48 results on '"Terese B. Hart"'
Search Results
2. Wild bonobos host geographically restricted malaria parasites including a putative new Laverania species
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Weimin Liu, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Gerald H. Learn, Erik J. Scully, Yingying Li, Alexa N. Avitto, Dorothy E. Loy, Abigail P. Lauder, Sesh A. Sundararaman, Lindsey J. Plenderleith, Jean-Bosco N. Ndjango, Alexander V. Georgiev, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Martine Peeters, Paco Bertolani, Jef Dupain, Cintia Garai, John A. Hart, Terese B. Hart, George M. Shaw, Paul M. Sharp, and Beatrice H. Hahn
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Science - Abstract
Unlike chimpanzees and gorillas, bonobos have not been found infected by malaria parasites in the wild. Here, Liu et al. report more thorough survey and sequencing results showing that bonobos host malaria parasites, including a yet-unknown species, but only in the eastern-most part of their range.
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Allometry and Ecology of the Bilaterian Gut Microbiome
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Scott Sherrill-Mix, Kevin McCormick, Abigail Lauder, Aubrey Bailey, Laurie Zimmerman, Yingying Li, Jean-Bosco N. Django, Paco Bertolani, Christelle Colin, John A. Hart, Terese B. Hart, Alexander V. Georgiev, Crickette M. Sanz, David B. Morgan, Rebeca Atencia, Debby Cox, Martin N. Muller, Volker Sommer, Alexander K. Piel, Fiona A. Stewart, Sheri Speede, Joe Roman, Gary Wu, Josh Taylor, Rudolf Bohm, Heather M. Rose, John Carlson, Deus Mjungu, Paul Schmidt, Celeste Gaughan, Joyslin I. Bushman, Ella Schmidt, Kyle Bittinger, Ronald G. Collman, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Frederic D. Bushman
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bacteria ,bilateria ,microbiome ,microbiota ,neutral model ,species-area ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
ABSTRACT Classical ecology provides principles for construction and function of biological communities, but to what extent these apply to the animal-associated microbiota is just beginning to be assessed. Here, we investigated the influence of several well-known ecological principles on animal-associated microbiota by characterizing gut microbial specimens from bilaterally symmetrical animals (Bilateria) ranging from flies to whales. A rigorously vetted sample set containing 265 specimens from 64 species was assembled. Bacterial lineages were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Previously published samples were also compared, allowing analysis of over 1,098 samples in total. A restricted number of bacterial phyla was found to account for the great majority of gut colonists. Gut microbial composition was associated with host phylogeny and diet. We identified numerous gut bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences that diverged deeply from previously studied taxa, identifying opportunities to discover new bacterial types. The number of bacterial lineages per gut sample was positively associated with animal mass, paralleling known species-area relationships from island biogeography and implicating body size as a determinant of community stability and niche complexity. Samples from larger animals harbored greater numbers of anaerobic communities, specifying a mechanism for generating more-complex microbial environments. Predictions for species/abundance relationships from models of neutral colonization did not match the data set, pointing to alternative mechanisms such as selection of specific colonists by environmental niche. Taken together, the data suggest that niche complexity increases with gut size and that niche selection forces dominate gut community construction. IMPORTANCE The intestinal microbiome of animals is essential for health, contributing to digestion of foods, proper immune development, inhibition of pathogen colonization, and catabolism of xenobiotic compounds. How these communities assemble and persist is just beginning to be investigated. Here we interrogated a set of gut samples from a wide range of animals to investigate the roles of selection and random processes in microbial community construction. We show that the numbers of bacterial species increased with the weight of host organisms, paralleling findings from studies of island biogeography. Communities in larger organisms tended to be more anaerobic, suggesting one mechanism for niche diversification. Nonselective processes enable specific predictions for community structure, but our samples did not match the predictions of the neutral model. Thus, these findings highlight the importance of niche selection in community construction and suggest mechanisms of niche diversification.
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Vouchers control for illegal bushmeat transport and reveal dynamics of authorised wild meat trade in central Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
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John A. Hart, Ohm Omene, and Terese B. Hart
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Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2022
5. Prevalence of antibodies against human respiratory viruses potentially involving anthropozoonoses in wild bonobos
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Takeshi Furuichi, Nahoko Tokuyama, Hiroyuki Takemoto, Chie Hashimoto, Tomoyuki Yoshida, Takanori Kooriyama, Tetsuya Sakamaki, Mina Isaji, Jef Dupain, Eiji Sato, Amy K. Cobden, Terese B. Hart, Yuki Enomoto, Mbangi Mulavwa, Juri Suzuki, Hirofumi Akari, John Hart, Akatsuki Saito, Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki, and Akihisa Kaneko
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biology ,viruses ,Bonobo ,Mumps virus ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Virus ,Pan paniscus ,Animal ecology ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Rhinovirus ,Antibody ,Feces - Abstract
One of the current threats to the bonobo (Pan paniscus), a highly endangered ape species only found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, are anthropozoonoses caused by human respiratory viruses. To date, epidemiological information regarding respiratory viral infections in bonobos is limited. In this study, we examined fecal immunoglobulin A antibodies against human respiratory viruses in bonobos, which may help estimating the viral prevalence. A substantial proportion of bonobos were positive for the antiviral antibodies, including those against parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, rhinovirus, and mumps virus. The prevalence of the antibodies was found to depend on the viral species and bonobo populations, suggesting that the bonobos had been exposed to these respiratory viruses. These results may indicate the need for an epidemiological evidence-based action plan for the protection of bonobos from anthropozoonoses.
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- 2021
6. Morphological analysis of new Dryas Monkey specimens from the Central Congo Basin: Taxonomic considerations and an emended diagnosis
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Christopher C. Gilbert, Eric J. Sargis, Biren A. Patel, Kate M. Detwiler, John A. Hart, Julia L Arenson, Terese B. Hart, Emmanuel Gilissen, and Masato Nakatsukasa
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Male ,0106 biological sciences ,Zoology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Cercopithecinae ,Genus ,Animals ,0601 history and archaeology ,Younger Dryas ,Phylogeny ,Cercopithecus dryas ,060101 anthropology ,biology ,Osteology ,Chlorocebus ,Skull ,Holotype ,06 humanities and the arts ,biology.organism_classification ,Guenon ,Taxon ,Congo ,Anthropology ,Female ,Anatomy ,Tooth - Abstract
OBJECTIVES The little known guenon Cercopithecus dryas has a controversial taxonomic history with some recognizing two taxa (C. dryas and C. salongo) instead of one. New adult specimens from the TL2 region of the central Congo Basin allow further assessment of C. dryas morphology and, along with CT scans of the juvenile holotype, provide ontogenetically stable comparisons across all C. dryas and "C. salongo" specimens for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS The skins and skulls of two newly acquired C. dryas specimens, male YPM MAM 16890 and female YPM MAM 17066, were compared to previously described C. dryas and "C. salongo" specimens, along with a broader guenon comparative sample (cranial sample n = 146, dental sample n = 102). Qualitative and quantitative assessments were made on the basis of commonly noted pelage features as well as craniodental characters in the form of shape ratios and multivariate discriminant analyses. RESULTS All C. dryas specimens, including the TL2 adults, are comparatively small in overall cranial size, have relatively small I1 s, and display tall molar cusps; these osteological characters, along with pelage features, are shared with known "C. salongo" specimens. Discriminant analyses of dental features separate C. dryas/salongo specimens from all other guenons. DISCUSSION In addition to pelage-based evidence, direct osteological evidence suggests "C. salongo" is a junior synonym of C. dryas. Combined with molecular analyses suggesting C. dryas is most closely related to Chlorocebus spp., we emend the species diagnosis and support its transfer to Chlorocebus or possibly a new genus to reflect its distinctiveness.
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- 2021
7. Using local knowledge and camera traps to investigate occurrence and habitat preference of an Endangered primate: the endemic dryas monkey in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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John Hart, Kate M. Detwiler, Terese B. Hart, and Daniel Alempijevic
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,biology ,Ecology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Endangered species ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Preference ,Democracy ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Geography ,Habitat ,biology.animal ,Primate ,Younger Dryas ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,media_common - Abstract
The Endangered dryas monkey Cercopithecus dryas, endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is one of Africa's most enigmatic primates. The discovery of a dryas monkey killed by a hunter in the buffer zone of Lomami National Park in 2014 prompted field research on the species’ distribution, habitat use and stratum preference. We used local knowledge to determine the distribution of this species and to select sites for camera-trap surveys in Lomami National Park and its buffer zone. We employed a multi-strata (0–29 m) camera-trap placement technique to determine habitat use at Camp Bartho in Lomami National Park and Bafundo Forest in the Park's buffer zone. We confirmed the occurrence of the dryas monkey at seven locations over a total area of 3,453 km2, in both the Park and its buffer zone. Dryas monkeys were detected most frequently (2.22 events/100 trap-days) in disturbed areas of Bafundo Forest and less in mature forest in Camp Bartho (0.82 events/100 trap-days). Dryas monkeys appear to prefer structurally complex understories and forest edges. We found that camera traps at 2–10 m above ground over at least 365 trap-days are required to determine if the species is present. We recommend utilizing local knowledge and using this species-specific camera-trap method in other areas of the central Congo basin to determine the wider distribution of the dryas monkey.
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- 2021
8. A natural history of Chlorocebus dryas from camera traps in Lomami National Park and its buffer zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo, with notes on the species status of Cercopithecus salongo
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Kathryn F. Coates, Kate M. Detwiler, Ephrem M. Boliabo, Terese B. Hart, Daniel Alempijevic, and John A. Hart
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0106 biological sciences ,Male ,Parks, Recreational ,Rainforest ,Cercopithecus ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Cercopithecinae ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,Animals ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology ,Younger Dryas ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Cercopithecus dryas ,biology ,Ecology ,National park ,Chlorocebus ,05 social sciences ,Understory ,biology.organism_classification ,Geography ,Sister group ,Democratic Republic of the Congo ,Camera trap ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Female - Abstract
The natural history and taxonomic status of two central African primates, Cercopithecus dryas and Cercopithecus salongo have long been in question. Recent studies confirmed that C. dryas is a basal member of the savanna monkey clade, and that it prefers dense undergrowth in lowland rainforest. While these studies advanced our knowledge of this enigmatic species, key aspects of its natural history remain poorly documented. Furthermore, the lack of a field study that documents pelage patterns of both sexes and different age classes of C. dryas has led to a disagreement over the validity of C. salongo as a sister taxon to C. dryas. Using the results of two multi-strata camera trap surveys in Lomami National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and its buffer zone, we conducted a third survey in the understory of degraded forest to accumulate videos of C. dryas/salongo. We used these videos to test the hypothesis that C. dryas and C. salongo are synonymous, and to assess the species' group composition, density, behavior and vocalizations. Camera traps revealed an ontogenetic change in pelage pattern that supports the view that C. salongo is the adult of C. dryas. Videos revealed that adult males develop a blue perineum and scrotum, and a red subcaudal patch, similar to other savanna monkeys. We provide a preliminary assessment of C. dryas' group composition, density, behavior, and vocalizations. This long-overlooked monkey is an exceptional member of the Chlorocebus clade, and all aspects of its biology require further investigation.
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- 2021
9. CD4 receptor diversity represents an ancient protection mechanism against primate lentiviruses
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Preston A. Marx, William J. Kohler, Sandrine François-Souquiere, Alexander V. Georgiev, Weimin Liu, Ronnie M. Russell, Stephanie Trimboli, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Ronald G. Collman, Beatrice H. Hahn, Paul M. Sharp, Alex K. Piel, Paco Bertolani, Martine Peeters, Dorothy E. Loy, Marcos V. P. Gondim, Ahidjo Ayouba, Amandine Esteban, George M. Shaw, Lindsey J. Plenderleith, Volker Sommer, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Jesse Connell, Terese B. Hart, Fiona A. Stewart, Andrew G. Smith, Vanessa M. Hirsch, William M. Switzer, John Hart, Alexa N. Avitto, Katherine S. Wetzel, Yingying Li, and Richard A. Miller
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parallel evolution ,balancing selection ,viruses ,Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Simian ,Balancing selection ,Microbiology ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,QH301 ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Viral envelope ,Protein Domains ,Polymorphism (computer science) ,biology.animal ,Catarrhini ,Animals ,Humans ,Primate ,Alleles ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Genetics ,QR355 ,0303 health sciences ,QL ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,virus diseases ,Gene Products, env ,Genetic Variation ,HIV ,Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,CD4 ,trans-specific polymorphism ,chemistry ,CD4 Antigens ,Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ,primate lentiviruses ,Glycoprotein ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Binding domain ,Protein Binding - Abstract
Significance The CD4 protein of primates has undergone rapid diversification, but the reasons for this remain unknown. Here we show that within-species diversity of the HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) binding (D1) domain is common among African primate species, and that these polymorphisms can inhibit SIV Env-mediated cell entry. Amino acid replacements in the D1 domain changed putative Env contact residues as well as potential N-linked glycosylation sites in many species, with evidence for parallel evolution and trans-specific polymorphism. These data suggest that the primate CD4 receptor is under long-term balancing selection and that this diversification has been the result of a coevolutionary arms race between primate lentiviruses and their hosts., Infection with human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV/SIV) requires binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) to the host protein CD4 on the surface of immune cells. Although invariant in humans, the Env binding domain of the chimpanzee CD4 is highly polymorphic, with nine coding variants circulating in wild populations. Here, we show that within-species CD4 diversity is not unique to chimpanzees but found in many African primate species. Characterizing the outermost (D1) domain of the CD4 protein in over 500 monkeys and apes, we found polymorphic residues in 24 of 29 primate species, with as many as 11 different coding variants identified within a single species. D1 domain amino acid replacements affected SIV Env-mediated cell entry in a single-round infection assay, restricting infection in a strain- and allele-specific fashion. Several identical CD4 polymorphisms, including the addition of N-linked glycosylation sites, were found in primate species from different genera, providing striking examples of parallel evolution. Moreover, seven different guenons (Cercopithecus spp.) shared multiple distinct D1 domain variants, pointing to long-term trans-specific polymorphism. These data indicate that the HIV/SIV Env binding region of the primate CD4 protein is highly variable, both within and between species, and suggest that this diversity has been maintained by balancing selection for millions of years, at least in part to confer protection against primate lentiviruses. Although long-term SIV-infected species have evolved specific mechanisms to avoid disease progression, primate lentiviruses are intrinsically pathogenic and have left their mark on the host genome.
