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The shortage of organs and the growing need for them over recent years have led to the adoption of less stringent donor acceptance criteria, resulting in the approval of marginal organs for transplant, especially from elderly donors. This implies a higher risk of graft dysfunction, a higher frequency of immunological and vascular complications, and shorter graft survival. Several strategies have been implemented in clinical practice to assess graft quality and suitability for transplantation. We have started to test the prospective intraoperative use of thermo-vision cameras during graft reperfusion. Images were acquired using the FLIR One Pro thermo-vision camera for android devices. We hypothesized that thermal images would give a better perspective about the quality of arterial perfusion and graft revascularization of the renal cortex. Thermo-vision cameras provide an easy-to-use, noninvasive, cost-effective tool for the global assessment of kidney graft cortical microcirculation in the immediate post-reperfusion period, providing additional data on the immediate viability and function of a graft.

The purpose of the present study was to establish a novel method to evaluate water penetration rates by combining the local dynamic contact angle and thermographic approach to characterize water conduction properties in orally disintegrating (OD) tablets. The OD tablet tester OD-mate was used to measure the disintegration times of OD tablets. Other formulation characteristics, such as tablet hardness and friability, were evaluated. By examining three formulation characteristics, such as the disintegration time, tablet hardness, and friability, of 33 OD tablets for generic drugs, four characteristic OD tablets containing aripiprazole were selected. To quantitatively evaluate water penetration rates into the tablet interior, we measured the dynamic contact angle after dropping water locally on the tablet surface. Linearity with a high correlation coefficient was observed for each of the initial time-dependent changes in the dynamic contact angle. Water penetration rates into tablets were approximately twice as fast for Pharmaceuticals A and B than for Pharmaceuticals C and D. These rates were consistent with changes observed in tablet thermographic imaging. The relationship between the rapid disintegration of the tablet and its physical strength was discussed based on the internal structure of the tablet by X-ray CT and the additives of each OD tablet. The present results demonstrated that the water penetration rates of OD tablets, as measured by dynamic contact angle, may accurately detect differences in disintegration times in the human oral cavity.

Infrared thermography lends countless applications in biology and veterinary science. The popularity of the use of infrared imaging in the detection and mitigation of animal diseases has increased ...

Supercapacitors, also known by different names such as electrostatic double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) or ultra-capacitors, are electrical storage devices still in development. These devices require fast and reliable methods of assessing their state-of-health. Thermographic imaging is a method which can be applied with this aim due to its popularity, and the high negative impact of overheating on a supercapacitor’s parameters. Moreover, thermographic imaging can be easily used to identify any hot spots, present during charging and discharging while in use. These devices are comprised of porous carbon electrodes and an electrolyte, and during the charging/discharging process, extensive heat may be generated and dissipated there. We have observed temperature fluctuations and were able to identify the inhomogeneity of the tested structures. The electrical parameters (capacitance C and equivalent serial resistance ESR) were measured to determine deterioration of the specimen as requested by the industrial standard. X-ray examination of the samples was performed to identify the shape of the applied metal charge collectors. Both techniques indicated areas where eventual overheating took place due to their electrodes’ shape, suggesting their further optimisation. The proposed method is much less accurate than the calorimetric methods, determining energy flows, but is still sufficient to identify problems with heat dissipation in the developed specimens. Finally, some conclusions about the ability to apply this method in practice to monitor supercapacitors during use were presented.

Laser polishing (LP) is an advanced manufacturing process for improving surface quality via laser remelting of the surface topography of the material. In this preliminary study, a high-speed thermographic imager was coaxially installed on a LP system and was used to capture the thermo-dynamics of the laser-material interactions under various process conditions. A visualization algorithm was developed and used to monitor the LP process dynamics along the laser path trajectory. This approach enables the analysis of LP process stability by means of reliable informational features of the individual images. Further, unsupervised machine learning analysis (Bayesian classifier) was used to reduce the number of informational variables/statistical characteristics of the images without compromising process predictability. These two techniques were applied for both monitoring and classification of the LP line experiments performed with a laser power of {5, 20, 35} W and a scanning speed of 75 mm/s. The preliminary results demonstrate the high potential of machine learning analysis towards the optimization and control of the LP process., 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2020], September 7-10, 2020

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common problem affecting men as they age. Duplex ultrasonography (DUS) of the penis is currently the standard for office-based assessment o...

