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Taurine is a conditionally essential micronutrient and one of the most abundant amino acids in humans1-3. In endogenous taurine metabolism, dedicated enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of taurine from cysteine and in the downstream metabolism of secondary taurine metabolites4,5. One taurine metabolite is N-acetyltaurine6. Levels of N-acetyltaurine are dynamically regulated by stimuli that alter taurine or acetate flux, including endurance exercise7, dietary taurine supplementation8 and alcohol consumption6,9. So far, the identities of the enzymes involved in N-acetyltaurine metabolism, and the potential functions of N-acetyltaurine itself, have remained unknown. Here we show that the body mass index associated orphan enzyme phosphotriesterase-related (PTER)10 is a physiological N-acetyltaurine hydrolase. In vitro, PTER catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetyltaurine to taurine and acetate. In mice, PTER is expressed in the kidney, liver and brainstem. Genetic ablation of Pter in mice results in complete loss of tissue N-acetyltaurine hydrolysis activity and a systemic increase in N-acetyltaurine levels. After stimuli that increase taurine levels, Pter knockout mice exhibit reduced food intake, resistance to diet-induced obesity and improved glucose homeostasis. Administration of N-acetyltaurine to obese wild-type mice also reduces food intake and body weight in a GFRAL-dependent manner. These data place PTER into a central enzymatic node of secondary taurine metabolism and uncover a role for PTER and N-acetyltaurine in body weight control and energy balance.

BACKGROUND: Occurrence of low blood taurine concentrations (B-TauC) and predisposing factors to taurine deficiency in English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the occurrence of low B-TauC in a Swedish population of ECS and evaluate the association between B-TauC and dog characteristics, clinical variables, and diet composition. ANIMALS: One-hundred eighty privately owned ECS. METHODS: Dogs were prospectively recruited and underwent physical examination, blood analyses, and echocardiographic and ophthalmic examinations. Dogs with clinical signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) also underwent thoracic radiography. Taurine concentrations were analyzed in plasma (EDTA and heparin) and whole blood. Diets consumed by the dogs at the time of the examination were analyzed for dietary taurine- (D-TauC), cysteine- (D-CysC), and methionine concentrations (D-MetC). RESULTS: Fifty-three of 180 dogs (29%) had low B-TauC, of which 13 (25%) dogs had clinical and radiographic signs of CHF, increased echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) dimensions and volumes, and impaired LV systolic function. Five (9%) dogs with low B-TauC had retinal abnormalities. Dietary MetC, dietary animal protein source (red/white meat), and age were associated with B-TauC in the final multivariable regression model (P

Aurochs (Bos primigenius), once widely distributed in Afro-Eurasia, became extinct in the early 1600 s. However, their phylogeography and relative contributions to domestic cattle remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed 16 genomes of ancient aurochs and three mitogenomes of ancient bison (Bison priscus) excavated in East Asia, dating from 43,000 to 3,590 years ago. These newly generated data with previously published genomic information on aurochs as well as ancient/extant domestic cattle worldwide through genome analysis. Our findings revealed significant genetic divergence between East Asian aurochs and their European, Near Eastern, and African counterparts on the basis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data. Furthermore, we identified evidence of gene flow from East Asian aurochs into ancient and present-day taurine cattle, suggesting their potential role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of domestic cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30‐day research was carried out to examine the impacts of dietary taurine (Tau) on ovaries maturation and physiological responses of Penaeus vannamei female brooders (29.4 ± 0.2 g). A basal diet (497 g kg−1 protein and 140 g kg−1 lipid) was administered with graded levels of Tau ranging from 0 (control) to 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g kg−1. A total of 180 shrimp brooders were stocked into 18 250 L black circular polyethylene tanks. Female (n = 5) and male (n = 5) shrimps were stocked in each tank and supplied with seawater (35.2 ± 3.1 g L−1 salinity, 28.9 ± 1.4°C) and the experimental feeds were offered to shrimp twice a day at 5% of their biomass. Supplementing diet with 4–8 g Tau kg−1 reduced latency period after eye stalk ablation to spawning (5–6 days) that was associated with higher hepatopancreatic and gonadosomatic (except for 8 g Tau kg−1 diet) indices (p < 0.05). With 10 g Tau kg−1 diet hepatopancreas glutathione peroxidase activity and total antioxidant capacity increased and catalase activity increased by 6 g Tau kg−1 diet. Supplementing diet with Tau‐enhanced bile‐salt dependent lipase activity in the gut. Docosahexaenoic acid and Tau levels were elevated in the ovaries with the increment of dietary Tau level (p < 0.05). Plasma total protein, calcium, cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein increased with inclusion of 6–10 g Tau kg−1 diet. The transcription levels of vitellogenin, insulin-like growth factor II, superoxide dismutase, prophenoloxidase, and lysozyme genes transcription levels were upregulated in the hepatopancreas of shrimp brooders fed 6–10 g Tau kg−1 diet (p < 0.05). It seems that Tau at 4–8 g kg−1 diet by modulating lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immunocompetence can improve maturation and health status of P. vannamei brooders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress in birds disrupts the homeostasis of the organism, leading to an inability to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Taurine, an effective antioxidant, affects various cellular mechanisms, including cation modulation, protein phosphorylation, and cell proliferation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of colloid with taurine applied in ovo to Albumin on embryonic development, oxidative stress indicators and the content of bioactive peptides—carnosine and anserine—in the pectoral muscle. The research materials were eggs of the parent flock (Ross 308) divided into four groups (K (without injection), T50-concentration of taurine hydrocolloid 50 ppm (mg/L); T100-colloid concentration 100 ppm (mg/L) taurine; T500-colloid concentration of 500 ppm (mg/L) taurine). The experimental solutions were injected in an amount of 0.3 mL into egg white. Eggs were incubated under standard incubation conditions. The addition of 100 and 500 ppm taurine had a highly significant (p = 0.001) effect on the plasma antioxidant potential in chicks. The level of anserine increased with increasing concentrations of taurine. These changes were highly significant (p = 0.007). The level of anserine in the T2 and T3 groups was determined to be 2.5 times higher than in the pectoral muscles of embryos not treated with taurine colloid. An analysis of the results showed that the administration of an increased dose of hydrocolloid with taurine increased the content of carnosine and anserine in the pectoral muscle. Colloid with taurine applied in ovo to chicken white egg reduces oxidative stress and increases homeostasis of the organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is an essential β-amino acid, which is one of the most abundant intracellular amino acid component in humans. The level of free taurine in human milk is higher than in bovine milk. Since taurine is considered important for the development of a newborn, fortification of infant nutrition with taurine is common. This publication describes a rapid method for the determination of taurine in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals. Objective This publication demonstrates the suitability and applicability of the method to determine taurine content in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals. Methods Test portions are deproteinized by acid in an aqueous environment prior to analysis. The level of taurine is analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled with multiple reaction monitoring MS (MRM-MS). Quantitation is accomplished using a stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SILS) for taurine. Results The accuracy of the method was validated using standard reference materials and spike recovery studies. The average recoveries ranged between 92% and 105%. The relative standard deviation repeatability (RSDr) and relative standard deviation intermediate precision (RSDiR) were in the range of 0.7–4.6% (RSDr) and 1.3–6.7% (RSDiR). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was below the requirement of 0.5 mg/100 g. Conclusion The single-laboratory validation (SLV) of the method for determination of taurine content in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals demonstrates that it meets the requirements per AOAC INTERNATIONAL Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR) 2014.013. Highlights A fast method to selectively determine the content of taurine in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritionals was evaluated and found to be fit for purpose for routine product compliance testing. Based on the results of this SLV, the method was approved by the AOAC Stakeholder Program on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) Expert Review Panel for SPIFAN Nutrient Methods for First Action Official Methods SM status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The nutritional intake of formula‐fed newborns is often limited to a single source, so it must be supplemented with essential nutrients for the growth and proper development of infants. Taurine, l‐carnitine, and choline are considered conditionally essential nutrients especially in newborns and infants. RESULTS: In this work, a simple routine hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC‐ESI‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of these semi‐essential nutrients in infant and adult/pediatric milk formulas. The extraction recoveries were between 90% and 114%. Precision of the method offered relative standard deviation below 5% and 7% for intra‐day and inter‐day precision, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantification of taurine, l‐carnitine, and choline in milk formula. The contents found were in good agreement with those provided on the product label for almost all samples. CONCLUSION: In view of these results, it can be concluded that the developed method can be a useful approach for the simultaneous determination of taurine, l‐carnitine and choline in powdered milk samples, so it can be useful in the routine quality control of this kind of samples. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic exposure results in damage to the neurological system. We previously demonstrated the arsenic‐induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis and its reversibility after exposure is terminated. The present study aimed to reveal whether arsenic‐induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis was ameliorated when taurine was co‐administered, and we also investigated depression‐like behavioral changes using the forced swim test. Mice were randomly divided into four groups. The first group received distilled water only for 4 months (control group), the second group received 4.0 mg/L As2O3 via drinking water for 4 months (arsenic group), the third group received 4.0 mg/L As2O3 and taurine (150 mg/kg body weight, by gavage, twice a week) for 4 months (arsenic + taurine group), and the fourth group received taurine only by gavage for 4 months (taurine group). The percentage of new mature neurons decreased in the arsenic group compared with the control group (64% ± 0.90% vs. 76% ± 1.9%, p < 0.01); however, this percentage was reversed to control levels in the arsenic + taurine group (76% ± 1.4%, p > 0.05). In the forced swim test, the immobility time during the last 4 min was significantly increased in the arsenic group, but restored to control levels in the arsenic + taurine group. The possible mechanisms of this taurine amelioration of hippocampal damage were further investigated, and included a reduction in oxidative stress as indicated by carbonyl content, inflammation, and aquaporin1, 4, and 8 expressions, as well as an increase in Wnt3a and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression in western blot analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diisopropylamine (DIPA), aminomethyl propanol (AMP), amino ethoxy ethanol (AEE), diethanolamine (DEA), ethanolamine (EA), pyridine (PYR) and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) are used for carbon capture and to sweeten sour gas, and are found in groundwater. They are also used in cosmetic products. Taurine is abundant in the body, with key biological functions linked to its charged SO groups. Interactions between SO and amines have not been studied, but can strongly affect the biological function of taurine. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates SO...HN hydrogen bonding between taurine and DIPA, AMP, AEE, DEA, EA and MDEA. These interactions induce the formation of hydrophobic amine-taurine clusters, thus decreasing amine miscibility in water, as revealed by light scattering. This effect is most marked for DIPA, leading to turbid mixtures indicative of micron-sized droplets. PYR and taurine likely interact via S...N bonding. This study offers insights regarding potential mechanisms of amine toxicity to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Taurine (Tau) is a well-known antioxidant. However, the protective effects of Tau against silica nanoparticle (SNP)-induced reproductive toxicity still remain unexplored. So this study reveals the effect of Tau on SNP-induced porcine ovarian granulosa cell toxicity. SNPs trigger oxidative stress through excessive ROS production, leading to inflammation and cell apoptosis in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Tau mitigates SNP-induced cytotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Therefore, Tau could be an effective strategy to alleviate SNP-induced toxicity and holds promising application prospects in the animal husbandry and veterinary industry. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) induce reproductive toxicity through ROS production, which significantly limits their application. The protective effects of taurine (Tau) against SNP-induced reproductive toxicity remain unexplored. So this study aims to investigate the impact of Tau on SNP-induced porcine ovarian granulosa cell toxicity. In vitro, granulosa cells were exposed to SNPs combined with Tau. The localization of SNPs was determined by TEM. Cell viability was examined by CCK-8 assay. ROS levels were measured by CLSM and FCM. SOD and CAT levels were evaluated using ELISA and qPCR. Cell apoptosis was detected by FCM, and pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription levels were measured by qPCR. The results showed that SNPs significantly decreased cell viability, while increased cell apoptosis and ROS levels. Moreover, SOD and CAT were decreased, while IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased after SNP exposures. Tau significantly decreased intracellular ROS, while it increased SOD and CAT compared to SNPs alone. Additionally, Tau exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and inhibited cell apoptosis. On the whole, these findings suggest that Tau mitigates SNP-induced cytotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis. Tau may be an effective strategy to alleviate SNP-induced toxicity and holds promising application prospects in the animal husbandry and veterinary industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary betaine supplementation has been reported to alleviate the adverse effects of high‐carbohydrate diets on Megalobrama amblycephala, while the regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, a 79‐day feeding trial was conducted with 450 juvenile Megalobrama amblycephala (average weight 6.75 ± 0.10 g), which were fed with five high‐carbohydrate diets (43%) supplementing betaine at 0% (CD group), 0.2% (0.2Bet group), 0.4% (0.4Bet group), 0.8% (0.8Bet group), and 1.6% (1.6Bet group), respectively. Results showed M. amblycephala in 0.8Bet group exhibited the best growth performance, indicated by the largest weight gain ratio (142.88%) and least feed conversion ratio (1.63). Moreover, liver health was promoted in 0.8Bet group, with decreased number of non‐nucleated cells and less lipid accumulation, which was accompanied by the lowest hepatosomatic index (1.38%). In order to further illustrate the regulatory mechanism, metabolites assay indicated that dietary betaine supplementation significantly increased plasma contents of methionine, serine, hypotaurine, and taurine, but did not affect plasma contents of cystathionine, cystine, or cysteic acid. Accordingly, the mRNA expressions of cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase in cysteine sulfinic acid pathway and cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO) in sulfinic acid (CS) pathway, which were both involved in taurine synthesis, were also upregulated in the liver. Meanwhile, the microbial communities in M. amblycephala intestine were more stable and uniform with betaine supplementation. Therefore, dietary betaine supplementation may exert its protective roles in improving feed efficiency and liver health of M. amblycephala via promoting de novo taurine synthesis and stabilizing intestinal microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) could reduce serum and liver cholesterol concentrations via regulating expression and the activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). To investigate the possible role of calcineurin in taurine upregulating CYP7A1 expression in HepG2 cells under high cholesterol conditions. High cellular cholesterol conditions were achieved using 0.2 mM cholesterol in HepG2 cells. Calcineurin was decreased by FK506 and was depleted in CnAβ-/- cells. HepG2 cells were cultured in a taurine-containing medium for 24 or 48 h. The levels of total intracellular cholesterol were determined by an enzymatic method, and the expression levels of calcineurin, CYP7A1, and key transcriptional regulatory molecules were detected by western blotting. High-cholesterol resulted in increased CYP7A1 and calcineurin expressions. Taurine exhibited cholesterol-lowering effects regardless of low/high cholesterol conditions or calcineurin status. Taurine induced the expression of CYP7A1, which was abolished by inhibiting or deleting calcineurin. Taurine suppressed MEK1/2, p-c-Jun, and SHP-1, key molecules in one inhibitory pathway of CYP7A1 transcription. In contrast, suppression of MEK1/2 but not p-c-Jun or SHP-1 was reversed after completely knocking down calcineurin. Calcineurin is required for taurine's upregulation of CYP7A1 expression through inhibiting MEK1/2, which was partly responsible for taurine's cholesterol-lowering effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of the dietary addition of taurine and enzymatic cottonseed protein concentrate (ECPC) in low-fishmeal diet on the growth performance, plasma biochemical indices, hepatic antioxidant capacity, intestinal anti-inflammatory capacity, intestinal microflora, and muscle quality of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). A total of three isonitrogenous diets were given to 225 golden pompanos (5.6 ± 0.14 g). They were randomly divided into nine cages (1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m; three cages per treatment) with equal stocking numbers of twenty-five fish per cage. The results indicated that the CSM-TC group significantly increased the growth performance of juvenile T. ovatus (p < 0.05). The results indicated that compared with other groups, the addition of 1% ECPC and 0.25% taurine has been found to enhance the WGR (weight gain rate), SGR (specific growth rate), and CF (condition factor). Compared with other groups, the relative expressions of GH, GHR1, GHR2, IGF1, IGF2, and MyoG were significantly higher in fish fed with CSM-TC. The results showed that CSM-TC significantly increased the activities of alkaline phosphatase, complement 3, and complement 4 enzymes (p < 0.05). The results showed that dietary CSM-TC increased the activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity enzymes. Compared with other groups, the hepatic relative expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and GSH-Px were significantly higher in fish fed with CSM-TC. The results showed that dietary CSM-TC increased the activities of intestinal chymotrypsin, lipase, and α-amylase enzymes. A CSM-TC diet significantly increased the relative expressions of IL-10, ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-3, and Claudin-15 (p < 0.05). The results showed that CSM-C significantly increased the index of Ace and Chao1 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a high-fermented cottonseed meal diet can have detrimental effects on physiological health in golden pompano, while adding 1% ECPC and 0.25% taurine can improve hepatic and intestinal health via attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The lens's metabolic demands are met through a continuous circulation of aqueous humor, encompassing a spectrum of components such as organic and inorganic ions, carbohydrates, glutathione, urea, amino acids, proteins, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. Metabolomics is a pivotal tool, offering an initial insight into the complexities of integrated metabolism. In this investigative study, we systematically scrutinize the composition of intraocular fluid