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Organisational absurdity is an emerging field of study in management sciences. Often described in conceptual terms in the existing literature as a loss of meaning arising from the collapsing frontiers of rationality, there have been few attempts to engage empirically with this absurdity, particularly from the perspective of new recruits joining organisations, and more specifically those who have recently completed their studies. Our research seeks to explore the ways in which young graduates respond to organisational absurdity and its consequences. To do this, we use an original empirical approach, which has been recognised elsewhere as a pertinent means of tackling absurdity, namely, fictional analysis. We thus propose an analogy between today’s young graduates and the young Romantics of the 19th century, invoking a number of literary references for heuristic ends, in order to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon in question. Now as in centuries past, upon coming face-to-face with absurdity, a considerable number of young people respond by retreating from their professional responsibilities. This state of affairs is illustrated by a series of 35 interviews, revealing a profound sense of disenchantment, which, in many cases, can lead young professionals to turn inwards and withdraw from their professional environments. In the face of this distress, our research invites organisations to rethink the way they manage young graduates.

Introduction Dynamic chest radiography (DCR) is a novel, low-dose, real-time digital imaging system where software identifies moving thoracic structures and can automatically calculate lung areas. In an observational, prospective, non-controlled, single-centre pilot study, we compared it with whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in the measurement of lung volume subdivisions in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF).Methods Lung volume subdivisions were estimated by DCR using projected lung area (PLA) during deep inspiration, tidal breathing and full expiration, and compared with same-day WBP in 20 adult pwCF attending routine review. Linear regression models to predict lung volumes from PLA were developed.Results Total lung area (PLA at maximum inspiration) correlated with total lung capacity (TLC) (r=0.78, p

Abstract While positive social-behavioral factors predict longer survival in cancer patients, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Since tumor metastasis are the major cancer mortality factor, we investigated how an enriched environment (EE) conductive to enhanced sensory, cognitive and motor stimulation impact metastatic progression in lungs following intravasation in the circulation. We find that mice housed in EE exhibited reduced number of lung metastatic foci compared to control mice housed in a standard environment (SE). Compared to SE mice, EE mice increased lung inflammation as early as 4 days after circulating tumor cells extravasation. The impact of environmental signals on lung metastasis is independent of adrenergic receptors signaling. By contrast, we find that serum corticosterone levels are lower in EE mice and that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist reduces the number of lung metastasis in SE mice. In addition, the difference of the number of lung metastasis between SE and EE mice is abolished when inflammatory monocytes are rendered deficient in GR signaling. This decreased GR signaling in inflammatory monocytes of SE mice results in an exacerbated inflammatory profile in the lung. Our study shows that not only EE reduces late stages of metastatic progression in lungs but disclose a novel anti-tumor mechanism whereby GR-dependent reprogramming of inflammatory monocytes can inhibit metastatic progression in lungs. Moreover, while inflammatory monocytes have been shown to promote cancer progression, they also have an anti-tumor effect, suggesting that their role is more complex than currently thought.

Abstract The results of a continuous firm survey (conducted by the German Business Panel) are presented to shed light on the economic implications of the Russian invasion in Ukraine for German firms. The current developments impact the economic outlook and lead firms to invest and hire less. More than half of all surveyed firms report that gas rationing would affect their production either directly or indirectly through their supply chain. Furthermore, one-half of firms report that it would require less than one year to adjust to a hypothetical situation in which it has 50 % less gas. However, more than a quarter of firms indicate an adjustment period that is longer than two years. Price increases are a direct response to cost pressure that is caused by the development of energy prices and supply-chain disruptions.