Laser polishing is an emerging manufacturing technology wherein laser radiation is used to melt the surface of a workpiece in such a way that the molten material pools and resolidifies with improved surface quality. It is susceptible to process instability, and monitoring the process is difficult given the small size of the melt pool and the speed at which the operation occurs. This study includes the first implementation of a coaxially installed high-speed thermographic camera to record the process in real time. Novel methods for the analysis of the captured images were developed, including techniques for process visualization and the extraction of quantifiable image features. Relationships between the data collected by the camera and process instabilities were investigated, as well as the causes and effects of the instabilities. Using this information, a method for real-time detection of surface non-uniformities was developed, addressing the need for laser polishing process monitoring.

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is characterized by the episodic whitening of the fingers upon exposure to cold. A recently described thermographic algorithm was proposed as a diagnostic replacement of the currently applied finger systolic pressure (FSP) test. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of the thermographic algorithm when applied in patients suspected of having RP. Forty-three patients were examined using thermographic imaging after local cooling of the hands in water of 10 °C for 1 min. The thermographic algorithm was applied to predict the probability of RP. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated with different cut-off levels. A new algorithm was proposed based on patients from the target population. The performance of the tested algorithm was noninferior to the FSP test, when a cut-off level of 0.05 was applied, yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 58%, respectively. The accuracy was 66%. The FSP test had a sensitivity and specificity of 77% and 37%, respectively, and the accuracy was 59%. The thermographic method proved useful for detecting RP and was able to replace the FSP test as a diagnostic test. The alternative algorithm revealed that other thermographic variables were more predictive of the target population, but this should be verified in future patients.

Thermographic imaging has been shown an efficacious method for analysis of gait abnormality in canines. A total of 168 images were used from multiple views of canine’s legs. An algorithm was developed for the automatic mask creation of these thermographic canine leg images to locate important gait related areas. The algorithm is compared with other segmentation and enhancement combinations using the CVIPtools Algorithm Testing and Analysis Tool (ATAT). The ATAT software was able to identify an algorithm with an average 88.4% success rate using the Dice coefficient and Jaccard Index as the main error measurements.

Besides chemical testing, thermographic imaging is a possible method to determine pregnancy in some animals. Hilsberg (2001) defined the unilateral warming at the end of a pregnancy, caused by the metabolizing fetus and the uterus near the outer skin, as the pregnancy field. Its appearance was observed in various species at the end of the gestation period. No studies were yet carried out to investigate the changing of thermal patterns during pregnancy. This study monitored the thermographic changes of one pregnant babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) sow and one babirusa male by taking thermal images once a week from the estimated 3rd pregnancy week until parturition in the 23rd pregnancy week. Images were searched manually for heat areas correlated to pregnancy as well as analysed automatically for median and maximum temperatures of the animal's side. Additionally, the locations of all pixels, which were not more than 2 K below the maximum temperature, were evaluated. In the female, there was a positive correlation between maximum temperatures of left and right side to pregnancy weeks (R = 0.61, R = 0.66, respectively; p 0.05). The female's median temperatures and all temperatures of the male were not correlated to pregnancy weeks. Differences between median and maximum temperatures were significantly different during the 2nd, and 3rd trimester in the female, but not in the male. Temperature differences between 1st and 2nd trimester were not significant in both animals. The location of the warmest areas in the female shifted from thorax and flank to be mainly localised on the teats. In the male, the warmest areas remain localised on thorax and flank. No distinct pregnancy field was observed, but the warming of the teats could be seen in the images and the evaluated data. The teats are less insulated in most animals. Contraindications for thermal imaging like insulation could therefore become less important, allowing thermal pregnancy diagnosis for a larger range of animals than before. Based on these findings we suggest that the warming of the teats could be used for thermal pregnancy diagnosis when a pregnancy field is not observable.

