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Abstract Unconventional resources, such as heavy oil, are increasingly being explored and exploited due to the declining availability of conventional petroleum resources. Heavy crude oil poses challenges in production, transportation, and refining, due to its high viscosity, low API gravity, and elevated sulfur and metal content. Improving the quality of heavy oil can be achieved through the application of steam injection, which lowers the oil’s viscosity and enhances its flow. However, steam injection alone falls short of meeting the growing demand for higher-quality petroleum products. Catalytic upgrading is therefore being investigated as a viable solution to improve heavy oil quality. This study experimentally investigates the application of two novel catalysts, namely copper-substituted zinc ferrite (ZCFO) synthesized via the sol–gel combustion method and a graphene oxide-based nanocomposite (GO-ZCFO) with different ratios, for catalyzing aquathermolysis reactions in the steam injection process, with the aim of enhancing the in-situ upgrading of heavy oil. These catalysts underwent characterization using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Their catalytic performance was assessed utilizing a high-pressure/high-temperature reactor (300 ml), with a comprehensive analysis of the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the heavy oil before and after upgrading. This analysis included measurements of sulfur content, SARA fractions, viscosity, API gravity, and Gas Chromatography (GC) of saturated hydrocarbons and evolved gases. All upgrading experiments, including both catalytic and non-catalytic aquathermolysis processes, were conducted under a reaction time of 6 h, a reaction temperature of 320 °C, and high pressure (86–112 bar). The results indicated that the introduction of the proposed catalysts as additives into the upgrading system resulted in a significant reduction in sulfur content. This, in turn, led to a decrease in resin and asphaltene content, an increase in the content of saturated hydrocarbon, particularly low-molecular-weight alkanes, and ultimately, a reduction in viscosity along with higher API gravity of the crude oil. GO-ZCFO with a weight ratio (50:50) exhibited the best catalytic performance. The heavy crude oil, upgraded with this 50:50 ratio, exhibited significant enhancements, including a 29.26% reduction in sulfur content, a 21.27% decrease in resin content, a 37.60% decrease in asphaltene content, a 46.92% increase in saturated hydrocarbon content, a 66.48% reduction in viscosity, and a 25.49% increase in API gravity. In comparison, the oil upgraded through non-catalytic aquathermolysis showed only marginal improvements, with slight reductions in sulfur content by 5.41%, resin content by 3.60%, asphaltene content by 11.36%, viscosity by 17.89%, and inconsiderable increases in saturated hydrocarbon content by 9.9% and API gravity by 3.02%. The GO-ZCFO, with its high catalytic activity, stands as a promising catalyst that contributes to improving the in-situ upgrading and thermal conversion of heavy crude oil.

Abstract Background Cancer, a leading cause of mortality worldwide, continues to pose significant challenges in treatment and management. Conventional therapies often face limitations, including lack of selectivity, adverse effects, and the development of resistance mechanisms. Methods Therefore, this study aims to investigate nanocellulose, nanoselenium, and their nanocomposite which are previously synthesized and characterized. Molecular docking simulations were performed to assess binding affinity to malate dehydrogenase-1 (MDH-1), a key metabolic enzyme in cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in A549 lung cancer cell line, the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, and the WI-38 normal cell line. Mechanistic studies included assessment of MDH-1 activity and expression, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and cell cycle analysis. Results Molecular docking simulations demonstrated a favorable binding affinity (136.98 kcal/mol) of cellulose and selenium as cofactor to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H) (NADH) binding domain of human MDH-1. The nanocomposite exhibited a synergistic impact against cancer, causing a considerable decrease in the viability of MCF-7 cells compared to separate treatments with nanocellulose and nanoselenium. Moreover, it showed negligible toxicity towards normal cells. Biochemical studies demonstrated that nanocellulose, nanoselenium and the nanocomposite substantially reduced MDH-1 activity and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in MCF-7 cells. This was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis, which revealed that the nanocomposite could effectively reduce the intracellular ROS levels and induce potent cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, that inhibit MCF-7 cell proliferation. Conclusions In conclusion, our finding elucidated the promising therapeutic potential of nanocellulose, nanoselenium, and their nanocomposite as effective anticancer agents in breast cancer treatment, demanding further preclinical and clinical investigations to explain their mechanisms of action.

