Search

In the pursuit of constructing a sustainable world for all through the instrumental seventeen Sustainable Development Goals, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged and affected the efforts concentrated on these goals. Therefore, there is a pressing need to analyze the extent of the impact that unfolded from the pandemic on each Sustainable Development Goal and further to direct the post-pandemic situation to accelerate the progress in every goal. Besides, there exists a knowledge gap in understanding the Sustainable Development Goals and its interaction with each goal through synergic and trade-off effects. To address the aforementioned imperative problems, this study is formulated to perform an impact assessment as well as to provide direction in the post-pandemic environment to effectively progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals by using a hybrid qualitative and quantitative framework. A detailed investigation is carried out to examine the pandemic impacts in every goal, and a quantified impact analysis is performed in terms of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals with the aid of ranking methodology. The results indicate that SDG 1 and SDG 8 are the most impacted goal. To provide deeper perspectives into the Sustainable Development Goals, a critical analysis of the targets and indicators is performed to characterize the goals from their elemental point of view, such as nature of goals, depending factors, locus of the goal, and Sustainable Development Goal interactions. Further, a novel parameter, the degree of randomness, is proposed whose application in environmental research is immense. The impact on each goal and impact interaction between all the SDGs are also mapped, through which the dynamics of Sustainable Development Goal interactions is elaborated. In context with the post-pandemic scenario, the strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals with environmental focus are presented with prioritization factor that supports quick recovery. The introduced prioritization factor is formulated by employing a multi-criteria analysis methodology. In addition, the fundamental elements of SDGs are built upon one another to frame an optimized and effective approach to achieving the SDGs in the post-pandemic environment. Despite the strategies, a conceptual framework to align the business practices with the SDGs is propounded. This study deep down would provide a unique perspective to the research community and would impart deeper knowledge in connection with sustainability, while the solutions framed would steer the policy and decision-makers.

With the growth of forecasting models, energy forecasting is used for better planning, operation, and management in the electric grid. It is important to improve the accuracy of forecasting for a faster decision‐making process. Big data can handle large scale of datasets and extract the patterns fed to the deep learning models that improve the accuracy than the traditional models and hence, recently started its application in energy forecasting. In this study, an in‐depth insight is initially derived by investigating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques with their strengths and weaknesses, enhancing the consistency of renewable energy integration and modernizing the overall grid. However, Deep learning (DL) algorithms have the capability to handle big data by capturing the inherent non‐linear features through automatic feature extraction methods. Hence, an extensive and exhaustive review of generative, hybrid, and discriminative DL models is being examined for short‐term, medium‐term, and long‐term forecasting of renewable energy, energy consumption, demand, and supply etc. This study also explores the different data decomposition strategies used to build forecasting models. The recent success of DL is being investigated, and the insights of paradoxes in parameter optimization during the training of the model are identified. The impact of weather prediction in the wind and solar energy forecasting is examined in detail. From the existing literatures, it has seen that the average mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value of solar and wind energy forecasting is 10.29% and 6.7% respectively. Current technology barriers involved in implementing these models for energy forecasting and the recommendations to overcome the existing system barriers are identified. An in‐depth analysis, discussions of the results, and the scope for improvement are provided in this study including the potential directions for future research in the energy forecasting.

The study aims to demonstrate a standalone PV-Hydrogen-battery microgrid's technical and economic merits in a developing country. Besides having fossil fuel resources, enough renewable energy resources have been deployed in the microgrid to create a sustainable system. The primary renewable energy resource explored is the solar PV system. The diesel-powered generators are integrated to support the system stability in high PV penetration scenarios. In such cases, energy storage options are integrated to store excess electricity, provide sufficient days of autonomy, system stability and virtual inertia. Li-ion based batteries and Hydrogen have received widespread acceptance as a potential renewable energy storage solution for coping with the variability nature of renewable energy resources. In this study, the system is optimized based on the seasonal load and real-life market information. The results reveal that a diesel-PV-Hydrogen-battery microgrid is an efficient and cost-effective configuration for remote communities in Bangladesh.

