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There is little epidemiological evidence of sex differences in the association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and the decline in physical performance in older adults.The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the decline in physical performance is worse in individuals with dynapenic abdominal obesity and whether there are sex differences in this association.Of 6183 individuals aged ≥60 y from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 2308 participants with missing data were excluded. Therefore, a longitudinal analysis was conducted with 3875 older adults. Abdominal obesity was determined based on waist circumference (102 cm for males, and88 cm for females), and dynapenia was based on grip strength (26 kg for males,16 kg for female). The sample was divided into 4 groups: nondynapenic/nonabdominal obesity (ND/NAO), nondynapenic/abdominal obesity (ND/AO), dynapenic/nonabdominal obesity (D/NAO), and dynapenic/abdominal obesity (D/AO). Decline in physical performance in an 8-y follow-up period was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models.At baseline, both male (-1.11 points; 95% CI: -1.58, -0.65 points; P 0.001) and female (-1.39 points; 95% CI: -1.76, -1.02 points; P 0.001) with D/AO had worse performances on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) than their counterparts in the ND/NAO group. Over the 8-y follow-up, males with D/AO had a faster rate of decline in the SPPB performance compared with males in the ND/NAO group (-0.11 points/y; 95% CI: -0.21, -0.01 points; P = 0.03).D/AO is associated with a stronger decline in physical performance in males but not in females. The identification and management of dynapenic abdominal obesity could be essential to avoiding the first signs of functional impairment in older males.

Background Dynapenic abdominal obesity has been shown as a risk factor for all-cause mortality in older adults. However, there is no evidence on the association between this condition and cardiovascular mortality. Objective We aimed to investigate whether dynapenic abdominal obesity is associated with cardiovascular mortality in individuals aged 50 and older. Methods A longitudinal study with an 8-year follow-up was conducted involving 7,030 participants of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing study. Abdominal obesity and dynapenia were respectively defined based on waist circumference (> 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women) and grip strength (< 26 kg for men and Results The risk of cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in individuals with D/AO compared with ND/NAO (SHR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.15–2.97). D/NAO was also associated with cardiovascular mortality (SHR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.08–2.44). Conclusion Dynapenic abdominal obesity is associated with cardiovascular mortality, with a larger effect size compared to dynapenia alone in individuals older than 50 years. Thus, prevention strategies and clinical interventions that enable mitigating the harmful effects of these conditions should be adopted to diminish such risk.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T10:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Objective: The aim of this study was to identify determinants of endothelial dysfunction in patients hospitalized with acute COVID-19. Methods: A total of 109 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in noncritical status were cross-sectionally studied. Clinical data (age, sex, comorbidities, and medications) and BMI were assessed. Laboratory tests included serum hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer, and creatinine. Physical status was evaluated using a handgrip dynamometer. Endothelial function was assessed noninvasively using the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) method. Results: The sample average age was 51 years, 51% of patients were male, and the most frequent comorbidity was obesity (62%). Univariate analysis showed association of lower FMD with higher BMI, hypertension, use of oral antihypertensive, higher blood levels of creatinine, and larger baseline artery diameter. After adjusting for confounders, the multivariate analysis showed BMI (95% CI: −0.26 to −0.11; p < 0.001) as the major factor associated with FMD. Other factors associated with FMD were baseline artery diameter (95% CI: −1.77 to −0.29; p = 0.007) and blood levels of creatinine (95% CI: −1.99 to −0.16; p = 0.022). Conclusions: Increased BMI was the major factor associated with endothelial dysfunction in noncritically hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This may explain one of the pathways in which obesity may increase the risk for severe COVID-19. Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory Department of Physical Therapy Federal University of São Carlos Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory Department of Physical Education School of Sciences São Paulo State University Department of Physical Therapy Universidad Industrial de Santander Department of Gerontology Federal University of São Carlos Department of Physical Therapy Sacred Heart University Center Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory Department of Physical Education School of Sciences São Paulo State University

Objectives to analyse the accuracy of grip strength and gait speed in identifying mortality; to compare the association between mortality and sarcopenia defined by the EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 using the best cut-off found in the present study and those recommended in the literature and to test whether slowness is better than these two definitions to identify the risk of death in older adults. Methods a longitudinal study was conducted involving 6,182 individuals aged 60 or older who participated in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Sarcopenia was defined based on the EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 using different cut-off for low muscle strength (LMS). Mortality was analysed in a 14-year follow-up. Results compared with the LMS definitions in the literature ( Conclusions using LMS

Objective to investigate whether the combination of dynapenia and abdominal obesity is worse than these two conditions separately regarding gait speed decline over time. Methods a longitudinal study was conducted involving 2,294 individuals aged 60 years or older free of mobility limitation at baseline (gait speed >0.8 m/s) who participated in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Dynapenia was determined as a grip strength 102 cm for men and >88 cm for women. The participants were divided into four groups: non-dynapenic/non-abdominal obese (ND/NAO); only abdominal obese (AO); only dynapenic (D) and dynapenic/abdominal obese (D/AO). Generalised linear mixed models were used to analyse gait speed decline (m/s) as a function of dynapenia and abdominal obesity status over an 8-year follow-up period. Results over time, only the D/AO individuals had a greater gait speed decline (−0.013 m/s per year, 95% CI: −0.024 to −0.002; P Conclusion dynapenic abdominal obesity is associated with accelerated gait speed decline and is, therefore, an important modifiable condition that should be addressed in clinical practice through aerobic and strength training for the prevention of physical disability in older adults.

Objective Cross-sectional study to verify the association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and the occurrence of single and recurrent falls among Brazilian adults aged 50 years and over. Methods Baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), comprising 8374 individuals aged 50 years and over, were analyzed. Participants were categorized according to the report of falls, dynapenic abdominal obesity was determined by combining the presence of abdominal obesity (waist circumference) and dynapenia (handgrip strength). A multinomial regression adjusted for multiple variables was conducted. Results The prevalence of a fall was 10.4% (95% CI: 9.7–11.2) and 10.8% for single and recurrent (95% CI: 9.9–11.9). Dynapenic abdominal obesity was associated with a single fall (OR: 1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.7) and showed greater strength of association with recurrent falls (OR: 2.8; 95% CI 2.1–3.8). Conclusions Our data showed that the coexistence of abdominal obesity and dynapenia in older adults creates additional challenges for aging.