Induction of hypothermia and consequent hypometabolism by pharmacological downmodulation of the internal thermostat could be protective in various medical situations such as ischemia/reperfusion. Systemic hypoxia is a trigger of thermostat downregulation in some mammals, which is sensed though carotid chemoreceptors (carotid bodies, CBs). Using non-invasive thermographic imaging in mice, we demonstrated that surgical bilateral CB denervation does not hamper hypoxia-induced hypothermia. However, the recovery from a protective and reversible hypothermic state after restoration to normoxic conditions was impaired in CB-resected mice versus control animals. Therefore, the carotid chemoreceptors play an important role in the central regulation of hypoxia-driven hypothermia in mice, but only in the rewarming phase.

The aim of this paper is to describe and assess the energetic-metabolic activity of selected muscles of upper and lower extremities during Rotational Training (RT). The influence of RT on temperature changes in the biceps and triceps brachii muscles as well as the quadriceps and biceps femoris muscles of healthy university students were verified, in addition to temperature differences between the left and right side before and after RT. The study was conducted on 18 subjects. RT was conducted in accordance with accepted forms of training methodology of collective fitness. An important part of RT was the performance of circular and rotational movements. Thermograms taken before and immediately after RT focused on 4 regions of selected agonists and synergists in the upper and lower body. The camera used was the infrared hand-held CEDIP Titanium 560M IR (USA), located at a distance of 10 m from the subject. After RT, median Tsk (skin temperature) decreased in almost all of the examined ROIs, except for the left and right Qf (the quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris, and sartorius muscles) as well as the left Tb (triceps brachii) in female subjects. In male subjects, left and right Tsk of Qf increased both for the left and right Tb. Left-Right ΔTsk (temperature difference) was statistically significant (p

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is characterized by the episodic whitening of the fingers upon exposure to cold. Verification of the condition is crucial in vibration-exposed patients. The current verification method is outdated, but thermographic imaging seems promising as a diagnostic replacement. By investigating patients diagnosed with RP, the study aimed at developing a simple thermographic procedure that could be applied to future patients where verification of the diagnosis is needed. Twenty-two patients with primary RP and 58 healthy controls were examined using thermographic imaging after local cooling of the hands for 1 min in water of 10◦C. A logistic regression model was fitted with the temperature curve characteristics to convey a predicted probability of having RP. The characteristics time to end temperature and baseline temperature were the most appropriate predictors of RP among those examined (p = 0.004 and p = 0.04, respectively). The area under the curve was 0.91. The cut-off level 0.46 yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 86%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 69% and 93%, respectively. This newly developed thermographic method was able to distinguish between patients with RP and healthy controls and was easy to operate. Thus, the method showed great promise as a method for verification of RP in future patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03094910.

BACKGROUND Dynamic infrared thermography provides a new imaging method of perforator detection. This study introduces an augmented technique to improve its accuracy by tourniquet-reperfusion and reports its preliminary use in the distal lower leg reconstruction. METHODS A tourniquet (450 mm Hg) was applied for 3 minutes on proximal thighs. After the tourniquet release, the rewarming rate and pattern of hotspots were observed by thermography to delineate the location and quality of perforators. The results were compared with those detected by computed tomographic angiography. Clinically, the local transferred posterior tibial artery or peroneal artery propeller perforator flap was performed in 9 patients for the distal lower leg reconstruction. RESULTS There was a 20- to 140-second "perforator observing window" after the tourniquet release. Tourniquet-reperfusion augmented thermal imaging method (TRATIM) had a sensitivity of 90.3% and a positive predictive value of 93.3%. The TRATIM and computed tomographic angiography had an excellent concordance with a kappa index value of 0.839 (P < 0.001). Based on the TRATIM, 9 propeller perforator flaps were successfully designed and raised for the distal lower leg resurfacing. All flaps survived entirely, except one with size of 1.0 cm × 2.0 cm that had terminal necrosis. CONCLUSIONS The TRATIM is a quick, easy, cheap, and reliable approach for perforator detection in the lower leg. With the aid of TRATIM, a customized propeller perforator flap could be raised efficiently for the distal lower leg reconstruction.

