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Herein, nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were synthesized by a solvothermal reaction for the determination of tartrazine in food. The microscopic structures and optical properties were examined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. The fluorescence emission of the N-CQDs were 450 nm upon the excitation of 350 nm with a quantum yield of 14%. The N-CQDs provide a good linear range from 0.8 to 100 μM and low detection limit of 0.078 μM. The constructed fluorescent probe was successfully adopted to determine tartrazine in food samples with good accuracy. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of tartrazine by the N-CQDs are likely due to the static quenching and inner filter effect. Overall, a wide linear range, sensitive and stable fluorescent probe is provided which indicates a new method for the determination of tartrazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartrazine, an azo dye prevalent in pharmaceuticals and food items, was investigated for its impact on fetal development, specifically examining visceral and skeletal abnormalities in rat offspring exposed to daily oral doses throughout pregnancy. Fourteen pregnant rats were randomly assigned to control and tartrazine groups (seven animals each), with tartrazine administered via oral gavage at 7.5 mg/kg throughout gestation. Offspring were categorized by gender for histopathological and genetic analysis of visceral structures. Bone quality and fracture resistance assessments involved micro‐CT, Raman spectroscopy, and biomechanical testing. Results highlighted distinct internal organ tissue differences in the tartrazine group, notably increased hemorrhagic and inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and vacuolization compared to controls. Gender‐specific alterations in mRNA levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and TRPM2 genes (p < .001) were also noted. Moreover, tartrazine‐exposed groups exhibited reduced trabecular thickness, bone volume, and significant alterations in bone matrix composition and quality alongside significant decreases in fracture resistance (p < 0.05). This study concludes that intrauterine exposure to tartrazine can result in adverse impacts on organ and bone development in rat offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Z-scheme heterojunction photo(electro)catalyst was fabricated by coupling sulfonic acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride (SA-g-CN) with bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). The SA-g-CN component was prepared via wet-impregnation, while BiOI was synthesized through a hydrothermal method. Comprehensive characterization elucidated the structural and morphological properties of the resulting composite. The SA-g-CN/BiOI exhibited exceptional performance in both photocatalytic degradation of tartrazine (TTZ) and photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Notably, 98.26% TTZ removal was achieved within 60 min of irradiation, while an OER onset potential of 0.94 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a high photocurrent density of 6.04 mA were recorded under AM 1.5G illumination. Band energy calculations based on Mott–Schottky measurements confirmed the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction, which facilitated efficient charge separation and transfer, thereby enhancing catalytic activity. These findings establish the SA-g-CN/BiOI composite as a promising candidate for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study aimed to investigate the changes induced by Tartrazine (T) and Thymoquinone (TQ) in rat lung tissues. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups, 8 animals in each group: Control, T, TQ and T. The experiments were conducted for 21 days. Oxidant-antioxidant parameters were determined in rat lung tissues. Results: An increase was observed in Malondialdehyde (MDA) parameters in the lung tissues of rats in the T-treatment group when compared to all other groups, a significant decrease was observed in reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) levels. It was observed that TQ administration led to a significant increase in antioxidant capacity when compared to other groups. Coadministration of T and TQ led to improvements in oxidant and antioxidant parameters when compared to the T group. Conclusion: In this first study on the correlation between T and TQ, T administration led to damages in lung tissues. It induced oxidative stress via the increase in oxidant capacity. TQ led to an increase in antioxidant capacity. We recommend TQ consumption to maintain strong antioxidant capacity against oxidative stress damage and T toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Tartrazine (Tz) is one of the most commonly used colorants incorporated in the food manufacturing. Its toxicity is derived from metabolic byproducts representing health hazards to consumers. Gallic acid (GA) is known for its redox stabilizing, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the possible defensive effect of GA against Tz-induced testicular dysfunction. To achieve this objective, 18 male Wistar adult rats were randomly and equally categorized into three groups for 30 days. The control group received no treatment. Tz at a dose of 30 mg/kg BW was administered to the Tz group. The Tz + GA group received GA at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW in concurrent with the previously described Tz dosage. Both Tz and GA were supplemented orally once daily by a stomach tube. Results The marked decline in luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estradiol 17beta confirmed deviation in pituitary–gonadal axis of Tz-exposed rats. Imbalances in plasma redox equilibrium were evident, characterized by a notable increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, along with a decrease in reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity. Deteriorations in histopathological features, fibrosis in testicular tissue, abnormalities in Sertoli cell, and up-regulation in caspase-3 were observed. Conversely, GA administration successfully reversed these issues. Conclusion The ability of GA to counteract toxicological molecular targets in Tz-exposed testes is believed to be achieved through the restoration of oxidant/antioxidant balance and the prevention of the apoptotic cascade.

This study aimed to investigate the removal of tartrazine dye & tetracycline antibiotic and hydrogen (H2) production simultaneously through the hybrid electrocoagulation-photocatalytic process using g-C3N4/TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiNTAs) nanocomposite. The g-C3N4/TiNTAs was used as the photocatalyst. The melamine as the precursor of g-C3N4 was varied to obtain the optimal loading on the removal of tartrazine dye & tetracycline antibiotic and hydrogen (H2) production simultaneously. The integrated acrylic photoreactor was equipped with two 250-W mercury lamps. The nanotubular morphology of TiNTAs and nanostructure features of g-C3N4/TiNTAs were examined using FESEM/EDX and HR-TEM/SAED. The XRD patterns indicated the composition of TiNTAs, confirming the presence of anatase and rutile crystalline phases. UV-Vis DRS also showed a redshift in the composite absorbance and a reduced bandgap with g-C3N4 introduction. The results showed that when tartrazine and tetracycline were treated simultaneously, tartrazine was more dominantly degraded compared to tetracycline. In mixed pollutant system condition, the H2 production increased by 17.0% and 41.1% compared to single pollutant system of tartrazine and tetracycline, respectively. The photocatalyst used in the hybrid process was the g-C3N4/TiNTAs (3 g) which provide the optimum H2 production.

