Search

Mushroom polysaccharides are important bioactive compounds derived from mushrooms with various beneficial properties. In this study, the chemical characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharide extracts from four different edible mushrooms, Clavariadelphus truncatus Donk, Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél., Hygrophorus pudorinus (Fr.) Fr., and Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer were studied. Glucose (13.24-56.02%), galactose (14.18-64.05%), mannose (2.18-18.13%), fucose (1.21-5.78%), and arabinose (0.04-5.43%) were identified in all polysaccharide extracts by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) confirmed the presence of characteristic carbohydrate patterns. 1 H NMR suggested that all polysaccharide extracts had α- and β-d-mannopyranose, d-glucopyranose, d-galactopyranose, α-l-arabinofuranose, and α-l-fucopyranose residues. Approximate molecular weights of polysaccharide extracts were determined by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The best antioxidant activity was found in M. procera polysaccharide extract in DPPH • (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging (39.03% at 800 μg/mL), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) (A 0.50 : 387.50 μg/mL), and PRAP (phosphomolybdenum reducing antioxidant power) (A 0.50 : 384.08 μg/mL) assays. C. truncatus polysaccharide extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS •+ scavenging (IC 50 : 734.09 μg/mL), β-carotene-linoleic acid (IC 50 : 472.16 μg/mL), and iron chelating (IC 50 : 180.35 μg/mL) assays. Significant anticancer activity was found in C. truncatus polysaccharide extract on HT-29 (IC 50 : 46.49 μg/mL) and HepG2 (IC 50 : 48.50 μg/mL) cell lines and H. pudorinus polysaccharide extract on the HeLa cell line (IC 50 : 51.64 μg/mL). Also, H. pudorinus polysaccharide extract possessed prominent AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibition activity (49.14% at 200 μg/mL)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The objectives of the present study are to compare the phenolic profiles and biological activities of 15 citrus honey samples from three different locations in Turkey using a chemometric approach. The HPLC-DAD analysis was used to determine phenolic profiles. Nineteen phenolic compounds were identified. Gallic acid (107.14-717.04 μg/g) was recorded as the predominant compound. AF (Antalya-Finike) had the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS⋅ + (IC 50 : 18.01±0.69 mg/mL), metal chelating (IC 50 : 6.20±0.19 mg/mL) and CUPRAC (A 0.50 : 12.05±0.68 mg/mL) assays, while it revealed the best anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 (17.28±0.22 %) and COX-1 (43.28±0.91 %). AM (Antalya-Manavgat) was the most active in β-carotene-linoleic acid (IC 50 : 10.05±0.19 mg/mL), anti-urease (38.90±0.69 %), anti-quorum sensing and antimicrobial activities. AKO1 (Adana-Kozan-1) in DPPH⋅ (IC 50 : 34.25±0.81 mg/mL) assay, AKU1 (Antalya-Kumluca-1) in tyrosinase inhibition activity (37.73±0.38 %) assay, AKU2 (Antalya-Kumluca-2) in AChE (10.55±0.63 %) and BChE (9.18±0.45 %) inhibition activity assays showed the best activity. Chemometric tools were applied to the phenolic compositions and biological properties. PCA and HCA ensured that 15 citrus honey samples were grouped into 3 clusters. The results showed that myricetin, kaempferol, vanillin, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, vanillic acid, gallic acid, catechin and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid are phenolic compounds that can be used in the classification of citrus honeys., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the phenolic composition and biological properties of chestnut honeys of 41 stations in Turkey's the Black Sea and Marmara regions. A total of sixteen phenolic compounds and organic acids were detected using HPLC-DAD and levulinic, gallic, protocatechuic, vanilic, trans-cinnamic acids and (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol were identified in all studied chestnut honeys. Antioxidant activities were measured by ABTS •+ , β-carotene-linoleic acid, CUPRAC, DPPH • , and metal chelating assays. Antimicrobial activities were carried out against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and Candida species using well diffusion test. Anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated against COX-1 and COX-2 whereas enzyme inhibitory activities were assessed on AChE, BChE, urease, and tyrosinase. The chemometric classification of chestnut honeys were carried out using PCA and HCA and it was seen that some phenolic compounds contributed significantly to the classification of chestnut honeys from various geographical origin., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sunflower