Abstract Background Vagus nerve stimulation has been suggested to affect immune responses, partly through a neuronal circuit requiring sympathetic innervation of the splenic nerve bundle and norepinephrine (NE) release. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action remain elusive. Here, we investigated the therapeutic value of this neuromodulation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by applying electrical splenic nerve bundle stimulation (SpNS) in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Methods Cuff electrodes were implanted around the splenic nerve bundle in mice, whereupon mice received SpNS or sham stimulation. Stimulation was applied 6 times daily for 12 days during DSS-induced colitis. Colonic and splenic tissues were collected for transcriptional analyses by qPCR and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). In addition, murine and human splenocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the absence or presence of NE. Single-cell RNA-seq data from publicly available data sets were analyzed for expression of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs). Results Colitic mice undergoing SpNS displayed reduced colon weight/length ratios and showed improved Disease Activity Index scores with reduced Tumor Necrosis Factor α mRNA expression in the colon compared with sham stimulated mice. Analyses of splenocytes from SpNS mice using RNA-seq demonstrated specific immune metabolism transcriptome profile changes in myeloid cells. Splenocytes showed expression of β-ARs in myeloid and T cells. Cytokine production was reduced by NE in mouse and human LPS-stimulated splenocytes. Conclusions Together, our results demonstrate that SpNS reduces clinical features of colonic inflammation in mice with DSS-induced colitis possibly by inhibiting splenic myeloid cell activation. Our data further support exploration of the clinical use of SpNS for patients with IBD.

The magnitude of innate inflammatory immune responses is dependent on interactions between peripheral neural and immune cells. In particular, a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) has been identified in the spleen whereby noradrenaline (NA) released by splenic nerves binds to ß2-adrenergic receptors (β2-AR) on CD4+ T cells which, in turn, release acetylcholine (ACh). The binding of ACh to α7 acetylcholine receptors (α7-AChR) expressed by splenic macrophages inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). However, the role of ACh-secreting CD4+ T-cells in the CAP is still controversial and largely based on the absence of this anti-inflammatory pathway in mice lacking T-cells (nude, FoxN1−/−). Using four conscious, non-lymphopenic transgenic mouse models, we found that, rather than acting on CD4+ T-cells, NA released by splenic nerve terminals acts directly onto β2-AR on splenic myeloid cells to exert this anti-inflammatory effect. We also show that, while larger doses of LPS are needed to trigger CAP in nude mouse strain compared to other strains, TNF production can be inhibited in these animals lacking CD4+ T-cell by stimulating either the vagus or the splenic nerve. We demonstrate that CD4+ T-cells are dispensable for the CAP after antibody-mediated CD4+ T-cell depletion in wild type mice. Furthermore, we found that NA-mediated inhibition of in vitro LPS-induced TNF secretion by human or porcine splenocytes does not require α7-AChR signaling. Altogether our data demonstrate that activation of the CAP by stimulation of vagus or splenic nerves in mice is mainly mediated by direct binding of NA to β2-AR on splenic macrophages, and suggest that the same mechanism is at play in larger species.

Efforts to naturally remove atmospheric CO2 demand that largely intact forests be maintained. Our inter-cultural research initiative tested the hypothesis that Indigenous custody of the land is compatible with the maintenance of intact forests. Here we combined traditional knowledge, phytolith analysis, remote sensing, and tree inventories to study old-growth forests in Panama's Darién. Phytoliths served to elucidate historical vegetation, remote sensing revealed the current and past Indigenous footprints while tree stature and identity characterised the forest. Until now there has been very little to no human impact within these forests and current Indigenous footprint is both small and stable. Large trees accounted for 13% of trees in the plots that we established. For over half of the species, the measured tree height was taller than previously published maximum heights, leading us to conclude that these forests are a truly exceptional ecological refugium. Noting that the local communities are not rewarded for their custody of these exceptional forests we call to revisit the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry to include intact forest land. In the context of sub-optimal carbon finance options, we also propose matching as a methodology that could prove additionality of forest conservation initiatives in climate mitigation portfolios.

Abstract For many firms, the coronavirus crisis has lead to persistent sales slumps that generated urgent liquidity demand — unless fixed costs were reduced. The authors use a newly developed classification procedure that makes the cost structure of companies and, thus, their sensitivity to sales shocks visible. This is useful for designing effective relief measures that preserve corporate structures by protecting employment and avoiding insolvencies of companies with healthy prospects for a recovery during the post-crisis period. Such an approach helps to accelerate economic recovery.

