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Primates are declining worldwide and rapid infrastructure expansion, particularly roads, threatens their habitat. New roads fragment habitats allowing anthropogenic activities to occur in once pristine ecosystems; this is particularly impactful in tropical areas with high endemic biodiversity, as is occurring with primates in Colombia. However, temporal assessments of how roads impact local biodiversity are rare. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of the exposure of Colombian primates to roads from 1970 to 2015. Using a spatially explicit and species‐specific approach, we estimated the critical road density and the critical patch size primate species can withstand before going locally extinct. Then, overlapping 15 primate species (~40% of the primate species present in Colombia) ranges with Colombia's road networks over time, we determined the road expansion scope within each habitat and consequent fragmentation. Comparing the species critical road density and patch size, we determined the degree of road exposure of each species over time and its vulnerability to local extinction. Our results show that between 1970 and 2015, there were nearly 40 000 km2 where at least one species was at risk of local extinction, due to road expansion, principally in the Andean and Caribbean regions. Primates in these regions faced the greatest exposure to road impacts, with an average 16% increase in the amount of affected habitat during this period. Species in most need of conservation based on road exposure rankings are: Cebus versicolor, Aotus griseimembra, Ateles hybridus, Saguinus leucopus and Saguinus oedipus. Our study contributes to understanding road impacts on local biodiversity in one of the biodiversity hotspots across the tropics and highlights the need of infrastructure accounting for the necessary mitigation and conservation actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) vectors the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal pathogen of citrus greening disease that is devastating citrus industries worldwide. Suppressing psyllid populations is crucial to prevent disease spread. An attract-and-kill trap based on psyllid behavior would fill a niche for monitoring and control. To optimize visual attraction of psyllids, the ultraviolet (UV) reflective properties of magnesium oxide (MgO) and/or barium sulfate (BaSO4) were assessed for potential application to a trap surface. Under low UV, high UV and natural sunlight conditions, the reflectance, attraction, and probing behaviors of psyllids were evaluated on surfaces containing magnesium oxide or barium sulfate. Magnesium oxide added to yellow sticky traps enhanced visual response of D. citri. Probing assays demonstrated that magnesium oxide alone or as a mixture with a phagostimulant blend, increased the UV reflectance of substrates, as well as, attraction and probing by psyllids. Results demonstrated that psyllids respond to both short (UV) and long (yellow) wavelengths during orientation, and that these inert compounds can increase UV reflectance and improve attractiveness of an attract-and-kill device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) are most frequently used in those with malignant pleural effusions, although their use is expanding to patients with non-malignant diseases. Aim To provide an overview of IPCs and highlight how, when and why they can be used including our own real-life experience. Design Data were collected retrospectively from a large tertiary centre for all individuals who received an IPC between June 2010 and February 2018 inclusive. The data collected included gender, age, origin of malignancy, number of drains prior to IPC, whether they had received pleurodesis prior to IPC, presence of a trapped lung, date of insertion, documented complications, overall outcome and date of death. Results A total of 68 patients received an IPC, the majority were female (n = 38, 57%) with an overall median age of 68 years (range 40–90 years). The most common site of cancer origin was lung (n = 33, 49%) followed by pleura (n = 10, 15%) and breast (n = 9, 13%). The median survival of all patients was 141 days (IQR 26–181). Sixteen percent (n = 11) of patients underwent a spontaneous pleurodesis resulting in their IPC being removed. Only three individuals had a complication (4.4%). Conclusions IPC insertion is a safe procedure and represents an exciting and expanding field in the management of pleural disease. Further longitudinal studies are required to fully delineate their place in the management of both malignant and benign effusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case report: A 6‐year‐old speyed female Bull Arab‐cross dog was found to have a small tonsillar nodule. Histological examination revealed a well‐differentiated mast cell tumour (MCT). At initial staging, no evidence of concurrent cutaneous or visceral MCTs was found on a complete blood count, a single lateral thoracic radiograph, abdominal ultrasound or cytology of the spleen and regional lymph nodes. A diagnosis of primary tonsillar MCT was made. At 40 months postoperatively, the dog is alive with no evidence of gross tumour progression, in contrast to some previous reports of rapid disease progression and metastasis in dogs with primary oral MCTs. Conclusion: To the authors’ knowledge, no previous reports of a primary MCT of the tonsil in dogs exist in the veterinary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta in Orkney, U.K., burns (small streams) with a common‐garden sea in Scapa Flow supports the key role of nutrient availability in fresh water, independent of day length, as a determinant of smolt age, with a systematic increase in mean smolt age from 1 to 3 years related inversely to productivity. Whole catchment (8 km2) population budgets indicated annual smolt production of around 650 individuals from approximately 100 spawners. Egg‐to‐smolt survival was 0·65%, while marine survival was estimated from mark–recapture to be between 3·5 and 10%. The question of B‐type growth (accelerated growth immediately prior to or during smolt migration) was also addressed, with a strong negative correlation between B‐type growth and size at end of winter suggesting that this represents a freshwater compensatory growth response. The data obtained indicate the potential importance of small catchments for supporting anadromous Salmo trutta populations and suggest that small runs of spawners (<100 individuals) are adequate to maintain stocks in such situations. Furthermore, they support the key role of freshwater productivity in determining life‐history characteristics over small spatial scales, with Orkney providing a useful natural laboratory for future research into metapopulation genetic structuring and environmental factors at a tractable scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, vectors huanglongbing (HLB), the most serious disease affecting citrus globally. D. citri and HLB have spread to the major citrus growing regions of North America causing billions of dollars of damage in Florida alone. The visual behavior of D. citri is not well characterized