20.83 ± 31.26 % and 12.40 ± 2.42 g for Inpari 35 for 65 days culture period, with production estimated 0.176 ± 0.054 (P) and 0.134 ± 0.010 t/ha (T). Inpari 34 and Inpari 35 rice varieties can be cocultured with tiger shrimp on the brackish water-induced land. Rice-tiger shrimp coculture system can be an alternative technology to restore land function that is intrusive by brackish water-induced land and support food security.

The contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals (HMs) in highly priced tiger shrimp and its associated ecosystems and farming conditions (hatcheries and commercial grow-out ponds) were scarcely investigated in South Asian countries. In this study, we determined the five HMs (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr) concentrations in PL14 (fourteen days of Post-Larva) of Penaeus monodon, commercial diets, surface water, and sediments from hatcheries, farms, rivers using ICP-MS for two years. The results revealed that surface sediments of rivers and hatcheries had the highest amounts of Cr (65.85 ± 0.82 and 72.50 ± 0.42 mg/kg), Cu (18.82 ± 3.96 and 19.26 ± 4.61 mg/kg), and Zn (63.74 ± 11.14 and 87.42 ± 17.96 mg/kg), whereas commercial farms had the greatest levels of Cd (0.09 ± 0.05 mg/kg). Pb was significantly higher in sediment of hatcheries and farms than in other sites. Except for Zn in surface waters, all metals were found above the recommended limit. In case of supplied feed, all values were in the safe limit excepting Cr (3.39 ± 1.45 to 108.92 ± 3.49 mg/kg). On the other hand, among the metals, only Cr (VI) ranging from 1.75 ± 1.39 mg/kg in P. monodon samples exceeded the suggested international guidelines. The Igeo values of all the metals were Igeo 1) indicating potential health hazards. The low CR values for Cd, Cr Pb were 3.1 × 10−4, 3.7 × 10−4 and 1.6 × 10−4, respectively indicates no cancer risks upon consuming P. monodon.

The tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is a native species of the Indo-Pacific Ocean that was introduced to promote its cultivation in several American countries, including Colombia. As a result of inappropriate aquaculture practices, it has established itself in the wild in almost all the Colombian Caribbean Sea. To evaluate the genetic diversity, population structure, and origin of the founder populations, samples from three sites in the Colombian Caribbean were analyzed from 10 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial DNA Control Region. Genetic diversity similar to native populations was found to be present in three relatively discrete populations and their origin is related to natural populations from Thailand, the Philippines, Taiwan and China. We discuss how oceanographic conditions and culture systems of tiger shrimp facilitated the success of biological invasion processes in marine ecosystems of the Colombian Caribbean.

The tiger shrimp culture in East Borneo is commonly performed using traditional pond system management. In this work, the objective was to evaluate the application of Boesenbergia pandurata and Solanum ferox extract supplemented as feed additives considering shrimp growth, survival rate, and meat quality culture in a traditional pond. There were three dietary groups that were stocked with 300 shrimp in this study. The shrimp were maintained in a pond, separated with a 3 × 3 m2 net. The dietary treatment applied was divided into three types, namely P1, without the extracts; P2, 20 mL kg−1 dietary supplementation; and P3, 30 mL kg−1 dietary supplementation in the diet. The findings revealed that the herb extract influenced the growth rate, feed efficiency, survival rate, and meat quality of the shrimp, mainly the amino and fatty acid contents in the shrimp meat. The 30 mL kg−1 herb extract dose in group 3 showed a higher growth performance and survival rate. In group 3, 98% of the shrimp could survive until the final study period, while 96% of shrimp survived in group 2, and 70% of the shrimp survived in group 1. These findings indicate that the phytoimmune (B. pandurata and S. ferox) extract can be utilized as a feed additive to improve the growth, survival rate, and meat quality of the shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases control in tiger shrimp farming activities needs to be done by applying biosecurity and early detection of IMNV. This study aimed to identify the application of biosecurity and IMNV detection in tiger shrimp hatchery activities at the Hatchery Surya Prima Benur. The method of collecting data on the application of biosecurity at the Surya Prima Benur Hatchery is carried out by observing field activities, interviews and participating in activities directly. IMNV detection in tiger prawn fry was carried out by PCR machine. The results of the study indicated that the application of biosecurity at the research site includes infrastructure biosecurity, personnel biosecurity, biota biosecurity, and environmental biosecurity. Detection of IMNV in 6 samples of fry showed negative IMNV results indicated by the absence of a band on the 139 bp molecule according to the positive control. The results of this study can be used as technical guidelines for the implementation of biosecurity and the IMNV inspection process in tiger shrimp hatchery activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shrimp species Penaeus monodon is the main commodity of Indonesian aquaculture. One of the obstacles when cultivating tiger prawns is the attack of white spot disease (White Spot Syndrome Virus) which makes the quality and quantity of production decrease. One attempteffective for overcoming the white spot virus attack on shrimp, namely through the transfer of antiviral genes. Previous researchers carried out the transfer of antiviral genes to provide immunological effects so that they were resistant to pathogen attack and could prevent the death of tiger prawns. Destinationwriting article that is This study aims to determine the increase in resistance of tiger shrimp to Whispovirus that causes White Spot Syndrome through the transfer of antiviral genes. The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative with a literature review method that discusses five focus studies, namely Whispovirus as a cause of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) disease in tiger prawns, tiger shrimp infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus, the use of PmAV antiviral genes in the treatment of Whispovirus , the mechanism of transfection of antiviral genes in the treatment of Whispovirus infection against tiger prawns, and changes in tiger shrimp resistance after insertion of antiviral genes. The conclusion obtained is that the addition of antiviral genes in tiger shrimp DNA can increase its resistance to Whispovirus.