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- 2021
10. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth's tropical forests
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Bruno Herault, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Jean-François Bastin, Aurora Levesley, Michael D. Swaine, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Martin Dančák, Matt Bradford, Frans Bongers, Stuart J. Davies, Reuben Nilus, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Lip Khoon Kho, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Joey Talbot, Richard F. Preziosi, Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte, James A. Comiskey, Thalès de Haulleville, José Luís Camargo, Terese B. Hart, Juliana Schietti, Peter S. Ashton, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ophelia Wang, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Amy C. Bennett, Janvier Lisingo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Jérôme Chave, Connie J. Clark, Christopher Baraloto, Gerardo Aymard, Serge K. Begne, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Timothy R. Baker, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Julie Peacock, Hermann Taedoumg, Simon L. Lewis, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Greta C. Dargie, Murielle Simo-Droissart, David Harris, Faizah Metali, Hans ter Steege, Richard Lowe, Géraldine Derroire, Benoit Burban, Camila Silva Valeria, Martin Svátek, Wannes Hubau, Sarah A. Batterman, Vincent A. Vos, Elizabeth Kearsley, Peter M. Umunay, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hans Verbeeck, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, John R. Poulsen, Simon Willcock, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Jean-Louis Doucet, Foster Brown, Yadvinder Malhi, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Ronald Vernimmen, Miguel E. Leal, Alan Hamilton, Martin Gilpin, Colin R. Maycock, Carlos Cerón, Radim Hédl, Oliver L. Phillips, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Jon C. Lovett, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Roderick Zagt, Ted R. Feldpausch, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Pascal Boeckx, Roel J. W. Brienen, Marcelo F. Simon, Keith C. Hamer, Alberto Vicentini, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Clément Stahl, Javier Silva Espejo, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Erika Berenguer, Pieter A. Zuidema, Vianet Mihindou, Murray Collins, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Marie Noël Kamdem Djuikouo, Terry Brncic, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Paulo S. Morandi, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, William E. Magnusson, Lilian Blanc, Terry L. Erwin, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nicholas J. Berry, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Luzmila Arroyo, Douglas Sheil, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Sean C. Thomas, Eric Arets, Ernest G. Foli, Lola da Costa, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Lan Qie, James Singh, Lise Zemagho, Agustín Rudas, Richard B. Primack, Jan Reitsma, Annette Hladik, Alexander K. Koch, Colin A. Pendry, Walter A. Palacios, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Nicolas Labrière, Fernando Elias, Eric Chezeaux, William Milliken, Manuel Gloor, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Jefferson S. Hall, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Susan G. Laurance, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Marcos Silveira, Carolina V. Castilho, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Kamariah Abu Salim, Joeri A. Zwerts, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Jos Barlow, Georgia Pickavance, Joice Ferreira, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Jorcely Barroso, Andrew R. Marshall, Miguel Alexiades, Lindsay F. Banin, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Rafael Herrera, Hans Beeckman, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Michelle Kalamandeen, Adriana Prieto, Ben Hur Marimon, Casimiro Mendoza, Victor Chama Moscoso, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Vincent Droissart, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Hannah L. Mossman, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Aurélie Dourdain, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Raquel Thomas, David W. Galbraith, Kenneth R. Young, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Timothy J. Killeen, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Bente B. Klitgaard, James Taplin, Damien Bonal, Karina Melgaço, William F. Laurance, Jason Vleminckx, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Verginia Wortel, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Sophie Fauset, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Wendeson Castro, Toby R. Marthews, Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro, John T. Woods, David Taylor, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Andrew Ford, Niro Higuchi, Aida Cuni Sanchez, Aline Pontes Lopes, Laszlo Nagy, John Pipoly, Lee J. T. White, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, European Research Council, European Commission, Royal Society (UK), Leverhulme Trust, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Missouri Botanical Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Wildlife Conservation Society, National Geographic Society, Centre for International Forestry Research, Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux (Gabon), University of Leeds, Mensurat Unit, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers Training College (HTTC), Université deYaoundé I, School of Geography [Leeds], University of Edinburgh, School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima University, University of Kent [Canterbury], Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Duke University [Durham], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), National Institute for Space Research [Sao José dos Campos] (INPE), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Harvard University [Cambridge], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Research Unit of Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University [Bremen], Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Sch Geosci, Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Biodiversité et Paysage, Université de Liège - Gembloux, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Woods Hole Research Center, Partenaires INRAE, Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Rougier Gabon, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana [Loreto, Perou] (UNAP), AgroParisTech, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Université de Liège, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Milieux Désordonnés et Hétérogènes (LMDH), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Royal Botanic Gardens, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Commissariat général du Plan (CGP), Premier ministre, Instituto Nacional de Pequisas da Amazônia, Instituto National de Pequisas da Amazonia Brazil, Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, BP 30 379 Libreville, Gabon, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kyoto University, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], James Cook University (JCU), Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement [Dijon] (LEAD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Coordenac Bao de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), University of Mary Washington, Chercheur indépendant, Royal Botanic Garden , Kew, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Forest Research Centre (FRC), Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Bur Waarderburg, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, CarboForExpert, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), University of Yaoundé [Cameroun], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Plant Systemat & Ecol Lab, Université de Yaoundé I, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Department of Integrative Biology [Berkeley] (IB), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Stirling, Biol Sci, Liverpool John Moore University (ljmu), Biodiversity Department, Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Animal Ecology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Animal Ecology, and Systems Ecology
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0106 biological sciences ,Tropical trees ,Hot Temperature ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Earth, Planet ,Climate ,Acclimatization ,Tropical forest carbon stocks ,Bos- en Landschapsecologie ,Growth ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Tropical climate ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Forest and Landscape Ecology ,Biomass ,Photosynthesis ,Hectare ,Productivity ,Biomass (ecology) ,Multidisciplinary ,[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics ,PE&RC ,Wood ,Productivity (ecology) ,Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie ,C180 Ecology ,Tree ,Leaf Respiration ,Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks ,Climate Change ,Climate change and forestry ,Climate change ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Carbon cycle ,Carbon Cycle ,[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Life Science ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,Vegetatie ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Tropical Climate ,Vegetation ,Global warming ,Tropics ,15. Life on land ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,Carbon ,CO₂ Fertilization ,13. Climate action ,Environmental science ,Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Acclimation - Abstract
The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate., Our plot monitoring networks havebeen supported by multiple grants from a large number of funding bodies: European Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; European Union’s Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Framework Programme; Royal Society, Leverhulme Trust; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP); National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq); Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; Smithsonian Institution; Wildlife Conservation Society; National Geographic Society; Centre for International Forestry; and Gabon’s National Park Agency.
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- 2020
11. Giant pangolin Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815)
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Tim R.B. Davenport, Daniel Alempijevic, Tom Bruce, David Mills, Constant Ndjassi, Fiona Maisels, Michael R. Hoffmann, Terese B. Hart, Samuel Ayebare, Martin Hega, Stuart Nixon, and John Hart
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geography ,Digging ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Habitat ,biology ,Ecology ,Range (biology) ,Pangolin ,Poaching ,Secondary forest ,Bushmeat ,biology.organism_classification ,Swamp - Abstract
The giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) is the largest of all living pangolins, approaching a total length of 180 cm and a weight of more than 30 kg. The species is widely distributed in West and Central Africa in a variety of habitats, including primary and secondary forest, swamp forest and wooded savanna, ranging from Senegal to western Tanzania south to central Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primarily solitary and nocturnal, giant pangolins use their large muscular forelimbs to open subterranean termitaries in contrast to Temminck’s pangolin (S. temminckii) which do little digging. Available data suggest the species is uncommon and declining in many parts of its range, with no recent data for several countries from which it has been previously recorded. Despite their presence in many protected areas and international trade controls, hunting and poaching for bushmeat and international trade remains the primary threat to the species.
- Published
- 2020
12. The genome of the endangered dryas monkey provides new Insights into the evolutionary history of the vervets
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Itzel Sifuentes-Romero, Catalina Maria Gonda, John A. Hart, Kate M. Detwiler, Sandra M. Almanza, Henri Silegowa, Tom van der Valk, Katerina Guschanski, and Terese B. Hart
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Male ,Demographic history ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Lineage (evolution) ,geunons ,Population ,Endangered species ,introgression ,Introgression ,inbreeding ,Genomics ,guenons ,Cercopithecus ,Genetic Introgression ,Genome ,Gene flow ,biology.animal ,Genetics ,genomics ,Animals ,Primate ,Younger Dryas ,Genetik ,education ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Discoveries ,Genetic diversity ,education.field_of_study ,Errata ,biology ,Endangered Species ,conservation ,genetic diversity ,Biological Evolution ,Genetic load ,Evolutionary biology ,Biological dispersal ,Inbreeding - Abstract
Genomic data can be a powerful tool for inferring ecology, behaviour and conservation needs of highly elusive species, particularly when other sources of information are hard to come by. Here we focus on the dryas monkey, an endangered primate endemic to the Congo Basin with cryptic behaviour and possibly less than 250 remaining individuals. Using whole genome data we show that the dryas monkey represents a sister lineage to the vervet monkeys and has diverged from them at least 1 million years ago with additional bi-directional gene flow 590,000 – 360,000 years ago. After bonobo-chimpanzee admixture, this is the second reported case of gene flow that most likely involved crossing the Congo River, a strong dispersal barrier. As the demographic history of bonobos and dryas monkey shows similar patterns of population increase during this time period, we hypothesise that the fluvial topology of the Congo River might have been more dynamic than previously recognised. As a result of dryas monkey - vervet admixture, genes involved in resistance to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been exchanged, possibly indicating adaptive introgression. Despite the presence of several homozygous loss-of-function mutations in genes associated with reduced sperm mobility and immunity, we find high genetic diversity and low levels of inbreeding and genetic load in the studied dryas monkey individual. This suggests that the current population carries sufficient genetic variability for the long-term survival of this species. We thus provide an example of how genomic data can directly improve our understanding of elusive species.
- Published
- 2020
13. Ancient introgression between two ape malaria parasite species
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David Morgan, Paco Bertolani, Terese B. Hart, Weimin Liu, Beatrice H. Hahn, Crickette M. Sanz, Dorothy E. Loy, Lindsey J. Plenderleith, Gerald H. Learn, Paul M. Sharp, Sheri Speede, and John Hart
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0106 biological sciences ,Plasmodium ,Letter ,Pan troglodytes ,exported proteins ,Introgression ,Laverania ,Biology ,Genetic Introgression ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Genome ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,chimpanzee ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,Parasite hosting ,Clade ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Virulence ,Plasmodium falciparum ,biology.organism_classification ,Malaria ,Evolutionary biology - Abstract
The Laverania clade comprises the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum as well as at least seven additional parasite species that infect wild African apes. A recent analysis of Laverania genome sequences (Otto TD, et al. 2018. Genomes of all known members of a Plasmodium subgenus reveal paths to virulent human malaria. Nat Microbiol. 3:687-697) reported three instances of inter-species gene transfer, one of which had previously been described. Generating gene sequences from additional ape parasites and re-examining sequencing reads generated in the Otto et al. study, we identified one of the newly described gene transfers as an assembly artefact of sequences derived from a sample co-infected by two parasite species. The second gene transfer between ancestors of two divergent chimpanzee parasite lineages was confirmed, but involved a much larger number of genes than originally described, many of which encode exported proteins that remodel, or bind to, erythrocytes. Because successful hybridisation between Laverania species is very rare, it will be important to determine to what extent these gene transfers have shaped their host interactions.
