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Termitomyces albuminosus is one species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae in food production. However, it is a high demand to increase the current model detection accuracy, particularly under the complex planting environment, such as the variety of light and dark, the low recognition of soil and termitomyces albuminosus, the dense growth distribution and the serious shelter. In this study, target detection was proposed using an improved YOLOv5s. Firstly, RFBSE (Receptive Field Block Squeeze and Excitation) module was integrated into the backbone network. The human sensory field was then simulated to enhance the consistent contribution of different pixels to neural nodes in the process of network feature extraction. The edge features were highlighted to focus on the key areas. The irrelevant disturbances were suppressed using the module, such as the background. The attention mechanism of the channel was applied to gain the weight of different channels for the adaptive calibration of channel characteristic response. The channel was also enhanced to contain the important characteristic information of termitomyces albuminosus. As such, the high characteristic expression was achieved in the termitomyces albuminosus. Secondly, a multi-branch sampling DCSPP (Double Conv Spatial Pyramid Pooling) Pooling module was designed to perform the multiple sampling, in order to fuse the multiple receptive fields and then strengthen the relation between local and global information. The expression ability of the feature layer was enriched to improve the detection accuracy. Thirdly, the RFP (Recursive Feature Pyramid) structure was adopted in the neck network. The number of samples cannot increase, due to the usual interclass occlusion between termitomyces albuminosus. Previously, the network paid attention to the same image twice, because the context information around the occlusion samples was very important, and the feedback feature layer generated in the FPN structure was re-fed back to the backbone network for the Recursive computation. The neuronal activation was able to learn the correspondence and selectively inhibit, in order to improve the detection ability of the dense occluded sample of termitomyces albuminosus. The semantic information transmission was also promoted to enhance the context information near the occluded sample. At the same time, the cascaded RFP structure and the network fusion structure were lightened to reduce the calculation of parameters and memory usage. The ablation results showed that the RFBSE module, multi-branch pool module, and recursive pyramid structure shared different effects on the model. Specifically, the average precision mAP, precision, and recall rate of the final model reached 90.8%, 86.5%, and 84.8%, respectively. Each index of the improved model was improved, compared with the original one. The higher quality of the bounding box was achieved to detect the occluded target, where the mAP, accuracy, and recall were improved by 2.7, 3.8, and 3.9 percentage points, respectively. At last, the detection test of termitomyces albuminosus was carried out in different environments and shelter conditions by hardware platform model deployment. The visualized results showed that the detection rate of the model was more than 90%, which verified the validity of the model. The experimental results show that the improved model can be expected to accurately and rapidly identify the termitomyces albuminosus in a complex environment. The finding can provide technical support for the development of the termitomyces albuminosus harvesting robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides are important active ingredients of living organisms. In this study, two new polysaccharides, Tricholoma sinoportentosum polysaccharide (TS-P) and Termitomyces albuminosus (TA-P), were extracted and purified using anion exchange column chromatography. The structure of each polysaccharide was identified by HPGPC, FT-IR, HPLC, GC-MS and NMR, and the biological activities were also investigated. The results of the structure identification showed that TS-P was composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose at a ratio of 1:1:3:2 and its main chain was composed of (1→4)-Arap residues, (1→4,6)-D-Manp residues and two (1→6)-Galp residues. The TA-P was composed of arabinose, glucose and galactose at a ratio of 2:4:8. Its main chain was composed of two (1→4)-β-L-Arap residues, one (1→4)-Glcp residues, three (1→2,6)-Galp residues and five (1→6)-Galp residues. The immunoassay showed that TS-P and TA-P could significantly promote the proliferation of T cells, B cells and RAW264.7 cells. The cell cycle results showed that for B cells and macrophages, TS-P and TA-P mainly affected the G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle; for T cells, TS-P affected G2/M phase, while TA-P mainly affected the G0/G1 phases. TS-P could significantly promote B cells to secrete IgA, IgG and IgD (p < 0.01), while TA-P could significantly promote the secretion of IgA and IgG (p < 0.01). The chemical structure and biological activity of TS-P and TA-P were first studied and compared to lay a theoretical foundation for the application of fungal polysaccharide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chitin-glucan complex (CGC), the main component of fungal cell wall, is