and more knowledge is needed to improve attractive traps for monitoring and control of the D. citri. Bioassays were conducted to evaluate attraction to light transmitted through different colored filters. The addition of ultra-violet light (< 400 nm) enhanced attraction of D. citri to transparent visual targets made of green or yellow filters. However, attraction to blue targets was unaffected by UV light. This is the first study to demonstrate a phytophagous insect responding to a hue that is a combination of long and short wavelengths. Further testing is needed to determine how D. citri uses such discriminatory powers in the field. Our results further imply that D. citri utilize color vision, as the less intense yellow and green hues were chosen over white light. In summary, this research provides an increased understanding of D. citri visual behavior and can be used for the development of a more attractive D. citri trap than those currently available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a primary pest of citrus due to its status as a vector of the citrus disease, huanglongbing. We evaluated the effects of light of specific wavelength and polarization on phototactic behavior of D. citri using a horizontal bioassay arena. Wavelength-associated positive phototaxis was associated with short wavelength UV (350-405 nm) targets whereas little or no responses were seen in longer wavelength targets in the visible spectrum from green to orange (500-620 nm). Distance walked towards the visual target was greater for UV/blue wavelengths (350-430 nm) than for longer wavelengths. Distances walked towards 365 nm light were greater than to white light, and distances travelled to green, yellow and orange light were similar to those in darkness. A reduced light intensity decreased responses to white and UV (365 nm) light. Polarized light was discriminated and D. citri travelled greater distance in response to white vertically polarized light than to horizontally polarized or unpolarized light of equal intensity. Responses to polarized 405 nm light were greater than to unpolarized light, although without an effect of polarization plane. For 500 nm light, there was no difference between responses to polarized or unpolarized light. There was no effect of age on responses to 405 nm light although 1 day old psyllids travelled faster in the presence of 500 nm green compared to 4-7 day old psyllids. Movement in response to UV and relative stasis in response to longer wavelength light is consistent with observed behaviors of settling on foliage for feeding and dispersing out of the canopy when flush needed for reproduction is scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Social support has positive and negative dimensions, each of which has been associated with mental health outcomes. Social networks can also serve as sources of distress and conflict., This paper reviews journal articles published during the last 24 years to provide a consolidated summary of the role of social support and social conflict on immigrant women's mental health. The review reveals that social support can help immigrant women adjust to the new country, prevent depression and psychological distress, and access care and services. When social support is lacking or social networks act as a source of conflict, it can have negative effects on immigrant women's mental health., It is crucial that interventions, programmes, and services incorporate strategies to both enhance social support as well as reduce social conflict, in order to improve mental health and well-being of immigrant women., Abstract Researchers have documented the protective role of social support and the harmful consequences of social conflict on physical and mental health. However, consolidated information about social support, social conflict, and mental health of immigrant women in Canada is not available. This scoping review examined literature from the last 24 years to understand how social support and social conflict affect the mental health of immigrant women in Canada. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Healthstar, and EMBASE for peer-reviewed publications focusing on mental health among immigrant women in Canada. Thirty-four articles that met our inclusion criteria were reviewed, and are summarized under the following four headings: settlement challenges and the need for social support; social support and mental health outcomes; social conflict and reciprocity; and social support, social conflict, and mental health service use. The results revealed that social support can have a positive effect on immigrant women's mental health and well-being, and facilitate social inclusion and the use of health services. When social support is lacking or social networks act as a source of conflict, it can have negative effects on immigrant women's mental health. The results also highlighted the need for health services to be linguistically-appropriate and culturally-safe, and provide appropriate types of care and support in a timely manner in order to be helpful to immigrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the vector of the global disease of citrus greening or huanglongbing, Asian citrus pysllids, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama ( Hemiptera: Liviidae), are the greatest threat to the worldwide citrus industry. Critical to management of D. citri and huanglongbing is optimization of surveillance methodologies. Although phytophagous insects may find host plants by multimodal cues, some appear to primarily use visual cues. In this study, we examined the behavior of Asian citrus psyllids toward light from light-emitting diodes ( LEDs) in the insect visible spectrum. The periodicity of attraction of psyllids to visual cues was evaluated in the field (yellow sticky traps) and laboratory (multi-colored LEDs) with a strong peak of activity during the afternoon in both the field and the laboratory (both 14:00 to 18:00 hours). In laboratory evaluations of psyllids to differently colored LEDs, strongest attraction was to LEDs emitting ultraviolet (390 nm), green (525 nm), and yellow (590 nm) light. Male and female psyllids did not differ significantly in their responses to visual cues. These findings provide the basis for formulating better traps that reflect UV and yellow light and potentially incorporate UV LEDs for monitoring psyllids and a better understanding of Asian citrus psyllid visual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods were developed for synchronized rearing of unmated and mated Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama; Hemiptera: Liviidae) of known age in isolation chambers for behavioral studies. Maintenance and survival of nymphs and adults in the isolation chambers was improved over previous methods because the plants had more room to grow and the relative humidity was easier to keep within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cirolanid isopod Cirolana harfordi is described as a scavenger and a predator that lives in the intertidal region. In order to understand the microanatomy of the mouthparts and the setae that allow this animal to handle and eat its food, a