- Published
- 2019
14. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests
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Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, David A. Coomes, Connie J. Clark, Hannsjörg Wöll, Douglas Sheil, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Katharine Abernethy, Hans Verbeeck, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Ted R. Feldpausch, Terese B. Hart, Sam Moore, Robert Bitariho, Francesco Rovero, Joey Talbot, Lise Zemagho, C. Amani, Jefferson S. Hall, Sean C. Thomas, Amy C. Bennett, Pascal Boeckx, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Armandu K. Daniels, Fabrice Bénédet, Yadvinder Malhi, Alusine Fofanah, John R. Poulsen, David Kenfack, Lindsay F. Banin, Janvier Lisingo, Hans Beeckman, Jean-Louis Doucet, Eric Chezeaux, Emanuel Gloor, Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Timothy R. Baker, Jan Reitsma, Vincent P. Medjibe, Christelle Gonmadje, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Marie Noel Djuikouo Kamdem, Fidèle Baya, Serge K. Begne, Patrick Boundja, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Lucas Ojo, Roel J. W. Brienen, Hermann Taedoumg, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Benjamin Toirambe, Lan Qie, Jon C. Lovett, Greta C. Dargie, Elizabeth Kearsley, Darlington Tuagben, George B. Chuyong, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Terry Brncic, Pantaleo K. T. Munishi, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Tommaso Jucker, Simon Willcock, Yannick Enock Bocko, Emanuel H. Martin, Vianet Mihindou, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Simon L. Lewis, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Jean-Remy Makana, Andrew R. Marshall, Martin Gilpin, Bonaventure Sonké, Jeremy A. Lindsell, Faustin M. Mbayu, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Wannes Hubau, Suspense Averti Ifo, Peter M. Umunay, Duncan W. Thomas, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Ernest G. Foli, Lee J. T. White, Jaccques M. Mukinzi, Georgia Pickavance, James Taplin, Terry Sunderland, Annette Hladik, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Jason Vleminckx, Oliver L. Phillips, Sophie Fauset, Alexander K. Koch, David Harris, Miguel E. Leal, Alan Hamilton, Aurora Levesley, Michael D. Swaine, James A. Comiskey, Thalès de Haulleville, John T. Woods, David Taylor, Jim Martin, and Murray Collins
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0106 biological sciences ,Carbon Sequestration ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Rainforest ,Carbon sequestration ,Forests ,Atmospheric sciences ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,History, 21st Century ,Sink (geography) ,Trees ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Forest ecology ,Tropical climate ,Life Science ,Biomass ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,geography ,Tropical Climate ,Multidisciplinary ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Atmosphere ,Temperature ,Carbon sink ,Carbon Dioxide ,History, 20th Century ,Models, Theoretical ,Droughts ,chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Africa ,Environmental science ,C180 Ecology ,Brazil - Abstract
Structurally intact tropical forests sequestered about half of the global terrestrial carbon uptake over the 1990s and early 2000s, removing about 15 per cent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions1,2,3. Climate-driven vegetation models typically predict that this tropical forest ‘carbon sink’ will continue for decades4,5. Here we assess trends in the carbon sink using 244 structurally intact African tropical forests spanning 11 countries, compare them with 321 published plots from Amazonia and investigate the underlying drivers of the trends. The carbon sink in live aboveground biomass in intact African tropical forests has been stable for the three decades to 2015, at 0.66 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year (95 per cent confidence interval 0.53–0.79), in contrast to the long-term decline in Amazonian forests6. Therefore the carbon sink responses of Earth’s two largest expanses of tropical forest have diverged. The difference is largely driven by carbon losses from tree mortality, with no detectable multi-decadal trend in Africa and a long-term increase in Amazonia. Both continents show increasing tree growth, consistent with the expected net effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and air temperature7,8,9. Despite the past stability of the African carbon sink, our most intensively monitored plots suggest a post-2010 increase in carbon losses, delayed compared to Amazonia, indicating asynchronous carbon sink saturation on the two continents. A statistical model including carbon dioxide, temperature, drought and forest dynamics accounts for the observed trends and indicates a long-term future decline in the African sink, whereas the Amazonian sink continues to weaken rapidly. Overall, the uptake of carbon into Earth’s intact tropical forests peaked in the 1990s. Given that the global terrestrial carbon sink is increasing in size, independent observations indicating greater recent carbon uptake into the Northern Hemisphere landmass10 reinforce our conclusion that the intact tropical forest carbon sink has already peaked. This saturation and ongoing decline of the tropical forest carbon sink has consequences for policies intended to stabilize Earth’s climate.
- Published
- 2019
15. Skeletal morphology of the lesula (Cercopithecus lomamiensis) and the evolution of guenon locomotor behavior
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Eric J. Sargis, Christopher C. Gilbert, Julia L Arenson, John A. Hart, Terese B. Hart, and Kate M. Detwiler
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Male ,Arboreal locomotion ,Cercopithecini ,Old World ,biology ,Postcrania ,Cercopithecus ,biology.organism_classification ,Guenon ,Biological Evolution ,Cercopithecus lomamiensis ,Taxon ,Evolutionary biology ,Anthropology ,biology.animal ,Democratic Republic of the Congo ,Animals ,Primate ,Female ,Anatomy ,Locomotion ,Skeleton - Abstract
OBJECTIVES The guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) are a diverse and primarily arboreal radiation of Old World monkeys from Africa. However, preliminary behavioral observations of the lesula (Cercopithecus lomamiensis), a little-known guenon species described in 2012, report it spending substantial amounts of time on the ground. New specimens allow us to present the first description of lesula postcranial morphology and apply a comparative functional morphology approach to supplement our knowledge of its locomotor behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS To infer the substrate use preferences of the lesula, 22 postcranial variables correlated with locomotion were assessed in a sample of 151 adult guenon specimens, including two C. lomamiensis. Using multivariate statistical analyses, we predict the amount of time the lesula spends on the ground relative to the comparative sample. RESULTS Results suggest that the lesula spends nearly half its time on the ground, and the two available individuals were classified as semiterrestrial and terrestrial with strong support. Comparisons with two outgroup cercopithecid taxa (Colobus guereza and Macaca mulatta) demonstrate that, as a group, guenons retain signals of a generalized, semiterrestrially adapted postcranium compared to specialized arboreal cercopithecids. DISCUSSION These results corroborate preliminary behavioral observations of the lesula as a semiterrestrial to terrestrial primate and imply multiple evolutionary transitions in substrate use among the guenon radiation. A broader view of cercopithecoid evolution suggests that a semiterrestrial ancestor for extant guenons is more parsimonious than an arboreal one, indicating that the arboreal members of the group are probably recently derived from a more semiterrestrial ancestor.
- Published
- 2019
16. Local spatial structure of forest biomass and its consequences for remote sensing of carbon stocks
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Yiching Lin, Alexandre Adalardo de Oliveira, Anuttara Nathalang, Alvaro Duque, Keith Clay, Yadvinder Malhi, Nantachai Pongpattananurak, Sean C. Thomas, S.S. Saatchi, William J. McShea, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, James A. Lutz, Matteo Detto, Amy Wolf, Stuart J. Davies, Andrew J. Larson, Charles E. Zartman, Stephen P. Hubbell, Ryan W. McEwan, H. S. Suresh, Zhanqing Hao, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, Shameema Esufali, H. S. Dattaraja, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Raman Sukumar, María Uriarte, Udomlux Suwanvecho, Jess K. Zimmerman, George B. Chuyong, Jill Thompson, Jérôme Chave, David Kenfack, Toby R. Marthews, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Nathalie Butt, Luxiang Lin, Nur Supardi Md. Noor, Daniel J. Johnson, Christopher J. Nytch, Warren Y. Brockelman, Bruno Hérault, I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke, Zuoqiang Yuan, Jonathan S. Schurman, Richard Condit, Duncan W. Thomas, Richard P. Phillips, R. H. S. Fernando, Juan Sebastian Barreto-Silva, Terese B. Hart, R. Salim, Norman A. Bourg, Min Cao, Alberto Vicentini, Sandra L. Yap, Dairon Cárdenas, Kyle E. Harms, Robert W. Howe, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Jean-Remy Makana, Christine Fletcher, Sean M. McMahon, Robert Muscarella, T. Le Toan, Jyh-Min Chiang, and Renato Valencia
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0106 biological sciences ,Forest Cover ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,LIVE BIOMASS ,lcsh:Life ,TROPICAL FORESTS ,forêt tropicale ,01 natural sciences ,Remote Sensing ,K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales ,Biomasse ,Forest plot ,Biomass ,forest biomass ,carbon stocks ,Évaluation des stocks ,ALOS PALSAR DATA ,Biomass (ecology) ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Sampling (statistics) ,DESMATAMENTO ,séquestration du carbone ,AIRBORNE LIDAR ,Forêt ,Échantillonnage ,P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières ,Modèle mathématique ,ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ,Carbon Sequestration ,Carbone ,Méthodologie ,P40 - Météorologie et climatologie ,Télédétection ,Topographie ,MODELS ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Ecology and Environment ,Deforestation ,lcsh:QH540-549.5 ,REGRESSION ,Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ,Spatial Data ,Spatial analysis ,Modélisation environnementale ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,atténuation des effets du changement climatique ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Remote sensing ,Changement climatique ,ERROR PROPAGATION ,Cartographie ,15. Life on land ,Field (geography) ,lcsh:Geology ,lcsh:QH501-531 ,AMAZONIAN FOREST ,13. Climate action ,Environmental science ,Spatial variability ,lcsh:Ecology ,DEFORESTATION ,U30 - Méthodes de recherche - Abstract
Advances in forest carbon mapping have the potential to greatly reduce uncertainties in the global carbon budget and to facilitate effective emissions mitigation strategies such as REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). Though broad-scale mapping is based primarily on remote sensing data, the accuracy of resulting forest carbon stock estimates depends critically on the quality of field measurements and calibration procedures. The mismatch in spatial scales between field inventory plots and larger pixels of current and planned remote sensing products for forest biomass mapping is of particular concern, as it has the potential to introduce errors, especially if forest biomass shows strong local spatial variation. Here, we used 30 large (8–50 ha) globally distributed permanent forest plots to quantify the spatial variability in aboveground biomass density (AGBD in Mg ha–1) at spatial scales ranging from 5 to 250 m (0.025–6.25 ha), and to evaluate the implications of this variability for calibrating remote sensing products using simulated remote sensing footprints. We found that local spatial variability in AGBD is large for standard plot sizes, averaging 46.3% for replicate 0.1 ha subplots within a single large plot, and 16.6% for 1 ha subplots. AGBD showed weak spatial autocorrelation at distances of 20–400 m, with autocorrelation higher in sites with higher topographic variability and statistically significant in half of the sites. We further show that when field calibration plots are smaller than the remote sensing pixels, the high local spatial variability in AGBD leads to a substantial "dilution" bias in calibration parameters, a bias that cannot be removed with standard statistical methods. Our results suggest that topography should be explicitly accounted for in future sampling strategies and that much care must be taken in designing calibration schemes if remote sensing of forest carbon is to achieve its promise.
- Published
- 2018
17. Allometry and Ecology of the Bilaterian Gut Microbiome
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Ella Schmidt, Crickette M. Sanz, Josh Taylor, Celeste Gaughan, Kyle Bittinger, Heather Marshall Rose, Deus Mjungu, Paul S. Schmidt, Laurie Zimmerman, Rudolf P. Bohm, Abigail Lauder, Gary D. Wu, David Morgan, Christelle Colin, Debby Cox, Alexander V. Georgiev, John K. Carlson, Ronald G. Collman, Joe Roman, Aubrey Bailey, Joyslin I. Bushman, Terese B. Hart, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Fiona A. Stewart, Beatrice H. Hahn, John Hart, Paco Bertolani, Jean-Bosco N. Django, Yingying Li, Sheri Speede, Alex K. Piel, Frederic D. Bushman, Rebeca Atencia, Volker Sommer, Kevin McCormick, and Martin N. Muller
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0301 basic medicine ,Range (biology) ,Insular biogeography ,Ecology (disciplines) ,030106 microbiology ,Niche ,microbiome ,Biology ,neutral model ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Phylogenetics ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Virology ,microbiota ,Animals ,Microbiome ,bacteria ,Bilateria ,Ecology ,Community structure ,biology.organism_classification ,QR1-502 ,bilateria ,QR ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Gastrointestinal Tract ,030104 developmental biology ,species-area ,Research Article - Abstract
Classical ecology provides principles for construction and function of biological communities, but to what extent these apply to the animal-associated microbiota is just beginning to be assessed. Here, we investigated the influence of several well-known ecological principles on animal-associated microbiota by characterizing gut microbial specimens from bilaterally symmetrical animals (Bilateria) ranging from flies to whales. A rigorously vetted sample set containing 265 specimens from 64 species was assembled. Bacterial lineages were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Previously published samples were also compared, allowing analysis of over 1,098 samples in total. A restricted number of bacterial phyla was found to account for the great majority of gut colonists. Gut microbial composition was associated with host phylogeny and diet. We identified numerous gut bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences that diverged deeply from previously studied taxa, identifying opportunities to discover new bacterial types. The number of bacterial lineages per gut sample was positively associated with animal mass, paralleling known species-area relationships from island biogeography and implicating body size as a determinant of community stability and niche complexity. Samples from larger animals harbored greater numbers of anaerobic communities, specifying a mechanism for generating more-complex microbial environments. Predictions for species/abundance relationships from models of neutral colonization did not match the data set, pointing to alternative mechanisms such as selection of specific colonists by environmental niche. Taken together, the data suggest that niche complexity increases with gut size and that niche selection forces dominate gut community construction., IMPORTANCE The intestinal microbiome of animals is essential for health, contributing to digestion of foods, proper immune development, inhibition of pathogen colonization, and catabolism of xenobiotic compounds. How these communities assemble and persist is just beginning to be investigated. Here we interrogated a set of gut samples from a wide range of animals to investigate the roles of selection and random processes in microbial community construction. We show that the numbers of bacterial species increased with the weight of host organisms, paralleling findings from studies of island biogeography. Communities in larger organisms tended to be more anaerobic, suggesting one mechanism for niche diversification. Nonselective processes enable specific predictions for community structure, but our samples did not match the predictions of the neutral model. Thus, these findings highlight the importance of niche selection in community construction and suggest mechanisms of niche diversification.
