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Background Primary breast cancer in the pediatric population is rare. To our knowledge, no cases of intracystic papillary carcinoma have been reported in patients younger than 21 years. Case A 16-year-old patient presented with a retroareolar mass and bloody nipple discharge in her left breast. A biopsy established papillary intracystic carcinoma. The patient was treated surgically and a risk reduction strategy developed in a multidisciplinary session was implemented.

AimTo analyse the expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ), and its receptors ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2, in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women with different body mass indexes (BMIs).Subjects and methodsOne hundred and fifty postmenopausal Mexican-Mestizo women with breast cancer were included. BMI was determined in each case. To carry out qualitative and semiquantitative assessments of protein expression by immunohistochemistry, the H-Score method was used, through ImageJ's IHC Profiler software. Statistical power of the study was >80% with a pResultsFifty women had a normal BMI, 50 presented overweight and 50 had obesity. The expression of ADIPOQ in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal woman with normal BMI was higher in comparison to women with overweight or with obesity (p=0.002 and pConclusionsWe found that women with overweight or obesity had a lower expression of ADIPOQ and a higher ADIPOR1 expression in breast cancer tissue, when compared with women with a normal BMI.

RESUMEN La enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), que comenzó en Wuhan, China, en diciembre de 2019, ha provocado una pandemia que representa una amenaza mundial para la salud pública. El virus SARS-CoV-2 es una cepa de coronavirus altamente transmisible que se propaga principalmente a través de gotitas respiratorias. De acuerdo con las investigaciones científicas basadas en datos clínicos se ha propuesto que este patógeno desencadena una “tormenta de citocinas”, la cual conduce a manifestaciones clínicas deletéreas que afectan al endotelio vascular causando la denominada “enfermedad crítica” por COVID-19. En esta etapa de la enfermedad, los pacientes infectados presentan un estado agudo de alteraciones hemodinámicas que se asocian a una elevada mortalidad. Por lo tanto, es una necesidad urgente encontrar un tratamiento para evitar la progresión de la enfermedad. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo enfatizar la importancia que tiene la vitamina D en la regulación de los procesos inmunológicos que se desencadenan en la cavidad oral como la principal vía de entrada para la infección del virus SARS-CoV-2, así como su participación para disminuir el daño endotelial y la progresión a un estado de trombosis que interfiere con la vida del paciente. ABSTRACT Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) -which began in Wuhan, China, on December 2019-, has caused a pandemic that poses a global threat to public health. SARS-CoV-2 virus is a highly transmissible strain of coronavirus that spreads primarily through respiratory droplets. According to scientific research based on clinical data, it has been proposed that this pathogen triggers a “cytokine storm”, which leads to deleterious clinical manifestations that affect the vascular endothelium causing the so-called “critical illness” by COVID-19. In this stage of the disease, infected patients present an acute state of hemodynamic alterations that are associated with high mortality. Therefore, it is an urgent need to find a treatment to prevent progression of this disease. This review aims to emphasize the importance of vitamin D in regulation of immunological processes that are triggered in oral cavity as the main route of entry for SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as its participation in reducing endothelial damage and the progression to a state of thrombosis that interferes with the life of the patient.