Vitamin D deficiency compromises elements underlying the disability process; however, there is no evidence demonstrating the association between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of disability in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). We investigated the association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of incidence of IADL disability separately in men and women. A total of 4768 individuals aged ≥50 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) and without IADL disability according to the Lawton scale were available. Vitamin D was evaluated at baseline by serum 25(OH)D concentrations and classified as sufficient (>50 nmol/L), insufficient (>30 to ≤50 nmol/L) or deficient serum (≤30 nmol/L). IADL were reassessed after 4 years. Poisson models stratified by sex and controlled by covariates demonstrated that deficient serum 25(OH)D was a risk factor for the incidence of IADL disability in men (IRR: 1.43; 95% CI 1.02, 2.00), but not in women (IRR: 1.23; 95% CI 0.94, 1.62). Men appear to be more susceptible to the effect of vitamin D deficiency on the incidence of IADL disability, demonstrating the importance of early clinical investigation of serum 25(OH)D concentrations to prevent the onset of disability.

Background The relationship between hypertension and cognition in later life is controversial. We investigated whether the association of hypertension with cognition differs in older adults according to the frailty status using cross-sectional data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationally representative sample of adults aged ≥50 years. Method Hypertension was defined by a medical diagnosis or measured blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg. Frailty status was assessed using the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. We estimated the association of hypertension and systolic and diastolic blood pressure with global cognition, orientation, memory, and verbal fluency z-scores, using multiple linear regression models. We also investigated interactions between hypertension and frailty on cognitive performance and impairment. Results We evaluated 8609 participants (mean age = 61.9 ± 9.6 years, 53% women). Participants with hypertension (59% of adults aged 50–64 and 77% of those aged ≥65 years) had poorer scores for global cognitive performance than those without hypertension, especially among adults aged 50–64 years (β = −0.09; 95% confidence interval = −0.15, −0.04; p = .001). However, frailty modified the associations of hypertension with cognitive performance and impairment in those aged ≥65 years (p-values for interaction = .01 and .02, respectively). Among nonfrail older adults, hypertension was associated with cognitive impairment. In contrast, among frail older adults, hypertension was related to better global and memory cognitive z-scores. Conclusions Hypertension was associated with worse cognitive performance. Among older adults, hypertension was related to cognitive impairment only in nonfrail participants. Frailty evaluation may help clinicians offer personalized hypertension management in older adults.

To analyze if socioeconomic characteristics as lower education and lower family income are associated factors with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). This cross-sectional study included 140 participants aged 40 years or older with KOA grades II and III. Based on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), four groups were identified: non-catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (NC/NK), non-catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (NC/K), catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (C/NK), and catastrophic/kinesiophobic (C/K). Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). The 30-s chair stand test was performed to access physical function. Sociodemographic characteristics included age, sex, years of formal education (0 to 11 and > 11), and family income (up to 2 minimum wages and > 2). Multinomial regression analysis adjusted for age, radiographic severity, physical function, and pain intensity was used to determine the association between lower education and lower family income with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia. Only lower education was independently associated with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia (OR = 3.96 CI 95% 1.01–15.51). Lower education but not lower family income was an important associated factor with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Thus, physician and physical therapist must pay attention on this important socioeconomic characteristic while conducting the treatment, since specific strategies of approach could be necessary for those patients.

Background Vitamin D deficiency compromises muscle function and is related to the etiology of several clinical conditions that can contribute to the development of disability. However, there are few epidemiological studies investigating the association between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of disability. Objectives We aimed to assess whether vitamin D deficiency is associated with the incidence of disability in basic activities of daily living (BADL) and to verify whether there are sex differences in this association. Methods A 4-y follow-up study was conducted involving individuals aged 50 y or older who participated in ELSA (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing). The sample consisted of 4814 participants free of disability at baseline according to the modified Katz Index. Vitamin D was assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and the participants were classified as sufficient (>50 nmol/L), insufficient (>30 to ≤50 nmol/L), or deficient (≤30 nmol/L). Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics were also investigated. BADL were re-evaluated after 2 and 4 y of follow-up. The report of any difficulty to perform ≥1 BADL was considered as an incident case of disability. Poisson models stratified by sex and controlled for sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics were carried out. Results After 4-y follow-up, deficient serum 25(OH)D was a risk factor for the incidence of BADL disability in both women (IRR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.03) and men (IRR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.02). However, insufficient serum 25(OH)D was not a risk factor for the incidence of BADL disability in either men or women. Conclusions Independently of sex, deficient serum 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with increased risk of incidence of BADL disability in adults >50 y old and should be an additional target of clinical strategies to prevent disability in these populations.