Beneficiaries prefer renewable energy-based systems over grid-connected electricity. The cost of energy is viewed as the most influential factor while choosing renewable energy systems. Beneficiaries chose to stay linked with renewa­ble energy systems even when they received grid-connected electricity at a lower tariff.Net-metering and feed-in tariff mechanisms, as well as tax cuts and subsidies for renewable energy projects, could be the catalyst for fostering greater uptake of renewables in the electricity generation mix.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have received massive consideration in the automotive industries due to their improved performance, efficiency and capability to minimize global warming and carbon emission impacts. The utilization of EVs has several potential benefits, such as increased use of renewable energy, less dependency on fossil-fuel-based power generations and energy-storage capability. Although EVs can significantly mitigate global carbon emissions, it is challenging to maintain power balance during charging on-peak hours. Thus, it mandates a comprehensive impact analysis of high-level electric vehicle penetration in utility grids. This paper investigates the impacts of large-scale EV penetration on low voltage distribution, considering the charging time, charging method and characteristics. Several charging scenarios are considered for EVs’ integration into the utility grid regarding power demand, voltage profile, power quality and system adequacy. A lookup-table-based charging approach for EVs is proposed for impact analysis, while considering a large-scale integration. It is observed that the bus voltage and line current are affected during high-level charging and discharging of the EVs. The residential grid voltage sag increases by about 1.96% to 1.77%, 2.21%, 1.96 to 1.521% and 1.93% in four EV-charging profiles, respectively. The finding of this work can be adopted in designing optimal charging/discharging of EVs to minimize the impacts on bus voltage and line current.

To meet the zero-carbon electricity generation target as part of the sustainable development goals (SDG7), remote industrial microgrids worldwide are considering the uptake of more and more renewable energy resources, especially solar PV systems. Estimating the grid PV hosting capacity plays an essential role in designing and planning such microgrids. PV hosting capacity assessment determines the maximum PV capacity suitable for the grid and the appropriate electrical location for PV placement. This research reveals that conventional static criteria to assess the PV hosting capacity fail to ensure the grid’s operational robustness. It hence demands a reduction in the theoretical hosting capacity estimation to ensure grid compatible post-fault voltage and frequency recovery. Energy storage technologies, particularly fast-responsive batteries, can potentially prevent such undesirable scenarios; nevertheless, careful integration is required to ensure an affordable cost of energy. This study proposes a novel methodical techno-economic approach for an off-grid remote industrial microgrid to enhance the PV hosting capacity by integrating battery energy storage considering grid disturbance and recovery scenarios. The method has been validated in an industrial microgrid with a 2.6 MW peak demand in a ready-made garment (RMG) factory having a distinctive demand pattern and unique constraints in remote Bangladesh. According to the analysis, integrating 2.5 MW of PV capacity and a 1.2 MVA battery bank to offset existing diesel and grid consumption would result in an energy cost of BDT 14.60 per kWh (USD 0.1719 per kWh). For high PV penetration scenarios, the application of this method offers higher system robustness, and the financial analysis indicates that the industries would not only benefit from positive environmental impact but also make an economic profit.

Worldwide, the urge to save the climate and environment has led to the rapid deployment of hybrid power systems comprising of various types of renewable energy technologies. The integration of these technologies has led the hybrid system operators to consider significant impacts arising from technical and non-technical aspects of their operations. This poses new challenges in the planning of hybrid energy systems which needs addressing the economic, technical, social and environmental factors. Hence a holistic planning approach is a crying need which consists of methods not only to mitigate technical and non-technical challenges but also consider worldwide stakeholders' opinion for decision-making in the planning phase of hybrid systems. Computer-aided system optimization, techno-economic and technical studies, and integration of modern technologies are some of the other planning methods need to be considered to address the key challenges in a hybrid renewable energy resource power system. This chapter presents a conceptual framework considering all the aspects mentioned above for the planning of hybrid systems.