- Published
- 2018
18. Wild bonobos host geographically restricted malaria parasites including a putative new Laverania species
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Lindsey J. Plenderleith, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Martine Peeters, Abigail Lauder, Paul M. Sharp, Weimin Liu, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Terese B. Hart, Beatrice H. Hahn, Gerald H. Learn, George M. Shaw, Jef Dupain, Cintia Garai, Paco Bertolani, Alexander V. Georgiev, Jean Bosco N. Ndjango, Yingying Li, Sesh A. Sundararaman, Dorothy E. Loy, Erik J. Scully, John Hart, and Alexa N. Avitto
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Plasmodium ,Range (biology) ,Science ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Zoology ,Animals, Wild ,Gorilla ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Laverania ,Feces ,03 medical and health sciences ,Phylogenetics ,biology.animal ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,lcsh:Science ,Phylogeny ,Ecological epidemiology ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Ecology ,Bonobo ,Parasite genomics ,Primate Diseases ,General Chemistry ,Pan paniscus ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Malaria ,3. Good health ,030104 developmental biology ,Congo ,Parasite evolution ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
Malaria parasites, though widespread among wild chimpanzees and gorillas, have not been detected in bonobos. Here, we show that wild-living bonobos are endemically Plasmodium infected in the eastern-most part of their range. Testing 1556 faecal samples from 11 field sites, we identify high prevalence Laverania infections in the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba (TL2) area, but not at other locations across the Congo. TL2 bonobos harbour P. gaboni, formerly only found in chimpanzees, as well as a potential new species, Plasmodium lomamiensis sp. nov. Rare co-infections with non-Laverania parasites were also observed. Phylogenetic relationships among Laverania species are consistent with co-divergence with their gorilla, chimpanzee and bonobo hosts, suggesting a timescale for their evolution. The absence of Plasmodium from most field sites could not be explained by parasite seasonality, nor by bonobo population structure, diet or gut microbiota. Thus, the geographic restriction of bonobo Plasmodium reflects still unidentified factors that likely influence parasite transmission., Unlike chimpanzees and gorillas, bonobos have not been found infected by malaria parasites in the wild. Here, Liu et al. report more thorough survey and sequencing results showing that bonobos host malaria parasites, including a yet-unknown species, but only in the eastern-most part of their range.
- Published
- 2017
19. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome
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Connie J. Clark, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Lan Qie, Timothy R. Baker, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Lise Zemagho, Yadvinder Malhi, Javier Silva Espejo, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Lindsay F. Banin, Jefferson S. Hall, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, H. Priyadi, Jérôme Chave, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Peter M. Umunay, J. W. Ferry Slik, Martin Gilpin, Ana Andrade, Andrew R. Marshall, Alvaro Cogollo Pacheco, Bonaventure Sonké, Rodrigo Sierra, Jan Bogaert, Emanuel Gloor, Christopher Baraloto, Guido Pardo, Nicholas J. Berry, Simon L. Lewis, Georgia Pickavance, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Vincent A. Vos, Carlos Cerón, Jean-Louis Doucet, Peter S. Ashton, William F. Laurance, Wannes Hubau, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Eric Chezeaux, Zorayda Restrepo, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Kanehiro Kitayama, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Sophie Fauset, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Jan Reitsma, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Percy Núñez Vargas, Hans ter Steege, John Terborgh, Roel J. W. Brienen, Jean-François Bastin, Kamariah Abu Salim, Jon C. Lovett, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Simon Willcock, Marisol Toledo, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Serge K. Begne, Greta C. Dargie, Carlos A. Quesada, Terese B. Hart, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Terry Sunderland, Ted R. Feldpausch, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Stuart J. Davies, Lera Miles, Sean C. Thomas, Lip Khoon Kho, Lisa Steel, Jaques Mukinzi, Marie Noel Djuikouo K., Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Terry L. Erwin, Ervan Rutishauser, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Rafael Herrera, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Faustin Mpanya Lukasu, Damien Bonal, Sylvester Tan, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Marielos Peña-Claros, José Luís Camargo, Lee J. T. White, James A. Comiskey, Hermann Taedoumg, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Pascal Petronelli, Jean-Remy Makana, Ophelia Wang, Richard B. Primack, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Charles De Cannière, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Leandro Maracahipes, Kuswata Kartawinata, Michael Balinga, Victor Chama Moscoso, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, David Harris, Miguel E. Leal, Paulo S. Morandi, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Frans Bongers, Joey Talbot, Douglas Sheil, Reuben Nilus, John R. Poulsen, Oliver L. Phillips, Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Dept Geog, University College of London [London] (UCL), Plant Systemat & Ecol Lab, Université de Yaoundé, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Coll Marine & Environm Sci, James Cook University, Leiden University, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux du Gabon, Ecole de Terrain en Ecologie Tropicale (ECOTROP), Mensurat Unit, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima University, Inst Biodiversidade & Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Ctr Trop Conservat, Duke University [Durham], Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Coll Life & Environm Sci, University of Exeter, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Harvard University [Cambridge], Programa Ciencias Agro & Mar, Herbario Universitario PORT, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dept Biol Sci, Int Ctr Trop Bot, Florida International University (FIU), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (Cirad-Es-UPR 105 BSEF), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Sch Geosci, University of Edinburgh, Biodivers & Landscape Unit, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Projeto Dinam Biol Fragmentos Florestais, Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Rougier Gabon, Nicholas Sch Environm, Duke University, Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Inventory & Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Landscape Ecol & Vegetal Prod Syst Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Dept Bot & Plant Physiol, Fac Sci, University of Buea, Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestière (CEFRECOF), Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Ctr Ecol, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Inst Geog & Reg Forsch, University of Vienna, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Lukuru Wildlife Res Fdn, Div Vertebrate Zool, National Museum of Natural History, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Integrat Res Ctr, Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Trop Peat Res Inst, Biol Res Div, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kyoto University, Ctr Trop Environm & Sustainabil Sci, Coll Sci & Engn, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, George Mason University, Fac Sci Agron, University of Kisangani, Sch Geog & Environm, University of Oxford, Universidade Federal de Goiás [Goiânia] (UFG), Flamingo Land LTD, Dept Environm, CIRCLE, University of York, Salonga Natl Pk, sabah Parks, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Inst Boliviano Invest Forestal, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Southern Swedish Forest Res Ctr, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Bur Waarderburg, Fundación Con-Vida, CarboForExpert, Fac Sci, Environm & Life Sci, University of Brunei Darussalam (Biology Department), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Geoinformática y Sistemas , Cia. Ltda (GeoIS), Museu Univ, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), World Wide Fund for Nature, CTFS AA Asia Program, Fac Forestry, University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava (USU), Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, Yale University [New Haven], Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado Norte Amazónico, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Biol Sci, Liverpool John Moore University (ljmu), Sch Environm Nat Resources & Geog, Bangor University, European Research Council (ERC), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, European Union's Seventh Framework Programme 283080, 282664, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Urgency Grants, NERC Consortium Grant 'AMAZONICA' NE/F005806/1, NERC Consortium Grant 'TROBIT' NE/D005590/1, NERC Consortium Grant 'BIO-RED' NE/N012542/1, NERC New Investigators Grant, Royal Society, Centre for International Forestry (CIFOR), Gabon's National Parks Agency (ANPN), NERC PhD Studentship, UNEP-WCMC, NERC research fellowship NE/I021160/1, Royal Society University Research Fellowship ERC Advanced Grant (T-FORCES), Phillip Leverhulme Prize, Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, NERC studentship, RGS-IBG Henrietta Hutton Grant, National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) PELD/403725/2012-7, CNPq/PPBio/457602/2012-0, National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) Productivity Grant, Leverhulme Trust under the Valuing the Arc project, Missouri Botanical Garden, Sullivan, Martin J. P., Université de Yaoundé I, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), University of Vienna [Vienna], Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), University of Oxford [Oxford], Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Université de Toulouse (UT), James Cook University (JCU), Universiteit Leiden, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux du Gabon (ANPN), Harvard University, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), and Royal Botanic Garden [Edinburgh]
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,INCREASES ,ALPHA-DIVERSITY ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Biome ,Biodiversity ,COMPLEMENTARITY ,forêt tropicale ,Forests ,01 natural sciences ,AMAZONIAN FORESTS ,Tropic Climate ,biodiversité ,biomasse aérienne des arbres ,conservation des forêts ,Tropical climate ,stockage du carbone ,Biomass (ecology) ,Multidisciplinary ,PRODUCTIVITY ,Agroforestry ,Ecology ,Plants ,PE&RC ,Classification ,Tropical ecology ,Chemistry ,séquestration du carbone ,biome ,diversité variétale ,protection de la forêt ,P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières ,ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ,tropical forest ,Asia ,F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale ,TREE ALPHA-DIVERSITY ,forêt amazonienne ,CONSERVATION ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Article ,Ecology and Environment ,Phénomènes atmosphériques ,Forest ecology ,Life Science ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,Forest ,AFRICAN RAIN-FORESTS ,WOOD PRODUCTION ,BIODIVERSITY ,CLIMATE ,K70 - Dégâts causés aux forêts et leur protection ,atténuation des effets du changement climatique ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Tropical Climate ,Western Hemisphere ,TREE SPECIES RICHNESS ,Tropics ,Plant ,15. Life on land ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,Carbon ,biodiversité forestière ,DOMINANCE ,13. Climate action ,Earth and Environmental Sciences ,Africa ,Alpha diversity ,Americas ,structure de la canopée - Abstract
Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-Tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2017
20. CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change
- Author
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Corneille E. N. Ewango, Xihua Wang, Jill Thompson, Stephen P. Hubbell, Kriangsak Sri-ngernyuang, Robin B. Foster, Xiankun Li, Geoffrey G. Parker, Michael D. Morecroft, Zhanqing Hao, Sandra L. Yap, Dairon Cárdenas, Jess K. Zimmerman, Margaret F. Kinnaird, Nimal Gunatilleke, James A. Lutz, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Sean M. McMahon, David F. R. P. Burslem, Marta I. Vallejo, Xiaojun Du, David A. Orwig, Eben N. Broadbent, Terese B. Hart, Witchaphart Sungpalee, Benjamin L. Turner, Yide Li, Renato Valencia, Sylvester Tan, Xugao Wang, Patrick A. Jansen, Shirong Liu, Stuart J. Davies, William J. McShea, Christian P. Giardina, Keith Clay, Xiangcheng Mi, Moses N. Sainge, Faith Inman-Narahari, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Christine Fletcher, Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Fangliang He, Robert W. Howe, Jonathan Myers, Mamoru Kanzaki, David Kenfack, Xiaobao Deng, Abdul Rahman Kassim, Billy C.H. Hau, S. Joseph Wright, Alfonso Alonso, Savitri Gunatilleke, Daniel J. Johnson, H. S. Suresh, Gregory S. Gilbert, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Nathalie Butt, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Lisa Korte, Susan Cordell, Sean C. Thomas, Staline Kibet, I-Fang Sun, Lawren Sack, Amy Wolf, H. S. Dattaraja, Jan den Ouden, Yves Basset, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, George D. Weiblen, Alvaro Duque, Matteo Detto, Raman Sukumar, Tomáš Vrška, Yadvinder Malhi, Keping Ma, William W. Hargrove, Amy C. Bennett, Hervé Memiaghe, Damian M. Maddalena, Jean-Remy Makana, George B. Chuyong, María Uriarte, Andrew J. Larson, Jitendra Kumar, Toby R. Marthews, Shawn K. Y. Lum, Erika Gonzalez-Akre, Perry S. Ong, Kamariah Abu Salim, Kamil Král, Weiguo Sang, Forrest M. Hoffman, David L. Erikson, Alexandre Adalardo de Oliveira, Warren Y. Brockelman, Han Xu, Min Cao, Norman A. Bourg, Alberto Vicentini, Vojtech Novotny, Takashi Mizuno, Rebecca Ostertag, Duncan W. Thomas, Richard P. Phillips, Gunter A. Fischer, and Mingxi Jiang
- Subjects
rain-forest ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Climate Change ,Biodiversity ,Climate change ,Forests ,dispersal limitation ,Ecosystem services ,Forest restoration ,Forest ecology ,seedling recruitment ,Environmental Chemistry ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,el-nino ,functional traits ,spatial-patterns ,FLORESTAS TROPICAIS (MONITORAMENTO) ,Intact forest landscape ,General Environmental Science ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Forest dynamics ,neotropical forest ,Agroforestry ,Global change ,PE&RC ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,phylogenetic structure ,tropical tree community ,Wildlife Ecology and Conservation ,Environmental science ,long-term nitrogen ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long-term forest dynamics research sites (CTFS-ForestGEO) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25ha), all stems 1cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS-ForestGEO spans 25 degrees S-61 degrees N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS-ForestGEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 degrees C), changes in precipitation (up to +/- 30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8g Nm(-2)yr(-1) and 3.1g Sm(-2)yr(-1)), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS-ForestGEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS-ForestGEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.