The massive generation of dye waste leads to environmental, social and ecological problems. The use of biomass-derived activated carbon as an adsorbent is a versatile approach that has attracted more attention due to the production of value-added products with lower environmental risk. Application of raw sawdust (SD) and activated sawdust (ASD) for the removal of tartrazine has been investigated. The physicochemical characterization of ASD showed a high surface area, a heterogenous surface with a clear porous structure, and enough functional groups. The effects of various parameters on the removal of the dye were studied. The highest removal percentages were found to be 47.88% for SD and 99.52% for ASD at optimized conditions of pH of 2, temperature of 25 °C, contact time of 60 min, SD mass of 1 g, ASD mass of 0.05 g and 20 mg/L of tartrazine. Langmuir saturation adsorption capacities were equal to 0.8 mg/g for SD and 127 mg/g for ASD at 25 °C. Regeneration of both adsorbents using NaCl showed a decrease in the tartrazine removal from 47.88% to 34.12% for SD and from 99.52% to 70.40% for ASD in five recycle runs. Even if SD shows a more limited efficiency in tartrazine removal, it can be used as it is, without any activation step, therefore it can be a convenient alternative to the activated material. In conclusion, SD and ASD are promising, biodegradable, eco-friendly, cost-effective and efficient adsorbents for the removal of tartrazine from wastewater effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tartrazine (Tz) is one of the most commonly used colorants incorporated in the food manufacturing. Its toxicity is derived from metabolic byproducts representing health hazards to consumers. Gallic acid (GA) is known for its redox stabilizing, anti-apoptotic, and cytoprotective characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the possible defensive effect of GA against Tz-induced testicular dysfunction. To achieve this objective, 18 male Wistar adult rats were randomly and equally categorized into three groups for 30 days. The control group received no treatment. Tz at a dose of 30 mg/kg BW was administered to the Tz group. The Tz + GA group received GA at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW in concurrent with the previously described Tz dosage. Both Tz and GA were supplemented orally once daily by a stomach tube. Results: The marked decline in luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estradiol 17beta confirmed deviation in pituitary–gonadal axis of Tz-exposed rats. Imbalances in plasma redox equilibrium were evident, characterized by a notable increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, along with a decrease in reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity. Deteriorations in histopathological features, fibrosis in testicular tissue, abnormalities in Sertoli cell, and up-regulation in caspase-3 were observed. Conversely, GA administration successfully reversed these issues. Conclusion: The ability of GA to counteract toxicological molecular targets in Tz-exposed testes is believed to be achieved through the restoration of oxidant/antioxidant balance and the prevention of the apoptotic cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel NiAl2O4/NiO@γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by the impregnation-calcination method and used for the catalytic ozonation of tartrazine wastewater. The NiAl2O4/NiO@γ-Al2O3 catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments. It was found that NiAl2O4/NiO@γ-Al2O3 significantly improved the removal of chemical oxygen demand of the dye wastewater from 40% for the direct ozone oxidation to 65%, and the ozone concentration depletion for catalytic ozonation was 120% of that for ozone alone. The catalytic activity of the catalyst did not significantly decrease after reuse for six cycles and leaching concentration of metal ions less than 1%. However, the toxicity of the dye wastewater was greatly reduced after the catalytic ozonation. The pyridine Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the catalytic ozonation reaction was related with Lewis acid sites. The presence of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and singlet oxygen was verified by an electron paramagnetic resonance, and the quenching experiments confirmed that the removal of organic pollutants from the tartrazine wastewater mainly relied on hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen. Therefore, the NiAl2O4/NiO@γ-Al2O3 could be an effective catalyst for the rapid catalytic ozonation of dye wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity of food additives is widely studied and concerns many consumers worldwide. Synthetic food colors are often considered an unnecessary risk to consumer health. Since the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) re-evaluation between 2009 and 2014, the body of scientific literature on food colors has grown, and new evaluations are being published by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Therefore, this narrative review aims to review the toxicological data that have become available since 2014. The reviewed colors are Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow, Azorubine, Amaranth, Ponceau 4R, Erythrosine, Allura Red, Patent Blue, Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Blue FCF, Green S, Brilliant Black, Brown HT, and Lithol Rubine BK. Tartrazine was not included in this paper; the overwhelming amount of recent data on Tartrazine toxicity requires more space than this review can provide. The issues regarding the toxicity of synthetic food colors and real population exposures are being regularly examined and reviewed by relevant authorities, such as the EFSA and JECFA. The current ADI limits set by the authorities are mostly in agreement, and they seem safe. However, the EFSA and JECFA assessments of some of the colors are more than a decade old, and new evidence will soon be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared novel green, eco-friendly carbon dots as a dualchannel probe for highly sensitive and selective detection of tartrazine (Trz) and palladium(II) (Pd(II)) involving, respectively, FRET and electron transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, the successful utilization of the carbon dots for detecting Trz and Pd(II) in actual samples implies its potential application prospects in analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food coloring agents used in food remain controversial because many adverse effects are encountered. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether curcumin has potential protection against oxidative stress, organ damage, and genotoxic effects induced by different doses of tartrazine, a synthetic food coloring agent, in male rats. Experimental procedure: Six groups were established as follows: Group 1 represented the control. Groups 2 and 3 were given tartrazine orally, with a daily dosage of 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., respectively. Group 4 was given orally a daily dose of 50 mg curcumin/kg b.wt. Groups 5 and 6 were orally given daily doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg tartrazine and cotreated with 50 mg/kg curcumin, respectively. Results: The administration of low and high dose tartrazine for 30 and 60 days significantly increased the following parameters in proportion to the dose and time of exposure: body weight; levels of AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation; and reduced organ weight (liver, kidneys, and testes), concentrations of total protein, albumin, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), free and total testosterone, sperm count, motility, and viability. Furthermore, tartrazine induced histopathological alterations and DNA damage in hepatic, renal and testicular tissues. Co-treatment of rats with curcumin and tartrazine revealed milder pathological alterations compared to rats treated with tartrazine alone. Conclusion: Taken together, this study showed that curcumin ameliorated the tartrazine-induced toxicity in the liver, kidney, and testis of male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartrazine (TZN) is used in a wide variety of foods, medicines and cosmetics. Studies have associated TZN exposure with several side effects such as asthma, nausea, bronchitis, rhinitis, bronchospasm, etc. in humans. However, the mode of action of this molecule is not properly understood. In this study, we used budding yeast to decipher the mechanism of TZN toxicity. Our data revealed that the deletion of H3 N-terminal tail H3-Δ(1–16), H3-Δ(1–20), H3-Δ(1–24), H3-Δ(1–28) lead to hypersensitivity for TZN indicating that the tail region mediates intracellular signaling for survivability upon TZN exposure. Next, we performed computational study to characterize TZN-interactome by STITCH tool. Our analysis revealed that TZN have only two interacting partner (CTT1 and CTA1) and both of them are involved in oxidative stress pathways. This data was validated by the rescue of TZN toxicity by supplementation of antioxidant. Altogether, our data indicate that TZN causes oxidative stress in budding yeast cells and the intracellular response to alleviate such stress requires N-terminal tail of histone H3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both human health and aquatic environments are at risk of contamination by industrial wastewater. These contaminants, which are hazardous organic dye pollutants, can cause extreme harm if not addressed effectively. Therefore, addressing the degradation of hazardous organic dye pollutants is crucial. Using the co-precipitation technique, manganese nickel selenide-chitosan nanoparticles (MnNiSeCs-NPs) were prepared. The fabrication of the nanocomposites was verified by FTIR study. Using the SEM method, the average particle size was measured to be 74 nm. The elemental composition of the nanocomposites was further studied using EDX, which demonstrated the existence of Se, Mn, and Ni in the nanocomposite. For determining the crystalline structure, XRD was utilized, and the measured crystallite size was 24.2 nm. The photocatalyst exhibited a reduced bandgap of 2.3 eV. When subjected to sunlight irradiation by optimizing the reaction conditions, including a 75-min duration, 40 ppm dye solution of pH 7, and 0.1 g photocatalyst dosage, effective photodegradation of Alizarin red dye upto 98% was attained using the synthesized MnNiSeCs-NPs. Likewise, 96% degradation of tartrazine dye was accomplished with the same optimum parameters of time, pH, and ppm while only increasing the catalyst dosage to 0.2 g. Both reactions follow pseudo-first-order kinetic principles. Notably, the MnNiSeCs-NP catalyst exhibited recyclability in four sequential batches. These findings indicate that the MnNiSeCs-NPs are extremely efficient, economically viable, and useful photocatalysts for reducing pollutants in industrial effluent with great environmental remediation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of tartrazine as sensory additive (functional group: (a) colourants: (i) substances that add or restore colour in feedingstuffs). Tartrazine is intended to be incorporated in fishing baits up to a maximum of 30 mg/kg in complementary feed in order to colour them and attract fish in freshwater (ponds, rivers), for both recreational and competitive fishing. The additive is not intended for use in aquaculture. Tartrazine is already authorised for use with cats and dogs, ornamental fish, grain‐eating ornamental birds and small rodents. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the use of tartrazine in the preparation of baits for freshwater fish under the proposed conditions of use is of no concern for the target animals. The use of tartrazine as a feed additive under the proposed conditions of use is considered safe for the consumer and the environment. Regarding the user safety, the additive should be considered a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Inhalation and dermal exposure are considered a risk. The FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the irritation potential of the additive. In absence of data, no conclusion can be reached on the efficacy of tartrazine in freshwater fish baits.

Tartrazine belongs to the colors raising significant concerns regarding consumer safety at low doses relevant for real-life human exposure. Scientific literature continues to grow after the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) re-evaluation in 2009 and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2016. Therefore, this review aims to collect recent knowledge on the toxicity issues of tartrazine, namely its genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive, developmental, and neurotoxicity, alterations of blood biochemical parameters, and hematotoxicity. The second part of the review covers the potential protective factors against the toxic effects of tartrazine based on the hypothesis of mitigation of oxidative stress induced by the color. The reviewed protective factors are crocin, royal jelly, fish oil, honey, acetylsalicylic acid, black caraway, blackthorn, turmeric, vitamin E, and riboflavin. This review concludes that tartrazine seems safe under the current acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the evidence on the potential protective factors is insufficient to reach any conclusion regarding their use.

This study focuses on the potential of treated avocado seed to remove azoic organic dyes (basic yellow 28 and tartrazine). The treated avocado seed was characterized, and batch adsorption studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of several removal dye parameters (contact time, ionic strength, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature). The adsorption kinetics of the dyes examined showed that the adsorption mechanism on the two selected catalysts followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 > 0.999). The adsorption process of each dye was reported to fit using five non-linear regressions. Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms described well the adsorption of basic yellow 28, and Freundlich adsorption isotherms described well the adsorption of tartrazine on the Treated Avocado Seed. The results suggested that the maximum amount adsorbed was 49.30 mg/g for basic yellow 28 and 38.43 mg/g for tartrazine and a high removal rate of 89.93% for BY 28 and 93.22% for tartrazine and that a chemical, spontaneous and endothermic process of adsorption occurred. Boyd’s expression demonstrated a mechanism of film diffusion for adsorption. Based on the findings, we suggest the application of activated avocado seeds for the removal of azoic dyes in aqueous solutions.