The United Nations (UN) have formulated seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and thus, humans were trying to traverse the sustainable path. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged and forced out the ephemeral conventional approaches. Thus, the post-COVID world indicates the need for sustainable development and strategies in par with the ecosystem. The authors propose this study as a guide to direct the post-pandemic scenario into the sustainable pathway by prioritizing energy sustainability to engage the actions for achieving the SDGs. The analysis in this study commences with the investigation of pronounced impacts in the energy sector with its influence on the progress towards sustainability. To pursue the path of energy sustainability, a qualitative analysis is performed in a parallel approach from the key viewpoint of the renewable and sustainable energy transition, digital transformation of the energy sector and energy affordability in the post-COVID world. A SWOT-AHP hybrid methodology is employed to identify the significance of each strategy or issues to be focused on immediately in the post-COVID world. The study also discusses energy sustainability from political bodies and policy makers’ perspective, and the actual scenario where we are headed is revealed with the aid of process-tracing method. Furthermore, a novel quantitative analysis is established to represent the SDG’s interaction and the result shows that the SDG 7 is the underpinning goal in relative to other SDGs. In context with it, the mapping of energy sustainability to the sustainable world is accomplished. The ultimate inference from envisioning the SDGs through energy sustainability shows that a sustainable world would result after the pandemic. However, the changes in the energy market, investment preferences and more importantly, the decisions influenced by the political bodies in the post-COVID-world is decisive in achieving the same in a stipulated time frame.

Due to weak nature, off-grid power system (remote and industrial) integrated with high penetration of solar PV systems encounters several technical challenges during its regular operation. These challenges exaggerate in case of any emergency caused by any malfunction, natural disaster or any other obstruction and hence, threaten the system stability and resiliency, if not appropriately managed. For example, any unanticipated emergency event may cause a forced and rapid halt of production in industries and create generation-load imbalance and stability issues. Remote off-grid power systems comprising of a high level of solar PV penetration and industrial loads may face severe disturbance which could eventually lead to a system collapse if the contingencies are not planned appropriately during the planning phase. This study looks into proposing a step by step methodology that confronts a few likely contingencies in a remote off-grid industrial system with a high level of PV penetration. Findings show that appropriate planning of PV systems considering its hosting capacity can ensure grid-code compatible and stable operation despite abrupt disturbances across the power system.

It is essential to eliminate the uncertainties in the variability of the output power of the solar photovoltaics (PV) as much as possible to improve the penetration level of such systems in microgrids. Hence, employing PV forecasting tools can be very helpful in this aspect. This paper has used a battery energy storage system and short-term PV forecasting together to assess the potential of fuel-saving in diesel generator-PV-battery hybrid microgrids. An innovative framework has been proposed to address the problems of forecast error for short-time horizon, realizing the persistence of the forecast’s performance variation for various sky and cloud conditions throughout the year. This approach helps to build a confidence level for utilizing the PV forecast method as short as 1-min ahead. The studies have shown that PV forecasting mechanism yields in promising results when innovative strategies comprising of the post-processing of forecast data is effectively utilized.

Concerns over growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel prices have prompted researchers to look into alternative energy sources, notably in the transportation sector, accounting for more than 70% of carbon emissions. An increasing amount of research on electric vehicles (EVs) and their energy management schemes (EMSs) has been undertaken extensively in recent years to address these concerns. This article aims to offer a bibliometric analysis and investigation of optimized EMSs for EV applications. Hundreds (100) of the most relevant and highly influential manuscripts on EMSs for EV applications are explored and examined utilizing the Scopus database under predetermined parameters to identify the most impacting articles in this specific field of research. This bibliometric analysis provides a survey on EMSs related to EV applications focusing on the different battery storages, models, algorithms, frameworks, optimizations, converters, controllers, and power transmission systems. According to the findings, more articles were published in 2020, with a total of 22, as compared to other years. The authors with the highest number of manuscripts come from four nations, including China, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, and five research institutions, with these nations and institutions accounting for the publication of 72 papers. According to the comprehensive review, the current technologies are more or less capable of performing effectively; nevertheless, dependability and intelligent systems are still lacking. Therefore, this study highlights the existing difficulties and challenges related to EMSs for EV applications and some brief ideas, discussions, and potential suggestions for future research. This bibliometric research could be helpful to EV engineers and to automobile industries in terms of the development of cost-effective, longer-lasting, hydrogen-compatible electrical interfaces and well-performing EMSs for sustainable EV operations.