Objective:To analyse differences in the prevalence of prediabetes (PD), undiagnosed diabetes (UDD) and diagnosed diabetes (DD) and associated factors between Brazilian and English older adults.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:England and Brazil.Participants:5301 participants of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing study and 1947 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging study classified as non-diabetics, PD, UDD and DD.Results:The prevalence of PD, UDD and DD was 48·6, 3 and 9·6 % in England and 33, 6 and 20 % in Brazil. In England, the increase in age, non-white skin colour, smoking, general obesity and abdominal obesity were associated with PD, UDD and DD, whereas hypertriglyceridaemia, low HDL levels, hypertension and stroke were associated with UDD and DD. In Brazil, the increase in age was associated with DD and UDD, non-white skin colour and smoking were associated with UDD and abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia were associated with all three conditions. CVD in England and schooling in Brazil were associated with PD and DD. A sedentary lifestyle was associated with DD in both samples.Conclusions:The prevalence of diabetes was higher in the Brazilian sample. Different associated factors were found in the two samples, which may be related to differences in nutritional transition, access to healthcare services and the use of such services.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cognitive impairment. However, most of the evidence has been based on self-reported T2DM, and undiagnosed diabetes has not been considered as a separate category. We aimed to examine the extent to which undiagnosed diabetes modifies the association between diabetes and cognitive impairment in a representative sample of Brazilian adults aged 50 years and older.We analyzed baseline data from 1944 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) conducted from 2015 to 2016. Diabetes was evaluated based on self-reported doctor diagnosis and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Participants were classified as diabetics (D), undiagnosed diabetics (UDD), or nondiabetics (ND). Cognitive function was assessed by word list learning and verbal fluency tests. Three multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the changes in the strength of the associations.Participants with diabetes had 49% greater odds of exhibiting impaired memory than nondiabetics (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.01-2.20). By combining UDD and ND, the association between diabetes and impaired memory was attenuated by 2.0%, losing its statistical significance (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 0.98-2.17). By combining UDD and D, the association was attenuated by 7.4% (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.01-1.90). No significant association was found between T2DM and impaired verbal fluency.This study found an association between T2DM and impaired memory but not with impaired verbal fluency. When UDD individuals are considered diabetics, this association is attenuated; when UDD individuals are considered as ND, this association is attenuated to the extent that it loses its statistical significance, affecting thus the clinical interpretation.背景: 2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)与认知功能障碍有关。然而, 大多数证据都是基于自我报告的T2DM, 而未诊断的糖尿病并未被认为是一个单独的类别。我们的目的是在50岁及以上巴西成年人的代表性样本中,研究未诊断的糖尿病在多大程度上改变了糖尿病和认知障碍之间的关联。 方法: 我们分析了从2015年到2016年巴西老龄化纵向研究 (Longitudinal Study of Aging, ELSI)中1 944名参与者的基线数据。根据自我报告的医生诊断和糖化血红蛋白水平, 对糖尿病进行评估。参与者被分为糖尿病患者(D)、未确诊糖尿病的患者(UDD)或非糖尿病患者(ND)。认知功能评估采用词汇表学习和语言流利性测试。三个多元logistic回归模型被用来评估关联强度的变化。 结果: 糖尿病患者比非糖尿病患者记忆受损的几率高49%( OR=1.49; 95% CI1.01~2.20)。联合考虑UDD和ND后, 糖尿病与记忆损害的关联性降低2.0%, 失去统计学意义(OR=1.46; 95% CI 0.98~2.17)。联合考虑UDD和D, 这种关联减弱了7.4%(OR=1.38; 95% CI 1.01~1.90)。未发现T2DM与语言流畅性受损之间存在显著关联。 结论: 本研究发现T2DM与记忆受损有关, 但与语言流畅性受损无关。当UDD个体被认为是糖尿病患者时, 这种关联被减弱; 当UDD个体被认为是ND时, 这种关联被减弱到失去其统计学意义的程度, 从而影响临床解释。.

Epidemiological evidence showing the association between low 25(OH)D and age-related reduction in neuromuscular strength (dynapenia) is a paucity and controversial and, to date, the effect of osteoporosis and vitamin D supplementation on these associations has not been measured. Thus, we analyze whether serum 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency are risk factors for the incidence of dynapenia in individuals aged 50 or older and whether osteoporosis or vitamin D supplementation modify these associations. For that, 3205 participants of the ELSA study who were non-dynapenic at baseline were followed for 4 years. Vitamin D was measured at baseline by the serum concentration of 25(OH)D and classified as sufficient (> 50 nmol/L), insufficient (≥ 30 and ≤ 50 nmol/L) or deficient (

Anemia and dynapenia can occur simultaneously. Separately, both conditions increase the mortality risk with advancing age. However, there is no epidemiological evidence on the combined effect of these conditions on mortality in older adults. We investigated whether combined anemia and dynapenia increase the mortality risk, and whether there are gender differences.A 10-year follow-up study was conducted involving 5,310 older adults from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). According to the diagnosis of anemia (hemoglobin concentration13.0 g/dL in men and12.0 g/dL in women) and dynapenia (grip strength26 kg for men and16 kg for women), individuals at baseline were categorized as "non-anemic/non-dynapenic", "dynapenic", "anemic" and "anemic/dynapenic". The outcome was all-cause mortality during the follow-up period.A total of 984 deaths were computed during the follow-up (63.7% in non-anemic/non-dynapenic, 22.8% in dynapenic, 7.5% in anemic and 6.0% in anemic/dynapenic). Adjusted Cox proportional hazard models stratified by sex showed that anemia and dynapenia combined was associated with an increased mortality risk in men (HR: 1.64; 95% IC 1.08 - 2.50) and women (HR: 2.17; 95% CI 1.44 - 3.26). Anemia in men (HR: 1.68; 95% CI 1.22 - 2.32) and dynapenia in women (HR: 1.37; 95% CI 1.09 - 1.72) were also risk factors for mortality.The coexistence of anemia and dynapenia increases the mortality risk, highlighting the need for early identification, prevention, and treatment of these conditions to reduce their complications and the mortality risk.

The mechanisms, risk factors and influence of sex on the incidence of frailty components are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyse sex differences in factors associated with the increase in the number of frailty components.A 12-year follow-up analysis was conducted with 1,747 participants aged ≥ 60 of the ELSA Study with no frailty at baseline. Generalised linear mixed models were used to analyse the increase in the number of frailty components stratified by sex, considering socioeconomic, behavioural, clinical and biochemical characteristics as exposure variables.The increase in the number of frailty components in both sexes was associated with an advanced age (70 to 79 years and 80 years or older), low educational level, sedentary lifestyle, elevated depressive symptoms, joint disease, high C-reactive protein levels, perception of poor vision and uncontrolled diabetes (p 0.05). Osteoporosis, low weight, heart disease, living with one or more people and perception of poor hearing were associated with an increase in the number of frailty components in men. High fibrinogen concentration, controlled diabetes, stroke and perception of fair vision were associated with the outcome in women (p 0.05). Obese women and men and overweight women had a lower increase in the number of frailty components compared to those in the ideal weight range.Socioeconomic factors, musculoskeletal disorders, heart disease and low weight seem to sustain the frailty process in men, whereas cardiovascular and neuroendocrine disorders seem to sustain the frailty process in women.

Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated an association between abdominal obesity, determined by waist circumference (WC), and vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency in older adults. However, longitudinal evidence is based only on general obesity determined using body mass index (BMI). We investigated whether abdominal obesity is associated with the incidence of 25(OH)D insufficiency (>30 and ≤50 nmol/L) and deficiency (≤30 nmol/L), and whether vitamin D supplementation modifies these associations. We included 2459 participants aged ≥50 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) with 25(OH)D sufficiency (>50 nmol/L) at baseline. Abdominal obesity was defined as >88 cm for women and >102 cm for men. After 4 years, 25(OH)D concentrations were reassessed. Multinomial logistic regression models controlled by covariates were performed. Abdominal obesity increased the risk of the incidence of 25(OH)D insufficiency (RRR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01–1.83) and deficiency (RRR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.05–2.58). These risks were maintained when excluding individuals who took vitamin D supplementation (RRR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.02–1.88) and (RRR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.02–2.56). Abdominal obesity is associated with the risk of incidence of low 25(OH)D concentrations. WC seems to be an adequate tool for screening individuals with obesity and at potential risk of developing these conditions.

Background Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality among older adults, and it is associated with decreased physical performance. But the role of hemoglobin in the absence of anemia remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of hemoglobin levels on physical performance in Brazilian older adults without anemia. Methods The study is longitudinal in that it relies on two waves of the Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE; Health, Well-being, and Aging) study: 2010 and 2015-2016. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to determine the effects of the hemoglobin concentrations on the Short Physical Performance Battery-SPPB over time among the 1,023 who had complete data and did not have anemia in 2010. In the follow-up, there were 567 without anemia. Results In analyses adjusted for age, education, comorbidities, body mass index, and physical inactivity, we found a differential association between hemoglobin concentration and SBBP by sex, with a positive interaction (β Hb*female= 0.20, 95% CI 0.04,0.37). At lower levels of hemoglobin, women have lower levels of SPPB than men, but at higher levels of hemoglobin concentration, there are no sex differences in physical performance. In addition, higher age was negatively associated with SPPB levels and cardiometabolic diseases, other diseases, and physical inactivity. Education was positively associated with physical performance. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that higher hemoglobin levels were associated with better physical performance among older adults without anemia in Brazil. However, there were sex differences in this association. This finding is important because, in clinical practice, most health professionals focus on the World Health Organization definition of anemia. Our study suggests the importance of hemoglobin levels among older adults, even those without anemia, and highlights sex differences.

Background Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between diabetes and low neuromuscular strength (NMS). However, none have grouped participants into nondiabetics (ND), undiagnosed diabetics (UDD), controlled diabetics (CD), and uncontrolled diabetics (UCD) or investigated what glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c) are associated with low NMS (dynapenia) by sex. Methods We analyzed the association between UDD, CD, and UCD and dynapenia, the extent to which the different groupings of these individuals modifies this association and the association between HbA1c levels and NMS, by sex, in a cross-sectional study involving 5,290 participants ≥50 years from the ELSA study. In the first two analyses, logistic regression models were used with dynapenia (grip strength Results Compared to ND, only UCD was associated with dynapenia (men OR = 2.37 95% CI 1.36–4.14; women OR = 1.67 95% CI 1.01–2.79). This association was less clear, particularly in women, when CD and UCD groups were merged. HbA1c ≥6.5% in men and ≥8.0% in women were associated with lower NMS. Conclusions UCD increases the chance of dynapenia in both sexes. The different groupings based on diabetes status modify the association between UCD and dynapenia. The threshold of HbA1c associated with reduced NMS is lower in men compared to women.

Background The trajectory of incident disability that occurs simultaneously with changes in frailty status, as well as how much each frailty component contributes to this process in the different sexes, are unknown. The objective of this study is to analyse the trajectory of the incidence of disability on basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL and IADL) as a function of the frailty changes and their components by sex over time. Methods Longitudinal analyses of 1522 and 1548 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing study participants without BADL and IADL disability, respectively, and without frailty at baseline. BADL and IADL were assessed using the Katz and Lawton Scales and frailty by phenotype at 4, 8, and 12 years of follow‐up. Generalized mixed linear models were calculated for the incidence of BADL and IADL disability, as an outcome, using changes in the state of frailty and its components, as the exposure, by sex in models fully adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioural, biochemical, and clinical characteristics. Results The mean age, at baseline, of the 1522 eligible individuals free of BADL and free of frailty was 68.1 ± 6.2 years (52.1% women) and of the 1548 individuals free IADL and free frailty was 68.1 ± 6.1 years (50.6% women). Women who became pre‐frail had a higher risk of incidence of disability for BADL and IADL when compared with those who remained non‐frail (P

BACKGROUND: Falls among older people have a negative impact on health and therefore constitute a public health problem. Cognitive decline can also accompany the aging process, and both conditions lead to significant increases in morbidity and mortality in this population. Objective: To analyze the cognitive performance of older people, classified as non-fallers, sporadic fallers and recurrent fallers, and investigate the relationship between falls and cognition. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Evaluations on 230 older people were conducted. They were divided into three groups: non-fallers, sporadic fallers (one fall) and recurrent fallers (two or more falls). The Mini-Mental State Examination, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD), Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX) similarities subtest and digit span test were applied. RESULTS: In multinomial logistic regression, being a recurrent faller was significantly associated with lower scores in the CERAD word list (odds ratio, OR = 0.92; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.86-0.98; P = 0.01), in CERAD constructive praxis (OR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79-0.98; P = 0.02), in BCSB figure list memory (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99; P = 0.02) and in verbal fluency (OR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.97; P = 0.01). Recurrent fallers also had lower scores in these same tests, compared with sporadic fallers. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment, especially in the domains of memory and executive functioning, can influence occurrences of recurrent falls.