honey (SH) is bright yellow, fragrant, pollen-flavoured, slightly herbaceous and has a unique taste. The present research aims to examine the enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing activities and phenolic compositions of 30 sunflower honeys (SHs) produced from several regions of Turkey with chemometric study. SAH from Samsun exhibited the best antioxidant activity in β-carotene linoleic acid (IC 50 : 7.33±0.17 mg/mL) and CUPRAC (A 0.50 : 4.94±0.13 mg/mL) assays, anti-urease activity (60.63±0.87 %) and anti-inflammatory activity against COX-1 (73.94±1.08 %) and COX-2 (44.96±0.85 %). SHs exhibited mild antimicrobial activity against the test microorganisms while they showed high quorum sensing inhibition zones measured in the range of 42-52 mm against the CV026 strain. The phenolic composition was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) system and levulinic, gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids were identified in all studied SHs. The classification of SHs was performed the using PCA and HCA. This study revealed that phenolic compounds and biological properties are effective in classification of SHs according to their geographical origin. The results suggest that studied SHs could be valued as potential agents with versatile bioactivities in oxidative stress-related disease, microbial infections, inflammation, melanoma, and peptic ulcer., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The present study aimed to examine the biological activity and cardioprotective potential of Trametes versicolor heteropolysaccharides (TVH) in a rat model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study included 40 Wistar rats divided into 5 groups: CTRL-healthy non-treated rats; MetS-non-treated rats; and H-TV, M-TV and L-TV-rats with MetS treated with either 300, 200 or 100 mg/kg TVH per os for 4 weeks. After finishing the treatment, we conducted an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), hemodynamic measurements and the animals were sacrificed, hearts isolated and subjected to the Langendorff technique. Blood samples were used for the determination of oxidative stress parameters, lipid status and insulin levels. We showed that α-amylase inhibition was not the mode of TVH antidiabetic action, while TVH showed a moderate inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms' growth (MIC 8.00 mg·mL -1 ; MBC/MFC 16.00 mg·mL -1 ). H-TV and M-TV significantly reduced the level of prooxidants (O 2 - , H 2 O 2 , TBARS; p < 0.05), increased antioxidants activity (SOD, CAT, GSH; p < 0.05), reduced blood pressure ( p < 0.05), improved glucose homeostasis in the OGTT test ( p < 0.05), and ejection fraction ( p < 0.05) and cardiac contractility ( p < 0.05) compared to MetS ( p < 0.05). Moreover, TVH treatment normalized the lipid status and decreased insulin levels compared to MetS rats ( p < 0.05). The obtained results demonstrated that the TVH may be considered a useful agent for cardioprotection in MetS conditions.

Mushrooms stand out as one of nature's best gifts among the natural product sources with their diversity, therapeutic values and increasing popularity. In this study, antioxidant (ABTS·+ scavenging, β-carotene-bleaching, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), DPPH· scavenging, and metal chelating assays), and enzyme (buty-rylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibition activities of the extracts obtained from Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers., Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill, Inocutis rheades (Pers.) Fiasson & Niemela and Leptoporus mollis (Pers.) Quél. mushroom species were investigated. The presence of phenolic and organic acid compounds associated with the bioactive properties of the mushroom species was determined by HPLC-DAD. Fumaric acid was found to be prominent compound in C. comatus (43.90 µg/g dw) and C. unicolor (659.9 µg/g dw), vanillin in L. mollis (19.48 µg/g dw), and p-coumaric acid in I. rheades (21.32 µg/g dw). L. mollis methanol extract, as well as higher antioxidant activity than the standards in CUPRAC and β-carotene-bleaching assays, was noted as superior antioxidant active in all assays (except metal chelating). C. comatus possessed the highest inhibition activity on α-amylase (IC50: 0.23 mg/mL for methanol extract), AChE (IC50: 125.50 µg/mL for hexane extract), and BChE (IC50: 61.03 µg/mL for methanol extract). Also, C. comatus methanol (IC50: 0.09 mg/mL) and L. mollis hexane (IC50 : 0.11 mg/ mL) extracts were better α-glucosidase inhibition active than the acarbose (IC50: 0.37 mg/mL). Our study ascertained that the studied mushroom species are particularly sources of biochemically active compounds with therapeutic potential.