- Published
- 2014
21. Demography and biomass change in monodominant and mixed old-growth forest of the Congo
- Author
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Sean C. Thomas, Jean-Remy Makana, Richard Condit, Terese B. Hart, Sean M. McMahon, and Corneille E. N. Ewango
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,Forestry ,Forest change ,Understory ,Biology ,Old-growth forest ,Above ground ,Common species ,Community dynamics ,Secondary forest ,Allometry ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Mbau forest covers much of the Congo, and shifts in its composition could have a large impact on the African tropics. The Ituri forest in east Congo is near a boundary between the monodominant mbau type and non-mbau mixed forest, and two 20-ha censuses of trees ≥ 1 cm diameter were carried out over 12 y to monitor forest change. Based on published diameter allometry, mbau forest had 535 Mg ha−1 biomass above ground and gained 1.1 Mg ha−1 y−1. Mixed forest had 399 Mg ha−1 and gained 3 Mg ha−1 y−1. The mbau tree (Gilbertiodendron dewevrei) increased its share of biomass from 4.1% to 4.4% in mixed forest; other common species also increased. Sapling density declined at both sites, likely because increased biomass meant shadier understorey, but the mbau tree increased in sapling density, suggesting it will become more important in the future. Tree mortality and growth rates were low relative to other tropical forests, especially in the mbau plots. Shifting toward G. dewevrei would represent a large gain in carbon in the mixed forest, but mbau is presently more important as a high-carbon stock: biomass lost during forest harvest could not recuperate for centuries due to slow community dynamics.
- Published
- 2011
22. Annual Rainfall and Seasonality Predict Pan-tropical Patterns of Liana Density and Basal Area
- Author
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Stefan A. Schnitzer, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, Z.Q. Cai, Terese B. Hart, Georges Chuyong, Duncan W. Thomas, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Marc P. E. Parren, Frans Bongers, Hugo Romero-Saltos, Kalan Ickes, Jean-Remy Makana, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Jérôme Chave, Saara J. DeWalt, Sainge Moses, David B. Clark, Diego R. Pérez-Salicrup, Joseph Mascaro, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Esteban Gortaire, Francis E. Putz, Jeffrey J. Gerwing, Manuel J. Macía, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Robyn J. Burnham, and David Kenfack
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Ecology ,Species diversity ,Tropics ,15. Life on land ,Seasonality ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Basal area ,Liana ,Abundance (ecology) ,Dry season ,medicine ,Precipitation ,Physical geography ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
We test the hypotheses proposed by Gentry and Schnitzer that liana density and basal area in tropical forests vary negatively with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and positively with seasonality. Previous studies correlating liana abundance with these climatic variables have produced conflicting results, warranting a new analysis of drivers of liana abundance based on a different dataset. We compiled a pan-tropical dataset containing 28,953 lianas (Z2.5cmdiam.) from studies conducted at 13 Neotropical and 11 Paleotropical dry to wet lowland tropical forests. The ranges in MAP and dry season length (DSL) (number of months with mean rainfall o100mm) represented by these datasets were 860‐7250mm/yr and 0‐7mo, respectively. Pan-tropically, liana density and basal area decreased significantly with increasing annual rainfall and increased with increasing DSL, supporting the hypotheses of Gentry and Schnitzer. Our results suggest that much of the variation in liana density and basal area in the tropics can be accounted for by the relatively simple metrics of MAP and DSL.
- Published
- 2009
23. Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees
- Author
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Marc Dufrêne, Terese B. Hart, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Pierre Ploton, T. de Haulleville, Fidèle Baya, Jean-François Gillet, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, C De Cannière, Jean-Louis Doucet, Vincent Droissart, Gilles Dauby, Yadvinder Malhi, Duncan W. Thomas, Georges Chuyong, Jean-François Bastin, Adeline Serckx, Tariq Stévart, T. Kavali, David Kenfack, Hans Beeckman, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, Moses Libalah, D. Beina, C. H. Gonmadje, Pierre Couteron, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Adeline Fayolle, Jean-Remy Makana, Danae Maniatis, Nicolas Barbier, Raphaël Pélissier, Research Unit of Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB)-Université de Liège, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Liège - Gembloux, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Oxford University Centre for the Environment (OUCE), University of Oxford [Oxford], Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche, Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Buéa, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive - Université de Liège, Wildlife Conservation Society, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie [ENS Yaoudé], Université de Yaoundé I [Yaoundé]-École normale supérieure [ENS] - Yaoundé 1, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Marseille, Herbarieum et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Sud Expert Plantes, ANR-12-EBID-0002,CoForTips,Forêts du Bassin du Congo: Biodiversité, Points de Basculement et Résilience des Systèmes Écologiques et Sociaux Forestiers.(2012), Université de Liège-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche [République Centrafricaine], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université de Yaoundé I-École normale supérieure [ENS] - Yaoundé 1, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), and University of Oxford
- Subjects
tropical forest ,Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ,F40 - Écologie végétale ,distributions ,Tropical trees ,Biodiversity ,Climate change ,Forests ,[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,Models, Biological ,size ,Article ,diversity ,[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Phénomènes atmosphériques ,Forest ecology ,K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,Stock (geology) ,Forest floor ,Multidisciplinary ,biomass ,Ecology ,Agroforestry ,Forestry ,dynamics ,15. Life on land ,[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics ,PE&RC ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,Climatic change ,Geography ,Africa ,Secondary forest ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,U30 - Méthodes de recherche - Abstract
Large tropical trees and a few dominant species were recently identified as the main structuring elements of tropical forests. However, such result did not translate yet into quantitative approaches which are essential to understand, predict and monitor forest functions and composition over large, often poorly accessible territories. Here we show that the above-ground biomass (AGB) of the whole forest can be predicted from a few large trees and that the relationship is proved strikingly stable in 175 1-ha plots investigated across 8 sites spanning Central Africa. We designed a generic model predicting AGB with an error of 14% when based on only 5% of the stems, which points to universality in forest structural properties. For the first time in Africa, we identified some dominant species that disproportionally contribute to forest AGB with 1.5% of recorded species accounting for over 50% of the stock of AGB. Consequently, focusing on large trees and dominant species provides precise information on the whole forest stand. This offers new perspectives for understanding the functioning of tropical forests and opens new doors for the development of innovative monitoring strategies., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2015
24. Biogeographical patterns of liana abundance and diversity
- Author
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David Kenfack, Jeffrey J. Gerwing, M. Sridhar Reddy, Duncan Thomas, Z.Q. Cai, Agustina Malizia, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hugo Romero-Saltos, Francis E. Putz, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Susan G. Letcher, Luciana F. Alves, Rachael V. Gallagher, Anselmo Nogueira, S. Muthuramkumar, Joseph Mascaro, Jean-Remy Makana, Saara J. DeWalt, Walter P. Carson, Chellam Muthumperumal, Robyn J. Burnham, Jérôme Chave, Esteban Gortaire Amezcua, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Juliano van Melis, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez, Manuel J. Macía, Diego R. Pérez-Salicrup, Kalan Ickes, George B. Chuyong, Terese B. Hart, Marc P. E. Parren, Frans Bongers, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, and Moses N. Sainge
- Subjects
Liana diversity ,business.industry ,Ecology ,Species diversity ,Distribution (economics) ,Pantropical ,Biology ,PE&RC ,Subtropical forests ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,Global Liana Database (GLD) ,Liana ,Abundance (ecology) ,Temperate climate ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,business ,Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ,Tropical islands ,Temperate rainforest - Abstract
This chapter examines the pantropical patterns of liana abundance and species diversity and their correlates with climatic characteristics to gain insight into which processes are important for the distribution of tropical lianas. The analyses follow from the standard sampling protocol of liana diversity and abundance used by Alwyn Gentry in the 1980s and 1990s. The chapter examines how climatic conditions are associated with liana density and diversity, by analyzing old-growth continental forests at 850mm yr-1.To broaden the discussion of determinants of liana density and diversity beyond climatic factors, the authors comment on differences between temperate and tropical forests and between continental and island regions. The chapter focuses on sites in the Global Liana Database (GLD) from temperate forests in Australia, subtropical forest in Argentina, and an island in the Caribbean, and also reviews the available literature.
- Published
- 2015
25. Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models
- Author
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Helene C. Muller-Landau, Renato Valencia, Hua Seng Lee, Martha Isabel Vallejo, Fangliang He, Handanakere Shavaramaiah Dattaraja, Sean C. Thomas, Elizabeth Losos, Sylvester Tan, Leonardo Co, Jean-Remy Makana, Takuo Yamakura, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Abd Rahman Kassim, Gorky Villa Muñoz, Raman Sukumar, Christian O. Marks, Peter S. Ashton, Kyle E. Harms, George B. Chuyong, Robin B. Foster, Shameema Esufali, Richard Condit, Consuelo Hernandez, Savitri Gunatilleke, Stephen P. Hubbell, Tatsuhiro Ohkubo, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, David Kenfack, Christopher Wills, Cristián Samper, Pamela Hall, Jess K. Zimmerman, Duncan W. Thomas, Nimal Gunatilleke, M. N. Nur Supardi, Daniel Lagunzad, I-Fang Sun, Stuart J. Davies, Akira Itoh, James V. LaFrankie, Jill Thompson, and Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Biomass (ecology) ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,General equilibrium theory ,Ecology ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Tropical climate ,Metabolic theory of ecology ,Scale (descriptive set theory) ,Tree (set theory) ,Biology ,Old-growth forest ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Tropical forests vary substantially in the densities of trees of different sizes and thus in above-ground biomass and carbon stores. However, these tree size distributions show fundamental similarities suggestive of underlying general principles. The theory of metabolic ecology predicts that tree abundances will scale as the -2 power of diameter. Demographic equilibrium theory explains tree abundances in terms of the scaling of growth and mortality. We use demographic equilibrium theory to derive analytic predictions for tree size distributions corresponding to different growth and mortality functions. We test both sets of predictions using data from 14 large-scale tropical forest plots encompassing censuses of 473 ha and > 2 million trees. The data are uniformly inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology. In most forests, size distributions are much closer to the predictions of demographic equilibrium, and thus, intersite variation in size distributions is explained partly by intersite variation in growth and mortality.
- Published
- 2006
26. Stable isotope ecology in the Ituri Forest
- Author
-
John Hart, Thure E. Cerling, and Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Mammals ,Canopy ,Carbon Isotopes ,Food Chain ,Ecology ,δ13C ,δ15N ,Biology ,Food web ,Diet ,Trees ,Frugivore ,Democratic Republic of the Congo ,Animals ,Ecosystem ,Omnivore ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Environmental Monitoring ,Isotope analysis - Abstract
The Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) is an example of a closed canopy forest showing extreme depletion in (13)C. delta(13)C values for plants from the canopy top, from gaps in the canopy, and from the subcanopy average -29.0+/-1.7 per thousand, -30.4+/-0.9 per thousand, and -34.0+/-1.5 per thousand, respectively. The delta(13)C of forest mammals show these differences, with the subcanopy browsers (okapi, dwarf antelope) having delta(13)C values for tooth enamel much more negative than subcanopy frugivores who derive their food from the canopy top, and from folivores and omnivores living in gap or clearing areas. Nitrogen isotopes in plants from this ecosystem have an average delta(15)N value of 5.4+/-1.8 per thousand and do not show significant differences at the 95% confidence interval between plants from the canopy top, from gaps in the canopy, and from the subcanopy. The delta(18)O(SMOW) values of surface waters in the study area are between -2.0 and -2.7. The delta(18)O(PDB) for tooth enamel ranged from -3 to +7 per thousand.