As dairy herds increase in size, close monitoring of health becomes a necessity, but this is expensive and labour-intensive. Early detection of febrile diseases is essential for economical and welfare reasons and to prevent the spread of disease. The goal of this study was therefore to evaluate a mobile, non-invasive technique for measuring the body temperature of cows that precludes the need for restraint of the animals.An infrared thermographic imaging camera installed on a smart phone was used to measure the surface temperature of cows. In experiment 1, a metal block heated to defined temperatures was used to obtain infrared thermographic measurements (THM). The accuracy of THM made at different distances from the block and at 2 different ambient temperatures was determined. In experiment 2, non-febrile cows underwent infrared thermographic imaging, and the body regions with the highest correlations between thermographic and rectal temperature were identified. In experiment 3, THM were made in febrile and neighbouring non-febrile cows.In experiment 1, the thermographic and true temperatures of the block had the strongest relationships at 0.5 and 1.0 m (r = 0.98). The ambient temperature had a significant effect on the THM, which had larger variations and greater deviations from the block temperature at 14.8 °C than at 23.8 °C. In experiment 2, the maximum temperature at the eye (r = 0.37), THM at the muzzle (r = 0.28) and the medial canthus (r = 0.27) showed the strongest relationships with the rectal temperature. After correcting the THM with the mean difference between thermographic and rectal temperatures of the non-febrile cows, sensitivities of 88, 90 and 82 %, respectively, were calculated for THM at the muzzle, eye and medial canthus in febrile cows in experiment 3. The corresponding specificities were 6, 23 and 32 %.Based on the low specificities of the infrared THM, the thermographic imaging camera has limited usefulness for the mass screening of dairy cows for febrile conditions. Cattle falsely identified as febrile need to be separated, caught and re-examined, which causes unnecessary stress to the animal and increases labour input.ZIEL: Mit zunehmenden Bestandsgrößen wird ein engmaschiges Gesundheitsmanagement unumgänglich, aber aufwendiger. Die frühzeitige Erkennung fieberhafter Erkrankungen ist dabei essenziell, um deren Ausbreitung zu verhindern. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, eine mobile, nicht invasive Methode zur Messung der Körpertemperatur zu evaluieren, die keine Fixation der Tiere erfordert.Getestet wurde eine mit einem Mobiltelefon verbundene Infrarotkamera, mit der thermografisch die Oberflächentemperatur eines Objekts bestimmt werden kann. Im ersten Schritt erfolgten Infrarotmessungen (IR-Messungen) an einem auf verschiedene Temperaturen (25–45 °C) erhitzten Metallblock. Die Genauigkeit der Messung bei verschiedenen Abständen (0,5–5 m) und 2 Umgebungstemperaturen (14,7 °C und 23,8 °C) wurde bestimmt. Im zweiten Schritt wurde bei Kühen ohne Fieber ( 39,3 °C, n = 30) die Körperregion gesucht, deren Temperatur in der IR-Messung die höchste Korrelation zur Rektalmessung zeigte. Hierzu dienten Messungen in einem Abstand von 0,5 und 1 m an Flotzmaul, Auge, Flanke, Kronsaum, Euter und Schwanzbereich. An den 3 Stellen mit der höchsten Korrelation wurden die Messungen anschließend bei Kühen mit Fieber (n = 34) und deren fieberfreien Nachbarkühen (n = 23) durchgeführt. Bland-Altman-Plots wurden erstellt und Regressionsanalysen, Klassifikations- sowie Kappa-Tests berechnet.Die Ergebnisse der IR-Messung korrelierten bei einem Abstand von 0,5 m und 1 m am engsten mit den entsprechenden Temperaturen des Metallblocks (jeweils r = 0,98). Neben dem Abstand hatte die Außentemperatur einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Messung. So variierten die Messergebnisse bei einer Außentemperatur von 14,8 °C stärker und wichen deutlicher von der Blocktemperatur ab als bei 23,8 °C. Bei den Kühen ohne Fieber wies die Maximaltemperatur am Auge sowie die Temperatur am medialen Augenwinkel und am Flotzmaul die höchsten Korrelationen (r = 0,37 bzw. 0,27 bzw. 0,28) zur rektal bestimmten Körpertemperatur auf. Nach Korrektur der IR-Messergebnisse mit der mittleren Abweichung zwischen der IR- und der Thermometermessung bei den gesunden Kühen ergab sich eine Sensitivität der IR-Messungen von 88 % am Flotzmaul, von 90 % am Auge und 82 % am medialen Augenwinkel zur Erkennung von Kühen mit Fieber. Allerdings lag die Spezifität bei 6 %, 23 % bzw. 32 %.Aufgrund der niedrigen Spezifität der IR-Messungen mit dem Wärmebild-Kameramodul sind diese nur begrenzt geeignet, um ein Screening nach Kühen mit Fieber durchzuführen. Die falsch-positiv detektierten Tiere müssten jeweils fixiert und nachuntersucht werden, was ein erheblicher zusätzlicher Aufwand für das Betreuungspersonal und Stress für die Tiere wäre.