Highlights • Investigation on potential impacts in power sector due to COVID-19 pandemic. • An analysis on Indian power system scenario during pandemic is presented. • Measures to combat unforeseen reduction and shifting of electricity demand. • Recommendations are provided for risk management in power and energy sector., The demand of electricity has been reduced significantly due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Governments around the world were compelled to reduce the business activity in response to minimize the threat of coronavirus. This on-going situation due to COVID-19 has changed the lifestyle globally as people are mostly staying home and working from home if possible. Hence, there is a significant increase in residential load demand while there is a substantial decrease in commercial and industrial loads. This devastating situation creates new challenges in the technical and financial activities of the power sector and hence most of the utilities around the world initiated a disaster management plan to tackle this ongoing challenges/threats. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the global scenarios of power systems during COVID-19 along with the socio-economic and technical issues faced by the utilities. Then, this study further scrutinized the Indian power system as a case study and explored scenarios, issues and challenges currently being faced to manage the consumer load demand, including the actions taken by the utilities/power sector for the smooth operation of the power system. Finally, a set of recommendations are presented to support the government/policymakers/utilities around the world not only to overcome the current crisis but also to overcome future unforeseeable pandemic alike scenario.

Providing electricity access in remote and rural areas across the world has always been economically and technically challenging. Prioritising energy sources to electrify a remote community is the most complicated step. A combination of multiple resources is always preferable as no single alternative is absolute. The incorporation of economic, technical and environmental aspects in the strategic decision-making makes the process complicated for standalone off-grid power supply system planning. This study proposes a novel method using an Analytical Hierarchy Approach-based multi-criteria decision analysis along with system optimisation to obtain universal priority criteria and the best system configuration among a few alternatives. The novelty of the approach lies in the structured deliberation and the analysis to formulate a planning approach for the off-grid power supply system using a combination of experts’ assessment and system optimisation study. The method is applied to a remote Australian community. The analysis result identifies the most preferred standalone off-grid power supply system options for a remote rural area, which in this Australian case, is the Diesel-PV-Battery system.

Electrification of remote areas with the help of standalone power supply systems, also known as islanded microgrids, is a complex and multi-dimensional problem. This problem needs to address and consider diverse factors such as economic, technical, environmental, social and political. This study has used an analytical hierarchy process-based multi-criteria decision-making approach to obtain a more robust and universally convincing plan for remote area microgrids. To this end, a survey has been conducted from worldwide academics, industry experts and consultants. The study reveals that the economic criterion is the most important factor versus other factors.

The application of short-term PV forecasting in standalone off-grid power supply (SOPS) systems in remote electricity networks is an approach to enable higher levels of PV penetration without hampering the network stability. In this study, a diesel run remote electricity network has been considered where high levels of PV penetration has been found techno-economically feasible. Some unavoidable common scenarios, for example, maximum PV variability and abrupt load change have been considered in analyzing system performance and system stability. The application of short-term PV forecasting shows favorable outcomes when accommodating high PV variability and abrupt load fluctuation compared to the same system conditions when PV forecasting is not considered. The study contributes to the ongoing research of developing smart and efficient control mechanisms that enable higher levels of PV penetration in remote electricity networks worldwide.

The application of short-term forecasts in remote PV diesel networks is an approach to enable higher PV penetrations and fuel savings without deteriorations in network stability. In this simulation study, two different strategies for the integration of short-term forecasts in combination with battery storage into remote PV diesel networks are analyzed. Method 1 combines conventional battery control strategies with predicted spinning reserve by gensets. The resulting additional fuel savings range from 3.9% to 5.6% compared to conventional control. Further benefits are reduced battery throughput compared to battery only and increased network stability compared to forecast-only or battery-only control strategies. Method 2 uses forecasts to reduce PV power fluctuations by curtailment. Additional fuel savings range from 0.6% to 1.3%, while battery throughput is halved compared to method 1.