- Published
- 2004
27. Rules of Engagement for Conservation Lessons from the Democratic Republic of Congo
- Author
-
Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Rules of engagement ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Political science ,Public administration ,Critical Care Nursing ,Pediatrics ,Democracy ,media_common - Published
- 2003
28. Above-ground biomass and structure of 260 African tropical forests
- Author
-
Lindsay F. Banin, Georgia Pickavance, Gloria Djagbletey, Hans Beeckman, Timothy R. Baker, David Harris, Lise Zemagho, Benjamin Toirambe, James Taplin, Jon Lloyd, Hannsjorg Woell, Miguel E. Leal, Alan Hamilton, Murielle Simo, Jason Vleminckx, Douglas Sheil, Jean-François Bastin, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Sophie Fauset, Marie Noël Kamdem Djuikouo, Connie J. Clark, Yadvinder Malhi, Koen Hufkens, Hans Verbeeck, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Serge K. Begne, Cornielle E N Ewango, Philippe Jeanmart, Jean-Remy Makana, Dries Huygens, Elizabeth Kearsley, Terese B. Hart, Simon Willcock, Jan Reitsma, Ted R. Feldpausch, Pascal Boeckx, Murray Collins, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, Andrew R. Marshall, Jon C. Lovett, David Taylor, Jean-Louis Doucet, Kathryn J. Jeffery, John R. Poulsen, Jean François Gillet, Terry Sunderland, Joey Talbot, Ernest G. Foli, Lucas Ojo, Sean C. Thomas, Oliver L. Phillips, Hermann Taedoumg, Eric Chezeaux, Annette Hladik, Kathy Steppe, Charles De Cannière, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Lee J. T. White, Vincent Droissart, Simon L. Lewis, and Thalès de Haulleville
- Subjects
Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics ,0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Amazonian ,Climate ,AMAZONIAN FORESTS ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Basal area ,Soil ,SD Forestry ,Tropical climate ,Biomass ,Biomass (ecology) ,CLIMATE-CHANGE ,Ecology ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,RAIN-FOREST ,Articles ,Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles ,GROWTH ,SENSITIVITY ,CARBON STOCKS ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Biologie ,Wood density ,Research Article ,GE Environmental Sciences ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Climate Change ,Tree allometry ,Rainforest ,Biology ,SPATIAL-PATTERNS ,Models, Biological ,010603 evolutionary biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Ecology and Environment ,Carbon Cycle ,Congo basin ,West Africa ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,Precipitation ,TREE ALLOMETRY ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Evolutionary Biology ,Tropical Climate ,Science & Technology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Forestry ,06 Biological Sciences ,15. Life on land ,East Africa ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,SOILS ,Africa ,Soil fertility - Abstract
We report above-ground biomass (AGB), basal area, stemdensity and wood mass density estimates from 260 sample plots (mean size: 1.2 ha) in intact closed-canopy tropical forests across 12 African countries. Mean AGB is 395.7 Mg dry mass ha-1 (95% CI: 14.3), substantially higher than Amazonian values, with the Congo Basin and contiguous forest region attaining AGB values (429 Mg ha-1) similar to those of Bornean forests, and significantly greater than East or West African forests. AGB therefore appears generally higher in palaeo- comparedwithneotropical forests.However, mean stem density is low(426±11 stems ha-1 greater than or equal to 100 mm diameter) compared with both Amazonian and Bornean forests (cf. approx. 600) and is the signature structural feature of African tropical forests. While spatial autocorrelation complicates analyses, AGB shows a positive relationship with rainfall in the driest nine months of the year, and an opposite association with the wettest three months of the year; a negative relationship with temperature; positive relationship with clay-rich soils; and negative relationshipswith C:Nratio (suggesting a positive soil phosphorus- AGB relationship), and soil fertility computed as the sum of base cations. The results indicate that AGB is mediated by both climate and soils, and suggest that the AGB of African closed-canopy tropical forests may be particularly sensitive to future precipitation and temperature changes. © 2013 The Authors., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2013
29. Seed, seedling and sub-canopy survival in monodominant and mixed forests of the Ituri Forest, Africa
- Author
-
Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Canopy ,Monodominance ,biology ,Agronomy ,Ecology ,Seedling ,Seed predation ,Predator satiation ,Gilbertiodendron ,Understory ,biology.organism_classification ,Julbernardia ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
The central Ituri Forest of Zaïre is characterized by monodominant stands of Gilbert-iodendron dewevrei (mbau forest) within a matrix of mixed forest where Julbernardia seretii is subdominant. Both species produce supra-annual, synchronous (mast) seed crops. The relationship of mast seed production to monodominance for the two tree species was evaluated by investigating: (1) the relationship between seed density and seed survival, (2) the relative impact of mammal versus insect seed predators in high and low seed density areas, and (3) post-germination survival in the understorey. For the latter, tagged seedlings were monitored over 10 years and both species were censused in different understorey size classes. Percentage seed survival was significantly greater for Julbernardia (but not for Gilbertiodendron) in areas of high conspecific seed density. Generalist fruit- and seed-eating mammals were the principal predators on seeds of both species when removed to areas without seed-fall. In mast areas high seed densities appeared to satiate mammalian seed predators but not the specialized beetle seed predators that were the major cause of seed destruction. Gilbertiodendron seedlings survived longer in the forest understorey than did seedlings of Julbernardia. Furthermore, Gilbertiodendron made up a greater proportion of the larger subcanopy size classes in monodominant forest than did Julbernardia in mixed forests. These results suggest that, irrespective of mortality to seeds, the ability to persist in the understorey may confer on Gilbertiodendron a greater probability of reaching and dominating the canopy.
- Published
- 1995
30. Lesula: a new species of Cercopithecus monkey endemic to the Democratic Republic of Congo and implications for conservation of Congo's central basin
- Author
-
Christopher C. Gilbert, Kate M. Detwiler, Maurice Emetshu, Andrew S. Burrell, Eric J. Sargis, Anthony J. Tosi, Terese B. Hart, Ashley Vosper, James L. Fuller, and John A. Hart
- Subjects
Male ,Time Factors ,Range (biology) ,Speciation ,Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Behavioral Ecology ,Molecular Systematics ,Common name ,Conservation Science ,Skin ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Ecology ,Behavior, Animal ,Geography ,Vegetation ,Biodiversity ,Cercopithecus lomamiensis ,Phylogenetics ,Biological Anthropology ,Mammalogy ,Democratic Republic of the Congo ,Medicine ,Physical Anthropology ,Research Article ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Evolutionary Processes ,Science ,Rainforest ,Structural basin ,Cercopithecus ,Ecosystems ,Forest ecology ,Animals ,Ecosystem ,Evolutionary Systematics ,Terrestrial Ecology ,Biology ,Taxonomy ,Evolutionary Biology ,Spectrum Analysis ,Skull ,Genetic Variation ,biology.organism_classification ,Anthropology ,Vocalization, Animal ,Zoology - Abstract
In June 2007, a previously undescribed monkey known locally as “lesula” was found in the forests of the middle Lomami Basin in central Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We describe this new species as Cercopithecus lomamiensis sp. nov., and provide data on its distribution, morphology, genetics, ecology and behavior. C. lomamiensis is restricted to the lowland rain forests of central DRC between the middle Lomami and the upper Tshuapa Rivers. Morphological and molecular data confirm that C. lomamiensis is distinct from its nearest congener, C. hamlyni, from which it is separated geographically by both the Congo (Lualaba) and the Lomami Rivers. C. lomamiensis, like C. hamlyni, is semi-terrestrial with a diet containing terrestrial herbaceous vegetation. The discovery of C. lomamiensis highlights the biogeographic significance and importance for conservation of central Congo’s interfluvial TL2 region, defined from the upper Tshuapa River through the Lomami Basin to the Congo (Lualaba) River. The TL2 region has been found to contain a high diversity of anthropoid primates including three forms, in addition to C. lomamiensis, that are endemic to the area. We recommend the common name, lesula, for this new species, as it is the vernacular name used over most of its known range.
- Published
- 2012
31. Increasing exploitation of grey parrots in eastern DRC drives population declines
- Author
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John Hart, Leon Salumu, Rowan O. Martin, Robert Abani, Andrew B. Bernard, and Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Geography ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Population ,education ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Published
- 2015
32. Reply from terese hart
- Author
-
Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Library science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2011
33. Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests
- Author
-
Terese B. Hart, Manuel Gloor, Simon L. Lewis, Timothy R. Baker, Julie Peacock, Oliver L. Phillips, Jean-Remy Makana, Raymond Votere, Yadvinder Malhi, Hannsjörg Wöll, Jon Lloyd, Ted R. Feldpausch, Annette Hladik, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Sean C. Thomas, Frank M. Mbago, Lucas Ojo, Jon C. Lovett, Terry Sunderland, Douglas Sheil, Lee J. T. White, A. C. Hamilton, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, David Taylor, Bonaventure Sonké, Michael D. Swaine, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Henry J. Ndangalasi, James A. Comiskey, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Marie-Noël Djuikouo K, Jan Reitsma, and James Taplin
- Subjects
rain-forest ,atmospheric transport ,Rainforest ,Carbon sequestration ,Models, Biological ,Trees ,dioxide ,Tropical climate ,disturbances ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,impacts ,climate ,Tropical Climate ,Biomass (ecology) ,geography ,Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,Multidisciplinary ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biomass ,Atmosphere ,Ecology ,Carbon sink ,Forestry ,balance ,Vegetation ,Carbon Dioxide ,Old-growth forest ,PE&RC ,Wood ,Carbon ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,Wilderness ,Africa ,long-term plots ,Environmental science ,co2 - Abstract
The response of terrestrial vegetation to a globally changing environment is central to predictions of future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide1, 2. The role of tropical forests is critical because they are carbon-dense and highly productive3, 4. Inventory plots across Amazonia show that old-growth forests have increased in carbon storage over recent decades5, 6, 7, but the response of one-third of the world's tropical forests in Africa8 is largely unknown owing to an absence of spatially extensive observation networks9, 10. Here we report data from a ten-country network of long-term monitoring plots in African tropical forests. We find that across 79 plots (163 ha) above-ground carbon storage in live trees increased by 0.63 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 between 1968 and 2007 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.22¿0.94; mean interval, 1987¿96). Extrapolation to unmeasured forest components (live roots, small trees, necromass) and scaling to the continent implies a total increase in carbon storage in African tropical forest trees of 0.34 Pg C yr-1 (CI, 0.15¿0.43). These reported changes in carbon storage are similar to those reported for Amazonian forests per unit area6, 7, providing evidence that increasing carbon storage in old-growth forests is a pan-tropical phenomenon. Indeed, combining all standardized inventory data from this study and from tropical America and Asia5, 6, 11 together yields a comparable figure of 0.49 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (n = 156; 562 ha; CI, 0.29¿0.66; mean interval, 1987¿97). This indicates a carbon sink of 1.3 Pg C yr-1 (CI, 0.8¿1.6) across all tropical forests during recent decades. Taxon-specific analyses of African inventory and other data12 suggest that widespread changes in resource availability, such as increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, may be the cause of the increase in carbon stocks13, as some theory14 and models2, 10, 15 predict.
- Published
- 2009
34. Assessing evidence for a pervasive alteration in tropical tree communities
- Author
-
Renato Valencia, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Akira Itoh, Jill Thompson, Sean C. Thomas, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Cristián Samper, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, H. S. Dattaraja, Raman Sukumar, Terese B. Hart, Peter S. Ashton, Md. Nur Supardi Noor, Pamela Hall, Sylvester Tan, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Savitri Gunatilleke, Stephen P. Hubbell, Elizabeth Losos, Jean-Remy Makana, Jérôme Chave, Nimal Gunatilleke, Robin B. Foster, Richard Condit, Suzanne Loo de Lao, Abdul Rahman Kassim, Kenneth J. Feeley, Stuart J. Davies, Jess K. Zimmerman, James V. LaFrankie, Ma. Dolores C Tongco, Consuelo Hernandez, Takuo Yamakura, Gorky Villa, Shameema Esufali, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Martha Isabel Vallejo, and Leonardo Co
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Time Factors ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Environmental change ,Panama ,QH301-705.5 ,Biodiversity ,Biology ,Environment ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Trees ,Nutrient ,Tropical climate ,Dominance (ecology) ,Ecosystem ,Biomass ,Biology (General) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Sri Lanka ,Tropical Climate ,Centre for Ecological Sciences ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Ecology ,Amazon rainforest ,General Neuroscience ,Puerto Rico ,Malaysia ,Global change ,Forestry ,15. Life on land ,Thailand ,Biological Evolution ,Agronomy ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Research Article ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
In Amazonian tropical forests, recent studies have reported increases in aboveground biomass and in primary productivity, as well as shifts in plant species composition favouring fast-growing species over slow-growing ones. This pervasive alteration of mature tropical forests was attributed to global environmental change, such as an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, nutrient deposition, temperature, drought frequency, and/or irradiance. We used standardized, repeated measurements of over 2 million trees in ten large (16–52 ha each) forest plots on three continents to evaluate the generality of these findings across tropical forests. Aboveground biomass increased at seven of our ten plots, significantly so at four plots, and showed a large decrease at a single plot. Carbon accumulation pooled across sites was significant (+0.24 MgC ha−1 y−1, 95% confidence intervals [0.07, 0.39] MgC ha−1 y−1), but lower than reported previously for Amazonia. At three sites for which we had data for multiple census intervals, we found no concerted increase in biomass gain, in conflict with the increased productivity hypothesis. Over all ten plots, the fastest-growing quartile of species gained biomass (+0.33 [0.09, 0.55] % y−1) compared with the tree community as a whole (+0.15 % y−1); however, this significant trend was due to a single plot. Biomass of slow-growing species increased significantly when calculated over all plots (+0.21 [0.02, 0.37] % y−1), and in half of our plots when calculated individually. Our results do not support the hypothesis that fast-growing species are consistently increasing in dominance in tropical tree communities. Instead, they suggest that our plots may be simultaneously recovering from past disturbances and affected by changes in resource availability. More long-term studies are necessary to clarify the contribution of global change to the functioning of tropical forests., Author Summary Recent studies have reported major changes in mature tropical forests, with increases in both forest biomass and net primary productivity, as well as shifts in plant species composition that favour fast-growing species over slow-growing ones. These pervasive alterations were attributed to global environmental change, and may result in dramatic shifts in the functioning of tropical forest ecosystems. We reassessed these findings using a dataset of large permanent forest plots on three continents. We found that tree biomass increased at seven of our ten plots, and showed a large decrease at a single plot. Overall, this increase was significant, albeit lower than reported previously for Amazonian forests. At three sites for which we had data for multiple census intervals, we found no concerted increase in biomass gain, in conflict with the increased productivity hypothesis. With the exception of one plot, slow-growing species gained more biomass than either fast-growing species or the tree community as a whole. Hence, our results do not support the hypothesis that fast-growing species are consistently increasing in dominance in tropical tree communities. Overall, our results suggest that our plots may be simultaneously recovering from past disturbances and affected by changes in resource availability., An analysis of changes in biomass and primary productivity across ten large tropical forest plots revealed that aboveground biomass increased significantly, fast-growing species increased significantly in dominance at a single site, and slow-growing species increased significantly at half of our sites.