The aim of study was to assess the skin temperature changes over selected muscles zones of the lower limbs following an exercise performed at similar relative external workload in 10 male and 6 female high-trained cross-country skiers. The first stage of experiment involved preliminary exercise to determine individual oxygen uptake VO2max and anaerobic threshold. The second stage experimental exercise consisted of 60 min running on treadmill with 80% of determined VO2max Thermographic imaging of lower limbs was performed, before, immediately after exercise and during recovery. Physiological parameters: VO2, MET—metabolic energy equivalent, heart rate and internal temperature were assessed at rest and at the end of exercise, respectively. Infrared thermography showed that at rest the skin temperature over lower limb muscles was significantly higher in men than in women. In response to exercise an increase in skin temperature over the studied muscles was significantly higher in women than men. Since was no significant difference in skin temperature in men and women after exercise. Before the test, no physiological parameter was significantly different in women and men. Exercise test reveled significant differences between men and women in some physiological parameters such as VO2 and MET. Our study showed that there are significant differences in lower limbs skin temperature between male and female at rest but not at the end of exercise test. Women in comparison with men had a greater increase in skin temperature in response to exercise and a persistence of elevated temperature over muscles of lower limbs after exercise.

Thermography is a non-invasive diagnostic method commonly used to monitor changes of the body surface temperature potentially induced by different conditions such as fever, inflammation, trauma, or changes of tissue perfusion. Capacitive-resistive diathermy therapy (such as energy transfer capacitive and resistive&mdash, Tecar) is commonly used in rehabilitation due to its diathemic effect secondary to blood circulation increase that could accelerate the healing process. The aim of this study was to monitor by thermal camera the diathermic effects induced by Tecar on the surface of the region of application. The investigation was conducted on six dogs referred for Tecar therapy to treat muscle contractures (three dogs) or osteoarthritis (three dogs). Eleven anatomical treated regions were recorded. Thermographic images and relative measurements were obtained by each region immediately before (T0), at conclusion (T1), and sixty seconds after the Tecar application (T2). Data were recorded and statistically analyzed. A comparison of temperature differences (maximum, minimum and mean values) between T0 and T1, T0 and T2, and T1 and T2 was performed by ANOVA test with Bonferroni post hoc (p &le, 0.05). Statistically significant differences were detected for mean temperature between T0 (32.42 &plusmn, 1.57 &deg, C) and T1 (33.36 &plusmn, 1.17 &deg, C) (p = 0.040) and between T1 and T2 (32.83 &plusmn, 1.31 &deg, C) (p = 0.031). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the mean temperature at T0 and T2, demonstrating that superficial diathermic effect exhausted within 60 s.