RESUMEN La enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), que comenz�� en Wuhan, China, en diciembre de 2019, ha provocado una pandemia que representa una amenaza mundial para la salud p��blica. El virus SARS-CoV-2 es una cepa de coronavirus altamente transmisible que se propaga principalmente a trav��s de gotitas respiratorias. De acuerdo con las investigaciones cient��ficas basadas en datos cl��nicos se ha propuesto que este pat��geno desencadena una ���tormenta de citocinas���, la cual conduce a manifestaciones cl��nicas delet��reas que afectan al endotelio vascular causando la denominada ���enfermedad cr��tica��� por COVID-19. En esta etapa de la enfermedad, los pacientes infectados presentan un estado agudo de alteraciones hemodin��micas que se asocian a una elevada mortalidad. Por lo tanto, es una necesidad urgente encontrar un tratamiento para evitar la progresi��n de la enfermedad. Esta revisi��n tiene como objetivo enfatizar la importancia que tiene la vitamina D en la regulaci��n de los procesos inmunol��gicos que se desencadenan en la cavidad oral como la principal v��a de entrada para la infecci��n del virus SARS-CoV-2, as�� como su participaci��n para disminuir el da��o endotelial y la progresi��n a un estado de trombosis que interfiere con la vida del paciente. ABSTRACT Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) -which began in Wuhan, China, on December 2019-, has caused a pandemic that poses a global threat to public health. SARS-CoV-2 virus is a highly transmissible strain of coronavirus that spreads primarily through respiratory droplets. According to scientific research based on clinical data, it has been proposed that this pathogen triggers a ���cytokine storm���, which leads to deleterious clinical manifestations that affect the vascular endothelium causing the so-called ���critical illness��� by COVID-19. In this stage of the disease, infected patients present an acute state of hemodynamic alterations that are associated with high mortality. Therefore, it is an urgent need to find a treatment to prevent progression of this disease. This review aims to emphasize the importance of vitamin D in regulation of immunological processes that are triggered in oral cavity as the main route of entry for SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as its participation in reducing endothelial damage and the progression to a state of thrombosis that interferes with the life of the patient., {"references":["Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 277: 2251-2261. DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1","Eghbali ZR, Hosseinzadeh P. 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BACKGROUND: Advances in chemotherapy and target therapy have made treatment of breast cancer (BC) more effective; however, survivors of BC suffer an increased burden of cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors in a Mexican patients (pt) METHODS:Observational study of a cohort of pt with locally BC and Her2 (+++) treated with trastuzumab (TZ). According to clinical stage, they underwent to surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, scheme was at the decision of the physician. The main schemes: AC-T, EC-T, FAC-T, FEC-T, Paclitaxel, intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous TZ. The doses were according to NCCN guidelines and the route of administration of TZ was decision of the oncologist. Ventriculography was performed basally, at 4,8,12 cycles and at the end of treatment. If the pt presented a decrease in the ejection fraction>10% with/without symptoms, they received cardioprotection (metoprolol+atorvastatin). It was the oncologist decision to suspend chemotherapy as well as TZ. RESULTS: 97 pt were included from Jan 2017 to Jan 2018, 35% presented cardiotoxicity. The only variables that presented a statistically significant for cardiotoxicity risk were normal weight, neoadjuvant treatment and IV TZ (table 1,2). Only 32.4% of the pt tolerated full doses of cardioprotective drugs. 13% of the pt with cardiotoxicity presented symptoms and 52.9% of the pt did not complete trastuzumab for 1year Table 1.Demographic characteristics of the patients (n=97) TotalWith Cardiotoxicity (n=34)Without Cardiotoxicity (n=63)pAge, years. Mean (SD)50.36 (12.91)51.09 (12.46)49.97 (13.22)0.686*Body mass index, kg/m2. Median (range)37.98 (21.23 -63.0728.15 (21.23 - 43.84)41.58 (31.67 - 63.07)0.0001¥Hypertension, presence. n (%)18 (18.6)8 (23.5)10 (15.9)0.416Diabetes, presence. n (%)16 (16.5)8 (23.5)8 (12.7)0.251Smoking, presence. n (%)14 (14.4)2 (5.9)12 (19.0)0.128Weight. n (%) Normal3 (3.1)3 (8.8)0 (0)0.0001Overweight22 (22.7)22 (64.7)0 (0) Obestity72 (74.2)9 (26.5)63 (100) Abreviation.AJCC. American Joint Committee on Cancer 2010. / *T-student, ¥U Mann-Whitney. The rest were analized with X2 Table 2.Treatment characteristics (n=97)Systemic treatment. n (%)TotalWith Cardiotoxicity (n=34)Without Cardiotoxicity (n=63)pNeoadjunvant35 (36.1)30 (88.2)5 (7.9) DISCUSSION: This study shows that normal weight and IV TZ is significantly associated with the risk of cardiotoxicity. The observation of our pt will continue to observe this phenomenon in detail. Citation Format: Herrera-Martínez M, Miranda-Aguirre PA, Cota-Apodaca LA, Martínez-Bustos V, Carbajal-Saldaña B, Deneken-Hernandez ZC, Díaz-Romero C, Namba-Bando MdMY, Dominguez-Reyes CA, Tenorio-Torres JA, Villegas-Carlos F, Crocco-Quiros B. Risk factors for trastuzumab cardiotoxicity in a cohort of Mexican population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-12-16.