The tiger shrimp culture in East Borneo is commonly performed using traditional pond system management. In this work, the objective was to evaluate the application of Boesenbergia pandurata and Solanum ferox extract supplemented as feed additives considering shrimp growth, survival rate, and meat quality culture in a traditional pond. There were three dietary groups that were stocked with 300 shrimp in this study. The shrimp were maintained in a pond, separated with a 3 × 3 m2 net. The dietary treatment applied was divided into three types, namely P1, without the extracts; P2, 20 mL kg−1 dietary supplementation; and P3, 30 mL kg−1 dietary supplementation in the diet. The findings revealed that the herb extract influenced the growth rate, feed efficiency, survival rate, and meat quality of the shrimp, mainly the amino and fatty acid contents in the shrimp meat. The 30 mL kg−1 herb extract dose in group 3 showed a higher growth performance and survival rate. In group 3, 98% of the shrimp could survive until the final study period, while 96% of shrimp survived in group 2, and 70% of the shrimp survived in group 1. These findings indicate that the phytoimmune (B. pandurata and S. ferox) extract can be utilized as a feed additive to improve the growth, survival rate, and meat quality of the shrimp.

The bacterial population plays a crucial role in recycling the organic matter and metabolizing the toxic nitrogenous compounds under biofloc technology (BFT). The biofloc technology has been successfully implemented for several fish species, but not for shrimp culture in Bangladesh. The major objectives of this study were to determine the effects of stocking density on the growth performance of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon under biofloc technology (BFT) rearing system using commercial probiotics and to investigate the abundance of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and vibrio-like bacteria (VLB) in different biofloc treatments and their water quality parameters. The experiment was conducted with three different stocking densities in three BFT tanks (2.5 × 2.0 × 1.0 m) with triplicate and three control tanks filled in clearwater. All these tanks were built with cement and can contain 5000 L of water. Visually healthy, disease-free P. monodon postlarvae (weighted 0.18 ± 0.02 g) were collected from a local hatchery and stocked in three different stocking densities, i.e., 400 PL/m3 (CW), 400 PL/m3 (BFT1), 450 PL/m3 (BFT2) and 500 PL/m3 (BFT3). Shrimps were fed four times a day with commercial feed (Biomer, 40 % crude protein) for 127 days. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of shrimp were found among the treatments and the control group. The overall final biomass in BFT1 (5.88 ± 0.12 kg m3) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of other BFT groups and the control (3.40 ± 0.09 kg m3). The present findings showed that the biofloc technology with lower stocking density was reducing the total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite-N, and nitrate-N in water and significantly increased THB and reduced VLB populations.

The two economically important shrimp species in Bangladesh are the tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and the brown shrimp, Metapenaeus monoceros. However, a continuous decline in the landing of these species from the industrial trawling made it critical to assess their stock biomass status to explore their response to the present degree of removal. Given the minimum data requirement and robustness, this study employed the depletion-based stock reduction analysis (DB-SRA) to assess these fisheries rigorously. For the industrial fishing zone (beyond the 40 m depth in the EEZ of Bangladesh), the estimated historic mean carrying capacity (K) was 5015 metric tons for the Penaeus monodon and 35,871 metric tons for Metapenaeus monoceros. The estimated overfishing limits (OFL), which were much smaller than the reported catches throughout the time series, indicate the overfishing status of these fisheries. As a result, the estimated biomass for the reference year (B2020) for both species was lower than BMSY, indicating that these fisheries are not producing MSY. Therefore, for the rebuilding and sustainable management of these stocks, this study recommended a catch limit of 100 metric tons for P. monodon and 750 metric tons for M. monoceros for the next ten years from biomass projections.