scanning electron microscopy study was conducted. C. harfordi displays a variety in the types of setae distributed on its mouthparts in a site-specific fashion, including complex setae placed on the medial edge of the maxilliped and maxilla. Terminal pores in some setae were found to contain a cupule, which is a hemispherical structure, housed in the concave recess of the pore, which demonstrates that the pore is more than merely a thinning of the cuticle as has been proposed. Future studies on setal morphology are needed for comparative microanatomy of cirolanid isopods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terahertz radiation (also called T-rays) can be employed for spectroscopy and imaging, from the laboratory to industrial applications. In this paper we give an overview of how broadband optoelectronic THz techniques (i.e. using optical lasers to achieve THz generation and detection) can be implemented, and give examples of their unique use in solid-state physics, and in biological and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In photovoltaic thin film cells, a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer is required to transport current. The most common TCOs used are F:SnO2 (fluorine doped tin oxide), ZnO (zinc oxide) and ITO (indium doped tin oxide). ZnO is normally deposited in a vacuum-based process, sputtering or low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD). Atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) is an attractive alternative for ZnO deposition. A critical parameter for TCOs in photovoltaic thin films is the surface morphology, which defines the optical scattering properties. The ability to control the spectral sensitivity and the degree of scattering are both important process parameters for high performance cells. In this work, we employ APCVD for film growth and study the effects of atmospheric pressure plasma etching of ZnO. The ZnO films were deposited onto glass, with the surface morphology analyzed by AFM. Optical assessment was conducted using custom built equipment. Modification of the surface morphology was achieved by atmospheric pressure plasma, based on a dielectric barrier discharge configuration. In this study, we explored the effects of etching conditions, particularly the variation of feed gas composition (N2, O2 and H2O). By controlling the treatment environment, we were able to establish a relationship between the feed gas mixture and the etchant rate. Careful selection and control of processing parameters demonstrated the ability to modify the morphology with a high degree of uniformity and enhance the optical scatter properties. Atmospheric pressure-based processes are attractive for scalable production development, and future work will explore the potential of this process for large scale application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a characterization of the combined spatial and spectral properties of the terahertz (THz) and mid-infrared emission from gas plasmas generated and driven by two-colour femtosecond optical pulses. For its use in nonlinear spectroscopy, the impact of the relatively complex spatial profile for both broadband (~10 THz) and ultra-broadband (>100 THz) emission needs to be considered, in particular for experiments based on z-scan techniques. Here we apply spatially resolved measurements based on both field autocorrelation and sum-frequency (up-conversion) detection. Based on these results, we present simulations of the ultra-broadband profile during its passage through a focal region. In addition to the inherent features of the emission profile due to the generation mechanism in the plasma filament, we also analyse the role of the semconductor (silicon) wafer typically placed after the plasma to discard the optical pump beams, whose photoexcitation also can play a role in the resultant THz profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty-three dogs with multiple contemporaneous cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) were identified. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of breed, concurrent dermatological condition; number of cutaneous MCTs, size, location, histological grade and mitotic index; completeness of excision (complete, close or incomplete); local recurrence, metastasis and adjuvant therapy for the prognostic evaluation of dogs with a unique disease presentation of multiple, simultaneously occurring cutaneous MCTs. On the basis of multivariable survival analysis, dogs with one recorded grade 3 MCT had shorter progression-free survival (PFS) times (18.7 versus 2.2 months) and median survival times (MSTs) (24 versus 3 months). Dogs treated with adjuvant vinblastine/lomustine had a 16 times increased risk of dying. MSTs were found to be significantly longer in dogs with one recorded MCT on an extremity. For all dogs, the PFS (range 14-1835 days) and MSTs (range 28-1835 days) were not reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health literacy, conceptualized as a framework involving basic (functional), interactive and critical skill sets, is a key determinant of health. Application of the health literacy framework (HLF) to immigrant populations has been limited. Our objective was to apply the HLF to discourses about diet-related colon cancer prevention among English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) immigrant women. We also explored whether these discussions could inform the development of culturally appropriate information and potentially increase health literacy. Interviews were conducted with 64 older Spanish-speaking ESL immigrant women. Directed content analysis guided by the HLF was used to identify themes. Diet-related conversations were initiated by 43 (67%) participants. Four themes were identified: general information requests—low functional health literacy (FHL) (n = 23/43), specific nutrition inquiries—high FHL (n = 17/43), actions for healthy eating—low interactive health literacy (IHL) (n = 8/43) and community communication issues—high IHL (n = 3/43). No conversations representing critical health literacy were identified. Five women discussed both FHL and IHL themes. Women's diet-related conversations followed a continuum of increasing information needs supporting the HLF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Water pollution by microorganisms of fecal origin is a current world-wide public health concern. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli) and enterococci are indicators commonly used to assess the microbiological safety of water resources. In this study, influent water samples and treated water were collected seasonally from a water treatment plant and two major water wells in a Black Belt county of Alabama and evaluated for water quality indicator bacteria. Influent river water samples serving the treatment plant were positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms (E. coli), and enterococci. The highest number of total coliform most probable number (MPN) was observed in the winter (847.5MPN/100mL) and the lowest number in the summer (385.6MPN/100mL). Similarly E. coli MPN was substantially higher in the winter (62.25MPN/100mL). Seasonal variation of E. coli MPN in influent river water samples was strongly correlated with color (R2 =0.998) and turbidity (R2 =0.992). Neither E. coli nor other coliform type bacteria were detected in effluent potable water from the treatment plant. The MPN of enterococci was the highest in the fall and the lowest in the winter. Approximately 99.7 and 51.5 enterococci MPN/100mL were recorded in fall and winter seasons respectively. One-way ANOVA tests revealed significant differences in seasonal variation of total coliforms (P<0.05), fecal coliforms (P<0.01) and enterococci (P<0.01). Treated effluent river water samples and well water samples revealed no enterococci contamination. Representative coliform bacteria selected by differential screening on Coliscan Easygel were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. E. coli isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethazole, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefixime, and nitrofurantoin. Nonetheless, isolate BO-54 displayed decreased sensitivity compared to other E. coli isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern can be employed in microbial source tracking. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) is responsible for the multidrug resistance (MDR1) phenotype observed in cancer cells. SJG-136, a new pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer, is a sequence-dependent DNA crosslinking agent and substrate of ABCB1. We previously showed that colon cancer cell lines expressing high levels of ABCB1 showed a lower sensitivity to SJG-136. Here, we show that in 3T3 isogenic fibroblasts, ABCB1 genetic polymorphism differentially affects ABCB1 gene expression and transport function. However, this genotype–phenotype relationship was not observed in immortalized lymphocytes, which expressed 10- to 1000-fold less ABCB1 than colon cancer cell lines. Consistent with this, the cytotoxicity of SJG-136 in 3T3 fibroblasts was affected by ABCB1 genetic polymorphism but not in immortalized lymphocytes. ABCB1 genetic polymorphism is therefore likely to affect drug sensitivity in tissues expressing high levels of the transporter and in which significant variability is observed.The Pharmacogenomics Journal (2008) 8, 289–296; doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500465; published online 12 June 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision aids (DA) can inform cancer screening. We conducted a systematic review of web-based, cancer DA to evaluate their appropriateness for use with low literacy and diverse culture groups. Eighty-one Internet DA were found searching five databases (Pubmed-Medline; Web of Science/SSCI; Cancerlit; CINAHL; and Google) and the Cochrane decision aid inventory. Twenty-three met key inclusion criteria of (1) informing cancer screening or treatment decisions, (2) being patient or consumer oriented, and (3) conforming to the Cochrane definition of DA. DA were evaluated using the International Patient Decision Aid Standards checklist, the Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool (CSAT), the Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Checklist (CSAC), and the SMOG readability formula. DA had a high readability with 74% (n = 17) written at the grade 10 - 13, 22% (n = 5) at the grade 9, and 4% (n = 1) at the grade 8 level. Visual aids were used in 35% (n = 8) to present probability information. Written information was complemented with video or audio components in 35% (n = 8). Most (91%, n = 21) were developed for generic audiences, while 9% (n = 2) specified a cultural group. Although DA enabled a step-by-step movement through the website, none allowed key word searches and only 65% permitted document printing. Most DA included difficult texts and were not focused for specific cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolytes (PEG+E) for the treatment of chronic constipation in children. Design: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial, with two 2-week treatment periods separated by a 2-week placebo washout. Setting: Six UK paediatric departments. Participants: 51 children (29 girls, 22 boys) aged 24 months to 11 years with chronic constipation (lasting ⩾3 months), defined as ⩽2 complete bowel movements per week and one of the following: pain on defaecation on 25% of days; ⩾25% of bowel movements with straining; ⩾25% of bowel movements with hard/lumpy stools. 47 children completed the double blind treatment. Main outcome measures: Number of complete defaecations per week (primary efficacy variable), total number of complete and incomplete defaecations per week, pain on defaecation, straining on defaecation, faecal incontinence, stool consistency, global assessment of treatment, adverse events and physical examination. Results: The mean number of complete defaecations per week was significantly higher for children on PEG+E than on placebo (3.12 (SD 2.05) v 1.45 (SD 1.20), respectively; p<0.001). Further significant differences in favour of PEG+E were observed for total number of defaecations per week (p = 0.003), pain on defaecation (p = 0.041 ), straining on defaecation (p<0.001), stool consistency (p<0.001) and percentage of hard stools (p=0.001). Treatment related adverse events (all mild or moderate) occurred in similar numbers of children on PEG+E (41%) and placebo during treatment (45%). Conclusions: PEG+E is significantly more effective than placebo, and appears to be safe and well tolerated in the treatment of chronic constipation in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health decision-makers working in Africa often need to act for millions of people over large geographical areas on little and uncertain information. Spatial statistical modelling and Bayesian inference have now been used to quantify the uncertainty in the predictions of a regional, environmental risk map for Loa loa (a map that is currently being used as an essential decision tool by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control). The methodology allows the expression of the probability that, given the data, a particular location does or does not exceed a predefined high-risk threshold for which a change in strategy for the delivery of the antihelmintic ivermectin is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By incorporating complex chemical kinetics for both gaseous and particulate phases with a fixed sectional aerosol dynamics model, a detailed description of the properties of carbonaceous nanoparticles formed in the pyrolysis of carbon suboxide behind a reflected shock wave can be obtained. The model successfully predicted the induction time, growth rate and particle yield for the shock tube experiment. The calculated time-dependent particle volume fractions were in good agreement with the measured optical densities, and the averaged particle diameters were in reasonable agreement with the measured particle size using LII (laser-induced incandescence) and TEM (transmission electron microscope). The predicted particle size distribution as a function of residence time showed an evolution from the power law shape to a bi-modal shape. The temperature dependence of particle properties has