Abstract Background The carotid bodies and baroreceptors are sensors capable of detecting various physiological parameters that signal to the brain via the afferent carotid sinus nerve for physiological adjustment by efferent pathways. Because receptors for inflammatory mediators are expressed by these sensors, we and others have hypothesised they could detect changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine blood levels and eventually trigger an anti-inflammatory reflex. Methods To test this hypothesis, we surgically isolated the carotid sinus nerve and implanted an electrode, which could deliver an electrical stimulation package prior and following a lipopolysaccharide injection. Subsequently, 90 min later, blood was extracted, and cytokine levels were analysed. Results Here, we found that carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor production in both anaesthetised and non-anaesthetised conscious mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation was so potent that it protected conscious mice from endotoxaemic shock-induced death. In contrast to the mechanisms underlying the well-described vagal anti-inflammatory reflex, this phenomenon does not depend on signalling through the autonomic nervous system. Rather, the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor production by carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation is abolished by surgical removal of the adrenal glands, by treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone or by genetic inactivation of the glucocorticoid gene in myeloid cells. Further, carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation increases the spontaneous discharge activity of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus leading to enhanced production of corticosterone. Conclusion Carotid sinus nerve electrostimulation attenuates inflammation and protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxaemic shock via increased corticosterone acting on the glucocorticoid receptor of myeloid immune cells. These results provide a rationale for the use of carotid sinus nerve electrostimulation as a therapeutic approach for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Objectives Dynamic chest radiography (DCR) is a novel real-time digital fluoroscopic imaging system that produces clear, wide field-of-view diagnostic images of the thorax and diaphragm in motion, alongside novel metrics on moving structures within the thoracic cavity. We describe the use of DCR in the measurement of diaphragm motion in a pilot series of cases of suspected diaphragm dysfunction. Methods We studied 21 patients referred for assessment of diaphragm function due to suspicious clinical symptoms or imaging (breathlessness, orthopnoea, reduced exercise tolerance and/or an elevated hemidiaphragm on plain chest radiograph). All underwent DCR with voluntary sniff manoeuvres. Results Paradoxical motion on sniffing was observed in 14 patients, and confirmed in six who also underwent fluoroscopy or ultrasound. In four patients, DCR showed reduced hemidiaphragm excursion, but no paradoxical motion; in three, normal bilateral diaphragm motion was demonstrated. DCR was quick to perform, and well tolerated in all cases and with no adverse events reported. DCR was achieved in ∼5 min per patient, with images available to view by the clinician immediately within the clinical setting. Conclusion DCR is a rapid, well-tolerated and straightforward chest radiography technique that warrants further investigation in the assessment of diaphragm dysfunction.

IntroductionDynamic chest radiography (DCR) uses novel, low-dose radiographic technology to capture images of the thoracic cavity while in motion. Pulmonary function testing is important in cystic fibrosis (CF). The tolerability, rapid acquisition and lower radiation and cost compared with CT imaging may make DCR a useful adjunct to current standards of care.Methods and analysisThis is an observational, non-controlled, non-randomised, single-centre, prospective study. This study is conducted at the Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital (LHCH) adult CF unit. Participants are adults with CF. This study reviews DCR taken during routine CF Annual Review (n=150), validates DCR-derived lung volumes against whole body plethysmography (n=20) and examines DCR at the start and end of pulmonary exacerbations of CF (n=20). The primary objectives of this study are to examine if DCR provides lung function information that correlates with PFT, and lung volumes that correlate whole body plethysmography.Ethics and disseminationThis study has received the following approvals: HRA REC (11 December 2019) and LHCH R&I (11 October 2019). Results are made available to people with CF, the funders and other researchers. Processed, anonymised data are available from the research team on request.Trial registration numberISRCTN 64994816.

Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive type of tumour for which therapeutic options and biomarkers are limited. GB diagnosis mostly relies on symptomatic presentation of the tumour and, in turn, brain imaging and invasive biopsy that can delay its diagnosis. Description of easily accessible and effective biomarkers present in biofluids would thus prove invaluable in GB diagnosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from both GB and stromal cells are essential to intercellular crosstalk in the tumour bulk, and circulating EVs have been described as a potential reservoir of GB biomarkers. Therefore, EV-based liquid biopsies have been suggested as a promising tool for GB diagnosis and follow up. To identify GB specific proteins, sEVs were isolated from plasma samples of GB patients as well as healthy volunteers using differential ultracentrifugation, and their content was characterised through mass spectrometry. Our data indicate the presence of an inflammatory biomarker signature comprising members of the complement and regulators of inflammation and coagulation including VWF, FCGBP, C3, PROS1, and SERPINA1. Overall, this study is a step forward in the development of a non-invasive liquid biopsy approach for the identification of valuable biomarkers that could significantly improve GB diagnosis and, consequently, patients’ prognosis and quality of life.

Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) signalling regulates leukocyte migration through the lymphatic endothelial layers. Here, the authors show that treatment of an LTβR-derived decoy peptide can target the non-classical NFκB pathway to inhibit T cell and dendritic cell migration and ameliorate contact hypersensitivity in mouse models.

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumours. Anti-angiogenic therapies (AAT), such as bevacizumab, have been developed to target the tumour blood supply. However, GBM presents mechanisms of escape from AAT activity, including a speculated direct effect of AAT on GBM cells. Furthermore, bevacizumab can alter the intercellular communication of GBM cells with their direct microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently described as main acts in the GBM microenvironment, allowing tumour and stromal cells to exchange genetic and proteomic material. Herein, we examined and described the alterations in the EVs produced by GBM cells following bevacizumab treatment. Interestingly, bevacizumab that is able to neutralise GBM cells-derived VEGF-A, was found to be directly captured by GBM cells and eventually sorted at the surface of the respective EVs. We also identified early endosomes as potential pathways involved in the bevacizumab internalisation by GBM cells. Via MS analysis, we observed that treatment with bevacizumab induces changes in the EVs proteomic content, which are associated with tumour progression and therapeutic resistance. Accordingly, inhibition of EVs production by GBM cells improved the anti-tumour effect of bevacizumab. Together, this data suggests of a potential new mechanism of GBM escape from bevacizumab activity.

Nina Kühnle, Wir, Vogt, Richter und Gemeinde. Städtewesen, städtische Führungsgruppen und Landesherrschaft im spätmittelalterlichen Württemberg (1250–1534) (Schriften zur südwestdeutschen Landeskunde 78), Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag 2017, 544 S., ISBN 978-3-7995-5278-3

We characterize the complete monotonicity of the Kilbas-Saigo function on the negative half-line. We also provide the exact asymptotics at −∞, and uniform hyperbolic bounds are derived. The same questions are addressed for the classical Le Roy function. The main ingredient for the proof is a probabilistic representation of these functions in terms of the stable subordinator.

Many experimental therapies for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), aim to bias T cells toward tolerogenic phenotypes without broad suppression. However, the link between local signal integration in lymph nodes (LNs) and the specificity of systemic tolerance is not well understood. We used intra-LN injection of polymer particles to study tolerance as a function of signals in the LN microenvironment. In a mouse MS model, intra-LN introduction of encapsulated myelin self-antigen and a regulatory signal (rapamycin) permanently reversed paralysis after one treatment during peak disease. Therapeutic effects were myelin specific, required antigen encapsulation, and were less potent without rapamycin. This efficacy was accompanied by local LN reorganization, reduced inflammation, systemic expansion of regulatory T cells, and reduced T cell infiltration to the CNS. Our findings suggest that local control over signaling in distinct LNs can promote cell types and functions that drive tolerance that is systemic but antigen specific.