The recent incidence of loose-shell syndrome disease (LSSD) in grow-out shrimp ponds appears to be a major problem in Bangladesh. Therefore, the aims of our study were (i) to observe clinical signs of LSSD to confirm its incidence and (ii) to identify the probable causative agents for LSSD in shrimp. Sampling was conducted randomly from five LSSD-affected ponds and three non-affected ponds near Bakkhali River; ecological parameters were measured. A total of 180 healthy shrimps were used for this experiment, where LSSD-affected shrimp extracts were either injected into the shrimps or mixed with water in the experimental tanks. Finally, microbial examinations were performed to identify the possible LSSD causative agents from the infected individuals. The total shrimp production was higher in ponds with healthy populations (185 kg/ha) than from LSSD-affected ponds (126–146 kg/ha); the survival rate of shrimp at harvest was significantly different (p

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The tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is native to the Indo-West Pacific Ocean, covering the east coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, China, the Sea of Japan, New Guinea and Australia. A new report was recorded on the capture in the wild of a female tiger shrimp P. monodon in conditions of reproductive maturity on the coast of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. The specimen was captured by a trawler operating near the coast of Campeche, in front of Carmen Island. The specimen was identified using dichotomous keys, additionally corroborated with analysis of the sequence of a fragment of 650 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and compared with the sequence of P. monodon reported in GenBank. The specimen was deposited in the National Collection of Crustaceans of the Institute of Biology of the UNAM. Histological analysis of the gonads revealed that the organism was in a reproductive condition as ovaries contained oocytes in an advanced development state. The molecular data (sequenced fragments F and R) were identical with the COI sequence of P. monodon deposited in GenBank, thus confirming the presence of P. monodon from the coasts of Isla del Carmen, Campeche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Xylocarpus granatum has been used as a medicinal plant by coastal communities, which may indicate that this plant is a potential source of pharmaceuticals. Methods: Xylocarpus granatum leaf extract was tested as an antimicrobial agent for pathogens infecting tiger shrimp post-larvae. Of the treatments applied to the post-larvae, 25 were crudely extracted with ethanol, distilled water, and seawater solvent given by immersion. Vibrio harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. were microbial species used for the test. Results: X. granatum extract had the potential to inhibit V. harveyi and Saprolegnia sp., reducing infection and improving the survival of shrimp. Shrimp soaked with X. granatum extract had a total Vibrio count ranging from 14.67x10 3 to 22.67x10 3 CFU/ml. The survival rate of shrimp was recorded as 53.33% to 78.67% and 54.67% to 76.00% due to V. harveyi, and Saprolegnia sp infection, respectively. The relative percentage of the survival of shrimp protected from V. harveyi and Saprolegnia sp infection in treatments compared to negative controls ranged from 40.61% to 72.89% and 35.84% to 66.12%, respectively. Conclusions: Leaf extracts of X. granatum, which might have better antimicrobial activities to prevent tiger shrimp from pathogenetic infection, were consecutively extracted ethanol at 800-1,000 ppm, distilled water at 800-1,000 ppm, and seawater at 1,000 ppm.