Conventional RCC uses Type-I compensator or Integrator which cannot track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) for all the operating condition without Adaptive Gain Tuning. The Type-II compensator based closed loop control scheme of the proposed MPPT makes it robust against all types of disturbances, panel and plant parameter variations. The RCC technique is very simple to implement and the total MPPT controller can be easily implemented using analog circuitry only. However, the challenge lies in designing the compensator as the RCC technique, along with PV panel, exhibits highly non-linear dynamics. Conventional Bode plot technique is used for designing the compensator where the plant parameters (Gain and Phase) are obtained by perturbing the panel operation around the MPP at crossover frequency. This paper proposes a compensator based implementation of Dynamic Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for rapidly changing irradiation and load variation using Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) technique. The proposed control scheme has a very fast convergence and is very prompt in tracking irradiance variation and load disturbance rejection. The efficacy of the proposed MPPT and the compensator are verified by simulation.

One of the primary technical challenges of integrating high levels of PV generation into standalone off-grid power supply systems is their variable power output characteristics. In dealing with this issue, the integration of reliable PV forecasting techniques and preferably energy storage, are highly effective. Applying a short-term PV forecasting method, together with a compensatory controllable resource, can help in the management of system operation. This study incorporates the development of an energy flow modelling tool that has been used to analyse the benefits of 1-min ahead PV forecasting and battery storage for different system configurations. Based on the five days of 1-min ahead forecasting results analysed, it is found that PV forecasting enables the prosumer to install more than double the PV capacity, compared to the allowed installed PV capacity when no forecasting is employed. This additional PV capacity saves around 24–25% (on average) of diesel fuel per day for the diesel-PV-battery configuration. The outcomes evidently indicate that incorporating 1-min ahead PV forecasting enables a significant increase of PV hosting capacity of the system, without compromising the reliability of the system.

Diesel generators are typically used in remote Australian electricity networks to generate power for its consumers. Solar PV systems are one of the most common renewable resources due to their gradual technical advancement, decreasing cost and wide application. This study aims to design and model a PV-Diesel power system for a generic remote town in Australia. The electricity generation philosophy using a centralised PV system along with the existing Diesel capacity is modelled and simulated in Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. The study considers higher levels of PV penetration and conducts a techno-economic analysis of different network configurations to propose a comprehensive electricity network design and generation philosophy, based on the cost of energy (AU$/kWh), the quantity of excess electricity, fuel savings potential and environmental impacts for a remote Australian town.

For a successful implementation of demand response in the residential sector, access to real electricity consumption data and load profiles of major household appliances is crucial. With the advancement of the communication technologies and smart load monitoring devices, access to this information become simpler. This paper investigates characteristic of different communication technologies and their suitability for use in demand response implementation in the residential sector. A smart monitoring and controlling system is integrated into a household's electric appliances to study their daily energy consumption profiles and identify their potential demand response capacity. This paper intends to draw interest on the benefits from using the smart monitoring and controlling system, for instance, it provides real-time energy consumption feedbacks, standby power consumption information and remote load control flexibility. Using these information, the total demand response opportunity and standby energy loss are calculated for selected major appliances.

Lack of quality electricity supply in the remote areas is one of the main hindering factors of global development. Many countries around the world are trying to utilize renewable energy sources for remote electrification including developing countries like Bangladesh. After the renowned Solar Home System (SHS) program, Bangladesh is now focusing on solar PV-diesel hybrid minigrid system to reach more people by providing affordable electricity. Following the availability of electricity in the form of minigrid, a development in industries like sawmills, grinding mills, husking mills is predictable. Therefore, daytime loads might have significant contribution in energy consumption, unlike the usual residential scenario. With this, the irrigation demands are there during the dry season. This study analyzes the techno-economic feasibility of the solar PV-diesel hybrid system with different load conditions. A remote area of southern Bangladesh is taken as the case site. Three case studies are formulated based on the time of using irrigation pumps. HOMER Pro Microgrid Analysis Tool has been used to find the most optimized configuration for each case study. The optimized configurations from each case study are then evaluated based on the cost of electricity (COE), greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy fraction. The generation profile of solar PV and diesel generators are analyzed for each case study. From the techno-economic evaluation, it is observed that the optimum time to run the irrigation pumps is during the daytime. In this case, the solar PV has the highest contribution to meet the energy demand with the slightly increased cost of electricity.