Isolation and bioactive effects of the roots of Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. were firstly investigated herein. Enzyme (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, urease, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase) inhibitory effects of C. bulbosum root extracts were tested. Three known compounds, n -heptadecanyl eicosanoate ( 1 ), stigmasterol ( 2 ), and β -sitosterol-3- O - β -d-glucopyranoside ( 3 ) were isolated from C. bulbosum . Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects of isolated compounds were investigated. The hexane extract (IC 50 : 349.58 ± 0.06 μg/mL) displayed a higher α-glucosidase inhibitory effect than the standard (IC 50 : 378.66 ± 0.14 μg/mL). The best inhibitory effect was found in compound 2 on AChE (46.40 ± 0.31%), BChE (56.41 ± 0.54%), and urease (92.47 ± 0.11%); compound 1 on α-amylase (22.27 ± 0.61%); and compound 3 on α-glucosidase (12.43 ± 0.25%) and tyrosinase (19.00 ± 0.16%). All isolated compounds showed moderate antioxidant effects in all assays. This study contributes to the therapeutic uses of Chaerophyllum roots and emphasizes the value of C. bulbosum species for the development of novel therapeutic agents., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

In this study, Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers., Hydnum repandum L., Inonotus radiatus (Sowerby) P. Karst., Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer , and Schizophyllum commune Fr . hexane and methanol extracts were subjected to the spectrophotometric assays for antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, which are linked with human diseases that are very prevalent in recent years. Additionally, phenolic compounds of the mushrooms were quantified by HPLC-DAD. The best antioxidant activity was found in H. repandum methanol extract (IC 50 : 12.04 ± 0.24 µg/mL) in the β-carotene-linoleic assay; I. radiatus methanol extract in DPPH • (81.22 ± 0.50%), ABTS •+ (IC 50 : 73.47 ± 0.18 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A 0.50 : 88.21 ± 0.02 µg/mL) assays; S. commune hexane extract (53.36 ± 0.89%) in the metal chelating assay. O. olearius hexane extract was found as the best inhibitor against AChE (71.58 ± 0.28%) and BChE (67.30 ± 0.15%). When I. radiatus methanol (95.88 ± 0.74%) and H. repandum hexane (95.75 ± 0.16%) extracts showed close α-amylase inhibitory activity to acarbose (96.68 ± 0.08%), D. quercina methanol extract (70.79 ± 0.34%) had higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than acarbose (67.01 ± 2.28%). Among 16 phenolic compounds analyzed, gallic acid (0.02 ± 0.01-0.23 ± 0.01 µg/g) was detected in all studied mushrooms. This study provides that investigated mushrooms can be used for further research, which can lead to the development of new natural remedies to alleviate complications related to oxidative stress, diabetes, and neurological diseases., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestsNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2021.)

Mushroom polysaccharides are active medicinal compounds that possess immune-modulatory and anticancer properties. Currently, the mushroom polysaccharides krestin, lentinan, and polysaccharopeptides are used as anticancer drugs. They are an unexplored source of natural products with huge potential in both the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. The northern parts of Pakistan have a rich biodiversity of mushrooms that grow during different seasons of the year. Here we selected an edible Morchella esculenta (true morels) of the Ascomycota group for polysaccharide isolation and characterization. Polysaccharopeptides and polysaccharides from this mushroom were isolated using the green chemistry, hot water treatment method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the sugar nature and possible beta-glucan type structure of these polysaccharides. Antioxidant assays showed that the deproteinized polysaccharides have moderate free radical scavenging activity. These isolated polysaccharides exhibited good acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities. Therefore, these polysaccharides may be valuable for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Further bioassays are needed to discover the true potential of M. esculenta polysaccharides for medicinal purposes.