This study aims to determine the optimal stocking density of tiger shrimp seed (Penaeus monodon) were maintained in media biofloc. This study uses a randomized complete design with four treatments and three replications ie, treatment A control (10 tiger shrimp seed / container without the addition bioflok), treatment B (10 tiger shrimp seed / container with the addition bioflok), treatment C (15 tiger shrimp seed / container with the addition bioflok) , treatment D (tiger shrimp seed / container with the addition bioflok). The observed parameters include the specific growth rate (SGR), a daily increase of the absolute length and survival rate (SR) and feed efficiency. The results showed that the stocking density gives significantly effect to increase the daily increase of the absolute length, SGR and feed efficiency value of tiger prawn seed. Values length and SGR growth are highest in treatment C respectively, 3.1 ± 0.06 cm and 1.48 ± 0.041%/day, meanwhile, the value of feed efficiency is highest in treatment D amounted to 47,43 ± 7,26%. There is no significant effect between the stocking density differences of each treatment on the survival of tiger shrimp juvenile Optimal maintenance toward stocking density for tiger shrimp seed using bioflok system is 15 tiger shrimp seed / 10 liters of water.Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan padat tebar optimal benih udang windu (Penaeus monodon) yang dipelihara dalam media bioflok. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan yaitu, perlakuan A kontrol (10 ekor/wadah tanpa penambahan bioflok), perlakuan B (10 ekor/wadah dengan penambahan bioflok), perlakuan C (15 ekor/wadah dengan penambahan bioflok), perlakuan D (20 ekor/wadah dengan penambahan bioflok). Parameter yang diamati meliputi kelangsungan hidup (SR), Pertambahan Panjang Mutlak, Laju Pertumbuhan Spesifik (SGR) dan Efisiensi Pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan padat tebar berpengaruh nyata meningkatkan pertumbuhan panjang, SGR dan nilai efisiensi pakan benih udang windu. Nilai pertumbuhan panjang dan SGR tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan C masing masing sebesar 3,1±0,06 cm dan 1,48±0,041%/hari, sedangkan nilai efesiensi pakan tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan D sebesar 47,43±7,62%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara perbedaaan padat tebar tiap perlakuan terhadap kelangsungan hidup benih udah windu. Padat tebar optimal pemeliharaan benih udang windu dengan menggunakan sistem bioflok adalah 15 ekor/ 10 liter air.

Biswas, G.; Kumar, P.; Kailasam, M.; Ghoshal, T.K.; Bera, A., and Vijayan, K.K., 2019. Application of integrated multi trophic aquaculture (IMTA) concept in brackishwater ecosystem: The first exploratory trial in the Sundarban, India. In: Jithendran, K.P.; Saraswathy, R.; Balasubramanian, C.P.; Kumaraguru Vasagam, K.P.; Jayasankar, V.; Raghavan, R.; Alavandi, S.V., and Vijayan, K.K. (eds.), BRAQCON 2019: World Brackishwater Aquaculture Conference. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 86, pp. 49–55. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. An integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) model involving mullets (Mugil cephalus and Liza parsia) and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) as fed-species, and estuarine oyster (Crassostrea cuttackensis) and seaweed, Enteromorpha spp. as extractive species was evaluated as a viable aquaculture option in brackishwater of the Indian Sundarban. A 150-day field experiment was conducted in six brackishwater ponds (600 m2 each). There were two randomly assigned groups, IMTA and polyculture (control) with three replicate ponds. Ponds under IMTA were stocked with mullets and tiger shrimp at 10000 and 30000 no./ha, respectively, C. cuttackensis at 1600 no./ha suspended with a basket in the water column and Enteromorpha spp. at 200 kg biomass/ha. Control ponds were stocked with mullets and shrimp at the same densities to that of IMTA, and devoid of oyster and seaweed. A common low-cost polyculture feed was provided to fishes and shrimp. Mullets attained a significantly higher growth (p <0.05) in the IMTA system compared to that of control ponds, whereas tiger shrimp had insignificantly higher growth in IMTA than in control. Significantly higher production of 1707 kg/ha (19% higher) with better water quality was obtained in IMTA system compared to that of control ponds (1434 kg/ha) (p <0.05). There was a significant reduction in apparent feed conversion ratio by 22%, and an increase in net income by 69% and benefit-cost ratio by 30% in the IMTA system than that of the control. Moreover, for the first time the estuarine oyster, C. cuttackensis was used as an extractive species in brackishwater IMTA system. From an indoor trial, it was observed that this oyster species has high water filtration capacity to remove suspended matters, including planktons. This preliminary experiment indicates the application of IMTA concept in brackishwater as a viable environment-friendly option and warrants further refinement for species combination with the economic viability and environmental suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Bacteriocin has been used widely in industry as a biopreservative agent. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potency of Bacteriocin isolated from tiger prawn Penaeus monodon and freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii as an anti-bacterial on fish. Methods: A total of ten candidates of probiotic bacteria consisted of five isolates from tiger shrimps (H1, H2, H3, H4, H5) and five isolates from freshwater prawns (W1, W2, W3, W4, W5) were evaluated. Bacteriocin wasBacteriocin was produced by centrifugation at a speed of 150 rpm and at 37 °C for 24 hours. The bacteriocin extract was purified by adding sulphate ammonium salt {(NH4) 2SO4} at 80% of the saturation level. Bacteriocin activity was determined using a diffusion method against pathogenic bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophillaAeromonas hydrophilla and Pseudomonas stutzeri. Bacteriocins were analyzed usinganalyzedusing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed with Duncans multiple range test. Results: Bacteriocins produced by bacteria isolate H4 from tiger prawn indicated the highest bacteriocin activity againstbacteriocin activity against Pseudomonas stutzeri at stutzeri at the diameter of inhibition zone of 887.10 ± 409.24 mm 2/mL. While isolate W2 from freshwater shrimp indicated inhibition zone of 1466.96 ± 127.62 mm 2/mL. Both bacteriocins were purified by chromatography column using Sephadex LH-20. Conclusion s: This finding showed that bacterial isolates H4 and W2 have the potential to produce bacteriocins which inhibit the pathogenic bacteria. FTIR analysis showed an amide group at wave number 1652cm -1 contained in the bacteriocins of isolates H4 and W2.