Lymphotoxin regulates lymphoid organ architecture and adhesion molecules involved in lymphocyte trafficking. Here the authors show that lymphotoxin produced by regulatory T cells promotes their migration to the draining lymph nodes by engaging its cognate receptor on lymphatic endothelial cells.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized structures able to carry proteins, lipids and genetic material from one cell to another with critical implications in intercellular communication mechanisms. Even though the rapidly growing EVs research field has sparked great interest in the last 20 years, many biological and technical aspects still remain challenging. One of the main issues that the field is facing is the absence of consensus regarding methods for EVs concentration from biofluids and tissue culture medium. Yet, not only can classic methods be time consuming, commercialized kits are also often quite expensive, especially when research requires analyzing numerous samples or concentrating EVs from large sample volumes. In addition, EV concentration often results in either low final yield or significant contamination of the vesicle sample with proteins and protein complexes of similar densities and sizes. Eventually, low vesicle yields highly limit any further application and data reproducibility while contamination greatly impacts extensive functional studies. Hence, there is a need for accessible and sustainable methods for improved vesicle concentration as this is a critical step in any EVs-related research study. In this brief report, we describe a novel combination of three well-known methods in order to obtain moderate-to-high yields of EVs with reduced protein contamination. We believe that such methods could be of high benefits for in vitro and in vivo functional studies.

The National Wildlife Refuge system is a vital resource for the protection and conservation of biodiversity and biological integrity in the United States. Surveys were conducted to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of fish, macroinvertebrate, and crayfish populations in two watersheds that encompass three refuges in southern Indiana. The Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge had the highest number of aquatic species with 355 macroinvertebrate taxa, six crayfish species, and 82 fish species, while the Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge had 163 macroinvertebrate taxa, seven crayfish species, and 37 fish species. The Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge had the lowest diversity of macroinvertebrates with 96 taxa and six crayfish species, while possessing the second highest fish species richness with 51 species. Habitat quality was highest in the Muscatatuck River drainage with increased amounts of forested habitats compared to the Patoka River drainage. Biological integrity of the three refuges ranked the Patoka NWR as the lowest biological integrity (mean IBI reach scores = 35 IBI points), while Big Oaks had the highest biological integrity (mean IBI reach score = 41 IBI points). The Muscatatuck NWR had a mean IBI reach score of 31 during June, which seasonally increased to a mean of 40 IBI points during summer. Watershed IBI scores and habitat condition were highest in the Big Oaks NWR.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the development of autoimmune diseases by presenting self-antigen to T-cells. Different signals modulate the ability of APCs to activate or tolerize autoreactive T-cells. Since the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by APCs has been associated with the tolerization of autoreactive T-cells, we hypothesized that HO-1 expression might be altered in APCs from autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We found that, compared to control mice, NOD mice exhibited a lower percentage of HO-1-expressing cells among the splenic DCs, suggesting an impairment of their tolerogenic functions. To investigate whether restored expression of HO-1 in APCs could alter the development of diabetes in NOD mice, we generated a transgenic mouse strain in which HO-1 expression can be specifically induced in DCs using a tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation system. Mice in which HO-1 expression was induced in DCs exhibited a lower Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) incidence and a reduced insulitis compared to non-induced mice. Upregulation of HO-1 in DCs also prevented further increase of glycemia in recently diabetic NOD mice. Altogether, our data demonstrated the potential of induction of HO-1 expression in DCs as a preventative treatment, and potential as a curative approach for T1D.

