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1. ANTECEDENTS OF PHARMACY STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS STUDY

Author

Theophilus Ehidiamen Oamen and Ayodapo Oluwadare Jegede

Subjects
cluster analysis, students’ behaviors, academic performance, pharmacy education, Education (General), L7-991
Abstract

Most student performance metrics are based on quantitative assessment from traditional test and examination scores. However, there is an apparent scarcity of exploratory qualitative studies to examine the characterization of traits, attitudes, and behaviors that may influence students’ performance outcomes. Moreso because such characterization will contribute to informing and supporting appropriate corrective interventional strategies from educators. The study aimed to evaluate the antecedents of the academic performance of undergraduate pharmacy students using a cluster analysis framework. We examined the antecedents of interest as clusters depicting measures of relative strength of study behaviors, group study behavior, perceived lecturer support, perceived program difficulty, and a single demographic variable-age, evaluated in the context of self-reported academic performance. Using a structured questionnaire, cross-sectional survey data was obtained from 352 undergraduate pharmacy students in their third, fourth, and fifth year from three Nigerian pharmacy schools from April to May 2024 and analyzed using Two-step cluster analysis. Four distinct clusters emerged with perceived program difficulty and study behaviors as the highest predictors of cluster membership. Cluster 3 was the most dominant predictor based on the highest performance scores, followed by Cluster 2. Clusters 1 and 4 were identified by characteristically low (below average) study behaviors compared to the dominant clusters. The clustering method characterized the dominant proclivities, attitudes, and behavior of students which can potentially inform targeted interventional strategies from educators. The study findings provide more insight into prioritizing students' characteristics that enhance performance. Students should be encouraged to strive for an optimal mix of appropriate attitudes and behaviors to increase the likelihood of success in their academics. The study advocates periodic evaluation of students' perceptions of key performance antecedents to support adequate and informed remedial interventions. Implications of the study to educators and researchers are discussed.

Published
2024
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2. Competing Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models in Management Research: Bifactor Modeling of the Employee Work Assessment Tool

Author

Theophilus Ehidiamen OAMEN

Subjects
Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract

Management researchers often use structural equation modeling to analyze data from questionnaire-based instruments. Usually, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is applied to confirm the hypothesized or theorized factor structure of the instrument. Most authors adopt a single CFA model without comparing it against other potentially valid models (general factor, correlated factor model, second-order hierarchical model, and bifactor model). Hence, the dimensionality and reliability of constructs using bifactor modeling to validate latent scores are often ignored. Also, this gap is widened by no unanimous agreement on the use of post hoc modification of CFA models to support fit to the data in covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM). The objective of the study was to explore model fit, dimensionality, and reliability of the Employee Work Assessment Tool (EWAT) using competing CFA models. The study used a published dataset on the EWAT instrument to illustrate the assessment of the dimensionality and model-based reliability of the tool using CB-SEM. Results showed that CFA statistics of the bifactor model were most adequate for the instrument (χ2=70.053, df=19, RMSEA=0.082 [90% confidence interval; 0.062, 0.103], SRMR=0.036, CFI=0.963). The bifactor model ancillary measures supported the unidimensional structure of EWAT with justification for the use of total scores. The study concludes that the instrument is best described and applied as a unidimensional construct, and therefore, a single score can be used to rate employees’ perceptions of their work conditions. The study presents both practical implications for management researchers and simplified reporting for bifactor modelling.

Published
2024

3. TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM) FOR PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING EXECUTIVES: VALIDATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Author

Theophilus Ehidiamen OAMEN

Subjects
technology acceptance model, human resource management, pharmaceutical marketing, technology impact, performance, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract

The technology acceptance model (TAM) is a popular measure of user adoption and acceptance of technology. The pharmaceutical marketing industry has largely incorporated technology-based applications to enhance operational efficiency, effectiveness, and client engagement in the past decade. No study has explored user acceptance by pharmaceutical executives in the context of technology's impact on performance. The study aims to explore the relationship between perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), and behavioral intention (BIU) in the context of the perceived impact of technology on performance (TechIMP). Hypotheses were tested using factor-based structural equation modeling. A random sample of 282 marketing executives was drawn from pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria using an online questionnaire. The developed model provided acceptable measures of fit and validity. Significant positive relationships exist between PEOU, PU, and BIU, explaining 58% of the variance in TechIMP. PEOU had a stronger impact on BIU compared to PU. BIU was a significant link between PEOU and PU to TechIMP. Multigroup analysis showed key differences between male and female executives. The study adds to the existing literature by extending TAM to include TechIMP. Managers should enhance positive user perception and acceptance by engaging in simulated training before introducing new technology and ensuring flexibility of technology use.