in individuals afflicted with cataracts. Methods: The investigation involved a comprehensive analysis of aqueous humor samples from a cohort comprising 192 patients. These individuals were stratified by utilizing the SPONCS classification system, delineating distinct groups characterized by the hardness of cataracts. The analytical approach employed targeted quantitative metabolite analysis using HILIC-based liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometric detection. The metabolomics data analysis was performed with MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Results: The results of the enrichment analysis have facilitated the inference that the discerned disparities among groups arise from disruptions in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, variations in tryptophan metabolism, and modifications in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of short-chain saturated fatty acids and pyrimidine metabolism. Conclusion: A decline in taurine concentration precipitates diminished glutathione activity, prompting an elevated requirement for NAD+ and instigating tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway. Activation of this pathway is additionally prompted by interferon-gamma and UV radiation, leading to the induction of IDO. Concurrently, heightened mitochondrial beta-oxidation signifies a distinctive scenario in translocating fatty acids into the mitochondria, enhancing energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a neurodegenerative dementia is reviewed based on its mechanisms of development, the impact of genetic factors on its aetiology, and epigenetic interaction. The hypotheses proposed on AD mechanisms examined briefly include amyloid-β, protein cascade, tau-protein, cholinergic neurone, vascular, inflammation cascade, and calcium hypotheses. This review provides insight into the potential of antioxidant intervention in the management of AD in retrospect of the pathophysiology. The database search engines PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched in writing this article; using the keywords pathophysiology, Alzheimer's disease, natural antioxidants, camel milk, and taurine, emphasis is laid on the oxidative stress mechanism underlying AD development and the role of oxidative biomarkers. The promising interventions by antioxidants and their beneficial effects on AD amelioration are highlighted. Natural antioxidants with potential beneficial effects in the management of AD include taurine and active constituents of medicinal plants and food, such as flavonoids, non-flavonoids, and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants. Others are organo-sulphate compounds, carotenoids, and camel milk. The natural antioxidants exhibit neuroprotective activities by neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting the brain cells from ROS-induced damage. They inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-β and ameliorate inflammatory responses, leading to a reduction in AD-associated neurodegeneration. In conclusion, prophylactic and therapeutic interventions, involving anti-amyloid and/or anti-inflammatory agents, as well as co-administration of antioxidants as an adjunctive therapy, based on consideration of individual variations in oxidative stress levels and genetic factors, may yield substantial benefits. Such interventions may enhance the efficacy of treatment outcomes in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze whether taurine has a nootropic effect on short-term and long-term memory in a model of sporadic dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT). Moreover, we evaluated the immunoreactivity and insulin receptor (IR) distribution and markers for neurons and glial cells in the hippocampus of rats with SDAT and treated with taurine. For this, Male Wistar rats received STZ (ICV, 3 mg/kg, bilateral, 5ul per site, aCFS vehicle) and were treated with taurine (100 mg/kg orally, 1 time per day, saline vehicle) for 25 days. The animals were divided into 4 groups: vehicle (VE), taurine (TAU), ICV-STZ (STZ) and ICV-STZ plus taurine (STZ + TAU). At the end of taurine treatment, short- and long-term memory were assessed by performance on object recognition and Y-maze tasks. Insulin receptor (IR) was evaluated by immunoperoxidase while mature neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP, S100B, SOX9), and microglia (Iba-1) were evaluated by immunofluorescence. STZ induced worse spatial and recognition memory (INDEX) in YM and ORT tasks. Taurine protected against STZ-induced memory impairment. SDAT reduced the population of mature neurons as well as increased astrocytic and microglial reactivity, and taurine protected against these STZ-induced effects, mainly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Taurine increases IR expression in the hippocampus, and protects against the reduction in the density of this receptor in CA1 induced by STZ. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that taurine is able to enhance memory, up-regulates IR in the hippocampus, protects the neuron population, and reduces the astrogliosis found in SDAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of taurine and vitamin C on gibel carp (Carrassius auratus gibeilo), fish (41.85 ± 0.03 g) were fed three diets with 0% taurine + 0% vitamin C (D0), 0.1% taurine + 0% vitamin C (D1), and 0.1% taurine + 0.1% vitamin C (D2) for 8 weeks. Then 12-hour hypoxic stress test was conducted. The results showed that weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and sustained swimming time (SST) were significantly increased in the D2. CAT, SOD, T-AOC, and GSH were increased. GSH-Px and il-6 were decreased in D1 and D2. In hypoxia, CAT and T-AOC were decreased, while GSH, sod, and nrf2 were the highest in D1. Compared to normoxia, GSH-Px was increased, while SOD and MDA were decreased. Il-10 and nf-κb were increased. Vegf, epo, and ho-1 were increased and they all were higher than that in normoxia. The number of gill cell mitochondria and survival rate (SR) of gibel carp had an increasing trend but no significant difference among groups. In conclusion, taurine with vitamin C improved the growth and SST of gibel carp, and taurine and taurine with vitamin C improved antioxidant capacity, immunity, and hypoxia tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Taurine, derived from the metabolism of methionine and cysteine, is a strong acidic sulfonic acid zwitterionic β-amino acid that contains an acidic sulfonic group, an alkaline amino group, and two carbons in between. It exhibits strong water solubility and poor lipophilicity within the physiological pH range. Due to the absence of carboxyl groups, it does not participate in protein synthesis and is a semi essential amino acid. The physicochemical properties of taurine make it an ideal regulator for various basic physiological processes, with various functions such as maintaining homeostasis, bile acid binding, anti⁃oxidant stress, anti-inflammatory, protecting cardiovascular, protecting central nervous system, and participating in immune regulation. In recent years, with the promotion of low protein diets and the popularization of intensive factory production, the disease resistance of livestock and poultry has been greatly challenged. It is necessary to add taurine reasonably to the diet. Therefore, the research progress of taurine in the fields of animal physiology and animal nutrition were introduced in this article, aiming to provide reference for the majority of livestock practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a brain disorder, is the leading cause of dementia among older adults. Taurine, an amino acid abundantly present in the brain, and shows potential neuroprotective properties. Therefore, we investigated the effects of taurine on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and the expression changes of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in the SH-SY5Y cell line.Taurine’s impact on the SH-SY5Y cell line was evaluated via the 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MMP-9 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, while the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a genes was assessed through Real-Time PCR analysis.The MTT assay revealed no toxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells with increasing concentrations of taurine. Analysis of gene expression indicated a rise in miRNA-21 expression and a decline in miRNA-146 expression with increasing taurine concentration, with the most notable change observed at 1 mg/mL taurine (p<0.001). ELISA results demonstrated a significant increase in MMP-9 levels in the SH-SY5Y cell line treated with 1 mg/mL taurine compared to the untreated group (p<0.001).Our study revealed that taurine can alter the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-21. In conclusion, taurine therapy presents promising therapeutic avenues for treating AD or mitigating severe symptoms. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to comprehensively grasp the precise mechanisms at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine, as a semi-essential amino acid, can enhance the antioxidant and immune capacity of aquatic animals, promote the growth of aquatic animals, and enhance their reproductive performance. In recent years, the addition of taurine in low-protein feed has been considered an effective approach to mitigate the adverse effects caused by deficiency of certain essential and functional amino acids. Such supplementation not only aids in improving the adaptability of aquatic animals to external environments but also enhances their disease resistance, thereby enhancing aquaculture efficiency and yield. The article introduces the basic properties, distribution, biosynthesis pathways, and physiological functions of taurine. It summarizes the role of taurine in the antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, growth, and reproductive performance of aquatic animals, aiming to provide a reference for the extensive application of taurine in the field of aquaculture, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top 10 most common cancers worldwide and caused approximately 10 million deaths in 2022. CRC mortality has increased by 10% since 2020 and 52.000 deaths will occur in 2024, highlighting the limitations of current treatments due to ineffectiveness, toxicity, or non-adherence. The widely used chemotherapeutic agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is associated with several adverse effects, including renal, cardiac, and hepatic toxicity; mucositis; and resistance. Taurine (TAU), an essential β-amino acid with potent antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, has demonstrated protective effects against tissue toxicity from chemotherapeutic agents like doxorubicin and cisplatin. Taurine deficiency is linked to aging and cancers such as breast and colon cancer. This study hypothesized that TAU may mitigate