Background Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath has been proposed as a screening method that discriminates between disease and healthy subjects, few studies evaluate whether these chemical fingerprints are specific when compared between diseases. We evaluated global VOCs and their discrimination capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, breast cancer and healthy subjects by chemoresistive sensors and chemometric analysis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 30 patients with lung cancer, 50 with breast cancer, 50 with COPD and 50 control subjects. Each participant's exhaled breath was analyzed with the electronic nose. A multivariate analysis was carried: principal component analysis (PCA) and, canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP). Twenty single-blind samples from the 4 study groups were evaluated by CAP. Results A separation between the groups of patients to the controls was achieved through PCA with explanations of >90% of the data and with a correct classification of 100%. In the CAP of the 4 study groups, discrimination between the diseases was obtained with 2 canonical axes with a correct general classification of 91.35%. This model was used for the prediction of the single-blind samples resulting in correct classification of 100%. Conclusions The application of chemoresistive gas sensors and chemometric analysis can be used as a useful tool for a screening test for lung cancer, breast cancer and COPD since this equipment detects the set of VOCs present in the exhaled breath to generate a characteristic chemical fingerprint of each disease.

AimTo analyse the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5)/irisin expression in tumour tissue of postmenopausal women presenting breast cancer and different body mass indexes (BMIs), proposing that obesity deregulates the expression of FNDC5/irisin at the breast tumour level. In addition, we investigated if different breast cancer cell lines are capable to synthesise this protein.MethodsA total of 150 postmenopausal women (50 with a normal BMI, 50 presenting overweight and 50 having obesity) diagnosed with operable breast cancer were included. FNDC5/irisin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry or by immunocytochemistry. Qualitative analysis of protein expression was performed by the H-Score method, through ImageJ’s IHC Profiler software. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATA V.14.0 (Texas, USA); p value80% with a pResultsFNDC5/irisin expression in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women with obesity was significantly increased when compared with FNDC5/irisin expression in women with a normal BMI (p=0.001). Furthermore, three breast cancer cell lines studied were capable to synthesise and express FNDC5/irisin, being the BT-474 cell line the one that exhibited the highest intensity of expression.ConclusionsOur results confirm that women with breast cancer and obesity exhibit an increased irisin expression in their tumorous tissue compared with women with breast cancer and normal BMI. Likewise, in vitro breast cancer cell lines have the capacity to synthesise and express FNDC5/irisin, without any extracellular stimuli, however the microenvironment surrounding these cells in vivo participates in its regulation.

It has been suggested that obesity increases the incidence of metastatic breast tumors, resulting in higher rates of recurrence, and increased mortality; for that reason, the aim of this study was to investigate if different body mass indexes modified the clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancer; as well as, the recurrence-free survival in postmenopausal Mexican-Mestizo women. Two hundred twenty postmenopausal women with operable breast cancer were included. A structured questionnaire was applied to explore the existence of potential risk factors. Body mass index (BMI) was determined in each case and patients were grouped in accordance to their BMI in: normal weight, overweight, or obesity. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank statistic were used to estimate recurrence-free-survival differences. Hormonal receptor(+)/HER2(-) was the most frequent breast cancer in all groups. Overweight women presented a statistically significant increased risk of this molecular subtype, with an odds ratio (OR) = 5.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.54-24.86

The objective of the present study was to identify volatile prints from exhaled breath, termed breath-print, from breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy women by means of an electronic nose and to evaluate its potential use as a screening method. A cross-sectional study was performed on 443 exhaled breath samples from women, of whom 262 had been diagnosed with BC by biopsy and 181 were healthy women (control group). Breath-print analysis was performed utilizing the Cyranose 320 electronic nose. Group data were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), and support vector machine (SVM), and the test’s diagnostic power was evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The results obtained using the model generated from the CDA, which best describes the behavior of the assessed groups, indicated that the breath-print of BC patients was different from that of healthy women and that they presented with a variability of up to 98.8% and a correct classification of 98%. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value reached 100% according to the ROC curve. The present study demonstrates the capability of the electronic nose to separate between healthy subjects and BC patients. This research could have a beneficial impact on clinical practice as we consider that this test could probably be used at the first point before the application of established gold tests (mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy) and substantially improve screening tests in the general population.