reported to have wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of its physical and physiological activities. In this study, CGC was extracted from the fruiting body of Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim with the treatments of deproteination, demineralization and depigmentation to obtain a yield of 13.46%, and its properties were investigated. The results indicated that CGC from T. albuminosus contained glucan and chitin in a molar ratio of 46:54, with very low contents of proteins and inorganic salts. The chitin in CGC was in the α-form, with crystallinity index of 64.81% and degree of acetylation of 65.40%. The surface morphology of CGC was dense and firm with no nanofibers and nanopores as observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the peak degradation temperature was determined to be 314.88 °C. This study suggested that CGC from T. albuminosus was promising to be an alternative source of crustacean chitinous products in the industry of food, medicine, waste water treatment and so on in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Termitomyces albuminosus is the symbiotic edible mushroom of termites and cannot be artificially cultivated at present. In the project of exploring its pharmaceutical metabolites by microbial fermentation, four new selinane type sesquiterpenoids—teucdiol C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4), together with two known sesquiterpenoids teucdiol B (5) and epi-guaidiol A (6)—were obtained from its fermented broth of T. albuminosus. Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of NMR data, HR Q-TOF MS spectral data, CD, IR, UV, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Epi-guaidiol A showed obvious anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The experimental results displayed that T. albuminosus possess the pharmaceutical potential for Alzheimer’s disease, and it was an effective way to dig new pharmaceutical agent of T. albuminosus with the microbial fermentation technique.

Two polysaccharides, EIPS and AIPS were obtained by the hydrolysis of IPS from Termitomyces albuminosus , and their pharmacological effects on blood lipid profiles metabolism and oxidative stress were investigated. The results demonstrated that EIPS was superior to IPS and AIPS on reducing hepatic lipid levels and preventing oxidative stress by improving serum enzyme activities (ALT, AST, and ALP), serum lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C), hepatic lipid levels (TC and TG), and antioxidant status (SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, T-AOC, MDA, and LPO). These conclusions indicated that EIPS, AIPS and IPS might be suitable for functional foods and natural drugs on preventing the high-fat emulsion-induced hyperlipidemia. In addition, the monosaccharide compositions of IPS and its hydrolyzate were also processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The analysis of a large number of monosaccharides is a challenging research. [•] A rapid CZE method was established for the determination of 10 monosaccharides. [•] The CZE method has been tested with two fungus polysaccharides. [•] The proposed CZE method has been found to provide accurate and precise results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-eighth 454 sequencing run produced 82,386 high-quality reads. De novo assembly generated 6494 unique sequences. Based on the bioinformatic analysis, we found many the known enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpene saponin in Termitomyces albuminosus, including 6 cytochrome P450 and 22 glycosyltransferase unique genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Termitomyces albuminosus is a kind of local distinctive wild edible fungi in southwest of China. It is delicious, rich in nutrition and has high development and utilization value, but owing to the restrictions of growth environment, it can not be cultivated artificially. This article mainly studied on the biological properties of mycelium of Termitomyces albuminosus, and found out the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, growth factors and the C/N ratio that are suitable for the growth of mycelium of Termitomyces albuminosus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim of the study: The objectives of this study were to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the dry matter of culture broth (DMCB) of Termitomyces albuminosus in submerged culture and its crude saponin extract (CSE) and crude polysaccharide extract (CPE). Materials and methods: The analgesic effects of DMCB, CSE and CPE were evaluated with models of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test in mouse. The anti-inflammatory effects of DMCB, CSE and CPE were evaluated by using models of xylene-induced mouse ear swelling and carrageen-induced mouse paw edema. Results: The DMCB, CSE and CPE significantly decreased the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time on the late phase in the formalin test. Treatment of DMCB (1000mg/kg), CSE (200mg/kg) or CPE (200mg/kg) inhibited the mouse ear swelling by 61.8%, 79.0% and 81.6%, respectively. In the carrageen-induced mouse paw edema test, the group treated with indomethacin showed the strongest inhibition of edema formation by 77.8% in the third hour after carrageenan administration, while DMCB (1000mg/kg), CSE (200mg/kg) and CPE (200mg/kg) showed 48.4%, 