Medium rearing of the P. monodon Fabricius seed at the hatcheries usually used closed system and without water changes during culture period, until certain time the water quality could deterioted. The purpose of this research was to understand the effects of recirculation system on the water qualities (total suspended solids, ammonia, ammonium, nitrite and dissolved oxygen) of tiger shrimp (P. monodon Fabricius) seed medium. This research was conducted in the hatchery of Marine Science of Diponegoro University at Teluk Awur. The research used experimental method with two treatments, recirculation and non-recirculation system. Concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, nitrite and dissolved oxygen (DO) were descriptive analyzed. Average concentration on recirculation system of TSS was 0,570 mg/L, ammonia was 0,039 mg/L, nitrite was 0,076 mg/L and DO was 6,00 mg/L. Average concentration on without recirculation system of TSS was 0,983 mg/L, ammonia was 0,09 mg/L, nitrite was 0,2 mg/L and DO was 3,86 mg/L. The resirculation rearing system was improve water quality on tiger shrimp seed medium. Budidaya benih udang windu (P. monodon Fabricius) pada bak pembenihan umumnya menggunakan sistem tertutup dan air media tidak diganti, sehingga dalam waktu tertentu dapat terjadi penurunan kualitas air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan kualitas air (MPT, amonia, amonium, nitrit dan DO) pada pemeliharaan benih udang windu (P. monodon Fabricius) dengan sistem resirkulasi dan tanpa resirkulasi. Penelitian dilakukan di Marine Center, Jurusan Ilmu Kelautan, Teluk Awur, Jepara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental dengan dua perlakuan yaitu penggunaan sistem resirkulasi dan tanpa resirkulasi. Data konsentrasi material padatan tersuspensi (MPT), amonia, nitrit, oksigen terlarut (DO), pH dan suhu selama penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada sistem resirkulasi konsentrasi rata – rata MPT 0,570 mg/L, amonia 0,039 mg/L, nitrit 0,076 mg/L dan DO 6,00 mg/L, sedangkan pada bak tanpa sistem resirkulasi konsentrasi rata – rata MPT 0,983 mg/L, amonia 0,09 mg/L, nitrit 0,2 mg/L dan DO 3,86 mg/L. Sistem resirkulasi mampu memperbaiki kualitas air media pemeliharaan benih udang windu.

Yeast and lactic acid bacteria are often used as probiotics. This study aimed to determine the effect of giving yeast and LAB probiotic using fruit waste as a microbial medium on the productivity of tiger shrimp postlarvae (Panaeus monodon). As many as 120 tiger shrimp post-larvae were acclimatized for 2 days. The tiger shrimps post-larvae were divided into 4 treatments; a control group tiger shrimp post larvae without given yeast and LAB probiotic (P0); treatment 1 (P1); treatment 2 (P2) and treatment 3 (P3) in sequence shrimp post larvae given 25 ml; 50 ml; and 75 ml yeast and LAB probiotic/15 L of water. Yeast and LAB probiotic was given in shrimps post-larvae live media for 3 weeks(once per week). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) following the Duncan test. The results of this study showed that yeast and LAB probiotic at a dose 25ml/15 L of water can increase the growth of tiger shrimp post-larvae, reduce the amount of Vibrio sp. and maintain the quality of tiger shrimp post larvae environment.

