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By the end of this century, human-induced climate change and habitat loss may drastically reduce biodiversity, with expected effects on many amphibian lineages. One of these effects is the shift in the geographic distributions of species when tracking suitable climates. Here, we employ a macroecological approach to dynamically model geographic range shifts by coupling ecological niche models and eco-evolutionary mechanisms, aiming to assess the probability of evolutionary rescue (i.e., rapid adaptation) and dispersal under climate change. Evolutionary models estimated the probability of population persistence by adapting to changes in the temperature influenced by precipitation in the following decades, while compensating the fitness reduction and maintaining viable populations in the new climates. In addition, we evaluated emerging patterns of species richness and turnover at the assemblage level. Our approach was able to identify which amphibian populations among 7,193 species at the global scale could adapt to temperature changes or disperse into suitable regions in the future. Without evolutionary adaptation and dispersal, 47.7% of the species could go extinct until the year 2,100, whereas adding both processes will slightly decrease this extinction rate to 36.5%. Although adaptation to climate is possible for populations in about 25.7% of species, evolutionary rescue is the only possibility to avoid extinction in 4.2% of them. Dispersal will allow geographic range shifts for 49.7% of species, but only 6.5% may avoid extinction by reaching climatically suitable environments. This reconfiguration of species distributions and their persistence creates new assemblage-level patterns at the local scale. Temporal beta-diversity across the globe showed relatively low levels of species turnover, mainly due to the loss of species. Despite limitations with obtaining data, our approach provides more realistic assessments of species responses to ongoing climate changes. It shows that, although dispersal and evolutionary rescue may attenuate species losses, they are not enough to avoid a significant reduction of species’ geographic ranges in the future. Actions that guarantee a higher potential of adaptation (e.g., genetic diversity through larger population sizes) and increased connectivity for species dispersion to track suitable climates become essential, increasing the resilience of biodiversity to climate change.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi de caracterizar a trajetória evolutiva do Brasil durante a participação dos Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão entre 1976-2020 e comparar com os países mais bem ranqueados nos Jogos Paralímpicos Rio 2016, buscando relacionar com o contexto histórico-político nacional e o plano estratégico do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro nos diferentes ciclos Paralímpicos. Até os Jogos Paralímpicos realizados em 2020, a delegação brasileira foi representada por um total de 774 atletas, sendo 251 medalhistas (70,9% homens; 29,1% mulheres) em 17 diferentes modalidades, quatro coletivas e treze individuais. Com relação ao tipo de deficiência, 64,9% dos atletas medalhistas apresentam deficiência física, 32,3% correspondem à deficiência visual e 2,8%, deficiência intelectual. Durante o período analisado, o Brasil conquistou 373 medalhas em participações, sendo 109 de ouro (29,2%), 132 de prata (35,4%) e 132 de bronze (35,4%). A modo conclusão, é possível destacar o avanço nas políticas públicas, plano estratégico e investimentos que favoreceram que nos últimos quatro ciclos paralímpicos, o Brasil pudesse se consolidar entre as 10 maiores potências mundiais paralímpicas, conquistando o maior número de medalhas em 2016 e o terceiro lugar no crescimento acumulado (3,2%) nos Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão entre 1988-2020, sendo superado apenas por China e Ucrânia.

Species distribution models (SDM) are widely used as indicators of different aspects of geographical ranges for many purposes, from conservation to biogeographical and evolutionary analyses. However, these techniques are susceptible to various sources of uncertainty. Data coverage, species’ ecology, and the characteristics of their geographic distributions can affect SDM results, often generating critical errors in predicted distribution maps. We assess the influence of data quality, the characteristics of species distributions, and ecological traits on SDM performance. We predict the distributions of dung beetle species in Madrid region (central Spain) using six SDM techniques and validate them on an independent dataset. We relate variations in model performance with environmental completeness, data characteristics, and species traits through a partial least squares analysis. In this analysis, body size, nesting behaviour, marginality, rarity, data prevalence, Relative Occurrence Area (ROA), range size, niche breadth, and completeness are used as predictors of six assessment metrics (sensitivity, specificity, kappa, TSS, CCR, and AUC). Marginality and data prevalence were the variables that most influenced SDM performance, followed by range size, ROA, and niche breadth: species presenting higher marginality and data prevalence, and smaller ROA and niche breadth were associated with better models. Nesting behaviour, rarity, niche completeness, and body size had minor importance for SDM performance. Our results highlight the importance of taking species’ and data characteristics into account when modelling and comparing large groups of species using SDM. This implies that estimates of species richness and composition based on stacked SDMs can show high levels of error if they are constructed for groups of species with diverse ecological traits and types of geographic distributions. We suggest that the species holding characteristics that lead to poor SDM performance should not be included when constructing composite biodiversity variables. Further effort is needed to develop SDM methodologies and protocols that account for such source of uncertainty.