Wirft man einen Blick auf den Beginn des österreichischen ABGB, dann findet sich dort zunächst eine sog. „Einleitung“. Die „Einleitungen“ der naturrechtlichen Kodifikationen, insbesondere die Interpretationsvorschriften, sind Ausdruck eines justizpolitischen Konflikts, der vor allem seit der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jh.s rasch an Schärfe zunahm und dann das Verhältnis zwischen monarchischem Gesetzgeber und Justiz bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jh.s bestimmt hat. Hinter der Umstellung auf ein kodifiziertes Recht seit dem ausgehenden 18. Jh. stand dann der Anspruch des Staates, hinfort selbst das Recht hervorzubringen. Der Justiz wurde dabei die Rolle einer bloß „rechtsanwendenden“ Instanz zugewiesen. In dem Aufsatz wird gezeigt, welche Konflikte zwischen Politik und Justiz daraus entstanden und wie der Staat die Justiz zu disziplinieren suchte. Abstract: If one looks at the beginning of the Austrian ABGB, one finds a so-called “Einleitung”, ie. introduction, first. Those introductions are the expression of a conflict about judicial policy starting to gain momentum in the second half of the 18th century and dominating relations between the monarchic legislator and the judiciary until the second half of the 19th century. Beneath the change towards a codified law since the late 18th century is the demand of the state to from now on create the law on its own. The judiciary was allocated the mere role of a purely norm-applying instance. In this article, it is shown which conflicts between politics and judiciary resulted from this view and how the state tried to discipline the judiciary.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells involved in the control and initiation of immune responses. In vivo, DCs exposed at the periphery to maturation stimuli migrate to lymph nodes, where they receive secondary signals from CD4+ T helper cells. These DCs become able to initiate CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. However, in vitro investigations concerning human monocyte-derived DCs have never focused on their functional properties after such sequential maturation. Here, we studied human DC phenotypes and functions according to this sequential exposure to maturation stimuli. As first signals, we used TNF-α/polyI:C mimicking inflammatory and pathogen stimuli and, as second signals, we compared activated CD4+ T helper cells to a combination of CD40-L/ IFN-γ. Our results show that a sequential activation with activated CD4+ T cells dramatically increased the maturation of DCs in terms of their phenotype and cytokine secretion compared to DCs activated with maturation stimuli delivered simultaneously. Furthermore, this sequential maturation led to the induction of CTL with a long-term effector and central memory phenotypes. Thus, sequential delivery of maturation stimuli, which includes CD4+ T cells, should be considered in the future to improve the induction of long-term CTL memory in DC-based immunotherapy.

The crayfish fauna of West Virginia consists of 23 species and several undescribed taxa. Most survey efforts documenting this fauna have been conducted in lotic waterways throughout the Appalachian plateau, Allegheny Mountains, and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces. Bottomland forests, swamps, and marshes associated with large river floodplain such as the Ohio River floodplain historically have been under-surveyed in the state. These habitats harbor the richest primary burrowing crayfish fauna in West Virginia, and are worth of survey efforts. In an effort to fill this void, the crayfish fauna of West Virginia’s Ohio River floodplain was surveyed from 2004 through 2009. From this survey, nine species from four genera were documented inhabiting the floodplain. Zoogeography, biology, and conservation status is provided for all nine crayfi shes. The dominant genus along the floodplain is Cambarus, which includes Cambarus (C.) carinirostris, Cambarus (C.) b. cavatus, Cambarus (P.) robustus and Cambarus (T.) thomai. Cambarus (T.) thomai is the most prevalent burrowing species occurring along the floodplain. The genus Orconectes consists of two native species, Orconectes (C.) obscurus and Orconectes (C.) s. sanbornii; and two invasive taxa, Orconectes (G.) virilis and Orconectes (P.) rusticus. Orconectes (C.) obscurus has experienced a range extension to the south and occupies streams formerly occupied by O. (C.) s. sanbornii. Both invasive taxa were allied with anthropogenic habitats and disturbance gradients. Th e genera Fallicambarus and Procambarus are represented by a single species. Both Fallicambarus (C.) fodiens, and Procambarus (O.) acutus are limited to the historic preglacial Marietta River Valley.