the adverse effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Carcinogenesis was chemically induced in rats using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Following five months of cancer progression, taurine (100 mg/kg) was administered orally for 8 days, and colon tissues were analyzed. The results showed 80% of adenocarcinoma (AC) in DMH-induced control animals. Notably, the efficacy of 5-FU showed 70% AC and TAU 50% while, in the 5-FU + TAU group, no adenocarcinoma was observed. No differences were observed in the inflammatory infiltrate or the expression of genes such as K-ras, p53, and Ki-67 among the cancer-induced groups whereas APC/β-catenin expression was increased in the 5FU + TAU-treated group. The mitotic index and dysplasia were increased in the induced 5-FU group and when associated with TAU, the levels returned to normal. These data suggest that 5-FU exhibits a synergic anticancer effect when combined with taurine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the effect of taurine supplementation on sweating and core temperature responses, including the transition from compensable to uncompensable heat stress, during prolonged low-intensity exercise of a fixed-heat production (~ 200W/m2) in hot conditions (37.5 °C), at both fixed and incremental vapour-pressure. Methods: Fifteen females (n = 3) and males (n = 12; 27 ± 5 years, 78 ± 9 kg, V ˙ O2max 50.3 ± 7.8 mL/kg/min), completed a treadmill walking protocol (~ 200W/m2 heat production [Ḣprod]) in the heat (37.5 ± 0.1 °C) at fixed-(16-mmHg) and ramped-humidity (∆1.5-mmHg/5-min) following 1 week of oral taurine supplementation (50 mg/kg/bm) or placebo, in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR), sweat gland activation (SGA), core temperature (Tcore), breakpoint of compensability (Pcrit) and calorimetric heat transfer components. Plasma volume and plasma taurine concentrations were established through pre- and post-trial blood samples. Results: Taurine supplementation increased WBSL by 26.6% and 5.1% (p = 0.035), LSR by 15.5% and 7.8% (p = 0.013), SGA (1 × 1 cm) by 32.2% and 29.9% (p < 0.001) and SGA (3 × 3 cm) by 22.1% and 17.1% (p = 0.015) during the fixed- and ramped-humidity exercise periods, respectively. Evaporative heat loss was enhanced by 27% (p = 0.010), heat-storage reduced by 72% (p = 0.024) and Pcrit was greater in taurine vs placebo (25.0-mmHg vs 21.7-mmHg; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Taurine supplementation increased sweating responses during fixed Ḣprod in hot conditions, prior to substantial heat strain and before the breakpoint of compensability, demonstrating improved thermoregulatory capacity. The enhanced evaporative cooling and reduced heat-storage delayed the subsequent upward inflection in Tcore—represented by a greater Pcrit—and offers a potential dietary supplementation strategy to support thermoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the poor prognosis of patients with cancer by promoting distant metastasis and anti‐cancer drug resistance. Several distinct metabolic alterations have been identified as key EMT phenotypes. In the present study, we further characterize the role of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐induced EMT in non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Our study revealed that TGF‐β plays a role in EMT functions by upregulation of cytidine 5′‐triphosphate synthetase 1 (CTPS), a vital enzyme for CTP biosynthesis in the pyrimidine metabolic pathway. Both knockdown and enzymatic inhibition of CTPS reduced TGF‐β‐induced changes in EMT marker expression, chemoresistance and migration in vitro. Moreover, CTPS knockdown counteracted the TGF‐β‐mediated downregulation of UDP‐glucuronate, glutarate, creatine, taurine and nicotinamide. These findings indicate that CTPS plays a multifaceted role in EMT metabolism, which is crucial for the malignant transformation of cancer through EMT, and underline its potential as a promising therapeutic target for preventing drug resistance and metastasis in non‐small‐cell lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine, a prevalent amino acid in the human body, plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and cardiorespiratory muscles. Recently, taurine-based energy drinks have been promoted as ergogenic aids that may enhance athletic performance. However, scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited. This study aimed to assess the impact of acute taurine supplementation on maximal oxygen consumption, ventilatory thresholds, and total time to exhaustion in active young adults. The research used an experimental design featuring a crosssectional, crossover, randomized, and double-blind approach. For the level of physical activity and readiness to practice physical activity, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) were used, respectively. Data were collected from 20 volunteers (11 women and 9 men) through a progressive cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) conducted in the Ergospiratory Laboratory of the Department of Physical Education at the Federal University of Pernambuco (DEF-UFPE). After familiarization with the test, the volunteers were randomized and performed 2 tests, with supplementation of 1g of taurine or placebo in identical capsules 1 hour before and separated by an interval of 7days (washout). The results showed no significant differences in time to exhaustion (Δ = 1.4%; p = 0.352), VO2 PEAK (Δ = 6.0%; p = 0.158), and ventilatory thresholds -- VT (VT1 Δ = 3.9%; p = 0.381 and VT2 Δ = 2.7%; p = 0.486) between the taurine and placebo groups. However, the group that received taurine showed a slight advantage compared to the placebo group. It is concluded that the acute ingestion of 1 g of taurine one hour before a CPET did not result in significant improvements in VO2 PEAK, ventilatory thresholds, or total time to exhaustion. Future studies may explore different dosages, forms of taurine ingestion, and include assessments among subjects with varying levels of physical fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taurine (TAU) and caffeine (CAF), as common ergogenic aids, are known to affect exercise performance; however, the effects of their combined supplementation, particularly in high temperature and humidity environments, have not been studied. Hypothesis: The combination of TAU and CAF will have a greater effect on endurance cycle performance and improve changes in physiological indicators during exercise compared with TAU or CAF supplementation alone and placebo. Study Design: Single-blind crossover randomized controlled study. Level of Evidence: Level 1. Methods: Twelve university students majoring in physical education volunteered to receive 4 different supplement ingestions: (1) placebo (maltodextrin), (2) TAU, (3) CAF, (4) TAU + CAF. After a 7-day washout period, participants completed a time to exhaustion (TTE) test in the heat (35°C, 65% relative humidity). Results: All experimental groups improved TTE compared with the placebo group. Peak and mean power of countermovement jump were significantly higher in the CAF group compared with the placebo group before the exhaustion exercise (P = 0.02, d = 1.2 and P = 0.04, d = 1.1, respectively). Blood lactate was significantly lower after the exhaustion test in the TAU group compared with the CAF (P < 0.01, d = 0.8) and TAU + CAF (P < 0.01, d = 0.7) groups. Core temperature in the TAU group was significantly reduced in the placebo group later in the exhaustion test (P < 0.01, d = 1.9). Conclusion: In high temperature and humidity environments, acute TAU, CAF, and combined supplementation all improved TTE and did not affect recovery from lower limb neuromuscular fatigue compared with placebo, with TAU having the best effect. Combined supplementation failed to exhibit superimposed performance. Clinical Relevance: The results provide suggestions for the effects of TAU, CAF, and their combined intake on exercise performance in high temperature and humidity environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Diisopropylamine (DIPA), aminomethyl propanol (AMP), amino ethoxy ethanol (AEE), diethanolamine (DEA), ethanolamine (EA), pyridine (PYR) and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) are used for carbon capture and to sweeten sour gas, and are found in groundwater. They are also used in cosmetic products. Taurine is abundant in the body, with key biological functions linked to its charged SO groups. Interactions between SO and amines have not been studied, but can strongly affect the biological function of taurine. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates SO…HN hydrogen bonding between taurine and DIPA, AMP, AEE, DEA, EA and MDEA. These interactions induce the formation of hydrophobic amine-taurine clusters, thus decreasing amine miscibility in water, as revealed by light scattering. This effect is most marked for DIPA, leading to turbid mixtures indicative of micron-sized droplets. PYR and taurine likely interact via S…N bonding. This study offers insights regarding potential mechanisms of amine toxicity to humans. Graphical Abstract

Summary: Context: Hepatic and renal damages manifest in patients with acute or chronic heart failure after the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). Objective: Our objective in this study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and taurine, which are bioactive compounds with protective functions, on liver and kidney toxicity rat exposed to isoprenaline, a popular tool for MI induction. Materials and methods: Following two (2) consecutive days of exposure to isoprenaline (200 mg/kg, i.p.), adult Wistar rats were treated with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and taurine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) singly and in combination for 19 days. Following 21 days of experimentation, blood, liver and kidney were collected for biochemical and histological studies indicative of hepatic and kidney damage. Results: Our result showed that CoQ10 and taurine significantly decreased serum LDH, AST, ALT, and ALP, indicative of hepatic damage compared to isoprenaline groups. The increased creatinine and urea release suggestive of kidney dysfunction were suppressed by CoQ10 and taurine relative to the isoprenaline group. Additionally, CoQ10 and taurine significantly reversed isoprenaline-mediated oxidative stress-induced liver and kidney damage, which are shown by decreased malondialdehyde and nitrite accompanied by increased antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GST, GSH). Modifications to cellular histoarchitectural and fibrosis of the hepatic and renal tissues were attenuated by CoQ10 and taurine therapy. Discussion and conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that CoQ10 and taurine supplements may prevent isoprenaline-induced hepatorenal dysfunctions, possibly by alleviating oxidative stress and histoarchitectural protective functions of the hepatic and kidney cells.