Introducción: La monitorización continua de glucosa es un método novedoso en el que la medición de glucosa se realiza en el espacio intersticial (líquido que existe alrededor de los tejidos). Existen MCG retrospectivos, a tiempo real y monitorización flash en la que se centra este trabajo. El manejo de la monitorización flash es sencillo, pero hay que saber los pasos a seguir para que tengan una correcta eficacia. También se necesita una buena enseñanza para que los pacientes de 15 a 18 años entiendan su funcionamiento. Objetivo: Diseñar un programa de educación para la salud dirigido a pacientes adolescentes diabéticos, para dar información y orientar sobre el manejo de monitorización flash de glucosa.Metodología: La realización del programa de educación sanitaria se ha llevado a cabo a través de una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos como Pubmed, Scielo, Dialnet y Science direct. También se han utilizado páginas web oficiales y revistas sobre la diabetes. Desarrollo: Se ha elaborado un programa de educación sanitaria para enseñar a los adolescentes sobre el manejo de la monitorización flash de glucosa y la colocación del biosensor, para darles independencia sobre el control de la enfermedad. Se realizarán sesiones teórico/prácticas durante 6 semanas y se tratarán temas sobre los tipos de monitorización continua que existen, optimización del uso, medidas higiénicas y ejercicio físico. Conclusiones: La diabetes mellitus es un gran problema sanitario debido a la dedicación que requiere. Para optimizar el tiempo que se le dedica y el uso hay nuevos avances tecnológicos y el propósito de dicho programa de salud se centra en la enseñanza por parte de la enfermera a los adolescentes sobre la monitorización flash de glucosa ya que tienen dificultades para su utilización. Palabras clave: monitorización flash de glucosa, monitorización continua de glucosa, enfermería, diabetes mellitus, adolescente, atención primaria.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous pathology, but the genomic basis of its variability remains poorly understood in populations other than Caucasians. Here, through DNA and RNA portraits we explored the molecular features of breast cancers in a set of Hispanic-Mexican (HM) women and compared them to public multi-ancestry datasets. HM patients present an earlier onset of the disease, particularly in aggressive clinical subtypes, compared to non-Hispanic women. The age-related COSMIC signature 1 was more frequent in HM women than in those from other ancestries. We found the AKT1E17K hotspot mutation in 8% of the HM women and identify the AKT1/PIK3CA axis as a potentially druggable target. Also, HM luminal breast tumors present an enhanced immunogenic phenotype compared to Asiatic and Caucasian tumors. This study is an initial effort to include patients from Hispanic populations in the research of breast cancer etiology and biology to further understand breast cancer disparities., Cancers in different populations have been shown to be genetically distinct. Here, the authors sequence breast cancers from Mexican-Hispanic patients and find that these patients have a higher percentage of Akt1 mutations compared to Caucasian and Asian populations, suggesting these are clinically actionable.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm in women worldwide with a well-recognized heterogeneous pathology, classified into four molecular subtypes: Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and Basal-like, each one with different biological and clinical characteristics. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent 33% of the human transcriptome and play critical roles in breast carcinogenesis, but most of their functions are still unknown. Therefore, cancer research could benefit from continued exploration into the biology of lncRNAs in this neoplasm. We characterized lncRNA expression portraits in 74 breast tumors belonging to the four molecular subtypes using transcriptome microarrays. To infer the biological role of the deregulated lncRNAs in the molecular subtypes, we performed co-expression analysis of lncRNA–mRNA and gene ontology analysis. We identified 307 deregulated lncRNAs in tumor compared to normal tissue and 354 deregulated lncRNAs among the different molecular subtypes. Through co-expression analysis between lncRNAs and protein-coding genes, along with gene enrichment analysis, we inferred the potential function of the most deregulated lncRNAs in each molecular subtype, and independently validated our results taking advantage of TCGA data. Overexpression of the AC009283.1 was observed in the HER2-enriched subtype and it is localized in an amplification zone at chromosome 17q12, suggesting it to be a potential tumorigenic lncRNA. The functional role of lncRNA AC009283.1 was examined through loss of function assays in vitro and determining its impact on global gene expression. These studies revealed that AC009283.1 regulates genes involved in proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in a HER2 cellular model. We further confirmed these findings through ssGSEA and CEMITool analysis in an independent HER2-amplified breast cancer cohort. Our findings suggest a wide range of biological functions for lncRNAs in each breast cancer molecular subtype and provide a basis for their biological and functional study, as was conducted for AC009283.1, showing it to be a potential regulator of proliferation and apoptosis in the HER2-enriched subtype.