The development of an advanced dye adsorbent that possesses a range of beneficial characteristics, such as high adsorption capacity, swift adsorption kinetics, selective adsorption capability, and robust reusability, remains a challenge. This study introduces a facile method for fabricating an amine-rich porous adsorbent (ARPA), which is specifically engineered for the adsorptive removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. Through a comprehensive assessment, we have evaluated the adsorption performance of ARPA using two benchmark dyes: amaranth (ART) and tartrazine (TTZ). Our findings indicate that the adsorption process reaches equilibrium in a remarkably short timeframe of just 20 min, and it exhibits an excellent correlation with both the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, ARPA has demonstrated an exceptional maximum adsorption capacity, with values of 675.68 mg g−1 for ART and 534.76 mg g−1 for TTZ. In addition to its high adsorption capacity, ARPA has also shown remarkable selectivity, as evidenced by its ability to selectively adsorb TTZ from a mixed dye solution, a feature that is highly desirable for practical applications. Beyond its impressive adsorption capabilities, ARPA can be efficiently regenerated and recycled. It maintains a high level of original removal efficiency for both ART (76.8%) and TTZ (78.9%) even after five consecutive cycles of adsorption and desorption. Considering the simplicity of its synthesis and its outstanding adsorption performance, ARPA emerges as a highly promising material for use in dye removal applications. Consequently, this paper presents a straightforward and feasible method for the production of an effective dye adsorbent for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) platform on polyethylene terephthalate (MIP-PET) via RAFT polymerization for analyzing tartrazine using a smartphone. The MIP-PET platform was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and confocal microscopy. The optimal pH and adsorption time conditions were determined. The adsorption capacity of the MIP-PET plates with RAFT treatment (0.057 mg cm−2) was higher than that of the untreated plates (0.028 mg cm−2). The kinetic study revealed a pseudo-first-order model with intraparticle diffusion, while the isotherm study indicated a fit for the Freundlich model. Additionally, the MIP-PET demonstrated durability by maintaining its adsorption capacity over five cycles of reuse without significant loss. To quantify tartrazine, images were captured using a smartphone, and the RGB values were obtained using the ImageJ® free program. A partial least squares regression (PLS) was performed, obtaining a linear range of 0 to 7 mg L−1 of tartrazine. The accuracy of the method was 99.4% (4.97 ± 0.74 mg L−1) for 10 samples of 5 mg L−1. The concentration of tartrazine was determined in two local soft drinks (14.1 mg L−1 and 16.5 mg L−1), with results comparable to the UV–visible spectrophotometric method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effluent containing tartrazine can affect the environment and human health significantly prompting the current study into degradation using a sonochemical reactor operated individually and combined with advanced oxidation processes. The optimum conditions for ultrasound treatment were established as dye concentration of 10 ppm, pH of 3, temperature as 35 °C, and power as 90 W. The combination approach of H2O2/UV, H2O2/US, and H2O2/UV/US resulted in higher degradation of 25.44%, 57.4%, and 74.36% respectively. Use of ZnO/UV/US approach increased the degradation significantly to 85.31% whereas maximum degradation as 93.11% was obtained for the US/UV/Fenton combination. COD reduction was found maximum as 83.78% for the US/UV/Fenton combination. The kinetic analysis showed that tartrazine dye degradation follows pseudo first-order kinetics for all the studied processes. Combination of Fenton with UV and US was elucidated as the best approach for degradation of tartrazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phytoestrogens have been praised for their beneficial health effects, whereas synthetic xenoestrogens have been connected to ailments. Aims: To ascertain whether the toxicities of natural and synthetic estrogens differ, we examined the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), the common synthetic xenoestrogen tartrazine, and the physiological estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2). Methods: These three compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and genotoxicity in human HepG2 and rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. Results: All three estrogens elicited cytotoxicity at high concentrations in both cell lines. They also inhibited cell proliferation, with E2 being the most effective. They all tended to increase micronuclei formation. Conclusion: Natural estrogens were no less toxic than a synthetic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes are persistent organic environmental pollutants that can cause extensive damage to living beings and to the ecosystem as a whole. Cost-effective, sustainable, and efficient strategies to deal with this type of pollution are necessary as it commonly resists conventional water treatment methods. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using the aqueous extract from the leaves, stem, and fruits of Leucaena leucocephala (Leucena) were produced and characterized through UV–vis, TEM, EDS, SDL, XPS, XRD, and zeta potential, and they proved to be able to promote adsorption to remediate methylene blue and tartrazine pollution in water. The nanoremediation was performed and did not require direct exposure to sunlight or any special lamp or a specific reduction agent. The AgNPs produced using the extract from the leaves exhibited the best performance in nanoremediation and also presented antioxidant activity that surpassed the one from butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Consequently, it is an interesting nanotool to use in dye nanoremediation and/or as an antioxidant nanostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a scientific study involving the use of an over-oxidized p-aminophenol sensor for the quantification of sunset yellow in the presence of tartrazine. The study utilized the electropolymerization method on a glassy carbon electrode and employed the Box-Benken method to optimize parameters such as pH, step voltage, number of electropolymerization cycles, and precipitation potential. The study assessed the electrode's selectivity towards various ionic species and found no significant interference. It determined a linear range between 0.25 and 300.0 µM for sunset yellow, with a detection limit of 0.09 µM. The electrode modified with PAP-OX underwent assessments of repeatability and reproducibility, yielding relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 1.14% and 4.09%, respectively. The primary objective of the research was to quantify the concentration of Sunset Yellow in different food samples, including ice cream, fruit juice, powdered jelly, Smarties, and chocolate, while considering the presence of tartrazine. Overall, the study focused on developing a sensor for the quantification of sunset yellow in food and drink samples, with a particular emphasis on optimizing the sensor's performance and assessing its reliability for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, dye wastewater caused serious effects on environmental ecology and human health. Thus, in the present study, hydroxylamine (HA) was used to improve the Fe3O4/H2O2 process for removing the typical dye pollutant (tartrazine). Only 