Published
2023
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4. The Moderating Role of Perceived Reward on Leadership Style and Policy Involvement Effects on Job Performance Among Pharmaceutical Managers

Author

Theophilus Ehidiamen Oamen

Subjects
structural equation modeling, multigroup analysis, job performance, pharmaceutical marketing, managers, incentive theory of motivation, strategy, leadership style, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract

Management and behavioral sciences literature has established a direct link between rewards and employee performance. However, limited research exists on the role of perceived reward on the effects of policy strategy involvement and leadership style on the performance of pharmaceutical managers. Intuitively, perceived rewards may have a potential impact on the behavior and attitudes of pharmaceutical managers toward work, and invariably job performance. Based on the incentive theory of motivation framework, the study explored the causal effect of leadership style, and policy involvement on job performance, and the moderating effect of perceived reward among pharmaceutical managers. Comparative differences in perception between operational and strategic managers were evaluated. A cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey of a random stratified sample of managers (103 strategic and 138 operational) engaged in pharmaceutical marketing. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the developed model. Construct validity and fit measures of the hypothetical model were adequate. Policy strategy involvement and leadership style had a positive and significant influence on job performance. Moderation analysis showed that low perceived reward significantly weakened the impact of policy engagement on performance. Integrating improved managers’ involvement with policy and strategy development with commensurate rewards is an incentive strategy to improve managers’ job performance. The study was restricted to only two major managerial groups. More job-related behavioral constructs are required to improve the generalizability of findings, which is suggested for further research.

Published
2023
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5. The Nexus of Altruistic and Courteous Behaviors on Job Satisfaction and Affective Organizational Commitment among Pharmaceutical Executives

Author

Theophilus Ehidiamen Oamen and Maduabuchi Romanus Ihekoronye

Subjects
affective commitment, altruistic behavior, courtesy behavior, job satisfaction, structural equation modeling, Education, Technology, Social Sciences
Abstract

Prior research in several management disciplines has shown that Altruistic and Courtesy organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) positively enhances Affective organizational commitment (OC) and Job Satisfaction (JS) in employees. The study aims to test the assumption that Altruism and Courtesy OCB positively influence JS and Affective OC among pharmaceutical executives in Nigeria. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey with data randomly collected from selected respondents (N=401). The assumptive model was evaluated with structural equation modeling using advanced analysis of composites software (ADANCO). The structural model had an acceptable fit and internal reliability of constructs. Study findings revealed that altruism OCB was not a significant predictor of JS and Affective OC (p>0.05). Courtesy OCB was a significant predictor of JS and Affective OC (p

Published
2022
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6. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment 2-methyl-trans-2-butenoic acid, CAS Registry Number 80-59-1.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Academies and Institutes, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Crotonates chemistry, Databases, Chemical, Humans, Perfume chemistry, Registries, Risk Assessment, Crotonates adverse effects, Perfume adverse effects
Published
2018
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7. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, CAS Registry Number 98-89-5.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids administration & dosage, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids chemistry, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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8. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 1,1-diethoxyisooctane, CAS Registry Number 69178-43-4.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Octanes administration & dosage, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Octanes chemistry, Octanes toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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9. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, dodecanal dimethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 14620-52-1.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Acetals administration & dosage, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Acetals chemistry, Acetals toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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10. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, octanal dimethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 10022-28-3.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Acetals administration & dosage, Aldehydes administration & dosage, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Acetals chemistry, Acetals toxicity, Aldehydes chemistry, Aldehydes toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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11. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment benzyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate, CAS Registry Number 2094-69-1.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Propionates administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity, Propionates chemistry, Propionates toxicity
Published
2018
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12. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 31846-06-7.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Acetates administration & dosage, Acetates analysis, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Cyclohexanes administration & dosage, Cyclohexanes analysis, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Acetates toxicity, Cyclohexanes toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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13. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, pentanedioic acid, 1,5-dimethyl ester, CAS Registry Number 1119-40-0.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Glutarates administration & dosage, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Glutarates chemistry, Glutarates toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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14. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment 2-Benzylheptanol, CAS Registry Number 92368-90-6.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Benzyl Compounds administration & dosage, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Heptanes administration & dosage, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Benzyl Compounds chemistry, Benzyl Compounds toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Heptanes chemistry, Heptanes toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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15. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment phenethyl isovalerate, CAS Registry Number 140-26-1.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Valerates administration & dosage, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity, Valerates chemistry, Valerates toxicity
Published
2018
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16. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, Amylcyclohexyl acetate (mixed isomers), CAS Registry Number 67874-72-0.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Cyclohexanes administration & dosage, Cyclohexanols administration & dosage, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, Isomerism, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Cyclohexanes analysis, Cyclohexanes toxicity, Cyclohexanols chemistry, Cyclohexanols toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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17. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment 5,8-Methano-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, 6- ethylideneoctahydro-, CAS Registry Number 69486-14-2.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Benzopyrans administration & dosage, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Benzopyrans chemistry, Benzopyrans toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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18. RIFM FRAGRANCE INGREDIENT SAFETY ASSESSMENT p-Methylanisole, CAS Registry Number 104-93-8.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Anisoles administration & dosage, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Anisoles chemistry, Anisoles toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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19. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (Z)-4-hepten-1-ol, CAS Registry Number 6191-71-5.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Heptanol toxicity, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Heptanol analysis, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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20. RIFM FRAGRANCE INGREDIENT SAFETY ASSESSMENT phenylethyl 2-methylbutyrate, CAS Registry Number 24817-51-4.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, Cava SLA, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Butyrates administration & dosage, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Butyrates chemistry, Butyrates toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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21. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment diethyl succinate, CAS Registry Number 123-25-1.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Succinates administration & dosage, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity, Succinates analysis, Succinates toxicity
Published
2018
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22. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment dihydro-β-terpinyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 26252-11-9.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Cyclohexane Monoterpenes, Dermatitis, Phototoxic, Ecotoxicology, Humans, Lung drug effects, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Reproduction drug effects, Risk Assessment, Safety, Skin drug effects, Teratogens toxicity, Odorants, Terpenes toxicity, Toxicity Tests methods
Abstract