A new scheme for real time operation of a microgrid comprising of thermal generators has been introduced. This scheme builds on the fact that economic dispatch can be converted from an optimization problem that is activated only in discrete instants of time into a feedback control problem that continuously adjusts the generators' set points. However, set point adjustment using control-based Economic dispatch (ED) is not sufficiently fast to maintain frequency deviation within acceptable levels. Hence, automatic generation control (AGC) is still needed to ensure fast action. It is shown in this paper that proper coordination between AGC and control-based ED gives rise to a control scheme that achieves efficient system frequency control while continuously operating the system in an optimal manner. A three generator system is used to implement the proposed scheme.

Bangladesh, being a typical developing country, has undergone the energy crisis situation for a very long period of time. The energy system of the country has gradually being improving with the electricity accessibility ratio increasing year by year. The study has been based on different analytical information and data analysis regarding the Energy Market of Bangladesh. The study investigates on the current energy condition of Bangladesh which seemed to have significantly shown some improvement from the past 5 years regarding generation but it has a very uncompetitive energy market. Many researches have been made based on different aspects of the energy system in Bangladesh but mostly discussing problems with the system, policy making issues and efficiency. This study focuses on the drawbacks of the Bangladesh's energy system which is hindering the energy market of the country to flourish.

Main objective of this paper is to suggest an electricity generation system based on renewable energy sources to fulfill the electrical demand of remote villages of a developing country like Bangladesh. The suggested system is composed of photovoltaic array, fuel cell stack, electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank. This system will replace the conventional method of storing energy by introducing hydrogen storage system. The system is known as Solar PV-Hydrogen Fuel cell system. The optimization and the simulation of the proposed system were performed with Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. In order to determine the optimal combination of the system, different combinations of PV arrays, Fuel cell, Electrolyzer and Hydrogen storage tank were selected on the basis of the Net Present Cost (NPC).

Electric Vehicles (EV) have become popular due to increasing oil prices and environmental issues. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) system allows bidirectional electricity flow from vehicle's battery to power grid. In this paper, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) has been considered as an option for energy storage in a smart system where renewable energy sources (RES) are included along with main grid. Smart charging system will ensure that an electric vehicle owner will charge the battery during off peak hours and discharge remaining energy back to the grid during peak demand hours. Development of such charging station in a smart grid network is capable of solving the problem of peak demand crisis. PHEV and grid energy management model has been analyzed using HOMER. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is built where an electric vehicle owner will get the precise time period for charging and discharging their vehicles and the cost of energy through smart metering.

Presently, the world is considering the integration of small, medium and large-scale PV systems into both urban and remote rural electricity networks. This sees a transition towards a 100% renewable energy based electricity supply from the current conventional fossil fuel based electricity supply. Australia has a significant electricity generation potential from solar PV resources which also encourages the uptake of PV-battery hybrid systems. Australian utilities operating in the isolated and remote areas are now seriously considering the integration of solar PV systems as a long-term solution to reduce costs and facilitate sustainable electricity generation. This would also defer expensive grid extension to supply electricity to these dispersed remote communities. This study aims to model and optimise a remote Australian PV-diesel system incorporated with high levels of PV penetration and battery storage and investigate the system power quality issues. The study includes system component optimisation and techno-economic analysis which considers the outcomes regarding the cost of energy (AUD$/kWh), fuel savings potential and environmental impacts. Power quality issues have been explored by analysing the response of fast frequency-responsive (FFR) battery storage. The overall study has found that higher levels of PV penetration integrated with the current diesel operated system provides a comprehensive and efficient electricity supply and FFR Li-ion batteries can mitigate transient power quality issues and maintain system frequency within acceptable limits.