To analyze if socioeconomic characteristics as lower education and lower family income are associated factors with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).This cross-sectional study included 140 participants aged 40 years or older with KOA grades II and III. Based on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), four groups were identified: non-catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (NC/NK), non-catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (NC/K), catastrophic/non-kinesiophobic (C/NK), and catastrophic/kinesiophobic (C/K). Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). The 30-s chair stand test was performed to access physical function. Sociodemographic characteristics included age, sex, years of formal education (0 to 11 and 11), and family income (up to 2 minimum wages and 2). Multinomial regression analysis adjusted for age, radiographic severity, physical function, and pain intensity was used to determine the association between lower education and lower family income with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia.Only lower education was independently associated with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia (OR = 3.96 CI 95% 1.01-15.51).Lower education but not lower family income was an important associated factor with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Thus, physician and physical therapist must pay attention on this important socioeconomic characteristic while conducting the treatment, since specific strategies of approach could be necessary for those patients. Key points • Lower education is an important associated factor with the combination of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. • Physician and physical therapist must pay attention on patients schooling while conducting the treatment.

To analyze whether the older adults with difficulty or need of help to perform basic or instrumentals activities of daily living are more socially distanced in times of COVID-19. A total of 4,035 older adults participated in the telephone interviews from the second wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). Difficulty, need and receiving help were classified into: (1) independents; (2) had difficulty without need for care; (3) had difficulty, needed and have received care from someone within their household; (4) had difficulty, needed and have received care from someone outside their household; and (5) had difficulty and needed care but did not receive it. Social distancing was categorized as follows: did not leave their houses in the last 7 days, left their houses for essential activities and went out for non-essential activities. Multinomial regression model adjusted for age, sex, schooling and great geographical region was performed. Older adults who had difficulty, needed and have received help from within their homes (odds ratio - OR = 2.34 95%CI: 1.25-4.39) or from outside their homes (OR = 3.94; 95%CI: 2.24-6.92) were more socially distanced. Age increased the odds of not going out (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.03-1.09) while be men reduced it (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.33-0.70). Living in the South of Brazil has increased the odds of the respondents going out for essential activities (OR = 1.77; 95%CI: 1.01-3.10). Older adults who had difficulty, needed and have received help from within or outside their homes did not leave their homes in the last 7 days. Even with social distancing, these older adults can not have their exposure to COVID-19 reduced, weakening the theory of selective social distancing.Analisar se idosos com dificuldade ou necessidade de ajuda para desempenhar atividades básicas ou instrumentais de vida diária estão mais distanciados socialmente em tempos de COVID-19. Participaram das entrevistas telefônicas 4.035 idosos participantes da 2ª onda do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil). Classificou-se a dificuldade, necessidade e recebimento de ajuda em: (1) independentes; (2) com dificuldade e não precisa de ajuda; (3) com dificuldade, precisa e recebe ajuda de pessoa de dentro de casa; (4) com dificuldade, precisa e recebe ajuda de pessoa de fora de casa; e (5) com dificuldade, precisa, mas não recebe ajuda. O distanciamento social foi categorizado como não saiu de casa nos últimos 7 dias, saiu de casa para atividades essenciais e saiu de casa para atividades não essenciais. Modelo de regressão multinomial controlado por idade, sexo, escolaridade e região do Brasil foi utilizado. Permaneceram mais distanciados socialmente os idosos que apresentavam dificuldade, necessitavam e recebiam ajuda de pessoa de dentro (odds ratio - OR = 2,34; IC95%: 1,25-4,39) ou de fora de casa (OR = 3,94; IC95%: 2,24-6,92). A idade aumentou a chance de não sair de casa (OR = 1,06; IC95%: 1,03-1,09) e ser homem a diminuiu (OR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,33-0,70). Viver na Região Sul aumentou a chance dos idosos saírem para atividades essenciais (OR = 1,77; IC95%: 1,01-3,10). Idosos com dificuldade, que precisam e recebiam ajuda de pessoas de dentro ou de fora de casa não saíram de casa nos últimos 7 dias. Mesmo com o distanciamento social, esses idosos podem não ter sua exposição ao COVID-19 reduzida, enfraquecendo a teoria do distanciamento social seletivo.Analizar si los ancianos con dificultad o necesidad de ayuda para desempeñar actividades básicas (ABVD) o instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD) están más distanciados socialmente en tiempos de COVID-19. Participaron en las entrevistas telefónicas 4.035 ancianos de la encuesta de la segunda fase del Estudio Brasileño Longitudinal del Envejecimiento (ELSI-Brasil). Se clasificó la dificultad, necesidad y recepción de ayuda en: (1) independientes; (2) con dificultad y no necesita ayuda; (3) con dificultad, necesita y recibe ayuda de una persona de dentro de casa; (4) con dificultad, necesita y recibe ayuda de persona de fuera de casa; y (5) con dificultad, necesita, pero no recibe ayuda. El distanciamiento social fue categorizado como: no salió de casa en los últimos 7 días, salió de casa para actividades esenciales y salió de casa para actividades no esenciales. Se usó un modelo de regresión multinomial controlado por edad, sexo, escolaridad y región de Brasil. Permanecieron más distanciados socialmente los ancianos que presentaban dificultad, necesitaban y recibían ayuda de una persona de dentro (odds ratio - OR = 2,34; IC95%: 1,25-4,39) o de fuera de casa (OR = 3,94; IC95%: 2,24-6,92). La edad aumentó la oportunidad de no salir de casa (OR = 1,06; IC95%: 1,03-1,09) y el sexo masculino disminuyó (OR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,33-0,70). Estar en la Región Sur aumentó la oportunidad de que los ancianos salgan para actividades esenciales (OR = 1,77; IC95%: 1,01-3,10). Los ancianos que necesitan ayuda de personas de dentro o de fuera de casa no salieron de casa en los últimos 7 días. Incluso con distanciamiento social, los ancianos que reciben ayuda de personas no distanciadas no tienen su exposición reducida a la COVID-19, lo que debilita la teoría del distanciamiento social selectivo.