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O presente artigo objetiva pensar a imagem a partir de uma experiência de análise com fotografia, na busca por construir uma história visual sobre uma possível experiência escrava no Brasil do século XIX. Trata-se de uma história visual do social que se atenta para dimensões “menores” da imagem fotográfica e expressa tramas, relações de poder, processos de constituição de sujeitos e a invenção do passado.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic low back pain syndrome promotes several functional losses which impact quality of life of patients, and walking is one of the most impaired functions. Being chronic low back pain a syndrome with multiple etiologies, efforts to understand the relation between functional losses and etiologic factors are justified. This study aimed at correlating walking speed with pain perception, incapacity level (I) and condition of having or not chronic low back pain (group). METHODS: Sample was made up of volunteers with nonspecific low back pain (LG/n=8) and healthy subjects (CG/n=8). Incapacity level was obtained by Oswestry Incapacity Index during evaluation. Tests battery was divided in three sessions according to walking intensity, as follows: preferred self-selected speed (VP) and faster and slower speeds as compared to VP. In each session, volunteers walked for five minutes and at every minute pain was quantified by the analog scale. Kendal Tau test was used with p=0.05. RESULTS: Walking speed was not correlated with pain intensity, with incapacity level or with the group. However, group versus incapacity level, group versus pain, incapacity level versus pain were correlated with one another. CONCLUSION: Walking performance was not influenced by nonspecific chronic low back pain and by incapacity level.

Knowledge on the relationships between species functional traits and environmental filters is key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the current patterns of biodiversity loss from a multi-taxa perspective. The aim of this study was to identify the main environmental factors driving the functional structure of a terrestrial vertebrate community (mammals, breeding birds, reptiles and amphibians) in a temperate mountain system (the Cantabrian Mountains; NW Spain). Based on the Spanish Inventory of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species, we selected three functional traits (feeding guild, habitat use type and daily activity) and defined, for each trait, a set of functional groups considering vertebrate species with common functional characteristics. The community functional structure was evaluated by means of two functional indexes indicative of functional redundancy (species richness within each functional group) and functional diversity. Ordinary least squares regression and conditional autoregressive models were applied to determine the response of community functional structure to environmental filters (climate, topography, land cover, physiological state of vegetation, landscape heterogeneity and human influence). The results revealed that both functional redundancy and diversity of terrestrial vertebrates were non-randomly distributed across space; rather, they were driven by environmental filters. Climate, topography and human influence were the best predictors of community functional structure. The influence of land cover, physiological state of vegetation and landscape heterogeneity varied among functional groups. The results of this study are useful to identify the general assembly rules of species functional traits and to illustrate the importance of environmental filters in determining functional structure of terrestrial vertebrate communities in mountain systems.

A prática de corrida de média e longa distância tem crescido em todo o mundo. Apesar de todos os efeitos benéficos de sua prática, tem-se observado uma elevada incidência de lesões. Tais lesões podem ser causadas por diversos fatores classificados como extrínsecos e intrínsecos. No Brasil ainda são escassos os estudos sobre a prevalência de lesões em corredores de rua e, principalmente associando-as com os fatores causadores de lesão. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar incidência de lesões em corredores participantes do circuito de corridas de rua do estado de São Paulo, bem como verificar o grau de associação da prevalência de lesões com fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Os dados foram coletados durante o processo de registro dos atletas na Maratona internacional de São Paulo e Meia maratona de Campinas, através da aplicação de questionário (IMR) aos atletas. Os resultados apontaram uma incidência de lesão de 21,5 % e estas estiveram significativamente correlacionadas com o volume e frequência de treino. Não foi encontrada associação significativa nas outras variáveis analisadas. Dessa maneira, nossos dados indicam que controlar o volume e a frequência de treino é uma medida importante para prevenir a ocorrência dessas lesões nessa modalidade. ABSTRACT Risk factors for injuries in amatuer steet runners in Sao Paulo The practice of middle and long distance running has been increasing worldwide. Despite all the benefits of the practice, the literature has also observed a high incidence of injuries. Such injuries can be caused by several factors classified as intrinsic and extrinsic. In Brazil there are few studies on the prevalence of injuries in runners and mainly associating them with the causing factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of injuries in runners participating in street running circuit in the São Paulo, as well as identify the degree of association of the prevalence of lesions with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Data were collected during the registration process for athletes in the São Paulo International Marathon and Campinas Half Marathon through a questionnaire (IMR). The results showed an injury incidence of 21.5% and it’s significantly correlation with the training volume and frequency. No significant association was found in the other variables. Thus, our data indicate that controlling the volume and frequency of training is an important measure to prevent the occurrence of these lesions in this modality.