55.6% and 40.5%, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggested that DMCB of Termitomyces albuminosus possessed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Saponins and polysaccharides were proposed to be the major active constituents of Termitomyces albuminosus in submerged culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Three species of mushroom mycelia are commercially available in Taiwan, namely Grifola frondosa (maitake), Morchella esculenta (morel), and Termitomyces albuminosus (termite mushroom), and their nonvolatile taste components were studied. All mycelia were high in contents of carbohydrate, crude fat and protein but low in contents of crude ash and fiber. Arabitol, glucose, mannitol and trehalose were detected in these three mycelia and total amounts of sugars and polyols were 63.69–83.89mg/g. Total free amino acid contents in three mycelia ranged from 35.67 to 50.37mg/g. The monosodium glutamate-like components of G. frondosa mycelia (6.51mg/g) was approximately twofold higher than M. esculenta and T. albuminosus mycelia (3.58 and 3.11mg/g, respectively). As compared with other components, sweet and bitter components were much higher in these three mycelia. Contents of total 5′-nucleotides in these three mycelia ranged from 13.32 to 26.19mg/g and were in the descending order of T. albuminosus>M. esculenta>G. frondosa. Equivalent umami concentration of T. albuminosus mycelia was higher than those of G. frondosa and M. esculenta mycelia. Overall, three mycelia possessed highly intense umami taste. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three species of mushroom mycelia are commercially available in Taiwan, namely Grifola frondosa (maitake), Morchella esculenta (morel), and Termitomyces albuminosus (termite mushroom). Methanolic extracts were prepared from these three mycelia and their antioxidant properties were studied. Methanolic extracts from the three mycelia showed high antioxidant activities (85.4–94.7%) at 25 mg ml−1. Reducing powers of the three methanolic extracts were 0.97–1.02 at 25 mg ml−1. Scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenol-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 78.8–94.1% at 10 mg ml−1. These three mycelia showed no scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals. Chelating effects on ferrous ions were high (90.3–94.4%) at 10 mg ml−1. Total phenols were the major naturally occurring antioxidant components found in methanolic extracts. Contents of ascorbic acid and tocopherols were similar for these three mycelia. All EC50 values were below 10 mg ml−1, indicating that the three mycelia had good antioxidant properties except for the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article a research study that analyzes two new cerebrosides, termitomycesphins G and H, from the edible Chinese mushroom, Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Spectroscopic methods and a comparison of the specific rotation of the hydrogenated products from termitomycesphins H and C were used to elucidate their structures.

A major fraction (MPT-W), eluted by deionized water, was extracted from mycelium polysaccharides of Termitomyces albuminosus (MPT), and its antioxidant, anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory activities in CCl4-induced chronic liver injury mice, as well as preliminary characterizations, were evaluated. The results showed that MPT-W was a polysaccharide of α- and β-configurations containing xylose (Xyl), fucose (Fuc), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), and glucose (Glc) with a molar ratio of 0.29:8.67:37.89:35.98:16.60 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Its molecular weight (Mw), obtained by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), was 1.30 × 105 Da. The antioxidant assays in vitro showed that MPT-W displayed scavenging free-radical abilities. Based on the data of in vivo experiments, MPT-W could inhibit TGFβ1/Smad3 and NF-κB pathways; decrease the level and activity of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), malonaldehyde (MDA) and serum enzyme; activate the HO-1/Nrf2 pathway; and increase antioxidant enzymes to protect the liver in CCl4-induced chronic liver injury mice. Therefore, MPT-W could be a potentially natural and functional resource contributing to antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects with potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termitomyces albuminosus is the symbiotic edible mushroom of termites and cannot be artificially cultivated at present. In the project of exploring its pharmaceutical metabolites by microbial fermentation, four new selinane type sesquiterpenoids—teucdiol C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4), together with two known sesquiterpenoids teucdiol B (5) and epi-guaidiol A (6)—were obtained from its fermented broth of T. albuminosus. Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of NMR data, HR Q-TOF MS spectral data, CD, IR, UV, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Epi-guaidiol A showed obvious anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The experimental results displayed that T. albuminosus possess the pharmaceutical potential for Alzheimer's disease, and it was an effective way to dig new pharmaceutical agent of T. albuminosus with the microbial fermentation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]