Our aim was to identify optimal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) threshold values that distinguish disease severity progression in patients with co-existing systolic heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to evaluate the impact of the cut-off determined on the prognosis of hospitalizations. We evaluated 40 patients (30 men and 10 woman) with HF and COPD through pulmonary function testing, doppler echocardiography and maximal incremental CPET on a cycle ergometer. Several significant CPET threshold values were identified in detecting a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV

Com o envelhecimento populacional, tendem a aumentar os problemas de saúde e, consequentemente, as demandas jurídicas nessa área. A partir do Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência, que dissocia a capacidade da deficiência, torna-se emblemática a interdição da pessoa com doença de Alzheimer. Nesse sentido, este artigo objetiva proporcionar subsídios jurídicos à tomada de decisão dos profissionais de saúde. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido por meio da análise documental do Código Civil e do Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência, bem como da revisão narrativa para identificar reflexões sobre as referidas legislações e a doença de Alzheimer. Observam-se avanços legais na busca pela equidade entre os seres humanos, mas, no caso de uma doença progressiva, irreversível e insidiosa como o Alzheimer, percebe-se a necessidade de atuação das equipes de saúde e jurídicas na proteção dos direitos e da dignidade da pessoa humana por meio da curatela.

Background There are few epidemiological evidences of sex differences in the association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and the decline in physical performance among older adults. Objectives To investigate whether the decline in physical performance is worse in individuals with dynapenic abdominal obesity and whether there are sexes differences in this association. Methods A longitudinal analysis was conducted with 3,881 participants of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing aged 60 years or older in an eight-year follow-up period. The outcome was physical performance evaluated using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Abdominal obesity was determined based on waist circumference (> 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women). Dynapenia was determined based on grip strength (

Our aim was to identify optimal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) threshold values that distinguish disease severity progression in patients with co-existing systolic heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to evaluate the impact of the cut-off determined on the prognosis of hospitalizations. We evaluated 40 patients (30 men and 10 woman) with HF and COPD through pulmonary function testing, doppler echocardiography and maximal incremental CPET on a cycle ergometer. Several significant CPET threshold values were identified in detecting a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) < 1.6 L: 1) oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) < 1.3; and 2) circulatory power (CP) < 2383 mmHg.mlO2.kg−1. CPET significant threshold values in identifying a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 39% were: 1) OUES: < 1.3; 2) CP < 2116 mmHg.mlO2.kg−1.min−1 and minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (V̇E/V̇CO2) slope>38. The 15 (38%) patients hospitalized during follow-up (8 ± 2 months). In the hospitalizations analysis, LVEF < 39% and FEV1 < 1.6, OUES < 1.3, CP 2.kg−1.min−1 and V̇E/V̇CO2 > 38 were a strong risk predictor for hospitalization (P ≤ 0.050). The CPET response effectively identified worsening disease severity in patients with a HF-COPD phenotype. LVEF, FEV1, CP, OUES, and the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope may be particularly useful in the clinical assessment and strong risk predictor for hospitalization.

This article aims to compare level of burden, optimism and coping strategies among elderly caregivers of other elderly individuals who reside with and without children. A cross-sectional study was with a sample of 301 elderly caregivers of elderly Brazilians seen in primary health care. Among the 301 caregivers interviewed, 44 resided with children and 257 did not. Evaluations involved the administration of the Zarit Burden Inventory, Spirituality Scale (optimism) and Coping Strategies Inventory. Either the Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the comparisons between the two groups. Burden level was significantly higher among elderly caregivers who resided with children (p = 0.01). No significant differences were found with regard to optimism. Elderly caregivers who did not reside with children reported significantly greater use of coping strategies focused on the expression of negative emotions (p < 0.01), religiosity (p < 0.01) and the inhibition of negative emotions (p = 0.01). The elderly caregivers of other elderly individuals who resided with children had a higher level of burden and used coping strategies less than those who did not reside with children.

Resumo: Analisar se idosos com dificuldade ou necessidade de ajuda para desempenhar atividades básicas ou instrumentais de vida diária estão mais distanciados socialmente em tempos de COVID-19. Participaram das entrevistas telefônicas 4.035 idosos participantes da 2ª onda do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil). Classificou-se a dificuldade, necessidade e recebimento de ajuda em: (1) independentes; (2) com dificuldade e não precisa de ajuda; (3) com dificuldade, precisa e recebe ajuda de pessoa de dentro de casa; (4) com dificuldade, precisa e recebe ajuda de pessoa de fora de casa; e (5) com dificuldade, precisa, mas não recebe ajuda. O distanciamento social foi categorizado como não saiu de casa nos últimos 7 dias, saiu de casa para atividades essenciais e saiu de casa para atividades não essenciais. Modelo de regressão multinomial controlado por idade, sexo, escolaridade e região do Brasil foi utilizado. Permaneceram mais distanciados socialmente os idosos que apresentavam dificuldade, necessitavam e recebiam ajuda de pessoa de dentro (odds ratio - OR = 2,34; IC95%: 1,25-4,39) ou de fora de casa (OR = 3,94; IC95%: 2,24-6,92). A idade aumentou a chance de não sair de casa (OR = 1,06; IC95%: 1,03-1,09) e ser homem a diminuiu (OR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,33-0,70). Viver na Região Sul aumentou a chance dos idosos saírem para atividades essenciais (OR = 1,77; IC95%: 1,01-3,10). Idosos com dificuldade, que precisam e recebiam ajuda de pessoas de dentro ou de fora de casa não saíram de casa nos últimos 7 dias. Mesmo com o distanciamento social, esses idosos podem não ter sua exposição ao COVID-19 reduzida, enfraquecendo a teoria do distanciamento social seletivo.