- Published
- 2008
35. Monospecific dominance in tropical rain forests
- Author
-
Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ,Canopy ,Geography ,Monodominance ,Ecology ,Agroforestry ,Tropics ,Dominance (ecology) ,Secondary forest ,Rainforest ,Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Old-growth rain forests that are dominated by a single canopy species occur throughout the tropics, though they account for a limited proportion of the total rain forest area. These forests have been considered anomalies in which development of a more diverse community is deflected by harsh conditions. Very poor soils or an otherwise extreme environment may promote monodominance by excluding potentially competing species, but it is now apparent that monodominant tropical forests also develop under more benign conditions. Field studies have shown that a single species may dominate on undisturbed sites where the soils are similar to those of adjacent old-growth, mixed forests. In these situations the dominant is a superior competitor and/or is particularly tolerant to stresses such as shade. Assertion of dominance by a single species in an old-growth forest appears most likely in areas where the species pool contains few late-succession species with similar life history traits.
- Published
- 1990
36. The importance of demographic niches to tree diversity
- Author
-
Corneille E. N. Ewango, Cristián Samper, Tommaso Zillio, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, Kyle E. Harms, Akira Itoh, Martha Isabel Vallejo, Shameema Esufali, H. S. Dattaraja, Raman Sukumar, Abdul Rahman Kassim, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Peter S. Ashton, Consuelo Hernandez, Stuart J. Davies, Sabrina E. Russo, Stephen P. Hubbell, James V. LaFrankie, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Sylvester Tan, Jean-Remy Makana, Suzanne Loo de Lao, Robin B. Foster, Pamela Hall, Richard Condit, Sean C. Thomas, I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke, Gorky Villa, Terese B. Hart, C. V. S. Gunatilleke, Md. Nur Supardi Noor, and Renato Valencia
- Subjects
Asia ,Biodiversity ,Normal Distribution ,Distribution (economics) ,India ,Biology ,Environment ,Trees ,Ecosystem ,Weather ,Ecological niche ,Multidisciplinary ,Models, Statistical ,Ecology ,business.industry ,Tropics ,Species diversity ,Bayes Theorem ,Africa ,Trait ,Species richness ,Seasons ,Americas ,business - Abstract
Most ecological hypotheses about species coexistence hinge on species differences, but quantifying trait differences across species in diverse communities is often unfeasible. We examined the variation of demographic traits using a global tropical forest data set covering 4500 species in 10 large-scale tree inventories. With a hierarchical Bayesian approach, we quantified the distribution of mortality and growth rates of all tree species at each site. This allowed us to test the prediction that demographic differences facilitate species richness, as suggested by the theory that a tradeoff between high growth and high survival allows species to coexist. Contrary to the prediction, the most diverse forests had the least demographic variation. Although demographic differences may foster coexistence, they do not explain any of the 16-fold variation in tree species richness observed across the tropics.
- Published
- 2006
37. Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests
- Author
-
M. N. Nur Supardi, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, Sylvester Tan, H. S. Dattaraja, Raman Sukumar, Gorky Villa Muñoz, I-Fang Sun, Jill Thompson, George B. Chuyong, Kyle E. Harms, Elizabeth Losos, Stephanie A. Bohlman, David Kenfack, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Peter S. Ashton, Pamela Hall, Hua Seng Lee, Stephen P. Hubbell, Martha Isabel Vallejo, Jérôme Chave, Robin B. Foster, Duncan W. Thomas, Richard Condit, Akira Itoh, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Nimal Gunatilleke, Sean C. Thomas, Terese B. Hart, Savitri Gunatilleke, Abd Rahman Kassim, Consuelo Hernandez, Christopher Wills, Stuart J. Davies, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, James V. LaFrankie, Tatsuhiro Ohkubo, Renato Valencia, Jean-Remy Makana, Shameema Esufali, and Takuo Yamakura
- Subjects
Biomass (ecology) ,Tropical Climate ,Resource (biology) ,Biometry ,Forest dynamics ,Ecology ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Metabolic theory of ecology ,Population Dynamics ,Tree allometry ,Biology ,Models, Theoretical ,Trees ,Tropical climate ,Allometry ,Mortality ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Forecasting - Abstract
The theory of metabolic ecology predicts specific relationships among tree stem diameter, biomass, height, growth and mortality. As demographic rates are important to estimates of carbon fluxes in forests, this theory might offer important insights into the global carbon budget, and deserves careful assessment. We assembled data from 10 oldgrowth tropical forests encompassing censuses of 367 ha and > 1.7 million trees to test the theory’s predictions. We also developed a set of alternative predictions that retained some assumptions of metabolic ecology while also considering how availability of a key limiting resource, light, changes with tree size. Our results show that there are no universal scaling relationships of growth or mortality with size among trees in tropical forests. Observed patterns were consistent with our alternative model in the one site where we had the data necessary to evaluate it, and were inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology in all forests.
- Published
- 2006
38. Genetic Structure of Wild Bonobo Populations: Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA and Geographical Distribution
- Author
-
Hiroyuki Takemoto, Takeshi Furuichi, Serge Darroze, Nahoko Tokuyama, Patrick Guislain, Kumugo Yangozene, Tetsuya Sakamaki, Mbangi Mulavwa, Yoshi Kawamoto, John Hart, Terese B. Hart, Shoko Higuchi, Jef Dupain, Céline Devos, and Amy K. Cobden
- Subjects
Gene Flow ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Range (biology) ,Population ,lcsh:Medicine ,Population genetics ,Animals, Wild ,Animal Phylogenetics ,DNA, Mitochondrial ,Rivers ,Genetic variation ,Genetics ,Animals ,Evolutionary Systematics ,lcsh:Science ,education ,Biology ,Phylogeny ,Evolutionary Biology ,Genetic diversity ,education.field_of_study ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,Population Biology ,Geography ,Models, Genetic ,biology ,Bonobo ,lcsh:R ,Genetic Variation ,Pan paniscus ,biology.organism_classification ,Phylogenetics ,Phylogeography ,Genetics, Population ,Biogeography ,Congo ,Haplotypes ,Evolutionary biology ,Genetic structure ,Linear Models ,lcsh:Q ,Paleoecology ,Zoology ,Population Genetics ,Research Article - Abstract
Bonobos (Pan paniscus) inhabit regions south of the Congo River including all areas between its southerly tributaries. To investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship among bonobo populations, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA from 376 fecal samples collected in seven study populations located within the eastern and western limits of the species' range. In 136 effective samples from different individuals (range: 7-37 per population), we distinguished 54 haplotypes in six clades (A1, A2, B1, B2, C, D), which included a newly identified clade (D). MtDNA haplotypes were regionally clustered; 83 percent of haplotypes were locality-specific. The distribution of haplotypes across populations and the genetic diversity within populations thus showed highly geographical patterns. Using population distance measures, seven populations were categorized in three clusters: the east, central, and west cohorts. Although further elucidation of historical changes in the geological setting is required, the geographical patterns of genetic diversity seem to be shaped by paleoenvironmental changes during the Pleistocene. The present day riverine barriers appeared to have a weak effect on gene flow among populations, except for the Lomami River, which separates the TL2 population from the others. The central cohort preserves a high genetic diversity, and two unique clades of haplotypes were found in the Wamba/Iyondji populations in the central cohort and in the TL2 population in the eastern cohort respectively. This knowledge may contribute to the planning of bonobo conservation.
- Published
- 2013
39. The Ecological Basis of Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence in African Rain Forests: The Mbuti of Eastern Zaire
- Author
-
Terese B. Hart and John A. Hart
- Published
- 1996
40. Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests: Implications for the global carbon cycle
- Author
-
David Taylor, Terese B. Hart, Michael D. Swaine, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, Oliver L. Phillips, Douglas Sheil, Lucas Ojo, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Lee J. T. White, Annette Hladik, Simon L. Lewis, and Bonaventure Sonké
- Subjects
Carbon storage ,Agroforestry ,Environmental science ,Carbon cycle - Published
- 2009
41. Support for Congolese Conservationists
- Author
-
Amy Vedder, John Robinson, Andrew J. Plumptre, and Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Economic growth ,Multidisciplinary ,Spanish Civil War ,Refugee ,Political science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Wildlife ,Poaching ,Administration (government) ,Democracy ,Front (military) ,Wildlife conservation ,media_common - Abstract
Gretchen Vogel (“Conflict in Congo threatens bonobos and rare gorillas,” News of the Week, 31 Mar., p. [2386][1]) describes the current plight of apes in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) whose habitat is on the front lines of a civil war that began about 18 months ago. The apes, including bonobos and the eastern lowland gorilla, are being poached for food by troops and refugees. The protection from poaching that national parks would normally provide for wildlife has been thwarted by the disarming of park guards by military leaders. The very presence of researchers and local dedicated conservationists, Vogel notes, has helped to alleviate the situation; however, the presence of dedicated Congolese researchers with outside support can be much more effective than efforts of foreign researchers. The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has been operating throughout the current civil war in collaboration with the Congolese national parks in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. In Okapi, it has been elephants and ungulates that have been heavily hunted to feed armed forces, which have passed through from Bunia to Kisangani. WCS has been able to work with Gilman International Conservation to support the rehabilitation of infrastructure as well as the salaries of Congolese conservationists. The presence of committed Congolese conservationists has meant that each successive incoming administration or army command has been approached and educated about the importance of the reserve for conservation. This has not stopped all poaching, but it has led to the rearming of the reserve guards and has led to reduced hunting by armed forces. The effectiveness of committed Congolese, in Okapi and elsewhere, has been recognized. UNESCO, with support from the United Nations Foundation (supported through a $1 billion gift from media magnate Ted Turner), has promised nearly $3 million over 4 years to five World Heritage Sites in DRC (Okapi and Garamba, Virunga, Kahuzi-Biega, and Salonga national parks). This support will be used for the salaries of park staff, the only presence on the grounds in some parks, as well as to provide equipment and monitoring. This initiative, which came from several conservation organizations with UNESCO, might become a model for United Nations support to conservation in areas of conflict. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.287.5462.2386
- Published
- 2000
42. Monodominant and Species-Rich Forests of the Humid Tropics: Causes for Their Co-Occurrence
- Author
-
Peter G. Murphy, John Hart, and Terese B. Hart
- Subjects
Geography ,Monodominance ,biology ,Ecology ,Co-occurrence ,Tropics ,Gilbertiodendron ,biology.organism_classification ,Humid tropics ,Tree species ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Floristics ,Predation - Abstract
A study of the structure and floristics at a transition zone from a monodominant to a more diverse forest in the African humid tropics was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms maintaining floristic diversity and the discontinuity between mixed forests and forests dominated by a single tree species (monodominant). The mixed forest's greater diversity could not be explained by substrate differences, greater maturity, or greater predation on seeds or juveniles. The dominant species of the monodominant forest was shade-tolerant and had poorly dispersed seeds. Tree species associated with the dominant were also found in the mixed forest. Monodominant and mixed forests occur side by side in the Asian and American tropics as well. As in the African example, many of these monodominant forests share most species with neighboring mixed forests. Characteristically, the dominant species have large seeds and shade-tolerant seedlings. Monodominant tropical forests are widespread and may indicate areas that have not ex...
- Published
- 1989
43. The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African Rain Forests: The Mbuti of Eastern Zaire
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John Hart and Terese B. Hart
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Sociology and Political Science ,Ecology ,Agroforestry ,business.industry ,Subsistence agriculture ,Subsistence economy ,Rainforest ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Evergreen forest ,Geography ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Agriculture ,Anthropology ,Secondary forest ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,business ,Hunter-gatherer - Abstract
While it is well established that the Mbuti pygmies, hunter-gatherers of the Ituri Forest of Zaire, trade forest products and labor for agricultural foods, it has been assumed that this is a recent development, following contact with shifting cultivators. From field investigations over a five-year period, Hart and Hart found that, while the Mbuti can identify a large number of edible plant species, they actually gather very few of them. Instead, they trade meat, which is seasonally abundant, as well as their own labor for agricultural products rich in starch and carbohydrates. While game is available throughout the year, they cannot profitably utilize protein as a main caloric intake; lean meat requires more calories to digest than it supplies, a point illustrated by what the explorer Henry Stanley called in 1890 the “starvation camps” in the middle of the Ituri: People were dying while surrounded by game. Hart and Hart found that almost all of the oil-rich plant foods collected came from secondary forests rather than from that part of the Ituri hitherto unpenetrated by cultivators. Using historical data from early travellers, archaeological evidence, and linguistic connections linking various Mbuti groups to different cultivators, Hart and Hart make the case that the great evergreen primary forests of the Ituri were probably not capable of sustaining hunter-gatherers in significant numbers prior to the coming of cultivators, about 4000 years ago. This a good illustration of complex and interdependent ties that link what might appear to be distinct adaptations. Here agriculture has made the forest a more hospitable environment for specialized hunter-gatherers by providing a reliable source of energy-rich foods as well as by producing patches of secondary forest in which to forage.