Polysaccharides are essential compounds that contribute to the biological activities of mushrooms. Two new galactomannans (Galactomannan I and II) were isolated from R. luteolus and G. adspersum. Their structures were characterized using FT-IR, 1D, and 2D-NMR techniques. Both isolated galactomannans I and II mainly include D-mannose and D-galactose in the molar percentages of 0.81:1.0 and 1:1.4, respectively. The GPC calculation demonstrated that the molecular weights are about 5240 and 5090 Da, respectively. Their structures comprise of β-(1,4)-mannose (Man) backbone units with α-(1,6)-galactose (Gal) single unit as a side group. The anticholinesterase activity of galactomannans was tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was also measured by six assays (ABTS •+ , DPPH • , O 2 •- , β-carotene-linoleic acid, metal chelating, and CUPRAC assays). Galactomannan II indicated close inhibitory activity to galantamine against AChE (61.04 ± 0.45%) and BChE (59.70 ± 1.15%) at 50 μg/mL concentration. Nevertheless, both galactomannans showed low antioxidant activity in all tests. This study reveals that mainly, Galactomannan II could be used as a new natural promising anticholinesterase agent., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chromatographic purification of Fuscoporia torulosa extracts resulted in the isolation and characterization of a new steroid, 5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-il-palmitate (1) and 10 known compounds (2-11). The structures of compounds were elucidated by IR, NMR, MS analyses, and comparison with literature data. Cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 (breast cancer), PC-3 (prostate cancer), and 3T3 (nontumor) of the extracts and cytotoxic, antioxidant, cholinesterase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated. The methanol extract and Compound 8 showed the best cytotoxicity against MCF-7, whereas the hexane extract and Compound 4 displayed the highest cytotoxicity against PC-3. Compounds 10 and 11 displayed higher antioxidant activity than α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) which are used as standards in ABTS •+ , DPPH • , and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Also, cholinesterase inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butrylcholinesterase (BChE), Compounds 4 and 8 were determined as the most active compounds. Among all isolated compounds, Compound 11 exhibited the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Mushrooms have various important medicinal properties. A detailed study was made to identify the bioactive constituents of Fuscoporia torulosa mushroom and a new (1) and 10 known compounds (2-11) were isolated. Compounds 10 and 11 showed higher antioxidant activity than standards. The methanol extract and Compound 8 exhibited high cytotoxic activity against MCF-7. Compound 8 indicated potent BChE inhibitory activity. This study suggests that natural compounds isolated from F. torulosa mushroom could be used as promising anticancer, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase agents., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

In this study, urease, tyrosinase, cholinesterase inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of various extracts of Sideritis albiflora and Sideritis leptoclada were determined together with the phytochemical contents. In addition, the fatty acid compositions and phenolic compounds were investigated by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in both Sideritis species were identified as the most abundant phenolic compounds whereas palmitic acid was found as a major fatty acid. The acetone extract of S. leptoclada indicated the highest antioxidant activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid (IC 50 : 17.23 ± 0.11 µg/ml), DPPH • (IC 50 : 28.14 ± 0.05 µg/ml) and ABTS •+ (IC 50 : 15.18 ± 0.02 µg/ml) assays. The acetone extract of S. albiflora (A 0.50 : 32.71 ± 0.44 µg/ml) was found as the best reductant in cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay. Against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), only the hexane extracts of Sideritis species showed moderate inhibitory activity. Moreover, all extracts of S. albiflora and the hexane extract of S. leptoclada exhibited significantly higher urease inhibitory activity than that of thiourea. Further, in vivo activity studies on extracts and isolated constituents obtained from these species are needed to understand the activity in biological systems. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Multiple pharmacological studies have proven that Sideritis species is precious with significant bioactive properties. This is the first comprehensive research to determine the enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of various extracts of S. albiflora and S. leptoclada with phytochemical contents. Both Sideritis species were found to be rich in rosmarinic and caffeic acids. The acetone extracts showed the highest activity in terms of antioxidant activity, while the hexane extracts exhibited superior urease inhibitory activity. These results show that Sideritis species could be used as urease inhibitors' agents and source of antioxidants in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Chemical composition and structural characterization of polysaccharides of Fomes fomentarius (FF), Fuscoporia torulosa, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma applanatum (GAP), Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus igniarius, Pleurotus ostreatus (PO), and Porodaedalea pini (PP) tree mushrooms with antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities were determined in this research. Total carbohydrate contents of the polysaccharides were ranged between 65.06 ± 6.76 and 88.27 ± 5.15 µg/mg and total protein contents were ranged between 3.18 ± 0.72 and 6.56 ± 1.25 µg/mg. Galactose, glucose, and mannose were identified as major monosaccharides in all polysaccharides using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FT-IR analysis showed the characteristic peaks of the polysaccharides and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection was used to determine the molecular weight of the polysaccharides. In β-carotene-linoleic acid assay FF (IC 50 : 2.55 ± 0.40 µg/ml) displayed the highest antioxidant activity, whereas GAP indicated the highest antioxidant activity in cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (A 0.50 :59.90 ± 0.53 μg/ml), ABTS •+ (IC 50 : 16.62 ± 0.31 μg/ml), and DPPH • (IC 50 : 45.58 ± 0.21 μg/ml) assays. In cholinesterase inhibitory activity test, PO (56.31±0.0.74%) showed significant inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polysaccharides from mushrooms are the major class of bioactive compounds with various biological activities. Several studies were performed on the biological activity of the polysaccharide extracts from different mushrooms. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical composition, structural characterization, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities of extracted polysaccharides from studied mushrooms in detail. This investigation shows that polysaccharide extracts obtained from tree mushrooms show a significant bioactivity and these polysaccharides might be used as bioactive natural sources in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

This study's aim was to determine the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Gloeophyllum odoratum, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, and Gloeophyllum trabeum species with phenolic profiles. The major compound in G. odoratum (101.6 µg/g) and G. sepiarium (92.61 µg/g) mushrooms was fumaric acid, while ferulic acid was found as the main compound in G. trabeum (11.67 μg/g). The methanol extracts of Gloeophyllum species exhibited the highest activity in CUPRAC, DPPH • , β-carotene-linoleic acid, and ABTS •+ assays while the n-hexane extracts showed the highest activity in the metal chelating assay. Also, the methanol extract of G. odoratum (IC 50 : 32.16 ± 0.28 µg/mL) was found to be highly active than its antioxidant standard α-tocopherol (IC 50 : 38.51 ± 0.54 µg/mL) in the ABTS •+ radical scavenging assay. All the studied Gloeophyllum species extracts were found to be moderate inhibitors against AChE, whereas G. sepiarium n-hexane extract (69.70 ± 1.92%) and G. odoratum n-hexane extract (58.08 ± 1.36%) exhibited potent BChE inhibitory activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of these studies demonstrated that the methanol and the n-hexane extracts had a potential application as alternative natural products for pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. In addition, the chemometric analysis by principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis techniques could be used for the classification of the extracts of Gloeophyllum according to their bioactivity results. This is the first comprehensive study on phenolic profiles and bioactivities of G. odoratum, G. sepiarium, and G. trabeum mushroom species., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Sideritis species have been known as medicinal plants since ancient times, and used as tea in Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Spain. They are also used for the treatment of several ailments such as a cough, common cold, and gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of the present study was to perform the chemical composition, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase activities of the essential oils of Sideritis albiflora and S. leptoclada . β -caryophyllene (21.2%) and Germacrene D (17.9%) were identified as the major compounds in S. albiflora and S. leptoclada essential oils, respectively. The essential oil of S. albiflora showed the highest lipid peroxidation inhibitory (IC 50 : 73.8 ± 0.8 µg/mL), DPPH free radical scavenging (28.3±0.1%), ABTS cation radical scavenging (IC 50 : 50.6 ± 1.0 µg/mL), reducing power (A 0.05 : 181.7 ± 0.6 µg/mL), acetylcholinesterase (22.1 ± 0.4%), butyrylcholinesterase (IC 50 : 157.2 ± 0.9 µg/mL) and tyrosinase (15.2 ± 0.4%) inhibitory activities. Moreover, S. albiflora essential oil had rich total phenolic and flavonoid contents indicating 41.5 ± 0.8 µg PEs/mg and 21.4 ± 1.0 µg QEs/mg respectively. This study suggests that consumption of Sideritis species as tea may protect one against melanogenesis, amnesia, and oxidative stress without any observable side effect.