Background There is concern regarding bioaerosols from patients having procedures impacting surgical team safety. As pathogens and pollutants have been found in surgical smoke, we examined the potential for aerosol escape during transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) which may be particularly important given the presence of faecal contamination in the operative workspace and the specifics of its access platforms. Methods Both qualitative (thermographic imaging) and quantificative (particle counting) methods were used to assess for aerosol release during TAMIS in comparison to laparoscopic operations of similar duration and equipment both at times of surgical dissection and without. TAMIS was performed using a Gelport Path Device (Applied Medical) and Airseal insufflation with valveless trocar (ConMed). Results Significant carbon dioxide (CO2) escapes during TAMIS carrying with it considerable numbers of particles. In general, particle counts were low prior to tissue dissection phases of the operation but increased substantially (25 × 106/m3 or over 40× background counts) during hook cautery dissection. The majority of particles were in the 0.3–0.5 micron range (where counts were increased relative to background between 42× and 65) with the highest relative increase versus background in the 0.5–1.0 micron range. Particle counts < 5 were substantially greater during the TAMIS procedure versus laparoscopic procedures (a laparoscopic-assisted parastomal hernia repair and laparoscopic cholecystectomy) employing similar tools. Conclusions Considerable amounts of particle-rich aerosols escape during TAMIS procedures. Although pathogens are not proven to definitely spread to healthcare staff by such material nebulisation, N95/FFP2 masks, at a minimum, seem prudent while other methods evolve to eliminate this risk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00384-020-03796-4.

The paper aims to evaluate the usability of fly ash (FA), which is an environmental pollutant, as a filler in asphalt concrete in order to accelerate its microwave heating rate to promote self-healing. In the study, microwave heating rates of asphalt concrete specimens with and without FA were determined via thermographic imaging. Then the three-point bending test was applied to specimens before and after the microwave healing procedure. The crack size of the damaged specimens was also measured via a crack microscope in order to determine the effect of damage levels on microwave healing performance. Test results demonstrated that crack sizes both before and after healing could be interpreted as an indicator of the self-healing performance of the specimen. Microwave heating temperature is the key factor of self-healing, and FA has improved microwave heating rate of asphalt concrete. FA has also improved the healing capability of specimens at some damage levels. It can be concluded that fly ash has great potential as a filler in self-healing asphalt concrete because it can improve self-healing and mechanical characteristics of asphalt concrete, and FA could be reclaimed by using this way. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mosquitoes are regarded as one of the most dangerous animals on earth. As they are responsible for the spread of a wide range of both human and animal diseases, research of the underlying mechanisms of their feeding behavior and physiology is critical. Among disease vector mosquitoes,Culex quinquefasciatus, which is a known carrier of West Nile virus and Western Equine Encephalitis, remains relatively understudied. As blood sucking insects, adaptations (either at the molecular or physiological level) while feeding on warm blood is crucial to their survival, as overheating can result in death due to heat stress. Our research aims to study howCx. quinquefasciatuscopes with heat associated with the ingestion of a warm blood-meal and to possibly uncover the adaptations this species uses to avoid thermal stress. Through the use of thermographic imaging, we analyzed the body temperature ofCx. quinquefasciatuswhile blood feeding. Infrared thermography has allowed us to identify a cooling strategy, evaporative cooling via the production of fluid droplets, and an overall low body temperature in comparison to the blood temperature during feeding. UnderstandingCx. quinquefasciatus’adaptations and various strategies that they employ to reduce their body temperature while blood-feeding constitutes the first step towards the discovery of potential targets of opportunity for their control.HighlightsMosquitoes have evolved to cope with heat stress associated with warm blood ingestionCulex quinquefasciatusdisplays heterothermy while blood-feedingThe abdominal temperature decreases due to evaporative cooling using urine dropletsOverall, the mosquito body temperature is much cooler than the ingested blood

Psychogenic hyperthermia is a stress-related condition reported mostly in women.Neuroendocrine responses to stress in females differ from those of males, and these differences cannot be explained solely based on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Here, we used infrared (IR) thermographic imaging to record changes in cutaneous temperature following two types of stressful experiences in female and male mice. Mice were exposed to either singlesession restraint stress (20 min) or vertical exploration (rearing) deprivation (60 min), and were monitored for exploratory activity and IR surface thermal changes. Females displayed higher rearing activity than males during the dark phase of the light cycle. Both sexes showed similar plasma corticosterone (CORT) responses after a challenge with restraint and rearing deprivation.However, only females responded to rearing deprivation with increased cutaneous temperature in the head and back, and a reduced thermal response in the tail. Circulating CORT levels were not correlated with the thermal variations. These findings, for the first time, provide evidence for sexspecific cutaneous thermal response to short-term stress in mice following transient verticalactivity deprivation that may mimic clinical psychogenic hyperthermia.