2.8% tartrazine could be removed in Fe3O4/H2O2 system within 60 min at the reaction of 1 g/L Fe3O4, 1 mM H2O2, and pH 4 while 97.5% tartrazine could be removed within 20 min after adding 1 mM HA into the Fe3O4/H2O2 system. Compared with Fe3O4/H2O2 system, the removal rate for removing tartrazine in Fe3O4/H2O2 system could enhance more than 100 times. Electron paramagnetic re-sonance tests (EPR), radical quenching experiments and quantitative determination demonstrated that •OH was the major reactive species for removing tartrazine in Fe3O4-HA/H2O2 system and •OH produced concentration in Fe3O4-HA/H2O2 system was also much higher than that in Fe3O4/H2O2 system. The key factors affecting tartrazine removal in Fe3O4-HA/H2O2 system were also conducted. The optimal HA dosage, Fe3O4 dosage, and H2O2 dosage was 1 mM, 1 g/L and 1 mM. The optimal initial pH in Fe3O4-HA/H2O2 system was 3, but compared with Fe3O4/H2O2 system, the tatrazine removal efficiency could significantly improve under any initial pH condition. Fe3O4-HA/H2O2 process had strong adaptability to inorganic ions and good applicability to different pollutants. Fe3O4-HA/H2O2 process also exhibited good recycle ability for tartrazine removal. Overall, Fe3O4-HA/H2O2 process is an effective and good practical applicability approach for dye wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new optical sensor for tartrazine (TAR) quantification developed using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as the recognition element, with optical fiber serving as the supporting substrate. The fiber surface was functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS), and the fiber was coated with MIP using the precipitation polymerization method. The analysis of MIP immobilization on the functionalized optical fiber (FF) was conducted through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Experimental parameters, such as contact time and fiber length, were adjusted in order to obtain the highest sensitive response signal for the functionalized optical fiber (FF-MIP). The fiber sensor, FF-MIP, exhibited a relatively higher response signal for tartrazine compared to other interfering dyes. The rapid and total desorption of the analyte from FF-MIP allowed the immediate reemployment of FF-MIP, which also presented an acceptable repeatability for the reflectance signal. The imprinting factors for the studied dyes were between 0.112 and 0.936 in front of TAR, 1.405, and selectivity factors were between 1.501 and 12.545, confirming the sensor selectivity. The FF-MIP sensor was successfully applied for tartrazine quantification in real water samples, where it yielded satisfactory results comparable to those of the HPLC reference method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive amount of industrial sludge produced annually poses an environmental concern, and improper sludge disposal may harm the environment. To address this issue, sludge has been converted into a cost-effective adsorbent for treating wastewater containing dyes. This study aims to modify the coffee sludge-based adsorbent using various treatment methods for tartrazine dye removal. The raw sludge was modified through physical treatment (PT) via oven drying and calcination, chemical treatment (CT) using phosphoric acid and nitric acid, and physicochemical treatment (PCT) method. The modified sludge adsorbents were characterised using Micromeritics ASAP 2020 for nitrogen adsorption analysis. Subsequent batch adsorption experiments were performed using the best-modified adsorbent of PCTS-HNO3 prepared by physicochemical treatment method with nitric acid to assess the effect of various factors, including initial pH (3-11), adsorbent dosage (0.05-0.25 g/L), and initial concentration of tartrazine dye (25-100 mg/L), with a contact time of 2 hours. The best process conditions were achieved at 0.15 g/L of adsorbent dosage, initial pH of 3 and initial concentration of 50 mg/L with almost 100% dye removal. The characterization results revealed that the BET surface area of the modified adsorbent was significantly increased from 363.32 m²/g of RS to 599.64 m²/g for PCTS-HNO3 adsorbent. The Langmuir isotherm model provided an excellent fit to the adsorption isotherm data, with correlation coefficients R² = 0.99 and a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 99.01 mg/g. The kinetic study observed that the adsorption process adheres remarkably well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, signifying chemisorption adsorption. The results of this study indicate that the modified coffee sludge-based adsorbent proves to be a viable and cost-efficient solution for eliminating tartrazine dye from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, a rapid, selective, and sensitive technique was developed for the detection of Alizarin Red S (ARS) by applying poly leucine modified carbon paste electrode (PLMCPE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to study the surface morphology of unmodified carbon paste electrode (UMCPE) and PLMCPE. The active surface area for UMCPE and PLMCPE was found to be 0.0012 cm2 and 0.0026 cm2 respectively. The electrochemical response of ARS at UMCPE and PLMCPE was analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the potential window of 0.4 to 1.0 V. The cyclic voltammogram obtained for varying the pH of 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) solution showed maximum current for the oxidation of ARS at pH 6.5. The electrochemical reaction of ARS was found to be irreversible and adsorption controlled. The effect of variation of concentration of ARS on the oxidation peak current was evaluated using CV and linear scan voltammetry (LSV). A linear relationship between the concentration variation and current was obtained in the linear range of 1.5 μM–3.5 μM and 0.2 μM–5.0 μM for CV and LSV respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of 0.68 μM for the CV method and 0.29 μM for the LSV method was exhibited by the developed sensor. The simultaneous study of ARS along with tartrazine (TZ) showed good selectivity for ARS. The interferents of foreign molecules showed no effect on the selectivity of the electrode. The applicability of PLMCPE on real samples gave good recovery ranging from 97.46–101.2%; hence, the sensor can be utilized on real samples. The developed sensor has good stability and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Z-scheme heterojunction photo(electro)catalyst was fabricated by coupling sulfonic acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride (SA-g-CN) with bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). The SA-g-CN component was prepared via wet-impregnation, while BiOI was synthesized through a hydrothermal method. Comprehensive characterization elucidated the structural and morphological properties of the resulting composite. The SA-g-CN/BiOI exhibited exceptional performance in both photocatalytic degradation of tartrazine (TTZ) and photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Notably, 98.26% TTZ removal was achieved within 60 min of irradiation, while an OER onset potential of 0.94 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a high photocurrent density of 6.04 mA were recorded under AM 1.5G illumination. Band energy calculations based on Mott–Schottky measurements confirmed the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction, which facilitated efficient charge separation and transfer, thereby enhancing catalytic activity. These findings establish the SA-g-CN/BiOI composite as a promising candidate for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation applications.