Introduction: Older caregivers living in rural areas may be exposed to three vulnerable conditions, i.e., those related to care, their own aging, and their residence context. Objective: To analyze the association of burden and frailty with cognition performance in older caregivers in rural communities. Method: In this cross-sectional survey, 85 older caregivers who cared for dependent elders were included in this study. Global cognition (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination – Revised; Mini Mental State Examination), burden (Zarit Burden Interview) and frailty (Fried's frailty phenotype) were assessed. All ethical principles were observed. Results: Older caregivers were mostly women (76.7%); mean age was 69 years. Cognitive impairment was present in 15.3%, severe burden in 8.2%, frailty in 9.4%, and pre-frailty in 52.9% of the older caregivers. More severely burdened or frail caregivers had worse cognitive performance than those who were not, respectively (ANOVA test). Caregivers presenting a high burden level and some frailty degree (pre-frail or frail) simultaneously were more likely to have a reduced global cognition performance. Conclusion: A significant number of older caregivers had low cognitive performance. Actions and resources to decrease burden and physical frailty may provide better cognition and well-being, leading to an improved quality of life and quality of the care provided by the caregivers. Resumo Introdução: Idosos cuidadores que moram em comunidades rurais podem estar expostos a uma tripla condição de vulnerabilidade, por exemplo, condições relacionadas a ser cuidador de outro, condições inerentes ao seu próprio envelhecimento e ao seu contexto de moradia. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre sobrecarga, fragilidade e desempenho cognitivo em idosos cuidadores que moram em comunidades rurais. Método: Tratou-se de uma pesquisa transversal com 85 idosos cuidadores que cuidavam de idosos dependentes na comunidade. A cognição global (Exame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke – Revisado; Mini Exame do Estado Mental), a sobrecarga (Entrevista de Sobrecarga de Zarit) e a fragilidade (Fenótipo de Fragilidade de Fried) foram mensuradas. Todos os princípios éticos foram respeitados. Resultados: Os idosos cuidadores foram predominantemente mulheres (76.7%) com média de idade de 69 anos. A proporção de indício de alteração cognitiva foi de 15.3%, sobrecarga severa de 8.2%, fragilidade de 9.4% e pré-fragilidade de 52.9% nos idosos cuidadores. Cuidadores severamente sobrecarregados ou frágeis apresentaram pior desempenho cognitivo comparado àqueles levemente sobrecarregados e não frágeis, respectivamente (teste ANOVA). Apresentar simultaneamente sobrecarga elevada e algum grau de fragilidade (pré-frágil ou frágil) esteve associado à redução do desempenho cognitivo global. Conclusão: Um significante número de idosos cuidadores teve indício de alteração cognitiva. Estratégias e recursos para reduzir o sentimento de sobrecarga e a fragilidade física podem melhorar o desempenho mental e o bem estar, levando assim a uma melhora da qualidade de vida do idoso que cuida, bem como a qualidade do cuidado prestado por ele.

ObjectiveTo assess the role of abdominal obesity in the incidence of disability in older adults living in São Paulo, Brazil, in a 5-year period.DesignLongitudinal study, part of the SABE Study (Health, Wellbeing and Aging). We assessed the disability incidence in the period (reported difficulty in at least one activity of daily living (ADL) in 2010) in relation to abdominal obesity in 2006 (waist circumference ≥102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women). We used Poisson regression to evaluate the association between obesity and disability incidence, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors including BMI.SettingSão Paulo, Brazil.SubjectsOlder adults (n1109) who were independent in ADL in 2006. In 2010, 789 of these were located and re-interviewed.ResultsThe crude disability incidence (at least one ADL) was 27·1/1000 person-years in the period. The incidence rate was two times higher in participants with abdominal obesity compared with those without (39·1/1000 and 19·4/1000 person-years, respectively;PPConclusionsAbdominal obesity was strong risk factor for disability, showing a more significant effect than BMI, and thus should be an intervention target for older adults. Waist measure is simple, cost-effective and easily interpreted, and therefore can be used in several settings to identify individuals at higher risk of disability.

Background Cognitive impairment and frailty are important problems affecting the elderly population. Frail elderly present worse overall cognitive performance. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate general and domain-specific cognitive performance among non-frail, pre-frail, and frail elderly persons. Methods This is a cross-sectional study in which 267 elderly persons living in São Carlos, SP were divided into three groups according to the frailty criteria defined by Fried et al. Cognitive performance was evaluated with a battery of cognitive tests covering domains such as memory, attention, language, and executive functioning. A multinomial logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, and education was performed to evaluate the association between performance in cognitive domains and levels of frailty. Results Frailty was significantly associated with lower scores on the global cognitive test (RRR = 0.86; IC 95% 0.78-0.96; p < 0.01), word list memory (RRR = 0.92; IC 95% 0.86-0.99; p = 0.02), and figure list recognition (RRR = 0.78; IC 95% 0.62-0.99; p = 0.04). Pre-frailty was associated with lower scores on the word list memory (RRR = 0.92; IC 95% 0.86-1.00; p = 0.04) and naming test (RRR = 0.82; IC 95% 0.69-0.99; p = 0.03). Discussion Frailty syndrome can influence general cognition and specific domains such as memory and language. Prospective studies will be fundamental to evaluate the causal relation between frailty and cognition.

Background The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is widely used to predict negative health-related outcomes in older adults. However, the cutoff point for the detection of the frailty syndrome is not yet conclusive. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of the SPPB for detecting frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Design This was a population-based cross-sectional study focusing on households in urban areas. A total of 744 people who were 65 years old or older participated in this study. Methods Frailty was determined by the presence of 3 or more of the following components: unintentional weight loss, self-reported fatigue, weakness, low level of physical activity, and slowness. Diagnostic accuracy measures of the SPPB cutoff points were calculated for the identification of frailty (individuals who were frail) and the frailty process (individuals who were considered to be prefrail and frail). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed. Odds ratios for frailty and the frailty process and respective CIs were calculated on the basis of the best cutoff points. A bootstrap analysis was conducted to confirm the internal validity of the findings. Results The best cutoff point for the determination of frailty was ≤ 8 points (sensitivity = 79.7%; specificity = 73.8%; Youden J statistic = 0.53; positive likelihood ratio = 3.05; area under the curve = 0.85). The best cutoff point for the determination of the frailty process was ≤ 10 points (sensitivity = 75.5%; specificity = 52.8%; Youden J statistic = 0.28; positive likelihood ratio = 1.59; area under the curve = 0.76). The adjusted odds of being frail and being in the frailty process were 7.44 (95% CI = 3.90–14.19) and 2.33 (95% CI = 1.65–3.30), respectively. Limitations External validation using separate data was not performed, and the cross-sectional design does not allow SPPB predictive capacity to be established. Conclusions The SPPB might be used as a screening tool to detect frailty syndrome in community-dwelling older adults, but the cutoff points should be tested in another sample as a further validation step.