been also investigated. The second bell at the high temperature range, which has been argued as resulting from particle nucleation behind the incident wave during the experiment, was found in the numerical simulation of particle formation behind the reflected shock wave where no incident wave is included. Analysis of the simulation results showed that the double bell-shaped particle yield arises from the different particle nucleation timescales and the changing surface growth rates at different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 1989, governments in Canada perceived an economic crisis in health care funding and commissioned two economists, Drs. Barer and Stoddart, to review policies. They indicated that major costs were caused by physicians and recommended cutting physician training and hospital facilities. In 1991 governments selectively implemented their recommendations. The Federally established Romanow Commission 're-reviewed' the problem and reported in 2002.Objectives: To examine whether there was an economic crisis and to assess the effects of reductions in funding on the provision of health care in Canada.Method: We analyzed data from Statistics Canada, the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges, and the Canadian Institute of Health Information, the Canadian Nurses Association, and Health Canada. We focus exclusively on public health care spending.Results: Publicly financed health care spending remained stable as percentage of Gross Domestic Product in the five years leading up to the commissioning of the Barer-Stoddart report (1986-1990). An increase in the elderly population partly explained rising costs. By 2000, people over 65 accounted for 48% of overall health costs. Emerging from the report's recommendations, between 1990 and 2000 medical students and residents as a proportion of the population were cut by 17% and 12% respectively and hospital beds by a third. Nurses per 100,000 fell 12%. Home care remained under-funded, less than 4% of the total health budget.Conclusion: There was no economic health care crisis in the early 1990s. Growing costs were principally due to increased patient need. Funding reductions resulted in inadequate care, including the creation of prolonged wait lists that have resulted in legalizing private care, thereby threatening the universal equal care principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A symmetrical iterative Fourier-transform algorithm (IFTA) using a combination of phase and amplitude freedom for the design of diffractive optical elements for highly precise laser beam shaping is presented. We compare this method with the basic IFTA and the symmetrical IFTA exclusively using phase freedom, and the basic IFTA using both phase and amplitude freedom, by employing these methods for super-Gaussian beam shaping. While the latter three methods fail to produce satisfactory solutions, the first method results in a beam non-uniformity error of 0.44% and a theoretical efficiency of 97.2%. Moreover, the new approach avoids the use of the trial-and-error method for finding the appropriate modified Fourier-domain constraints during the iteration, which can be difficult for some beam-shaping problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of epidemic malaria is a priority for the international health community and specific targets for the early detection and effective control of epidemics have been agreed. Interannual climate variability is an important determinant of epidemics in parts of Africa where climate drives both mosquito vector dynamics and parasite development rates. Hence, skilful seasonal climate forecasts may provide early warning of changes of risk in epidemic-prone regions. Here we discuss the development of a system to forecast probabilities of anomalously high and low malaria incidence with dynamically based, seasonal-timescale, multi-model ensemble predictions of climate, using leading global coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models developed in Europe. This forecast system is successfully applied to the prediction of malaria risk in Botswana, where links between malaria and climate variability are well established, adding up to four months lead time over malaria warnings issued with observed precipitation and having a comparably high level of probabilistic prediction skill. In years in which the forecast probability distribution is different from that of climatology, malaria decision-makers can use this information for improved resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a critique of the recently revised BMA guidance on routine neonatal male circumcision and seeks to challenge the assumptions underpinning the guidance which construe this procedure as a matter of parental choice. Our aim is to problematise continued professional willingness to tolerate the non-therapeutic, non-consensual excision of healthy tissue, arguing that in this context both professional guidance and law are uncharacteristically tolerant of risks inflicted on young children, given the absence of clear medical benefits. By interrogating historical medical explanations for this practice, which continue to surface in contemporary justifications of non-consensual male circumcision, we demonstrate how circumcision has long existed as a procedure in need of a justification. We conclude that it is ethically inappropriate to subject children--male or female--to the acknowledged risks of circumcision and contend that there is no compelling legal authority for the common view that male circumcision is lawful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The cardiopulmonary effects of early caffeine therapy in surfactant-treated immature baboons were measured.Methods: Nine 125-d (term = 185 d) baboons receiving caffeine citrate at 1 and 12 h age as part of a pilot study on the use of nasal CPAP at 24 h were compared to six untreated animals destined for prolonged ventilator support. All received surfactant prior to their first breath and again at 6 h age. Serial physiologic and ventilatory parameters were recorded. Lung mechanics were measured by body plethysmography. Data were compared from 1 through 24 h age.Results: There were no between-group differences in any study variables prior to caffeine therapy at 1 h age. Airway resistance (RA) was significantly lower in caffeine-treated compared to non-caffeine-treated animals at 12 and 24 h age [median (range)12 h: 47 (35-107) cm H2O/l/s to 135 (120-259) cm H2O/l/s; and 24 h: 93(60-137) cm H2O/l/s to 211 (86-235) cm H2O/l/s; p < 0.05]. Respiratory system compliance (CRS) was higher in caffeine-treated compared to non-caffeine-treated animals at 18 and 24 h age [median (range) 18 h: 0.60 (0.29-1.58) ml/cm H2O/kg to 0.39 (0.33-0.46) ml/cm H2O/kg; and 24 h: 0.68 (0.36-1.20) ml/cm H2O/kg to 0.36 (0.33-0.55) ml/cm H2O/kg; p < 0.05]. Ventilatory efficiency index and arterial/alveolar ratio significantly improved in caffeine-treated animals over the 24-h study period (p < 0.05, repeated measures ANOVA).Conclusions: In this pilot study, early caffeine treatment, combined with prophylactic surfactant therapy, was associated with better lung function