The use of additives, especially colorants, in food and pharmaceutical industry is increasing dramatically. Currently, additives are classified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Concerns have been raised about the potential hazards of food additives to reproductive organs and fertility. The present study investigates the reproductive toxicity of tartrazine (TRZ), a synthetic colorant, in male rats and aims to explore the curative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control (0.5 ml distilled water), the EGb group (100 mg/kg EGb alone), the TRZ group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ alone), and the TRZ-EGb group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ plus 100 mg/kg EGb). The doses were administered orally in distilled water once daily for 28 days. Toxicity studies of TRZ investigated testicular redox state, serum gonadotropins, and testosterone levels, testicular 17 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, sperm count and quality, levels of inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-3 expression as an apoptotic marker. Also, histopathological alterations of the testes were examined. TRZ significantly affected the testicular redox status as indicated by the increase in malondialdehyde and the decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. It also disrupted serum gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and testosterone levels and the activity of testicular 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Additionally, TRZ adversely affected sperm count, motility, viability, and abnormality. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and expression of caspase-3 were increased in the testes. Histopathological examination of the testes supported the alterations mentioned above. Administration of EGb significantly ameliorated TRZ-induced testicular toxicity in rats. In conclusion, EGb protected against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartrazine (TRZ) is a synthetic food dye considered noxious to human health and a toxic environmental contaminant owing to the presence of a harmful azo group (–N＝ N–) in its chemical structure. The global necessity to prevent food contamination has led scientific researchers to develop disposable sensing platforms. This study aims to integrate nanotechnology with electrochemistry to fabricate a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with a nanocomposite composed of gadolinium molybdate (Gd2MoO6) nanoflowers decorated on an enmeshed matrix of acid-functionalized carbon nanofibers (f-CNF). The hierarchal arrangement of distinct components in the nanocomposite is promoted by synergism through the formation of a hybrid heterojunction. This heterojunction in the electrode modifier activates the electrode to sense TRZ with a remarkable limit of detection (0.8 nmol L−1) and quantification (2 nmol L−1) over a broad linear range of 0.025 μM to 216.45 μM. Furthermore, the functional sensing ability of the proposed sensor was analyzed in various commercial food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of clay-based nanocomposites as bioadsorbents was considered in this research due to their high mechanical and chemical stable properties, cheapness, compatibility, and abundance in nature. Thermal solution method was used to produce montmorilonite-alginate-zein (MMTALgZ) nanocomposites to remove tartazine dye. Zein and alginate polymers were used to modify the surface of clay. The samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The effects of temperature, amount of nanoadsorbent, and contact time on the removal efficiency were investigated. Based on the results, increasing the time (180 min), decreasing the amount of sample (0.1 g) and increasing the temperature (90 °C) increased the absorption of nanocomposite. Also, the nanocomposite is used as a bioadsorbent for the decolorization of tartrazine as azo dye. For the optimal sample, more than 97% of the tartrazine dye was adsorbed by the MMT AlgZ nanocomposite was done in a much shorter time. Hence, nanocomposite-based nanobiosorbent can be a good candidate for adsorption and decolorization of various azo dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar gained attention due to its definite physico-chemical characteristics and because it is a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent. In this paper, commercial biochar was tested for the removal of tartrazine from aqueous solutions. Thus, the optimum experimental conditions were determined for several parameters (pH, temperature, initial concentration of tartrazine, biochar dose, and contact time). The concentration of tartrazine residues was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The best experimental results were obtained at 1 mg L−1 concentration of tartrazine, pH 2, 30 °C, 18 min, and 0.9 g L−1 adsorbent dose. The maximum removal efficiency of tartrazine obtained in optimum conditions was 90.18%. The experimental data were analyzed by the isotherm and kinetic models. The isotherm and kinetics of tartrazine removal on biochar follow the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, respectively. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the biochar showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.28 mg g−1. In addition, biochar demonstrated a good reuse potential and therefore can be used for the removal of tartrazine from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current work is to develop an electrochemical method for the detection of methyl orange and to evaluate its behaviour at bare carbon paste sensor and poly(riboflavin)-modified carbon paste sensor (PRFMCPS). Cyclic voltammetry technique was used for the determination of the analyte. The surface morphology of the electrochemical sensor was characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy. PRFMCPS creates an electrocatalytic contact on the oxidation of methyl orange. PRFMCPS properties were estimated using parameter such as pH of solution, scan rate, repeatability, reproducibility, and stability by cyclic voltammetry. The pH studies done by varying the pH in the range of 5.5–8.0 indicated that the electrode showed high current response at pH 6.5. The scan rate analysis concluded that the reaction is adsorption controlled. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was found to be 0.699 μM and 0.023 μM, respectively, in the linear range of 0.6–8.0 μM. The selectivity of the developed electrode was tested by simultaneous analysis with tartrazine. The developed electrode showed good stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Electrochemical oxidation of methyl orange in phosphate buffer solution of 0.2 M in pH 6.5 was examined for water sample by the application of PRFMCPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of layered double hydroxides clay (LDH) produced from ZnAl-NO3 to remove Sunset Yellow FCF (E110), Azorubine (E122), Tartrazine (E102), and Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) from an aqueous solution was studied. The effects of various variables on adsorption were studied. The obtained results show that the adsorption of various food dyes depends on the initial concentration, dose, pH, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption capacities at an equilibrium time of 40 min for E133, E122, E110, and E102 were 18.21, 21.46, 13.19, and 20.58 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium data for aqueous solutions were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and a thermodynamic study. Adsorption kinetics data for aqueous solutions was studied using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The morphology for Zn-Al LDH was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET (pore size = 0.004 cc/g). Equilibrium data were studied by Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherms. As for thermodynamics, the value of ΔH° is negative, which means that the adsorption method is exothermic at a temperature range of 288-338 K. ΔS ° is a negative value indicating that the randomness is low, ΔG° is also negative means that the reaction is spontaneous. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis of LDH before and after the adsorption also confirms that the adsorption of food dyes was smooth and spontaneous on Zn-Al LDH providing an excellent and easy-touse adsorption method for industrial application of wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the adsorption of tartrazine (E102) dye on the surface of ferrous ferric oxide (magnetite) (Fe3O4 MNPs) and graphene oxide nano-sheets/ferrous ferric oxide (GO/Fe3O4 MNPs) as adsorbents was examined. The photo-irradiation method was successfully used to synthesize Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs using UV light. Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize the GO and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs. X-ray diffraction analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs. Optimal adsorption conditions were studied, including a contact time of 60 min, an MNPs amount of 0.05 g, pH 2, tartrazine dye concentration of 20 mg/L, and a temperature of 318 K. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were employed to fit the experimental equilibrium data at five different temperatures (288, 298, 308, 318, and 328 K). It was noticed that tartrazine adsorption on Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs is consistent with the Langmuir model at 313 K but not with the Freundlich or Dubinin-Radushkevich model. The separation factor (RL) values ranged between 0 and 1, confirming that the adsorption of tartrazine onto Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs was favorable at different temperatures. The pseudo-second-order rate kinetics suggests that both MNPs are promising materials for the removal of tartrazine dye from aqueous solutions. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption processes are endothermic, non-spontaneous, and an increase in order at the interface for both MNPs surfaces. All the results confirm that Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs have the potential to be efficient, low-cost, reusability, and stable adsorbents for the removal of tartrazine dye from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartrazine is a yellow colouring agent that is commonly used in foods; however, high dosages of Tartrazine affect fertility and create oxidative stress by generating free radicals. A plant species known as Stevia rebaudiana has natural antioxidants that show promise for protecting testicular tissue. Consequently, this study was intended to examine the ameliorative effect of the aqueous extract of S. rebaudiana (Stevia) on the fertility of male Wistar rats induced by the daily oral intake of Tartrazine. Utilizing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, phytochemical identification was accomplished for Stevia extract. Study groups were separated into several groups: the first group (the control) got distilled water for up to 56 days; the Stevia group (1000 mg/kg), the Tartrazine group (300 mg/kg) and the Stevia and Tartrazine group (the group was given Tartrazine after 1 h of Stevia extract intake). Also, the oxidative damage in testicular tissues was assessed by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidants (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD] and glutathione reductase [GSH]). Further, histological alterations were examined. In addition, cyclic AMP‐responsive element modulator (Crem) gene expression levels and their relative proteins were measured in the testicular tissues using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Sperm analysis and testosterone concentration were also performed. SPSS version 25 was used for the analysis of results while (p <.05) was regarded as significant. Compared with the control group, the results demonstrated that Tartrazine caused a significant reduction (p <.05) in the testosterone hormone level (0.70 ± 0.21) and the Crem protein quantity (1.21 ± 0.23) in the treated Tartrazine group. Also, it had a significant decrease (p <.05) in sperm motility, viability, count and antioxidant levels. Moreover, there was a significant increase (p <.05) in sperm abnormalities, MDA level (7.40 ± 1.10), kidney and liver function parameters, and DNA degradation in the treated Tartrazine group compared with the control group. On the contrary, the Stevia extract intake enhanced the testosterone (2.50 ± 0.60), antioxidants and Crem protein levels (2.33 ± 0.10) with an improvement in sperm quality in the Stevia and Tartrazine‐treated group compared with the Tartrazine group. Stevia also caused a significant decrease (p <.05) in the MDA level (3.20 ± 0.20), and sperm abnormalities with an enhancement of the liver and kidney function parameters in the Stevia and Tartrazine‐treated group compared to the Tartrazine group. Stevia administration has a protective effect on the testicular tissues and sperm quality against toxicity induced by Tartrazine exposure, so it will be a good antioxidant drug to be administered daily before daily administration of Tartrazine. Significance statement: Tartrazine, a yellow food colouring, gradually reduces testosterone and affects fertility, according to recent studies. However, many herbal supplements boost sperm count and male reproductive function. Aqueous Stevia extract (ASE) was tested on male albino rats to see if it could reduce Tartrazine's toxicity. The study found that daily tartrazine consumption induced renal, hepatic and testicular damage. However, ASE treatment ameliorated these abnormalities by enhancing renal and hepatic functions, improving sperm quality, increasing testicular antioxidant indicator levels and decreasing Tartrazine‐induced DNA damage. Thus, the present investigation provided empirical support for the potential use of ASE as a therapeutic agent with dual efficiency, treating infertility and reducing the negative side effects of Tartrazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A voltammetric sensor based on carbon veil modified with graphene nanoplates and phytosynthesized cobalt oxide Co3O4 nanoparticles is proposed for the determination of tartrazine (E102) and allura red AC (E129). The use of a composite nanomodifier contributes to an increase and better separation of the oxidation currents of azo dyes on their simultaneous presence. The process of the oxidation of azo dyes is irreversible, involves two electrons, and has a mixed nature. The sensor is characterized by a low limit of detection: 30 nM for E102 and 27 nM for E129, and in the inversion mode 16 and 3 nM, respectively. The analytical range the dyes is 0.1–15 µM. The sensor has been successfully used in the analysis of fruit jellies and beverage. The advantages of the developed sensor are high performance and operational characteristics, ease of manufacture, and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

and food industries. In spite of its numerous health hazards and toxic effects, the impact of tartrazine exposure on the exocrine pancreas is still to be illustrated. Geraniol (GE) is a plant-derived natural bioactive compound that is a common ingredient in essential oils of several plants. It has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties, and numerous health benefits. Objectives: This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of geraniol against tartrazine-induced histopathological alterations in the exocrine pancreatic tissue in adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: 45 rats were divided into 4 groups: the control group, GE-group (received 200 mg/kg/day GE orally for 30 days), TZ-group (received 300 mg/kg/day TZ orally for 30 days), and TZ&GE-group (received TZ and GE concomitantly at the same dose and duration as previous groups). The pancreatic tissues were dissected and prepared for histological and immunohistochemical study. Results: TZ-group revealed acinar cells with pyknotic nuclei, perinuclear haloes, vacuolated cytoplasm, loss of basal cytoplasmic basophilia, and scanty zymogen granules. Further, dilated ducts with retained secretion, dilated congested blood vessels, inflammatory cellular infiltration, and excessive collagen deposition were recognized. Ultrastructurally, irregular dark nuclei with dilated perinuclear space, vacuolated cytoplasm, dilated rER cisternae, zymogen granules’ alterations, and wide intercellular spaces were seen in the TZ-group. Tartrazine also caused increased VEGF immunoreactivity. Geraniol coadministration ameliorated these histological changes. Conclusion: Geraniol has an ameliorating effect against the deleterious effects of tartrazine on the exocrine pancreas of adult male albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the development of a novel, disposable electrochemical sensor for the determination of tartrazine in sports drinks. The sensor is based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Co3O4 and an electropolymerized molecular imprinting polymer film of acrylamide. Using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, the sensor displayed outstanding selectivity and sensitivity towards tartrazine. Two linear ranges, 80 nM to 1 µM and 1 µM to 10 µM, were obtained with a detection limit of 33 nM. The sensor proved to be reliable in complex matrices, with recovery rates ranging from 94.0 to 107.0% and a relative standard deviation of less than 4%. The sensor, which does not require pre-treatment, offers a rapid, economical, and easily