The use of this material under current conditions is supported by existing information. The material (dihydro-β-terpinyl acetate) was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety. Data from the read across analog menthyl acetate (1α,2β,5α) (CAS # 89-48-5) show that dihydro-β- terpinyl acetate is not genotoxic nor does it have skin sensitization potential. The repeated dose, reproductive and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were completed using the TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) for a Cramer Class I material (0.03, 0.03 mg/kg/day and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on UV spectra. The environmental endpoints were evaluated, dihydro-β-terpinyl acetate was found not to be PBT as per the IFRA Environmental Standards and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., PEC/PNEC) are <1., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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23. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenethyl tiglate, CAS Registry Number 55719-85-2.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Crotonates administration & dosage, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Crotonates chemistry, Crotonates toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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24. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-Hexen-1-ol, (4Z)-, CAS Registry Number 928-91-6.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, Cava SLA, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Hexanols administration & dosage, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Hexanols analysis, Hexanols toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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25. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3-Methylbutanal diethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 3842-03-3.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Acetals administration & dosage, Aldehydes administration & dosage, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Acetals chemistry, Acetals toxicity, Aldehydes chemistry, Aldehydes toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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26. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methylundecanal dimethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 68141-17-3.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Acetals administration & dosage, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Acetals chemistry, Acetals toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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27. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment 2,4-dimethylbenzyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 62346-96-7.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Acetates administration & dosage, Acetates toxicity, Animals, Benzyl Compounds administration & dosage, Benzyl Compounds toxicity, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Acetates analysis, Benzyl Compounds analysis, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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28. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzyl formate, CAS Registry Number 104-57-4.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Formates administration & dosage, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Formates chemistry, Formates toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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29. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cis-5-octen-1-ol CAS Registry Number 64275-73-6.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Octanols administration & dosage, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Octanols analysis, Octanols toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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30. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, dodecanenitrile, CAS Registry Number 2437-25-4.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, Nitriles administration & dosage, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Nitriles chemistry, Nitriles toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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31. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, l-menthyl lactate, CAS Registry Number 59259-38-0.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, Lactates administration & dosage, Menthol administration & dosage, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Lactates blood, Lactates toxicity, Menthol blood, Menthol toxicity, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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32. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, heptanal dimethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 10032-05-0.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Acetals administration & dosage, Aldehydes administration & dosage, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Acetals chemistry, Acetals toxicity, Aldehydes chemistry, Aldehydes toxicity, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity
Published
2018
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33. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment Dimethyl succinate, CAS Registry Number 106-65-0.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Subjects
Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Administration Routes, Endpoint Determination, Humans, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Perfume administration & dosage, Risk Assessment, Succinates administration & dosage, Toxicity Tests, Databases, Chemical, Perfume chemistry, Perfume toxicity, Succinates analysis, Succinates toxicity
Published
2018
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34. RIFM FRAGRANCE INGREDIENT SAFETY ASSESSMENT, propyl phenethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 7493-57-4.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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35. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 1-methyl-3-methoxy-4-isopropylbenzene, CAS Registry Number 1076-56-8.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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36. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, Methylcyclooctyl carbonate, CAS Registry Number 61699-38-5.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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37. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-Isobutylphenethyl alcohol, CAS Registry Number 7779-78-4.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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38. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-nonadienenitrile, CAS Registry Number 61792-11-8.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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39. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,2,5-trimethyl-5-pentylcyclopentanone, CAS Registry Number 65443-14-3.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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40. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzenepropanol, a,ß-dimethyl-, CAS Registry Number 56836-93-2.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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41. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-Propylphenethyl alcohol, CAS Registry Number 705-73-7.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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42. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dimethyl-, methyl ester, trans- CAS Registry Number 23250-42-2.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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43. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3-hexen-1-ol (isomer unspecified), CAS Registry Number 544-12-7.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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44. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, oxacyclohexadecane-2,13-dione, CAS Registry Number 38223-29-9.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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45. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3,6-nonadien-1-ol, CAS registry number 76649-25-7.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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46. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, decanal dimethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 7779-41-1.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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47. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-1-methylbenzene, CAS Registry Number 6379-73-3.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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48. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenylacetaldehyde diethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 6314-97-2.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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50. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment 4-(Isopropyl)cyclohexyl propionate, CAS Registry Number 63449-95-6.

Author

Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA Jr, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, and Wahler J

Published
2017
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