The study aimed to develop a potential biomaterial for neuroregeneration by the electrospinning of the biocompatible polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with innovative functionalized boron nitride quantum dots (F-BNQDs) synthesized via green chemistry using the amino acid taurine as a functionalization. The F-BNQDs were characterized and were found to be 16-21 nm in diameter, showed good photoluminescent characteristics, and their elemental composition was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The PVDF with F-BNQDs was prepared at three different concentrations, and the resulting electrospun fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle, biodegradation, water uptake, Schwann cell cytotoxicity, and cell behavior studies. The results of the study showed that the addition of F-BNQDs to PVDF resulted in enhanced mechanical properties, decreased contact angle, increased degradability, and water uptake. The lactate dehydrogenase assay revealed that 5% BN-PVDF had the lowest cytotoxicity. Fluroscent 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining showed that the increase in F-BNQD concentration up to 5% BN-PVDF enhanced cell behavior on the electrospun fibers. Therefore, the study concluded that 5% BN-PVDF would be suitable for further testing as a potential biomaterial for neuroregeneration in vivo. Highlights * Functionalized boron nitride quantum dots (F-BNQDs) were prepared using amino acid taurine. * The F-BNQDs were characterized and electrospun with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). * The incorporation of F-BNQDs to PVDF has enhanced its physicochemical properties. * All samples showed a single [beta]phase PVDF. * Schwann cells showed excellent compatibility and cell adhesion on F-BNQDs/PVDF. KEYWORDS electrospinning, functionalized boron nitride quantum dots, PVDF, Schwann cells, taurine, 1 | INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve injuries have the potential to cause total transection of the nerve, necessitating surgical intervention to enable the regrowth of axons from the injured site to [...]

An experiment was designed to study the modulatory effects of supplemental taurine on circadian rhythms of heat-associated cytokines in male broiler chickens of different ages under hot-dry conditions. Twenty, 21-day-old Arbor Acre male broiler chickens balanced for weight served as subjects and were assigned ten (10) each to control (Cgp) and treatment (Tgp) groups. The broiler chickens were fed on isonitrogenous and isocaloric commercial diets during the experimental period. Blood samples were collected from the wing veins from 10 chickens in each of the groups at four-hour intervals during a 24-h period on days 28, 35 and 42 of age. Harvested serum from blood samples were analysed for heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1 α). Data obtained were fitted into the single cosinor application. The results showed that HSP70, TNF- α and IL-1α exhibited clear circadian rhythmicity in both groups. Taurine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the overall mesors of HSP70, TNF- α and IL-1α. The acrophases in both groups were restricted to the photophase, however, taurine advanced the acrophases of TNF-α and IL-1α during the early photophase. It was concluded that taurine modulated the rhythms of the cytokines; influencing the rhythms of: HSP 70, TNF- α and IL-1α. Taurine modulated the rhythms by increasing the body temperature in young broiler chickens during the early photophase (low ambient temperature) and ameliorated heat-stress by combating oxidative stress and therefore, immunosuppression in broiler chickens during hot-dry condition.

Objective(s): Obesity leads to severe health issues like cardiovascular disease. Natural substances with anti-obesity properties are gaining attention. This study investigates the impact of taurine on lipid levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: The SD rats were fed a high-fat diet and treated with or without taurine for 21 weeks. Taurine was added to their drinking water, and an adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) inhibitor was injected for one week. The study evaluated the impact of taurine supplementation on the rats' body weight, Lee index, body fat content, serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), fatty acid synthase (FAS), ATGL, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in the liver. Fat accumulation in the liver and aortic arch was assessed through histopathological observations. Results: The study found that taurine reduced body weight, body fat, serum TG, TC, LDL-C levels, and lipid deposition in the liver and aortic arch while increasing serum HDL-C levels. Taurine intake also increased FAS and ATGL expression in the liver. Interestingly, the ATGL inhibitor atglistatin did not affect FAS and ATGL expression in the presence of taurine. Conclusion: Taurine can reduce fat deposition caused by a high-fat diet in SD rats by decreasing FAS content and increasing ATGL content. However, taurine does not fully regulate FAS and ATGL expression through the ATGL pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healing process after acne lesion extraction provides a miniature model to study skin wound repair mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to identify solutions for acne scars that frequently occur on our faces. We performed acne scar cytokine profiling and found that Interleukin 8 (IL8) and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2) were significant factors at the wounded site. The effect of chlorogenic acid and taurine on human epidermal cells and irritated human skin was investigated. Chlorogenic acid and taurine regulated IL8 and TIMP2 expression and accelerated keratinocyte proliferation. Moreover, tight junction protein expression was upregulated by chlorogenic acid and taurine synergistically. Further, these compounds modulated the expression of several inflammatory cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, and IL6) and skin hydration related factor (hyaluronan synthase 3; HAS3). Thus, chlorogenic acid and taurine may exert their effects during the late stages of wound healing rather than the initial phase. In vivo experiments using SLS-induced wounds demonstrated the efficacy of chlorogenic acid and taurine treatment compared to natural healing, reduced erythema, and restored barrier function. Skin ultrasound analysis revealed their potential to promote denser skin recovery. Therefore, the wound-restoring effect of chlorogenic acid and taurine was exerted by suppression of inflammatory cytokines, and induction of cell proliferation, tight junction expression, and remodeling factors.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of mortality globally. Taurine, an amino acid, holds promise for cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as calcium regulation, blood pressure reduction, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite these potential benefits, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aims to evaluate the existing evidence on the quantitative effects of taurine on hemodynamic parameters and cardiac function grading, which are indicative of overall cardiovascular health and performance. Methods We conducted an electronic search across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov, from their inception to January 2, 2024. Our analysis focused on key cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification. Meta-regression was applied to explore dose-dependent relationships based on the total taurine dose administered during the treatment period. A subgroup analysis, stratified according to the baseline disease status of patients, was also conducted. Results The analysis included a pooled sample of 808 participants from 20 randomized controlled trials. Taurine demonstrated a significant reduction in HR (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -3.579 bpm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.044 to -1.114, p = 0.004), SBP (WMD = -3.999 mm Hg, 95% CI = -7.293 to -0.706, p = 0.017), DBP (WMD: -1.435 mm Hg, 95% CI: -2.484 to -0.386, p = 0.007), NYHA (WMD: -0.403, 95% CI: -0.522 to -0.283, p

Background: Radiotherapy, a highly effective method of radiation-based treating cancers, can reduce the size of tumors and affect healthy tissues. Radiation-induced lymphopenia as a side effect of radiation therapy can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Objective: This study aimed to examine how taurine can protect peripheral blood lymphocytes from radiation-based apoptosis. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, the effects of the taurine on lymphocytes were studied, and blood samples were divided into three groups: a negative control group that was not treated, a positive control group that was treated with cysteine (100 μg/ml), and a group that was treated with taurine (100 µg. mL-1) in three different doses (4, 8 & 12 Gy) before irradiation. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic lymphocytes was measured using flow cytometry 48 and 72 hours after the irradiation, respectively. Results: According to the groups treated with taurine, the number of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis was lower and higher compared to the negative and positive control groups, respectively. The decrease in this value was more pronounced 48 hours after radiation compared to 72 hours. Furthermore, there was a slight increase in the number of apoptotic lymphocytes with increasing radiation dose. Conclusion: Taurine effectively protects human peripheral blood lymphocytes from radiation-based apoptosis.