- Published
- 1986
44. African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax
- Author
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Anne E. Pusey, George M. Shaw, Sesh A. Sundararaman, Bila-Isia Inogwabini, Paul M. Sharp, Sabrina Locatelli, Crickette M. Sanz, Amandine Esteban, Babila Tafon, Nathan D. Wolfe, Martine Peeters, Gerald H. Learn, Matthew LeBreton, Beatrice H. Hahn, Colin J. Sutherland, Amethyst Gillis, Anna Färnert, Cyrille F. Djoko, Sheri Speede, Lindsey J. Plenderleith, Richard Carter, Miguel Ángel Ramírez, Eric Delaporte, Liwang Cui, Katharina S. Shaw, Jordan A. Malenke, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Martin N. Muller, Philip J. Kranzusch, Terese B. Hart, Alex K. Piel, John Hart, Jean Bosco N. Ndjango, Fatima Mouacha, John Kiyang, Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole, David Morgan, Zenglei Wang, Peter D. Walsh, Mary Katherine Gonder, Julian C. Rayner, Weimin Liu, Christelle Butel, Paco Bertolani, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Ahidjo Ayouba, Yingying Li, Richard Culleton, Emilande Guichet, Patricia A. Crystal, Debbie Nolder, Alexander V. Georgiev, Michael L. Wilson, Andrew G. Smith, Fiona A. Stewart, Bradley S. Schneider, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]-University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques er émergentes (TransVIHMI), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Drexel University, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), UCL Qatar, University College London, University College London (UCL), University of Edinburgh, This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 AI091595, R37 AI050529, R01 AI58715, T32 AI007532, P30 AI045008), the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida (ANRS 12125/ 12182/12255), the Agence Nationale de Recherche (Programme Blanc, Sciences de la Vie, de la Sante ́ et des Ecosyste ́mes and ANR 11 BSV3 021 01, Projet PRIMAL), Harvard University, the Arthur L. Greene Fund, the Jane Goodall Institute, the Wellcome Trust (098051), the Leakey Foundation, Google.org and the Skoll Foundation. This study was also made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT., University of Pennsylvania-University of Pennsylvania, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and University College of London [London] (UCL)
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Asia ,030231 tropical medicine ,Plasmodium vivax ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Laverania ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,Monophyly ,0302 clinical medicine ,MALARIA ,Phylogenetics ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Parasite hosting ,[SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology ,[SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology ,Allele ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,QL ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,[SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Malaria ,3. Good health ,Fixation (population genetics) ,Africa - Abstract
International audience; Plasmodium vivax is the leading cause of human malaria in Asia and Latin America but is absent from most of central Africa due to the near fixation of a mutation that inhibits the expression of its receptor, the Duffy antigen, on human erythrocytes. The emergence of this protective allele is not understood because P. vivax is believed to have originated in Asia. Here we show, using a noninvasive approach, that wild chimpanzees and gorillas throughout central Africa are endemically infected with parasites that are closely related to human P. vivax. Sequence analyses reveal that ape parasites lack host specificity and are much more diverse than human parasites, which form a monophyletic lineage within the ape parasite radiation. These findings indicate that human P. vivax is of African origin and likely selected for the Duffy-negative mutation. All extant human P. vivax parasites are derived from a single ancestor that escaped out of Africa.
45. High aboveground carbon stock of African tropical montane forests
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Janvier Lisingo, Tibebu Y. Simegn, Miroslav Svoboda, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Dismas Hakizimana, Charles Kayijamahe, Emanuel H. Martin, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Jan Altman, Petri Pellikka, Hans Verbeeck, Rob Marchant, Andreas Hemp, Jefferson S. Hall, Jiri Dolezal, Janne Heiskanen, Valerio Avitabile, Pascal Boeckx, Olivier J. Hardy, Vincent Droissart, Roy E. Gereau, Mark Lung, Felix Nchu, Hermann Taedoumg, Philip J. Platts, Charlotte E. Wheeler, Jonathan Timberlake, Colin A. Chapman, Brigitte Nyirambangutse, Andrew J. Plumptre, Demisse Sheleme, Abreham Berta Aneseyee, Joseph Okello, Terese B. Hart, Peter M. Umunay, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lan Qie, Simon L. Lewis, Mathieu Decuyper, Senbeta Feyera, Teshome Soromessa, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Simon Willcock, Wannes Hubau, Aster Gebrekirstos, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Ben DeVries, Gerard Imani, Martin Herold, David Horák, Andrew R. Marshall, Serge K. Begne, Achim Bräuning, Kim Calders, C. Amani, A. C. Hamilton, Marie Noel Djuikouo Kamdem, Jean-Remy Makana, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Mwangi James Kinyanjui, Yadvinder Malhi, Tomáš Albrecht, Tom Muller, Hazel M. Chapman, Robert Bitariho, Julia A. Klein, Alain Senghor K. Ngute, Marijn Bauters, Eustrate Uzabaho, Göran Wallin, Christine B. Schmitt, Hari Adhikari, Iveren Abiem, Franklin Bulonvu, Ulrike Hiltner, Moses Nsanyi Sainge, James Taplin, Amy C. Bennett, John T. Woods, Sean C. Thomas, Jason Vleminckx, David Taylor, Oliver L. Phillips, Alexandra C. Morel, James A. Comiskey, Douglas Sheil, Thalès de Haulleville, Francesco Rovero, Darlington Tuagben, Neil D. Burgess, Jon C. Lovett, Terry Sunderland, Rodrigue Batumike, Martin Gilpin, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, Ondrej Sedlacek, Etienne Zibera, David Kenfack, Lindsay F. Banin, Hans Beeckman, University of York [York, UK], Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Leeds, Université officielle de Bukavu, Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), University of Jos [Nigeria], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Addis Ababa University (AAU), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Rwanda, European Project: 328075,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF,ASEC-DRYLAND-FORESTS(2014), University of Helsinki, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Earth Change Observation Laboratory (ECHOLAB), and Department of Geosciences and Geography
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,DIVERSITY ,Endangered species ,Datasets as Topic ,Geographic Mapping ,life_on_land ,[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing ,Biomass ,0303 health sciences ,Biomass (ecology) ,GLOBAL PATTERNS ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,Reforestation ,EASTERN ARC MOUNTAINS ,Carbon cycle ,[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics ,Biogeochemistry ,PE&RC ,Geography ,MAP ,C180 Ecology ,climate_action ,STORAGE ,Carbon Sequestration ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Rainforest ,Climate Change ,Climate change ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Ecology and Environment ,Earth and environmental sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Forest ecology ,Life Science ,Ecosystem services ,Bosecologie en Bosbeheer ,Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing ,Ecosystem ,1172 Environmental sciences ,030304 developmental biology ,Tropical Climate ,SINK ,Forestry ,15. Life on land ,Carbon ,Forest Ecology and Forest Management ,Attitude ,13. Climate action ,Africa ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Tropical rainforest - Abstract
Tropical forests store 40–50 per cent of terrestrial vegetation carbon 1. However, spatial variations in aboveground live tree biomass carbon (AGC) stocks remain poorly understood, in particular in tropical montane forests 2. Owing to climatic and soil changes with increasing elevation 3, AGC stocks are lower in tropical montane forests compared with lowland forests 2. Here we assemble and analyse a dataset of structurally intact old-growth forests (AfriMont) spanning 44 montane sites in 12 African countries. We find that montane sites in the AfriMont plot network have a mean AGC stock of 149.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare (95% confidence interval 137.1–164.2), which is comparable to lowland forests in the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network 4 and about 70 per cent and 32 per cent higher than averages from plot networks in montane 2,5,6 and lowland 7 forests in the Neotropics, respectively. Notably, our results are two-thirds higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for these forests in Africa 8. We find that the low stem density and high abundance of large trees of African lowland forests 4 is mirrored in the montane forests sampled. This carbon store is endangered: we estimate that 0.8 million hectares of old-growth African montane forest have been lost since 2000. We provide country-specific montane forest AGC stock estimates modelled from our plot network to help to guide forest conservation and reforestation interventions. Our findings highlight the need for conserving these biodiverse 9,10 and carbon-rich ecosystems.
46. Genetic structure of wild bonobo populations: diversity of mitochondrial DNA and geographical distribution.
- Author
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Yoshi Kawamoto, Hiroyuki Takemoto, Shoko Higuchi, Tetsuya Sakamaki, John A Hart, Terese B Hart, Nahoko Tokuyama, Gay E Reinartz, Patrick Guislain, Jef Dupain, Amy K Cobden, Mbangi N Mulavwa, Kumugo Yangozene, Serge Darroze, Céline Devos, and Takeshi Furuichi
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Bonobos (Pan paniscus) inhabit regions south of the Congo River including all areas between its southerly tributaries. To investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship among bonobo populations, we sequenced mitochondrial DNA from 376 fecal samples collected in seven study populations located within the eastern and western limits of the species' range. In 136 effective samples from different individuals (range: 7-37 per population), we distinguished 54 haplotypes in six clades (A1, A2, B1, B2, C, D), which included a newly identified clade (D). MtDNA haplotypes were regionally clustered; 83 percent of haplotypes were locality-specific. The distribution of haplotypes across populations and the genetic diversity within populations thus showed highly geographical patterns. Using population distance measures, seven populations were categorized in three clusters: the east, central, and west cohorts. Although further elucidation of historical changes in the geological setting is required, the geographical patterns of genetic diversity seem to be shaped by paleoenvironmental changes during the Pleistocene. The present day riverine barriers appeared to have a weak effect on gene flow among populations, except for the Lomami River, which separates the TL2 population from the others. The central cohort preserves a high genetic diversity, and two unique clades of haplotypes were found in the Wamba/Iyondji populations in the central cohort and in the TL2 population in the eastern cohort respectively. This knowledge may contribute to the planning of bonobo conservation.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Lesula: a new species of Cercopithecus monkey endemic to the Democratic Republic of Congo and implications for conservation of Congo's central basin.
- Author
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John A Hart, Kate M Detwiler, Christopher C Gilbert, Andrew S Burrell, James L Fuller, Maurice Emetshu, Terese B Hart, Ashley Vosper, Eric J Sargis, and Anthony J Tosi
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
In June 2007, a previously undescribed monkey known locally as "lesula" was found in the forests of the middle Lomami Basin in central Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We describe this new species as Cercopithecus lomamiensis sp. nov., and provide data on its distribution, morphology, genetics, ecology and behavior. C. lomamiensis is restricted to the lowland rain forests of central DRC between the middle Lomami and the upper Tshuapa Rivers. Morphological and molecular data confirm that C. lomamiensis is distinct from its nearest congener, C. hamlyni, from which it is separated geographically by both the Congo (Lualaba) and the Lomami Rivers. C. lomamiensis, like C. hamlyni, is semi-terrestrial with a diet containing terrestrial herbaceous vegetation. The discovery of C. lomamiensis highlights the biogeographic significance and importance for conservation of central Congo's interfluvial TL2 region, defined from the upper Tshuapa River through the Lomami Basin to the Congo (Lualaba) River. The TL2 region has been found to contain a high diversity of anthropoid primates including three forms, in addition to C. lomamiensis, that are endemic to the area. We recommend the common name, lesula, for this new species, as it is the vernacular name used over most of its known range.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Assessing evidence for a pervasive alteration in tropical tree communities.
- Author
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Jérôme Chave, Richard Condit, Helene C Muller-Landau, Sean C Thomas, Peter S Ashton, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Leonardo L Co, Handanakere S Dattaraja, Stuart J Davies, Shameema Esufali, Corneille E N Ewango, Kenneth J Feeley, Robin B Foster, Nimal Gunatilleke, Savitri Gunatilleke, Pamela Hall, Terese B Hart, Consuelo Hernández, Stephen P Hubbell, Akira Itoh, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, James V Lafrankie, Suzanne Loo de Lao, Jean-Rémy Makana, Md Nur Supardi Noor, Abdul Rahman Kassim, Cristián Samper, Raman Sukumar, Hebbalalu S Suresh, Sylvester Tan, Jill Thompson, Ma Dolores C Tongco, Renato Valencia, Martha Vallejo, Gorky Villa, Takuo Yamakura, Jess K Zimmerman, and Elizabeth C Losos
- Subjects
Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
In Amazonian tropical forests, recent studies have reported increases in aboveground biomass and in primary productivity, as well as shifts in plant species composition favouring fast-growing species over slow-growing ones. This pervasive alteration of mature tropical forests was attributed to global environmental change, such as an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, nutrient deposition, temperature, drought frequency, and/or irradiance. We used standardized, repeated measurements of over 2 million trees in ten large (16-52 ha each) forest plots on three continents to evaluate the generality of these findings across tropical forests. Aboveground biomass increased at seven of our ten plots, significantly so at four plots, and showed a large decrease at a single plot. Carbon accumulation pooled across sites was significant (+0.24 MgC ha(-1) y(-1), 95% confidence intervals [0.07, 0.39] MgC ha(-1) y(-1)), but lower than reported previously for Amazonia. At three sites for which we had data for multiple census intervals, we found no concerted increase in biomass gain, in conflict with the increased productivity hypothesis. Over all ten plots, the fastest-growing quartile of species gained biomass (+0.33 [0.09, 0.55] % y(-1)) compared with the tree community as a whole (+0.15 % y(-1)); however, this significant trend was due to a single plot. Biomass of slow-growing species increased significantly when calculated over all plots (+0.21 [0.02, 0.37] % y(-1)), and in half of our plots when calculated individually. Our results do not support the hypothesis that fast-growing species are consistently increasing in dominance in tropical tree communities. Instead, they suggest that our plots may be simultaneously recovering from past disturbances and affected by changes in resource availability. More long-term studies are necessary to clarify the contribution of global change to the functioning of tropical forests.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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