The recent incidence of loose-shell syndrome disease (LSSD) in grow-out shrimp ponds appears to be a major problem in Bangladesh. Therefore, the aims of our study were (i) to observe clinical signs of LSSD to confirm its incidence and (ii) to identify the probable causative agents for LSSD in shrimp. Sampling was conducted randomly from five LSSD-affected ponds and three non-affected ponds near Bakkhali River; ecological parameters were measured. A total of 180 healthy shrimps were used for this experiment, where LSSD-affected shrimp extracts were either injected into the shrimps or mixed with water in the experimental tanks. Finally, microbial examinations were performed to identify the possible LSSD causative agents from the infected individuals. The total shrimp production was higher in ponds with healthy populations (185 kg/ha) than from LSSD-affected ponds (126-146 kg/ha); the survival rate of shrimp at harvest was significantly different (p < .01) between normal and LSSD-affected ponds. The prevalence of infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) was found to be lower than that of the Vibrio infections. During the investigation, 8% of LSSD-affected individuals were WSSV positive and 5% were MBV positive, and 4% were infected by both. Our study suggested that the prevalence of LSSD in tiger shrimp might be associated with multiple Vibrio bacterial infections, poor soil and water quality, as well as poor pond management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to investigate some biological aspects of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in order to provide the biological information required for its proper management of the fishery in Jizan area, Red Sea. Growth parameters were calculated as (L∞ = 94.40; K = 0.81; to = -0.2); maximum age tmax = 3.7037 years; growth performance indices (ØL = 3.86; Øwt = 1.36). Carapace length at which P. semisulcatus females attained 50% of maturity was 38 mm. The annual mortality coefficients were (Z = 3.124 year-1; M = 1.163 year-1 & F = 1.961 year-1). Carapace length and age at first capture were 35.73 mm and 0.387 year, while carapace length and age at recruitment were 28.52 mm and 0.24 year, respectively. The length at first sexual maturity was found to be 38 mm, while the carapace length at first capture L50 was estimated as 35.73 mm .This indicates that there is a poor opportunity for the recruits of P. semisulcatus in Jizan area to spawn before fishing which is considered an important factor that would lead to overexploitation the stock. The estimated exploitation ratio (0.628) was higher than Emax (0.581) which indicates that, the fisheries status of this species under study is in overexploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals (HMs) in highly priced tiger shrimp and its associated ecosystems and farming conditions (hatcheries and commercial grow-out ponds) were scarcely investigated in South Asian countries. In this study, we determined the five HMs (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr) concentrations in PL 14 (fourteen days of Post-Larva) of Penaeus monodon , commercial diets, surface water, and sediments from hatcheries, farms, rivers using ICP-MS for two years. The results revealed that surface sediments of rivers and hatcheries had the highest amounts of Cr (65.85 ± 0.82 and 72.50 ± 0.42 mg/kg), Cu (18.82 ± 3.96 and 19.26 ± 4.61 mg/kg), and Zn (63.74 ± 11.14 and 87.42 ± 17.96 mg/kg), whereas commercial farms had the greatest levels of Cd (0.09 ± 0.05 mg/kg). Pb was significantly higher in sediment of hatcheries and farms than in other sites. Except for Zn in surface waters, all metals were found above the recommended limit. In case of supplied feed, all values were in the safe limit excepting Cr (3.39 ± 1.45 to 108.92 ± 3.49 mg/kg). On the other hand, among the metals, only Cr (VI) ranging from 1.75 ± 1.39 mg/kg in P . monodon samples exceeded the suggested international guidelines. The I geo values of all the metals were Igeo <0, indicating that the study areas were practically unpolluted. PLI values in every station were found to be below 1 which indicates the perfection of the sediment. The Potential Risk Index (PERI) values were less than 150 suggesting low risk of metals in sediments. The public health risk assessment estimated through the calculated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) has shown that the shrimp was safe for consumers except for Cd and Cr. The THQ for Cd and Cr were higher than the threshold (>1) indicating potential health hazards. The low CR values for Cd, Cr Pb were 3.1 × 10 -4 , 3.7 × 10 -4 and 1.6 × 10 -4 , respectively indicates no cancer risks upon consuming P. monodon ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

The tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is a native species of the Indo-Pacific Ocean that was introduced to promote its cultivation in several American countries, including Colombia. As a result of inappropriate aquaculture practices, it has established itself in the wild in almost all the Colombian Caribbean Sea. To evaluate the genetic diversity, population structure, and origin of the founder populations, samples from three sites in the Colombian Caribbean were analyzed from 10 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial DNA Control Region. Genetic diversity similar to native populations was found to be present in three relatively discrete populations and their origin is related to natural populations from Thailand, the Philippines, Taiwan and China. We discuss how oceanographic conditions and culture systems of tiger shrimp facilitated the success of biological invasion processes in marine ecosystems of the Colombian Caribbean., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