代谢性脑血管病以代谢危险因素引起的脑血管损害为核心，其概念已被提出并处于早期探索阶段。代谢性脑血管病的防治重点在于控制代谢危险因素，目前临床用药策略仍是对各个代谢危险因素进行单独干预，因用药种类多和剂量大给患者带来很多困扰。因此，临床亟需一种具有多作用靶点、可协同作用的药物以减少代谢性脑血管病患者的用药负担并提高疗效。牛磺酸作为一种条件必需氨基酸，具有调节糖脂代谢、调节渗透压、稳定细胞膜、抗氧化、抗衰老等多种生物学作用，对代谢性脑血管病治疗具有潜在临床价值。本文聚焦牛磺酸多效性，探讨牛磺酸在代谢性脑血管病中的作用机制及其临床应用前景。 Abstract: The concept of cerebro-metabolic disease, which centers on cerebrovascular damage caused by metabolic risk factors, has been proposed and is in the early stages of exploration. The prevention and treatment of cerebro-metabolic disease focus on the control of metabolic risk factors. At present, the clinical drug strategy is still based on the individual intervention of each metabolic risk factor, which brings a lot of trouble to patients due to the variety of drugs used and the high dosage. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a synergistic drug with multiple targets to reduce the drug burden and improve the efficacy in patients with cerebro-metabolic disease. Taurine, as a conditionally essential amino acid, has a variety of biological effects such as regulation of glycolipid metabolism, osmotic pressure regulation, cell membrane stabilization, antioxidation, anti-aging, etc., which has potential clinical value for cerebro-metabolic disease treatment. This paper focused on the pleiotropy of taurine and discussed the mechanism of taurine in cerebro-metabolic disease and its clinical application prospects.

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is one of the most effective antipsychotic drugs used for managing psychotic related disorders owing to its dopamine receptor blocking action. However, pharmacological investigations against CPZ’s cytotoxic effect have remained scarce. Hence, this study investigated the preventive and reversal effects of taurine and coenzyme-Q10 (COQ-10), which are compounds with proven natural antioxidant properties, against CPZ-induced hematological impairments in male rats. In the preventive study, rats received oral saline (10 ml/kg), taurine (150 mg/kg/day), COQ-10 (10 mg/kg/day) or in combination for 56 days, alongside CPZ (30 mg/kg, p.o.) between days 29–56. In the reversal protocol, rats had CPZ repeatedly for 56 days before taurine and COQ-10 treatments or their combination from days 29–56. Rats were also given taurine (150 mg/kg/day), and COQ-10 (10 mg/kg/day) alone for 56 days. Serums were extracted and assayed for hematological, with oxidative and inflammatory markers. CPZ induced decreased red/white blood cells, erythropoietin, platelet count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin, neutrophil, and lymphocyte, which were prevented and reversed by taurine and COQ-10, or their combination. Taurine and COQ-10 improved mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin concentration, with increased erythropoietin levels relative to CPZ groups. CPZ-induced increased malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels with decreased interleukin-10, glutathione, and superoxide-dismutase were prevented and reversed by taurine and COQ-10 in comparison with CPZ groups. Taurine and COQ-10 alone notably improved the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory status relative to controls. Among other mechanisms, taurine and COQ-10 abated CPZ-induced hematological deficiencies, via decreased serum levels of oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, with increased antioxidants and anti-inflammation function.

The mantle muscle of common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, is responsible both for high‐magnitude and rapid movements for locomotion, as well as sustained ventilation, which require specific metabolic, electrophysiological, and structural organization. Young cuttlefish have a highly oxidative phenotype and a rapid growth rate. Here, we show high rates of oxygen consumption and protein synthesis in juveniles, and these rates decay exponentially over the first few weeks of growth. This is associated with considerable citrate synthase activity (relative to larger cuttlefish) but a lack of glucose metabolism based on zero uptake of glucose by isolated muscle sheets and minimal activity of hexokinase (similar to larger animals). In contrast to glucose metabolism in the heart, glucose metabolism in these muscle sheets was not stimulated by extracellular taurine. Previous research revealed an unusual ion channel complement in mantle myocytes, the most notable feature of which is the lack of a Na+ current during depolarization. Because this adaptation is not consistent across the coleoid clade, we investigated excitation–contraction coupling. Here, mantle energetics and contractility, including the individual components of the total Ca2+ flux driving contraction, were studied. Results indicate that the majority of Ca2+ current underlying contractile stress development capacity in cuttlefish juveniles is not mediated by dihydropyridine‐sensitive L‐type channels, in contrast to their adult counterparts, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum contributes little to routine contractility. We had previously noted an influence of physiological levels of taurine in limiting cardiac contractility but found no analogous sensitivity in mantle muscle. Finally, transmission electron microscopy of subcellular architecture revealed the presence of sarcoplasmic tubular aggregates, suggesting that oxidative inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum function limits its role in this life stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Aging skin, exacerbated by external factors like UV radiation and pollutants, is a major cosmetic concern. Taurine, renowned for its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, may combat skin aging. We performed mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal link between taurine and immune cells linked to skin aging.To investigate the association between taurine and immune cells using mendelian randomization, to thereby explore the mechanism through which taurine exerts anti‐aging effects on the skin via immune modulation.A MR approach was employed using taurine‐level data from the Ieu Open GWAS Project and immunocyte traits from a large European cohort. MR‐Egger regression, weighted median estimation, and inverse variance weighting all provided statistical insights into causality. Sensitivity analyses assessed the heterogeneity and pleiotropy among the genetic instruments used.MR analysis identified a causal relationship between taurine levels and 10 immunocyte phenotypes, with taurine found to be negatively and positively associated with three and seven phenotypes, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy, suggesting reliable MR findings.This study provides insights into the immunological pathways by which taurine contributes to skin anti‐aging effects, suggesting that increasing taurine levels could offer a novel strategy for anti‐aging skincare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative damage resulting from weaning stress significantly impacts the growth performance and health status of piglets. Taurine, a dietary antioxidant with diverse functions, was investigated in this study for its protective role against weaning stress-induced oxidative damage and its underlying mechanism. Forty 28-day-old male castrated weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four groups. The control group received the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2%, or 0.3% taurine over a 28-day period. In vitro, H2O2 was utilized to induce oxidative damage to the jejunal mucosa of piglets via IPEC-J2 cells. The results demonstrated that taurine supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea in piglets compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05); the addition of 0.2 and 0.3% taurine led to increased average daily gain and improved feed conversion efficiency in weaned piglets, showing a linear dose-response correlation (p < 0.05). Taurine supplementation at 0.2 and 0.3% enhanced the activities of serum CAT and GSHPx while decreasing the levels of serum NO, XOD, GSSG, and MDA (p < 0.05). Moreover, it significantly elevated the levels of GSS, Trx, POD, complex I, mtnd5, and mt-nd6, enhancing superoxide anion scavenging capacity and the hydroxyl-free scavenging rate in the livers of weaned piglets while reducing NO levels in the liver (p < 0.05). Additionally, 0.2 and 0.3% taurine supplementation decreased serum IL-6 levels and elevated the concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IL-10 in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). The levels of occludin, claudin, and ZO-1 in the jejunum mucosa of weaned piglets increased with 0.2 and 0.3% taurine supplementation (p < 0.05). In IPEC-J2 cells, pretreatment with 25 mM taurine for 24 h enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT; reduced the MDA content; upregulated the mRNA expression of various genes, including ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, Nrf2, and HO-1; and reversed the oxidative damage induced by H2O2 exposure (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that the inclusion of 2 and 3% taurine in the diet can enhance growth performance, reduce diarrhea rates, ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation, and promote intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulfur-containing non-protein amino acid that is widely present in the body in a free state. Taurine is a nutritional additive that maintains the normal physiological functions of fish and plays an important role in the growth and development, metabolism, osmoregulation, digestive physiology, immune enhancement, and antioxidant properties of aquatic animals. The addition of taurine can improve the negative effects of low-fishmeal feed on the production performance, health, and quality of aquatic products. The article introduces the characteristics of taurine and its