Limited formal education is still common in ageing populations. Although limited formal education seems to be independently and negatively associated with cognition, functional abilities and frailty in ageing, no studies have examined whether the gradient of limited formal education has an impact on health in later life. Objective: to examine the relationship of limited formal education with cognitive status, functional abilities, and frailty status. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted involving 540 older adults stratified into groups: no formal education, 12-24 months of education, and 25-48 months of education. Cognitive screening (MMSE), functional abilities (Lawton Index), and frailty (CHS criteria) were measured. Regression analyses were performed. Results: 27% had no formal education, 21% had 12-24 months of formal education, and 55% had 25-48 months of formal education. Limited formal education has a clear gradient of negative impact: No formal education was associated with scoring below MMSE cut-off scores (OR = 7.9), being totally/partially dependent for IADLs (OR = 2.5) and frail (OR = 2.0). Having 12-24 months of education was associated with scoring below MMSE cut-off scores (OR = 5.2) and with being frail (OR = 2.0). The No formal education group was 10.1 times more likely to have worse cognitive scores, worse functional abilities and frailty/pre-frailty status concomitantly (CCoFF), while older adults who had 12-24 months of education had a 4.6 times greater chance of having CCoFF. Conclusion: limited education had a gradient association with cognitive performance, functional disability and frailty. These findings clearly emphasize the importance of prevention through education from childhood to older age. RESUMO. A baixa escolaridade ainda é comum na população idosa. Embora a limitação na educação formal pareça estar independentemente e negativamente associada à cognição, habilidades funcionais e fragilidade no envelhecimento, nenhum estudo examinou a associação entre baixa escolaridade e um impacto futuro na saúde. Objetivo: esse estudo examinou a relação entre baixa escolaridade e o status cognitivo, habilidades funcionais e fragilidade. Métodos: estudo transversal com 540 idosos divididos em grupos: sem educação formal, 12-24 meses de escolaridade e 25-48 meses de escolaridade. Informações da triagem cognitiva (MEEM), habilidades funcionais (Índice de Lawton); a fragilidade (critérios do CHS) foram coletadas. Análises de regressão foram realizadas. Resultados: 27% não tinham educação formal, 21% tinham entre 12-24 meses de educação formal e 55% tinham entre 25-48 meses de educação formal. Baixa escolaridade apresentou um impacto negativo e gradiente: nenhuma educação formal foi associada à pontuação abaixo do escore do MEEM (OR = 7,9), à dependência total/parcialmente em AIVD (OR = 2,5) e fragilidade (OR = 2,0). Ter 12-24 meses de escolaridade foi associado à pontuação abaixo do escore do MEEM (OR = 5,2) e a ser frágil (OR = 2,0). O grupo sem educação formal foi 10,1 vezes mais provável de apresentar piores escores cognitivos, pior capacidade funcional e fragilidade/pré-fragilidade concomitante (CCoFF), enquanto adultos idosos que tinham entre 12-24 meses de escolaridade tiveram 4,6 vezes maior chance de apresentar CCoFF. Conclusão: a baixa escolaridade apresentou associação com desempenho cognitivo, limitações funcionais e fragilidade. Os achados enfatizam claramente a importância da prevenção através da educação desde a infância à velhice.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à sarcopenia, dinapenia e sarcodinapenia em idosos residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional envolvendo 1.168 idosos pertencentes à terceira onda do Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento), em 2010. Foramconsiderados sarcopênicos os idosos com índice de massa muscular esquelética ≤ 8,90 kg/m2 para homens e ≤6,37 kg/m2 para mulheres, dinapênicos aqueles com força de preensão manual < 30 kg para homens e < 20kg para mulheres, e sarcodinapênicos aqueles que apresentavam sarcopenia associada à dinapenia. Características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, condições clínicas, nutricionais e bioquímicas foram consideradas para determinar os fatores associados a cada uma das três condições por meio de regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: A prevalência de sarcopenia, dinapenia e sarcodinapenia foi, respectivamente, 4,8% (IC95% 3,6-6,3), 30,9% (IC95% 27,5-34,6) e 9,0% (IC95% 7,2-11,3). O avanço da idade e a desnutrição foram associados às três condições analisadas. O prejuízo cognitivo foi associado à dinapenia e à sarcodinapenia. A escolaridade, ter o hábito de fumar e não ter vida conjugal foram associados à sarcopenia, enquanto osteoartrite, escolaridade, ser ex-fumante e apresentar valores baixos de hemoglobina foram associados à dinapenia. Foram associados à sarcodinapenia o hábito de fumar e o risco de desnutrição. Conclusão: Dinapenia é a condição mais prevalente na população idosa, seguida pela sarcodinapenia e sarcopenia. Exceto por idade, escolaridade e desnutrição, os fatores associados à sarcopenia e à dinapenia são distintos. Entretanto, há similaridades em algumas associações quando se trata da presença de sarcodinapenia. ABSTRACT: Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcodynapenia and associated factors in older adults in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,168 older adults who participated in the third wave of the Health, Well-being, and Aging study in 2010 (SABE study). Men and women with skeletal muscle mass ≤ 8.90 and ≤ 6.37 kg/m2, respectively, were considered sarcopenic. Men and women with grip strength < 30 and < 20 kg, respectively, were considered dynapenic. Those with both conditions were considered sarcodynapenic. Sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, nutritional, and biochemical characteristics were investigated as factors associated with each of the three conditions using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Theprevalence of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcodynapenia was 4.8% (95%CI 3.6 - 6.3), 30.9% (95%CI 27.5 - 34.6) and 9.0% (95%CI 7.2-11.3), respectively. An increase in age and malnutrition was associated with all the three conditions. Cognitive impairment was associated with both dynapenia and sarcodynapenia. Schooling, current smoking habit, and not having a marital life were associated with sarcopenia. Osteoarthritis, schooling, being an ex-smoker, and low hemoglobin were associated with dynapenia. Smoking habit and the risk of malnutrition were associated with sarcodynapenia. Conclusion: Dynapenia is more prevalent among older adults, followed by sarcodynapenia, and sarcopenia. With the exception of age, schooling, and malnutrition, the factors associated with sarcopenia and dynapenia are different. However, there are similarities in some associations regarding the presence of sarcodynapenia.