Recently, mushroom species have been the focus of researchers' interest because of several bioactivities. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical profile and biological activities of various extracts of two Stereum species (S. rugosum and S. sanguinolentum). Antioxidant activity was tested using β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH scavenging, ABTS·+ scavenging, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and metal chelating assays. The extracts were also tested for their enzyme inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). HPLC-DAD was applied for the analysis of phenolic compounds, and fatty acid compositions were determined using GC and GC-MS. When fumaric acid and catechin hydrate were found as the most abundant phenolic compounds in both Stereum species, oleic acid and palmitic acid were identified as major fatty acids. Both of the studied Stereum methanol extracts were determined as the most active in β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPR, ABTS·+, and CUPRAC assays; the n-hexane extracts were found to be most active in metal chelating and AChE inhibitory activity assays. In addition, the methanol extract of S. sanguinolentum (IC50: 34.26 ± 0.31 μg/mL) showed higher ABTS·+ scavenging activity than α-tocopherol (IC50: 38.51 ± 0.54 μg/mL). The acetone extracts were found as potent inhibitors against BChE. These results suggest that Stereum species could be an antioxidant source and cholinesterase agent in pharmaceutic, food, and cosmetics industries.

Phytochemical investigation of the Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. led to the isolation of one new fatty acid ester, 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylheptacosyl acetate (1) together with two known compounds tetracosanoic acid (2) and ergosterol (3). 1D and 2D NMR, and MS techniques were used for structural elucidation. Phenolic and fatty acid compositions were identified using HPLC-DAD and GC-MSD, respectively. Fumaric acid was the major phenolic acid, whereas linoleic, stearic and oleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of the extracts and compounds (1-3) were tested spectrophotometrically. Among the extracts, hexane extract showed the highest activity in all tests, particularly in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay (IC50: 16.65 ± 1.12 μg/mL). Furthermore, compound 3 exhibited higher antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. The study indicates that R. luteolus can be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Context Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq (Sapindaceae) has been used in traditional medicine as antimalarial, antidiabetic and antibacterial agent, but further investigations are needed. Objective This study determines the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of six compounds (1-6) and two crystals (1A and 3A) isolated from D. viscosa, and discusses their structure-activity relationships. Materials and methods Antioxidant activity was evaluated using six complementary tests, i.e., β-carotene-linoleic acid; DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), superoxide scavenging, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays. Anticholinesterase activity was performed using the Elman method. Results Clerodane diterpenoids (1 and 2) and phenolics (3-6) - together with three crystals (1A, 3A and 7A) - were isolated from the aerial parts of D. viscosa. Compound 3A exhibited good antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50: 27.44 ± 1.06 μM), superoxide (28.18 ± 1.35% inhibition at 100 μM) and CUPRAC (A0.5: 35.89 ± 0.09 μM) assays. Compound 5 (IC50: 11.02 ± 0.02 μM) indicated best activity in ABTS assay, and 6 (IC50: 14.30 ± 0.18 μM) in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. Compounds 1 and 3 were also obtained in the crystal (1A and 3A) form. Both crystals showed antioxidant activity. Furthermore, crystal 3A was more active than 3 in all activity tests. Phenol 6 possessed moderate anticholinesterase activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes (IC50 values: 158.14 ± 1.65 and 111.60 ± 1.28 μM, respectively). Discussion and conclusion This is the first report on antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 1A and 3A, and characterisation of 7A using XRD. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships are also discussed in detail for the first time.