This research aimed to know the density of klekap in traditional pond to increase the growth of milkfi sh and tiger shrimp. Themethod used descriptive approach. This research was conducted during 2 months, milkfi sh stocked size was 50 grams/fi sh of 1000 fi sh/haand the shrimp were stocked is PL 20 (Post Larvae 20) by 4 rean/ha. Parameters measured the density of plankton and klekap, waterquality and the growth of milkfi sh and tiger shrimp. The results showed that the klekap density (28.81 €“37.39 107 cell/m2), plankton(25.27 to 52.14 103 cell/l), and water quality was still supporting the growth of milkfi sh and tiger shrimp. The temperature from 26.5to 35.5 0 C; dissolved oxygen from 3.5 to 8.2 ppm, pH 6.9 to 8.0; salinity 28-35 ppt; ammonia 0.01-0.46 ppm; alkalinity 160.6 to 260.6ppm; transparancy 33.0 to 53.5 cm; nitrate 0.1 to 0.47 ppm; orthophosphate 0.032 to 0.093 ppm. The results showed the growth of theaverage weight for milkfi sh 172.84 g/fi sh and shrimp reached 27.4 g/fi sh after 2 months maintained.

Wellbeing is gaining prominence in international development discourse as an alternative means of conceptualising and assessing progress against human development goals. This paper operationalizes the concept of social wellbeing (comprised of interlinked material, subjective and relational dimensions) as a framework for understanding the effects of agrarian change, as experienced by inhabitants of two villages in rural Southwest Bangladesh. Production of two ostensibly similar high value export crops (tiger shrimp and freshwater prawn) resulted in radically different trajectories of agrarian change and social wellbeing outcomes in the two villages. These were broadly positive in the village producing prawn, but broadly negative in the village producing shrimp. The paper links these divergent wellbeing outcomes to the ways in which peasant livelihoods became commodified in each village. Different patterns of commodification are shown to be linked to differences in the biological characteristics of the two organisms farmed. The paper demonstrates the theoretical, methodological and analytical utility of integrating social wellbeing and political economy of agrarian change perspectives in the study of rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an immunostimulant product prepared from vibrio bacterial components on production ofPenaeus monodonculture in five commercial shrimp farmer’s ponds in the Navsari district of Gujarat. The product was administered at the concentration of 2 × 108 cfu/kg pelleted feed as top dressing using a commercial binder for two consecutive days in a week. In general, we observed improvement of up to 33.33% in average body weight, up to 44.83% in survival rate, up to 11.11% in FCR, and up to 50.00% in production per ha over untreated control ponds on the same farm. Administration of this vibrio bacterial product could improve shrimp production in Gujarat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Businesses increasingly assume political roles, despite issues of legitimacy. The presented two case studies illustrate how businesses harness their political influence in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices through collaboration and dialog with stakeholders and civil society actors. These cases are set around issues arising in global supply chains in sourcing activities where the core problem is associated with businesses managing extended responsibilities under conflicting institutional conditions. The article seeks to provide empirical examples of Political CSR and illustrates the role of deliberative democracy in contemporary business behavior. It adopts a Western business perspective, more specifically from an end-producer and retailer's standpoint. Findings suggest that civil society is influential in driving these businesses to act responsibly. Joint collaboration is understood as key to strive toward holistic solutions. Political CSR theory remains an ideal, but offers fruitful grounds for speculating on what the political role of business is or could be and how this translates into pragmatic implications for businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of ambient Cadmium (Cd) on haemocyte apoptosis of the shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Cellular response was determined in Cd-exposed (0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg L) shrimp. Results showed that 0.05 mg L Cd had no significant effect on the haemocyte parameters during the 48 h exposure. Cadmium at doses of 0.5 and 5 mg L depressed the total haemocyte count (THC), and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis ratio in haemocytes. Esterase activity increased in shrimp exposed to 0.5 mg L Cd for 6 h, and decreased to the initial level later. Depressed esterase activity could be observed in shrimp after 24 and 48 h exposure to 5 mg L Cd. These results demonstrated that Cd modified esterase activity and induced ROS generation, which led to haemocyte apoptosis and THC reduction. Oxidative stress is one of the induction mechanisms for Cd-caused apoptosis of shrimp haemocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium deficient inland saline (10 g L−1salinity) well water was supplemented with muriate of potash to achieve 50% (57 mg L−1) and 100% (114 mg L−1) of seawater potassium concentration and used for the production