We propose a hybrid method for reconstructing thermographic images by combining the recently developed virtual wave concept with deep neural networks. The method can be used to detect defects inside materials in a non-destructive way. We propose two architectures along with a thorough evaluation that shows a substantial improvement compared to state-of-the-art reconstruction procedures. The virtual waves are invariant of the thermal diffusivity property of the material. Consequently, we can use extremely compact architectures that require relatively little training data, and have very fast loss convergence. As a supplement of the paper [1], we provide the MATLAB and Python implementations along with the data set comprising 40,000 simulated temperature measurement images in total, and their corresponding defect locations. Thus, the presented results are completely reproducible.

Objective: To evaluate changes in superficial temperature of hindlimb muscles before and after a 6-min walk in healthy dogs.Methods: Two infrared thermographic images were captured of the proximal and distal hindlimbs of 11 healthy dogs before and after a 6-min walk. Orthopedic exam and objective gait analysis confirmed the healthy status of study subjects. Superficial temperatures of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and gracilis were assessed. Analysis of images was performed using 2 different methods of region of interest (ROI) selection. ROI were selected first using one point (single pixel) in the muscle and then separately by selecting a line (LN) corresponding to many points of each muscle belly from which an average was taken. P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: There was no significant change in temperature using point ROI before and after 6 min of walking of the gastrocnemius, gracilis, and biceps femoris muscles (p = 0.273, p = 0.349, p = 0.351, respectively). Using linear ROI, both biceps femoris and gracilis muscles exhibited significant increases in temperature (p < 0.0001, p = 0.032, respectively). There was no significant increase in temperature of gastrocnemius muscle for both point and linear ROI selection (p = 0.273, p = 0.448, respectively). The right biceps femoris temperatures were higher compared to left biceps femoris using the linear ROI before and after walks (p < 0.0001). The overall (left and right limbs pooled) standard deviation of point selected values were greater than LN selected values of the biceps femoris (1.35 and 1.11) and gastrocnemius (1.51 and 1.23). In contrast, standard deviation for the gracilis measurements were decreased using point selection vs. LN selection (1.09 and 1.3).Conclusions: The biceps femoris and gracilis muscles demonstrated significant increases in surface temperature after 6 min of walking using the linear method of ROI. Measurement of numerous points along the entire length of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles may provide a more accurate assessment of the increased vascularity within the tissues resulting from work compared to single point selection.Clinical Significance: Prior activity and ROI selection method should be considered when interpreting thermography results.

Background Digital thermal imaging is a physiologic, non-invasive, contactless, and non-radiating diagnostic tool that can assess a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions, including hip osteoarthritis (HOA). Fifty police working dogs were evaluated to compare the dorsoventral (DV) and lateral (LT) thermographic images in dogs with naturally occurring bilateral HOA. A DV, and left and right lateral LT images were obtained for each animal in six different moments. They were positioned standing in a symmetrical upright position for the DV view. Each image included the area from the last lumbar to the first coccygeal vertebrae. Each LT view was set with the greater trochanter in the centre of the image. Images were taken with a thermographic camera from a distance of 60 cm. Mean and maximal temperatures were recorded, analyzed with ANOVA, dependent samples t-test, and Spearman correlation, with P Results Nine hundred images were considered, collected from 30 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 6.5 ± 2.2 years and bodyweight of 26.7 ± 5.3 kg. The overall value recorded on the DV view was 25.3º ± 9.1 and 28.4º ± 2.8 on the lateral view. These were significantly different (P Conclusions This is the first study that describes digital thermography's diagnostic use to evaluate working dogs with naturally occurring HOA, comparing two different views. Future studies should address each one's value in the diagnosis and response to treatment of this disease.

This paper discusses the diagnostic performance of the modern medical thermal imaging system with the other imaging modalities for breast cancer detection. In this study, the digital infrared thermal imaging system is used for analyzing the thermal images of the 270 breast patients diagnosed by the conventional imaging techniques. The thermographic images of these patients are analyzed and then classified according to the 6 different BI-RADS categories by means of the asymmetry analysis technique based on the commonly used 11 statistical features. Finally, higher sensitivity, specificity values and higher accuracy rates are obtained for the 270 breast patients.