during the initial 24 h of life. This combined approach may facilitate earlier extubation or prophylactic efforts to support infants on nasal CPAP. Randomized, controlled investigation is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effects of resveratrol on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced p-aminohippurate (PAH) transport impairment were investigated in vitro using rat renal cortical slices. Cisplatin and cephaloridine (CPH), known nephrotoxins, were used as positive controls. In one series of experiments, renal cortical slices were incubated in a cisplatin-containing medium or a cisplatin-free medium. In another series of experiments, renal cortical slices were incubated in a CPH-containing medium, in a CPH- and probenecid-containing medium, or in a CPH-free medium. Subsequently, for each series of experiments kidney slices were incubated in a media containing PAH or tetraethylammonium. In a further series of experiments, renal cortical slices were incubated in a 6-OHDA-containing medium and in a 6-OHDA-free medium. In another series of experiments, renal cortical slices were incubated in a medium containing 50 µM 6-OHDA, in a 6-OHDA- and resveratrol-containing medium or in a 6-OHDA- and resveratrol-free medium. Subsequently, for each series of experiments kidney slices were incubated in media containing PAH. The results of this study in which slices were incubated in 6-OHDA-containing media indicate that 6-OHDA induced a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in PAH accumulation by renal cortical slices. Resveratrol inhibited the 6-OHDA-induced time-dependent decrease of PAH accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, 6-OHDA causes functional injuries of renal proximal tubule cell membrane, thus leading to impairment of transport processes across the cell membrane and to nephrotoxicity. Resveratrol has a nephroprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Erosive oral lichen planus (LP) is a painful chronic inflammatory condition that is frequently resistant to immunosuppressive agents. Topical tacrolimus has been reported as a safe and effective treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus in the treatment of symptomatic erosive oral LP. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive patients with oral LP treated with topical tacrolimus between June 1999 and November 2003 was performed. Clinical improvement and adverse events were recorded by the physician. Patients were asked retrospectively to rate their symptoms immediately prior to and after tacrolimus therapy using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Physician-observed clinical improvement was found in 21 of 23 patients (91.3%) within 6 weeks. Six patients (26.1%) remained asymptomatic after stopping treatment and 15 patients (65.2%) required maintenance therapy to prevent subsequent flares. Patients' self-reported symptom scores were significantly better ( p <0.001) with tacrolimus treatment, which supported physician-observed clinical improvement. There was no evidence of systemic absorption and only minor local side effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Topical tacrolimus is an effective treatment for erosive oral LP. The majority of patients require long-term therapy to maintain remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the concept of optical manipulation of the charge and spin density in polymer systems with strong-correlation phenomena by attaching pendant chromophores to the polymer backbone. In the process of identifying suitable functional groups for future inclusion in polymers, we study here boron–nitrogen-linked ferrocene derivatives. We investigate the metal-to-ligand charge transfer between a ferrocene donor and π-acceptor units across the B–N bridges. On the basis of photophysical measurements, including picosecond time-resolved spectroscopy, we identify that the initial relaxation of the excited states depends critically on the degree of structural rigidity, and can be tuned by more than an order of magnitude (∼20–800 ps). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An advanced backcross population between an accession of Oryza rufipogon (IRGC 105491) and the U.S. cultivar Jefferson (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) was developed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield, yield components and morphological traits. The genetic linkage map generated for this population consisted of 153 SSR and RFLP markers with an average interval size of 10.3 cM. Thirteen traits were examined, nine of which were measured in multiple environments. Seventy-six QTLs above an experiment-wise significance threshold of P < 0.01 (corresponding to an interval mapping LOD > 3.6 or a composite interval mapping LOD > 3.9) were identified. For the traits measured in multiple environments, 47% of the QTLs were detected in at least two environments. The O. rufipogon allele was favorable for 53% of the yield and yield component QTLs, including loci for yield, grains per panicle, panicle length, and grain weight. Morphological traits related to the domestication process and/or weedy characteristics, including plant height, shattering, tiller type and awns, were found clustered on chromosomes 1 and 4. Comparisons to previous studies involving wild × cultivated crosses revealed O. rufipogon alleles with stable effects in multiple genetic backgrounds and environments, several of which have not been detected in studies between Oryza sativa cultivars, indicating potentially novel alleles from O. rufipogon. Some O. rufipogon-derived QTLs, however, were in similar regions as previously reported QTLs from Oryza sativa cultivars, providing evidence for conservation of these QTLs across the Oryza genus. In addition, several QTLs for grain weight, plant height, and flowering time were localized to putative homeologous regions in maize where QTLs for these traits have been previously reported, supporting the hypothesis of functional conservation of QTLs across the grasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is secreted by skin epithelial cells and is thought to play an important role in the development and function of the hair follicle. It was hypothesized that PTHrP binds to receptors in dermal papilla cells and modulates intracellular signaling systems in these cells. We tested the effects of PTHrP on protein synthesis, protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) activities as well as tyrosine phosphorylation in rat vibrissa dermal papilla and capsular fibroblast cells. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of the N-terminal peptide PTHrP1-34 for 48 h and detergent extracts prepared. Proteins were separated by electrophoresis. Phosphotyrosine and the PTH/PTHrP receptor immunoreactivity was identified by Western blot analysis. PKC and PKA activities in the cells were measured using colorimetric enzyme assays. Extracts of both dermal papilla cells and capsular fibroblasts displayed immunoreactivity to the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Electrophoresis showed that PTHrP treatment reduced the density of a 50-kDa protein in dermal papilla cells but not in capsular fibroblasts. Media conditioned by the cells showed similar changes, indicating that the PTHrP-modulated 50-kDa protein was secreted. Furthermore, 2-D gel electrophoresis indicated that the protein had a number of phosphorylation sites. Western analysis with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies confirmed a significant decrease in the intensity of a phosphorylated 50-kDa protein in papilla cells and papilla cell-conditioned medium. PKC and PKA activities of papilla cells were unaffected by PTHrP. However, activities of PKC were increased and PKA reduced in capsular fibroblasts following peptide treatment. These cell-specific effects showed that endogenous PTHrP may activate different intracellular pathways in mesenchymal cells of skin and elicit changes in levels of locally secreted proteins that specifically modulate normal follicular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SummaryOver the last decade, remote sensing technologies and geographical information systems have moved from the research arena into the hands of vector control specialists. This review explains remote sensing approaches and spatial information technologies used for investigations of arthropod pests and vectors of diseases affecting humans and livestock. Relevant applications are summarized with examples of studies on African horse sickness vector Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), malaria vector Anopheles and arbovirus vector culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae), trypanosomiasis vector tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae), loaiasis vector Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae), Lyme disease vector Ixodes and other ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Methods and their uses are tabulated and discussed with recommendations for efficiency, caution and progress in this burgeoning field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchial asthma is common in Kuwait, a desert country, but the sensitizing allergens are uncertain. This study investigated the sensitizing allergens in Kuwaiti patients with extrinsic asthma. Methods: A total of 553 asthmatics (male:female ratio: 1.4; mean age: 31.7 years [range 3–76 years]) and 112 matched controls were studied. Sera from all patients/subjects were tested by the CAP‐RAST method for specific IgE to 14 locally relevant inhalant allergens. Results: Specific IgE to at least one allergen was detected in 87.2% of the patients compared with 24.1% in controls. Among the confirmed extrinsic asthmatics, the sensitization rates for the allergen groups were as follows: pollens (87.1%), house dust (76.1%), and molds (30.3%). The three most prevalent sensitizing pollens were from Chenopodium (70.7%), Bermuda grass (62.9%), and Prosopis (62.7%), all of which are horticultural plants imported for the purpose of “greening” the desert. For all allergens, except the molds, the prevalence rate was higher in males than females, but age had only a weak effect. Severe asthma occurred significantly more frequently among mold‐sensitized patients. Conclusions: These results show that even in a desert environment, pollens and house dust allergens may be important sensitizing allergens. They also illustrate how practices that “green” the desert can affect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gerontological literature and research has clearly demonstrated that attitudes towards the elderly held by nursing staff play a critical role in the quality of care provided in long term care facilities. A three and a half hour training program aimed at sensitizing nursing assistants in a long term care setting to the aging process and experiences of the elderly is described. Nursing assistants from personal care units participated in a role playing game and were then presented with an overview of normal aging topics. Results of the study demonstrated a significant improvement in attitudes toward the elderly by nursing assistants who had attended the training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to define the geographical distribution of Phlebotomus orientalis results from its importance as the dominant vector of kala azar (visceral Iceishmaniasis) in Sudan. Recent epidermics of this disease in southern and eastern Sudan caused an estimated 100000 deaths and have renewed the impetus for defining the ecological boundaries of the vector. This information is an essential prerequisite to the production of a risk map for kala azar. This study uses data on the presence and absence of P. orientalis from 44 collecting sites across the central belt of Sudan. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the probability of the presence of P. orientalis at each collecting site as a function of climatic and environmental variables (rainfall; temperature; altitude; soil type and the satellite-derived environmental proxies - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Land Surface Temperature). The logistic regression model indicates mean annual maximum daily temperature and soil type as the most important ecological determinants of P. orientalis distribution. An initial risk map was created in a raster-based geographical information system which delineates the area where P. orientalis may occur. This map was then refined using a mask layer indicating the known rainfall-based boundaries of the distribution of Acacia-Balanites woodland - a woodland type known to be associated with the distribution of this vector. The predictive performance of the risk map is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two ways of subtyping in dyslexia will be examined, namely visual/auditory (or ‘dyseidetic’/‘dysphonetic’) and phonological/surface. The conventional view is that phonological dyslexics have difficulty with non-words but are relatively stronger at real words, whereas the surface dyslexic can manage non-words but has difficulty with irregular words. When errors were classified into ‘visual’ and ‘auditory’, it was found in the case of 68 dyslexic children that after a 2-year period of tuition there was a change in the ratio of ‘visual’ errors to ‘auditory’ errors—the proportion of ‘auditory’ errors decreasing markedly. Also, when suitable regular words, non-words and irregular words were given to 58 dyslexic children and to 58 younger children matched for reading age, in neither group did the pattern of results give any significant support for classifying dyslexic children into ‘phonological dyslexics’ or ‘surface dyslexics’. A more economical hypothesis, which explains both sets of results, is that the observed changes reflect the instruction which the children had received. The alternative hypothesis, namely that there is some kind of ‘cognitive substrate’ which remains unchanged whatever the kind of teaching, was not supported by the data. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the effectiveness of voice recognition software (VRS) as panacea for dyslexic learners in higher education. Difficulties in training VRS to learners' unique voice pattern; Obstacles in using VRS; Information on the issues of automaticity and multitasking.