synthesis and metabolic pathways, reviews the recommended dosage of taurine in lowfishmeal feed, and summarizes the impact of taurine addition in low-fishmeal feed on the growth and health of aquatic animals, providing a reference for the rational use of taurine in low-fishmeal feed for aquatic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of mortality globally. Taurine, an amino acid, holds promise for cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as calcium regulation, blood pressure reduction, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite these potential benefits, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aims to evaluate the existing evidence on the quantitative effects of taurine on hemodynamic parameters and cardiac function grading, which are indicative of overall cardiovascular health and performance. Methods: We conducted an electronic search across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov, from their inception to January 2, 2024. Our analysis focused on key cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification. Meta-regression was applied to explore dose-dependent relationships based on the total taurine dose administered during the treatment period. A subgroup analysis, stratified according to the baseline disease status of patients, was also conducted. Results: The analysis included a pooled sample of 808 participants from 20 randomized controlled trials. Taurine demonstrated a significant reduction in HR (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -3.579 bpm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.044 to -1.114, p = 0.004), SBP (WMD = -3.999 mm Hg, 95% CI = -7.293 to -0.706, p = 0.017), DBP (WMD: -1.435 mm Hg, 95% CI: -2.484 to -0.386, p = 0.007), NYHA (WMD: -0.403, 95% CI: -0.522 to -0.283, p < 0.001), and a significant increase in LVEF (WMD: 4.981%, 95% CI: 1.556 to 8.407, p = 0.004). Meta-regression indicated a dose-dependent reduction in HR (coefficient = -0.0150 per g, p = 0.333), SBP (coefficient = -0.0239 per g, p = 0.113), DBP (coefficient = -0.0089 per g, p = 0.110), and NYHA (coefficient = -0.0016 per g, p = 0.111), and a positive correlation with LVEF (coefficient = 0.0285 per g, p = 0.308). No significant adverse effects were observed compared to controls. In subgroup analysis, taurine significantly improved HR in heart failure patients and healthy individuals. Taurine significantly reduced SBP in healthy individuals, heart failure patients, and those with other diseases, while significantly lowered DBP in hypertensive patients It notably increased LVEF in heart failure patients and improved NYHA functional class in both heart failure patients and those with other diseases. Conclusions: Taurine showed noteworthy effects in preventing hypertension and enhancing cardiac function. Individuals prone to CVDs may find it advantageous to include taurine in their daily regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Aim of this study was to investigate in type 2 diabetes whether expression level of GALNT2, a positive modulator of insulin sensitivity, is associated with a metabolic signature. Methods: Five different metabolite families, including acylcarnitines, aminoacids, biogenic amines, phospholipids and sphingolipids were investigated in fasting serum of 70 patients with type 2 diabetes, by targeted metabolomics. GALNT2 expression levels were measured in peripheral white blood cells by RT-PCR. The association between GALNT2 expression and serum metabolites was assessed using false discovery rate followed by stepwise selection and, finally, multivariate model including several clinical parameters as confounders. The association between GALNT2 expression and the same clinical parameters was also investigated. Results: GALNT2 expression was independently correlated with HbA1c levels (P value = 0.0052), a finding that is the likely consequence of the role of GALNT2 on insulin sensitivity. GALNT2 expression was also independently associated with serum levels of the aminoacid glycine (P value = 0.014) and two biogenic amines phenylethylamine (P value = 0.0065) and taurine (P value = 0.0011). The association of GALNT2 expression with HbA1c was not mediated by these three metabolites. Conclusions: Our data indicate that in type 2 diabetes the expression of GALNT2 is associated with several serum metabolites. This association needs to be further investigated to understand in depth its role in mediating the effect of GALNT2 on insulin sensitivity, glucose control and other clinical features in people with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy with Vincristine (Vcr) is often compromised by undesirable gastrointestinal, myeloid and hepatic effects. In this study, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of taurine (Tau) and/or protocatechuic acid (Pca) in alleviating Vcr-induced hepatotoxicity, enterotoxicity and myelotoxicity in rats. In two cycles of five daily injections each, rats were exposed to Vcr (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination with orally administered Tau (50 mg/kg) and/or Pca (50 mg/kg). Blood was collected for haematology and measurement of liver enzymes and inflammatory cytokines. Genotoxicity assay was performed on bone marrow, while the liver and intestines were subjected to biochemical assays, histopathology and immunohistochemical staining. Administration of Vcr triggered bone marrow suppression (anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, MnPCEs), increased serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and altered hepatic and intestinal morphology. However, supplementation with Tau and/or Pca alleviated most of the toxic effects of Vcr by reducing tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), but stimulating glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. In addition, Tau and/or Pca enhanced anti-inflammatory (reduced serum TNFα) and anti-apoptotic mechanisms (reduced cytochrome c/Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression) in the ileum and liver. Overall, Tau or Pca protected the liver, ileum and bone marrow against Vcr-induced toxicities via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. The data supports their individual use, rather than their combination, as adjuvant therapy in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyraclostrobin, a strobilurin-derived fungicide, causes oxidative stress and DNA damage in the organism. Taurine plays an important role in metabolic processes such as osmoregulatory, cytoprotective, and antioxidant effects. The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of taurine in Sprague Dawley male rats exposed to pyraclostrobin. The rats were separated into 6 groups and were found 8 animals in each group. Rats were given 30 mg/kg pyraclostrobin and pyraclostrobin together with three different taurine concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) via oral gavage for 28 days. While pyraclostrobin increased biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage, it decreased glutathione levels and enzyme activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Pyraclostrobin increased apoptotic, proinflammatory, and CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels, whereas antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels decreased in liver tissue. Additionally, pyraclostrobin caused histopathological alterations in tissues. Taurine in a dose-dependent manner reversed the changes caused by pyraclostrobin. As a result, taurine exhibited a cytoprotective effect by showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities against oxidative damage caused by pyraclostrobin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine can ameliorate hypercholesterolemia by facilitating cholesterol efflux and increasing cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) without clear underlying molecular mechanisms. This study aims to elucidate the molecular action of taurine in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Male Wistar rats were fed a high cholesterol diet containing 5% taurine for 14 days. Three-dimensional primary hepatocytes from rats were exposed to 10 mM taurine for 24 h. Transcriptome analyses of both the liver and hepatocytes were performed using DNA microarray. Taurine significantly decreased serum cholesterol levels and increased hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA levels and transcription rates in rats. Taurine altered the expression of seventy-seven genes in the liver, involving lipid, drug, amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis pathways. The small heterodimer partner (SHP), a transcription factor regulated by taurine, was suppressed. "Network analysis" revealed a negative correlation between the SHP and induction of CYP7A1 and cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1). However, CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 levels were not altered by taurine in 3D-primary hepatocytes. Venn diagram analyses of the transcriptomes in both hepatocytes and the liver indicated a consistent upregulation of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2) and betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). Taurine ameliorated hypercholesterolemia in rats fed a high cholesterol diet by directly enhancing the hepatic expression of BHMT and OATP2, which modulated the SHP and induced CYP7A1 and CYP8B1, thereby promoting cholesterol catabolism and lowering blood cholesterol levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Taurine has a wide range of biological functions in vertebrates but does not participate in protein synthesis. Recent studies showed taurine exhibits an important role in the regulation of fat metabolism in fish and has the effect of reducing liver fat accumulation in high-fed fish. However, it is still unclear how taurine exerts the effect and the underlying