In Bangladesh, the rising demand for electrical energy is a notable feature. Most of this energy is needed for domestic and industrial appliance electrical machineries and electric traction. Bangladesh has a huge population with increasing demand for electricity. The importance of electricity in everyday life in Bangladesh has reached such a stage that it is required to protect the power system from harm during fault conditions and to ensure maximum continuity of electricity supply. The power system of Bangladesh is facing several problems which are causing deficiency of electricity generation. The problems are such as: low production of electricity than the actual demand, faulty power system, lacking of natural resources required for electricity generation etc. This paper gives a brief description about the efficiency of combined cycle and single cycle power stations and shows the comparison between them to analyze that whether combined cycle power plants are more efficient for Bangladesh or not. This paper also discusses about the problems in electricity generation in Bangladesh and how to mitigate the desired electricity production by solving these problems. Using combined cycle is a wise choice as the heat energy which is produced in the gas turbine is re-used to boil the water into steam and supply the steam into the steam turbine to produce additional electricity. So, the combined cycle power station is the better option for electricity generation in Bangladesh. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the development, importance, challenges, progress and prospects of combined cycle power plants in Bangladesh.

“Smart Grid” is a modern concept which refers to the conversion of the mainstream or typical electric power grid to a modern power grid. This new conversion is a foreseeable soultion to the power system problems of the modern century. Rejuvenation of the current electric power distribution system is an important step to implement the Smart Grid technology. So, distribution system engineers should be acquainted with the knowledge of Smart Distribution System. Also the customers should acknowledge the benefits that they will be enjoying from this modernized power system. This paper gives a brief detail of Smart Grid. The focus of this paper is to familiarize with Smart Grid perspective to Bangladesh where the power system is very detailed, complex and quite aged. The distribution system loss is high and the customers face daily planned load shedding. To address the power crisis and other problems, the conventional distribution system should be restructured to smart distribution system which is a part of Smart Grid. Though it is a very new and expensive concept, yet Bangladesh Government has showed positive approach. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Smart Distribution System, its importance in Bangladesh power system and the progress & prospects.

Smart Grid" is a novel concept which refers to the transformation of the conventional electric power grid to a modern grid. This new concept is an inevitable soultion to the power system problems of 21 st century. Modernization of the current electric power system is an important step to implement the Smart Grid technology. This paper gives a brief description of Smart Grid and its advantages. The spotlight of this paper is to familiarize with Smart Grid perspective to Bangladesh. The power system in Bangladesh is very complex and quite aged with lots of lackings. But, there exist lots of opportunities and scopes to convert the power grid of Bangladesh to the Smart Grid. To address the power crisis and other problems, it is the high time to initiate the plans to combat the odd electric situations in Bangladesh. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the development, importance, challenges, progress and prospects of Smart Grid in Bangladesh.

Buildings are estimated to account for more than a third of the world’s resources in construction, 40 percent of global energy (including embodied energy), 12 percent of fresh water use, and generate 40 percent of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and make up 40 percent of waste to landfill. The worldwide concerns for the impending resource crunch and the dangers of global warming, and the understanding of the role that buildings can play to contribute positively to the economy, energy security, human health and the environment have led to a quiet green building revolution around the globe over the last decade. Energy plays a vital role over the life cycle of a building, hence sustainable buildings and energy refurbishments in buildings hold enormous potential for energy saving and a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The main target of this paper is to find out the effectiveness and sustainability in green building design implementations which evaluates energy performances. In addition, the paper explains the key feature of the green building as well as its usefulness, current challenges and barriers.

Pumps can be operated as turbines to generate electricity by changing the mode of its operation and reversing the direction of power flow. Since the pump manufacturers usually do not provide datasheet showing the pump's characteristics and performance when operating as turbines, problem arises as to understand how the pump behaves in the turbine mode or reverse running mode. To resolve the problem scientists have developed different mathematical models to find the pump behavior in the turbine mode and its characteristics. In this paper, the BEP (best efficiency point) of a pump operated as turbine (PAT) turbine is mathematically determined using two different methods with the help of the experimentally obtained general pump characteristics data. The BEP is then used to determine the amount of hydraulic power and hence in turn the amount of electrical power that can be generated when an induction machine (operated in generator mode) is coupled to the pump. Also a suitable site is assumed to determine the operating points or range of the PAT using the conventional mathematical models available in many literatures of fluid mechanics.