of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Total mortality was observed in non-supplemented water within 6 days compared to 88.0% survival in K+100% and 85.3% survival in K+50% up to 60 days.P. monodonwere subsequently cultured for 110 days in two identical 0.25-ha ponds supplied with water of 10 g L−1and supplemented with the potassium equivalent of 35% of seawater. Survival and production were 55.8% to 64.25% and 157.70 kg (630.8 kg ha−1) to 172.75 kg (691 kg ha−1), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigated the toxic effects of cadmium on viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and non-specific esterase activity of Penaeus monodon haemocytes in vitro, using a flow cytometric assay. After 6 h in vitro exposure with 10-10 M Cd, cell viability, ROS production and esterase activity of haemocytes from P. monodon were determined. Results showed that at the lowest exposures (10-10M), Cd induced no effect on cell viability, ROS production and esterase activity. At a higher level (10 M) of exposure, production of ROS was stimulated while Cd had no effect on cell viability and esterase activity. At the two highest concentrations (10 and 10 M), Cd caused increased ROS production, cell death and inhibited esterase activity. These results showed a relationship between Cd exposure dose and its cytotoxicity on shrimp haemocytes. Cadmium was cytotoxic and immunotoxic for P. monodon haemocytes in vitro when the dose reached 10 M. The study also suggested that flow cytometry could be used as a tool for cytotoxic research of aquatic contamination on shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), a commercially important penaeid species, is widely distributed across the Indo-Pacific region. Genetic diversity in P. monodon collected from eight geographical regions in Southwest, East and Andaman coastal waters of India (N =418) was investigated using 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Average observed heterozygosity at sampled loci were high, ranging from 0.643 (Coromandel Coast) to 0.753 (South Andaman). Pairwise F ST (ranged from 0.005 to 0.078) and R ST (ranged from 0.005 to 0.171) estimates revealed surprisingly strong and statistically significant genetic structure among tiger shrimp populations. A synthetic map generated by multidimensional scaling shows an apparent cline in allele frequencies paralleling the roughly circular flow of surface currents in the Bay of Bengal. Significant heterozygote deficiencies were noted in most population samples at most loci. Andaman Island sites showed the highest diversity. Recognition of high genetic diversity and distinct population structuring of P. monodon in Indian seas has important implications for future domestication of this species in India, for two reasons: identification of the best wild founding stocks for aquaculture and, subsequently, the potential impacts of release of domesticates to the wild, either accidentally or deliberately (i.e. for stock enhancement). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Penaeidins belong to a family of antimicrobial peptides that are expressed in the hemocytes of penaeid shrimps. Using an extender PCR method and a nested PCR, we cloned two types of genomic fragment flanking the 5′ end of penaeidin gene in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon): Type536 and Type411 sequences. Both fragments contained TATA box, GATA, dorsal and AP-1 motifs and were ligated to an expression vector with a luciferase reporter gene. The constructs were then delivered into Drosophila S2 cell line. The promoter functions of the two fragments were determined using a luciferase expression assay. The study demonstrated that Type411 sequence performed higher transcriptional activity than Type536. Alignment of the upstream sequences of penaeidin genes in P. monodon and Litopenaeus vannamei showed that the promoter regions were obviously more diverse than the 5′UTRs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of two types of promoters that are not species-specific in the two shrimps. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Splitting the recommended weekly dosage of bioaugmentation agent and applied at varying frequencies were tested to determine its effects on water quality and phytoplankton stability in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) grow-out ponds. The supplier''s recommended weekly dosage was followed but at varying application frequencies namely: once per week, twice per week, and four times per week for the duration of 120 culture days. A treatment with no bioaugmentation was added as control. Results showed that ammonia and particulate organic matter levels were significantly lower and plankton die-off was greatly minimized if the product was applied four times a week application compared with twice a week and weekly applications. Significant reduction in the number of luminous Vibrio species was observed in ponds with more frequent applications than those with less. For shrimp, survival and production were significantly higher in ponds with twice and four times per week applications compared to the weekly application and the control (P <0.05). Results of this study indicate that splitting the weekly dosage of bioaugmentation agent and applying it four times per week is highly beneficial and ideal for shrimp culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]