metabolic mechanism of taurine intervention. In this study, we conducted an experiment to investigate the fat-lowering effect of taurine on orange-spotted groupers at the proteomic level. Furthermore, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics and excavated the key genes and key proteins involved in the regulation of liver fat metabolism, in an attempt to better understand the intrinsic connection between the transcriptional and translational levels and interpret the trajectories in terms of the biological phenomena in a more comprehensive way after taurine intervention on high-fat fed orange-spotted groupers. In order to understand the intervention effect of taurine on liver fat deposition induced by high fat intake in the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), we performed proteomic analysis and association analysis with previously obtained transcriptomic data. Three isoproteic (47% crude protein) diets were designed to contain two levels of fat and were named as the 10% fat diet (10F), 15% fat diet (15F), and 15% fat with 1% taurine (15FT). The 10F diet was used as the control diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, the 15F diet exhibited comparable weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and hepatosomatic index as the 10F diet, but the former increased liver fat content vs. the latter. Feeding with the 15FT diet resulted in an improvement in weight gain and a reduction in feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and liver fat content compared with feeding the 15F diet. When comparing liver proteomic data between the 15F and 15FT groups, a total of 133 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, of which 51 were upregulated DEPs and 82 were downregulated DEPs. Among these DEPs, cholesterol 27-hydroxylase, phosphatidate phosphatase LPIN, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase were further screened out and were involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and the AMPK signaling pathway as key DEPs in terms of alleviating liver fat deposition of taurine in high-fat fed fish. With the association analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data through KEGG, three differentially expressed genes (atp1a, arf1_2, and plcd) and four DEPs (CYP27α1, LPIN, PLCD, and PTK2B) were co-enriched into five pathways related to fat metabolism including primary bile acid synthesis, bile secretion, glycerolipid metabolism, phospholipid D signaling, or/and phosphatidylinositol signaling. The results showed that dietary taurine intervention could trigger activation of bile acid biosynthesis and inhibition of triglyceride biosynthesis, thereby mediating the liver fat-lowering effects in high-fat fed orange-spotted grouper. The present study contributes some novel insight into the liver fat-lowering effects of dietary taurine in high-fat fed groupers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has focused on alternative plant materials or additives that can be used instead of fish meal due to limited stocks and increased feed prices, although it is important for carnivorous fish species. Taurine is a functional amino acid supplemented to low fish meal diets to improve the growth performance of fish. In this study, eight experimental diets with 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% ratios of taurine supplemented (T0, T0.5, T1 and T2) high (HFM) and low fish meal (LFM) diets were prepared (defined as HFMT0, HFMT0.5, HFMT1, HFMT2, LFMT0, LFMT0.5, LFMT1 and LFMT2). The experiment was carried out in twenty-four 400 L rectangular fiberglass tanks conducted in a marine water system, and fish (initial mean weight of 23.5 g) were stocked in each tank. The nutrition trial was carried out for 90 days with three replicates. Meagre fed with the HFMT1 diet had a higher final mean weight (FMW) and specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed with HFMT0 and all LFM diets. Including taurine in all LFM diets also enhanced growth performance. The FMW and SGR of fish fed the LFMT0.5 diet were similar when compared to HFMT0 (P>0.05) and increased compared to that of other LFM diets with taurine (P<0.05). Meagre fed the LFM0.5 diet had a lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than those provided for all HFM diets, although there was no significant difference between treatments. Dietary taurine has decreased the hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and total ammonia-nitrogen excretion (TAN), irrespective of taurine and fish meal levels. Including dietary taurine at both fish meal levels enhances the number of red blood cells (RBC) and whole-body amino acids of meagre. The most remarkable conclusion of this study is the inclusion of taurine in low fish meal diets improved growth performance and profitability in meagre, and the level of 0.5% has been recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine supplementation has shown survival and feeding efficiency in larval fish development. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of adding taurine to the longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) diet for 60 days. Fish (n = 270) were distributed in three treatments: T0 without taurine, T1, and T2, supplemented with taurine at 1 and 2%, respectively. Growth performance, blood serum biochemistry, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Notable improvements (P < 0.05) were observed in T1 and T2 in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG). Survival rates (SR) did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). In addition, a decrease was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF). Still, an increase was observed in blood parameters, including higher total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) concentration, as well as a reduction in cholesterol (CHO) levels. Changes in fatty acid profiles were also detected in skeletal muscle with an increase in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and elevation in taurine concentration in T2. The results showed that adding 20 g kg-1 of taurine to the diet improved growth, skeletal muscle, and blood serum biochemistry. Therefore, the use of higher taurine concentrations is recommended in future studies to understand fully the extent of the benefits to longfin yellowtail juveniles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high mortality rate in the gold rabbitfish larvae of Siganus guttatus has been found during the initial developmental phase. This condition is thought to be due to unprepared larvae obtaining exogenous feed. Various efforts have been conducted to prevent high mortality rates, such as nutrient enrichment. This study was performed to evaluate the combined effect of βcarotene and taurine on the growth performance and survival rate of the gold rabbitfish larvae of S. guttatus. This study had four treatments for rotifer enrichment, namely BT0 without β-carotene and taurine enrichment, B7.5 (7.5mg L -1 β-carotene), T50 (50mg L -1 taurine), and a combination of 7.5mg L -1 β-carotene and 50mg L -1 taurine (Com-BT). The S. guttatus larvae were reared for 10 days after hatching (DAH). The parameter observed was growth performance, which contained absolute growth (body length and weight), fin development (dorsal, pectoral, and caudal), visual development (eye diameter and retina), total prey intake, and survival rate. The results indicated that enrichment of the rotifers with β-carotene and taurine can improve the absolute growth rate, fin development, visual development, and total prey intake. These parameters obtained better values as both ingredients were combined together (P< 0.05) Com-BT. Nutrient enrichment with β-carotene and taurine had no significant difference (P< 0.05) on the survival rate of S. guttatus larvae, but significantly showed a better survival rate in the combination of β-carotene and taurine treatment (Com-BT). In conclusion, β-carotene and taurine can be applied to improve the growth and survival rate of S. guttatus larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about how plasma and whole blood taurine and plasma carnitine correlate to concentrations in skeletal and cardiac muscle and the effects of diet in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation among plasma, skeletal and cardiac muscle carnitine and taurine and whole blood taurine and determine the effect of diet. The study protocol was approved by the Pet Food Solutions Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty‐three mixed‐breed hounds and 32 beagles were evaluated at Day 0 then removed from their baseline diet and randomized to a test diet: high animal protein, grain‐inclusive (HA‐GI), low animal protein, grain‐free (LA‐GF), low animal protein, grain‐inclusive (LA‐GI), or high animal protein, grain‐free (HA‐GF). Blood was drawn every 30 days and endomyocardial (mixed breeds only) and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected at Days 0 and 180. The correlations between plasma and whole blood taurine, or plasma carnitine and skeletal and cardiac muscle concentrations were weak (p < 0.01–0.05). Mixed‐breed hounds had increased (p = 0.029) whole blood taurine compared to beagles. Plasma taurine was lower with diet HA‐GF, (p = 0.009) however, all diets had increased taurine from Day 0 and were, on average within the laboratory reference range. Dogs fed the HA‐GI diet had increased cardiac muscle carnitine esters (p = 0.014). Increased carnitine esters were also appreciated in cardiac muscle in all diets from Day 0 to 180 (p = 0.0001). On Day 180 mixed‐breed hounds had increased skeletal total carnitine (p < 0.001) compared to all time points and breeds. This study observed no correlation between plasma, whole blood, skeletal and cardiac muscle taurine concentrations but noted some effects between time, breed and diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]