controllable approach to tartrazine detection in sports drinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the preparation of a Luffa cylindrica/polypyrrole (LC/PPy) composite and its use for the removal of tartrazine dye (E102) from aqueous media. By use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we were able to confirm that the PPy chains thoroughly coat the LC matrix, with the composite presenting both amorphous and crystalline phases such as pristine LC. We examined the effects of varying parameters, such as the times allotted for the polymerization and the dye–adsorbent interaction, the E102 initial concentration and the temperature and pH of the solution, on the removal capacity (qe) of the composite. The largest adsorption rate was exhibited by the composite resulting from a 30 min polymerization. At 298 K, the highest value of qe (374.2 mg g−1) occurred at pH 2.0, after 360 min of interaction. The adsorption process occurs spontaneously and is favored by an increase in temperature, with qe = 672.4 mg g−1 at 313 K. We determined that the composite could be used in at least five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles without noticeable losses of properties. Preliminary experiments indicate that good results were also obtained for the removal of the dyes Remazol Black B, methylene blue and toluidine blue. Overall, these results suggest that the LC/PPy composite is a promising material for use in protocols of removal of dyes from aqueous media. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicological aspects of tartrazine yellow dye for human health are relatively well studied, but for aquatic environments, little is known. In order to understand whether the minimum and maximum safe concentrations for human ingestion (Codex Committee on Food Additives – CCFA) are also safe for aquatic biota, tests were carried out with Danio rerio, exposed to tartrazine yellow analytical standard 100% (AS) (50 mg. L−1 and 500 mg. L−1) and commercial standard 86% (CS) (50 mg. L−1) in multigenerational assays. Adults of D. rerio (F0 generation) were exposed (21 days) to the above concentrations, followed by mating and evaluation of the number of viable eggs laid (F1 generation). The remaining animals were exposed for 11 months. In both F1 and F2 generations, there was a surplus of eggs laid in the treatments in relation to the controls. However, embryos malformations and larval mortality rates were higher across the treatments. The multigenerational effect of the tartrazine yellow dye on D. rerio was confirmed by the pairwise ANCOVAS that always showed much smaller numbers of embryos at 96 hpf for the F2 generation. The results showed that concentrations considered safe for human ingestion represent risks to the aquatic biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, rapid, simple, and sensitive preconcentration method and Spectrophotometry determination technique have been presented for the microextraction and determination of trace amount of Tartrazine dye in food samples. In the present system, which is called “Magnetic stirring in syring dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction''(MSIS- DLLME), a cloudy state result is formed in a homemade glass syringe by magnetic agitation. In the MSIS-DLLME system, Tartrazine colour was uprooted into an organic detergent (Toluene) after many twinkles. Subsequently, the organic detergent which was placed on top of the result was transferred into a narrow neck by moving the piston overhead. The effective parameters on the extraction recovery were studied and optimized by Central Composite design (CCD). Under the optimum conditions, the estimation cure is direct in the range of 0.1–1(μg L− 1). The limit of detection (LOD), relative standard divagation and enrichment factor were 0.03 μg L −1, ±4.6 (n = 10) and 166, independently. The advanced system was successfully applied for microextraction of Tartrazine in food samples.

Plasma is a subgroup of advanced oxidation technology (AOP) that has received considerable attention. It is currently being used to degrade persistent pollutants and inactivate organisms in environmental bodies. The objective of the present study is to decolorize tatrtrazine aqueous dye solution using cold atmospheric plasma technology. The main parameters selected for the study were initial dye concentration (4-20 mg/L), pH of the solution (2.2-9), input AC voltage (70-110), treatment time (10-30 minutes), and the electrode distance, which was kept at 8 mm throughout the experiment. The primary parameters investigated through the optimization tool of response surface methodology (RSM) software were color concentration, solution pH (2.2-9.4), power supply voltage (70-110 V), and detention time (10-30 minutes). The experimental reactor had a capacity of 15 ml. The color removal study of the plasma process showed that the optimal condition occurred at an initial concentration of 14 mg/L, voltage of 86 V, pH = 4.1, and plasma irradiation time of 18.7 minutes, resulting in a color removal percentage of 99.78%. According to half-life and efficiency yield calculations, the process was suitable for application in water pollution decontamination, with the lowest half-life achieved at the optimum condition (1.18) and the highest efficiency yield (108.3 mg/Kwh). The results extracted from the quadratic model illustrate the direct effect of retention time and initial voltage and the inverse effect of pH and initial concentration of industrial dye on the removal efficiency. The contact time had the major influence on efficiency via its coefficient in the model equation, while among interactive parameters, pH and contact time had the most interactive influence on the process. The reaction rate could also be described by the first-order kinetic model with an R2 value of over 95%.

Orange peel powder was activated using different methods and was used to remove tartrazine (E102) from an aqueous solution. The following three adsorbents were synthethized: orange peel powder activated thermally (POAT), orange peel powder activated with sulfuric acid (POAA), orange peel powder activated with soda (POAS). These adsorbents were then characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and point-of-zero charge. The experimental parameters such as contact time, dose of adsorbent, initial concentration of tartrazine, pH, and temperature were studied. The adsorption capacities of tartrazine for the optimal POAT, POAA, and POAS were found to be 121.74, 122.25, and 116.35 mg/g, respectively. The experimental data were analyzed by Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models, as well as the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. HIGHLIGHTS Orange peel adsorbents were used for the removal of tartrazine from water.; The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999 and 1).; The adsorption capacity of tartrazine onto the adsorbent depends on the type of activation.; The adsorption capacity of tartrazine onto the adsorbent depends on parameter studies.; The effect of many factors on dye adsorption is negligible or little.;

Objective: to identify the effect of a 60-day isolated tartrazine administration, as well as in combination with the Mexidol ®, on the structural features of parafollicular cells in the thyroid of rats at the electron microscope level. Materials and Methods. We distributed 30 white male rats weighing 200–210 g among five groups of equal sizes. Group I served as a control. Groups II and III included rats receiving tartrazine at concentrations of 750 and 1,500 mg/kg, respectively, for 60 days. Groups IV and V comprised animals under similar conditions, but with Mexidol ® administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Qualitative changes in parafollicular cells were examined using electron microscopy, while quantitative changes were assessed via morphometry. Results. After exposure to tartrazine, fine-grained or fibrous contents were detected in cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in some mitochondria, there were areas of destroyed matrix. The euchromatin to heterochromatin areas ratio decreased in groups II and III by 5.7% and 56.9%, respectively, and the diameter of secretory granules did so by 12.3% and 19%, correspondingly, vs. the control (Group I). However, the above ratio in Group V increased by 79.6%, and the diameter of secretory granules did so by 8.2% and 6.5% in Groups IV and V, respectively, compared with animals of Groups II and III. Conclusion. Administration of tartrazine in different doses for 60 days triggered dose-dependent qualitative and quantitative changes in the ultrastructure of parafollicular cells, while administration of the Mexidol ® against this background caused a reduction in the severity of changes.