Objective: To assess the impact of diverse continuing medical education (CME) interventions on physician performance and health care outcomes.Data Sources: Using continuing medical education and related phrases, we performed regular searches of the indexed literature (MEDLINE, Social Science Index, the National Technical Information Service, and Educational Research Information Clearinghouse) from 1975 through 1991. In addition, for these years, we used manual searches, key informants, and requests to authors to locate other indexed articles and the nonindexed literature of adult and continuing professional education.Study Selection: From the resulting database we selected studies that met the following criteria: randomized controlled trials; educational programs, activities, or other interventions; studies that included 50% or more physicians; follow-up assessments of at least 75% of study subjects; and objective assessments of either physician performance or health care outcomes.Data Extraction: Studies were reviewed for data related to physician specialty and setting. Continuing medical education interventions were classified by their mode(s) of activity as being predisposing, enabling, or facilitating. Using the statistical tests supplied by the original investigators, physician performance outcomes and patient outcomes were classified as positive, negative, or inconclusive.Data Synthesis: We located 777 CME studies, of which 50 met all criteria. Thirty-two of these analyzed physician performance; seven evaluated patient outcomes; 11 examined both measures. The majority of the 43 studies of physician performance showed positive results in some important measures of resource utilization, counseling strategies, and preventive medicine. Of the 18 studies of health care outcomes, eight demonstrated positive changes in patients' health care outcomes.Conclusion: Broadly defined CME interventions using practice-enabling or reinforcing strategies consistently improve physician performance and, in some instances, health care outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study in which a lethal mutation of the homeotic Abdominal gene of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, was isolated. Sequence analysis carried out to indicate that this retrotransposon, called Woot, is member of gypsy family of mobile elements; Number of copies harbored by Woot per genome; Inclusion of open reading frames (ORFs) in internal region of Woot.

Background: Dysphagia from whatever cause is a major source of morbidity. A diverse range of modified food consistencies and dysphagia diets have been developed to provide safe meals for the management of people with eating, drinking and swallowing disorders. In this paper the current literature on this topic is reviewed and areas for further study are highlighted. Methods: An initial review of the literature was carried out using the MEDLINE database. Covering the years 1981-96 we used the following key words: dysphagia, swallowing disorders, dysphagia diets. We also reviewed textbooks, back issues of the British Dietetic Associations' Dietetics Today and consulted with colleagues with a special interest in dysphagia. Results and conclusions: Swallowing disorders occur in all age groups, as a result of problems occurring in the preparatory, oral and pharyngeal stages of the swallow. Swallowing disorders at the oesophageal level are not amenable to techniques of swallowing therapy, however, it should be noted that these patients benefit from alteration of diet consistency. The importance of providing suitable and nutritionally adequate meals for individuals with neurological dysphagia is clear, but selection of a textured diet to implement is not. National guidelines are needed for the development and implementation of textured diets for the management of dysphagia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysphagia from whatever cause is a major source of morbidity. A diverse range of modified food consistencies and dysphagia diets have been developed to provide safe meals for the management of people with eating, drinking and swallowing disorders. In this paper the current literature on this topic is reviewed and areas for further study are highlighted. Methods: An initial review of the literature was carried out using the MEDLINE database. Covering the years 1981–96 we used the following key words: dysphagia, swallowing disorders, dysphagia diets. We also reviewed textbooks, back issues of the British Dietetic Associations’ Dietetics Today and consulted with colleagues with a special interest in dysphagia. Results and conclusions: Swallowing disorders occur in all age groups, as a result of problems occurring in the preparatory, oral and pharyngeal stages of the swallow. Swallowing disorders at the oesophageal level are not amenable to techniques of swallowing therapy, however, it should be noted that these patients benefit from alteration of diet consistency. The importance of providing suitable and nutritionally adequate meals for individuals with neurological dysphagia is clear, but selection of a textured diet to implement is not. National guidelines are needed for the development and implementation of textured diets for the management of dysphagia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented concerning the case of pityriasis rubra pilaris in a mother and two daughters.

A letter to the editor related to extensive mucinous metaplasia of the vulva with haemosiderin deposition arising within Zoon's vulvitis is presented.

Kindler syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by acral blisters in infancy and early childhood, followed by photosensitivity, progressive poikiloderma and cutaneous atrophy. Other features include webbing of the toes and fingers, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, gingival fragility, poor dentition, and mucosal involvement in the form of urethral, anal and oesophageal stenosis. The recent finding of KIND1 mutations in Kindler syndrome facilitates early diagnosis, prophylactic measures and more precise definition of the phenotype. In the family described here, molecular diagnosis of Kindler syndrome in an infant with acral blisters led to the belated diagnosis in a severely affected relative whose condition had remained unidentified for 37 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine T cell lymphoma has previously been found to be a poor prognostic indicator compared with its B cell counterpart. The cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone protocol is widely accepted as a first line treatment for canine lymphoma. There have been several studies investigating alternative protocols for T cell lymphoma. This study investigated the use of a modified lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisolone protocol as a first line treatment in 35 dogs with T Cell lymphoma. Median progression free survival (PFS) time for all 35 dogs was 431 days with a 6‐month, 1‐year, 2‐year, and 3‐year PFS of 69%, 54%, 29%, and 12%. Median survival time (MST) was 507 days. Twenty‐nine dogs attained a complete response and had a median PFS time of 509 days. Thirty dogs experienced adverse events during the protocol, with 73% of these being grade 1 or 2. This protocol has shown increased median PFS time and MST compared with previous studies and suggests its use as a first line chemotherapy protocol against canine T cell lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the energy distributions of electron emission from a Schottky emission. Relationship between the height of the surface energy barrier and the measured energy distribution; Effect of tip temperature and angular current density on energy broadening; Role of electron tunneling effects and electron-electron interactions.