O combate à vadiagem assume, emdiferentes épocas, distintas feições. Inspirandoseno início da Idade Moderna fortemente namoral religiosa, centrava-se então no combateao jogo, à bebida e ao livre deslocamento damão-de-obra, vistos como fontes de pecadose “desordens”. No final da Idade Moderna, aspreocupações de cunho econômico tornaramsecentrais, impulsionando uma mudança dasformas de controle social. O Liberalismo viriaa demandar, por sua vez, a busca de uma novajustificação para o combate à “vadiagem” e paraa manutenção do aparato estatal de controle. The control of vagrancy takesdifferent faces throughout different ages.The police legislation in the beginning ofthe early modern times, inspired by religiousmorality, focused on the restraint of gambling,drunkenness and migration of workers, whichwere regarded as sources of sins and socialdisturbances. The age of Reform Absolutismchanged these forms of social restraint whenthe economical factor assumed a centralrole. Under liberalism, a new vindicationwas needed for the maintenance of vagrancycontrol apparatus.

The transition to a written form of law, as also the mass reproduction and dissemination of statutory enactments, are decisive preconditions for the emergence of positive law. This process of »positivisation« is here understood as a process in the course of which the conception of law and the conditions for its acceptance change. Legal norms will increasingly be accepted as binding or »in force« because a formal enactment and the command of a legislator to obey the norm stand behind them. If throughout the entire early modern period legal theory saw in the actual usage of a norm the necessary precondition for its binding force, the gradual change to a positivistic understanding of law is first realised at the level of the law of evidence. Step by step the demands for proof of the validity of a legal norm are heightened in the legal cases, in which a party relies upon a printed or at least a recorded legal norm. In this way the form of the tradition of the legal norm takes on a new meaning: Legal norms which have a written tradition or are contained in an authorised collection of enactments have a higher chance of being accepted by the court.

Rezensiertes Werk:Oliver Volckart, Wettbewerb und Wettbewerbsbeschränkung im vormodernen Deutschland 1000–1800, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2002, X, 269 S., ISBN 3-16-147690-5

Rezensiertes Werk:André Holenstein, »Gute Policey« und lokale Gesellschaft im Staat des Ancien Régime. Das Fallbeispiel der Markgrafschaft Baden(-Durlach), (Frühneuzeitliche Forschungen, Bd. 9.1 u. 9.2), Epfendorf: bibliotheca academica 2003, 938 S., ISBN3-928471-32-5

A bring-your-own-device (BYOD) policy advocates student's unrestricted classroom access to their own technology devices to assist in the completion of learning objectives. Literature illustrates that implementing BYOD can cause trepidation at the administrative and teaching levels due to the potential negative consequences and distractions that it can cause, despite the benefits that can be claimed. Investigations into the use of BYOD in university level second language education in Japan are limited. Similarly, it is also largely unknown whether students can make the tangible shift to using their own devices in the classroom to assist in completing tasks while remaining task focused. This study illustrates student's evaluations of a BYOD policy in a two-semester Academic English report writing and presentation focused program. It reveals, through a detailed categorization and illustration of qualitative comments, that students made a meaningful and positive shift in opinions. At the conclusion of the program, students placed a high value on the ability to use their own devices to achieve positive task outcomes. This study can build reassurances amongst teachers that student's use of their own devices in the classroom can be targeted, beneficial and motivating.

Cryptochromes (Cry) have been suggested to form the basis of light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in birds. However, to function as magnetic compass sensors, the cryptochromes of migratory birds must possess a number of key biophysical characteristics. Most importantly, absorption of blue light must produce radical pairs with lifetimes longer than about a microsecond. Cryptochrome 1a (gwCry1a) and the photolyase-homology-region of Cry1 (gwCry1-PHR) from the migratory garden warbler were recombinantly expressed and purified from a baculovirus/Sf9 cell expression system. Transient absorption measurements show that these flavoproteins are indeed excited by light in the blue spectral range leading to the formation of radicals with millisecond lifetimes. These biophysical characteristics suggest that gwCry1a is ideally suited as a primary light-mediated, radical-pair-based magnetic compass receptor.