Abstract Background Hazardous synthetic dye wastes have become a growing threat to the environment and public health. Fungal enzymes are eco-friendly, compatible and cost-effective approach for diversity of applications. Therefore, this study aimed to screen, optimize fermentation conditions, and characterize laccase from fungal endophyte with elucidating its ability to decolorize several wastewater dyes. Results A new fungal endophyte capable of laccase-producing was firstly isolated from cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica and identified as T. harzianum AUMC14897 using ITS-rRNA sequencing analysis. Furthermore, the response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize several fermentation parameters that increase laccase production. The isolated laccase was purified to 13.79-fold. GFC, SDS-PAGE revealed laccase molecular weight at 72 kDa and zymogram analysis elucidated a single band without any isozymes. The peak activity of the pure laccase was detected at 50 °C, pH 4.5, with thermal stability up to 50 °C and half life span for 4 h even after 24 h retained 30% of its activity. The Km and Vmax values were 0.1 mM, 22.22 µmol/min and activation energy (Ea) equal to 5.71 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the purified laccase effectively decolorized various synthetic and real wastewater dyes. Conclusion Subsequently, the new endophytic strain produces high laccase activity that possesses a unique characteristic, it could be an appealing candidate for both environmental and industrial applications.

Abstract Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystem genetic disorder that commonly involves skin, nerves, and skeletal system with increased neoplastic predisposition. This disease has been rarely associated with multiple congenital anomalies. Herein, we describe an Egyptian child with NF1 and coexistent bilateral congenital glaucoma, giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN), alopecia, and hypospadias. Case presentation A 2.5-year-old boy presented with developmental delay, back swelling, and multiple congenital anomalies. His father and two sisters were known to have NF1. The child was diagnosed with bilateral primary congenital glaucoma at the age of 3.5 months and underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin C therapy. Examination at the age of 5 months revealed marked hypotonia, multiple GCMN, scanty café-au-lait macules, left upper eyelid plexiform neuroma and trichomegaly, hypertrichosis of left eyebrow, hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, left frontal scalp alopecia, and distal penile hypospadias. At the age of 8 months, brain imaging depicted a markedly dilated left lateral ventricle, and he underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. The child developed back swelling at the age of 2.5 years, and a spinal magnetic resonance image showed bilateral multiple spinal neurofibromas in the paraspinal region with intraspinal extensions. A whole exome sequencing identified a heterozygous missense variant NM_001042492.3:c.1466A > G (NP_001035957.1:p.Tyr489Cys) in NF1 gene. Conclusions The present case report adds to the knowledge of the phenotypic spectrum and variability of NF1 by reporting the association of multiple unusual congenital anomalies. Importantly, such congenital anomalies could be the first presenting features in patients with NF1 since cafe´-au-lait macules and other typical diagnostic criteria may not be apparent in the neonatal period and early infancy. Accordingly, NF1 should be considered in newborns with congenital glaucoma, GCMN, scalp alopecia, and hypospadias.

Although the removal of colloidal particles continues to be an important reason for using coagulation, currently a newer approach, the removal of organic matter to reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) are suspected carcinogens. Inefficient removal of total organic carbon (TOC) leads to the formation of carcinogenic THMs. This motivates the research efforts to find a way to reduce them in potable water. The first objective of this research is monitoring the water quality (raw and produced) for selected three water treatment plants within Giza Governorate to reveal the most polluted site (high TOC in the raw water and THMs in the treated water) in the study areas. The second objective of this study is enhancing coagulation to reduce TOC and THMs from surface water treating. In this study, two different coagulants aluminum sulfate (alum), and ferric chloride were tested under different conditions of pH and coagulant concentration to determine their effectiveness for removal of TOC, THMs and turbidity. Optimum values for the mentioned conditions were used to achieve the maximum reduction for TOC and THMs in Al-Ayat drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) which recorded the highest concentration of TOC and THMs. Ferric chloride as a coagulant achieved the maximum removal percentage % of TOC, THMs and turbidity as 79%, 82% and 94%, respectively, at ferric chloride dose 100 mg/L, while alum as a coagulant recorded the maximum removal percentage % of TOC, THMs and turbidity as 46%, 52% and 91%, respectively, at alum dose 100 mg/L. The results indicated that ferric chloride as a coagulant has the highest efficiency reduction of TOC, THMs and turbidity if compared to alum with the same dose added.

Cinnamon is a plant with significant medicinal value and used extensively as a spice, flavoring, and fragrance ingredient. Phytochemical characterization via HPLC, antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, anti-diabetic activity via α-amylase and α-glucosidase assessment, antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate, total antioxidant capacity and Ferric reducing Antioxidant Power methods, besides anticancer activity against MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) and WI-38 cells (human fetal lung fibroblast cells) of cinnamon bark extract were detected. A promising antimicrobial action towards Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Mucor circinelloides with inhibition zones of 25, 23, 18, 19, 29, and 16 mm, respectively was recorded. Cinnamon bark has IC50 of 5.01 and 2.58 µg/mL compared to standard acrobose with their IC50 values 4.32 and 1.99 µg/mL, for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, respectively. Cinnamon bark extract have IC50 of 77.39 ± 0.84 and 162.67 ± 0.28 μg/mL against MCF-7, and WI-38 cell lines, respectively. The protective effect of cinnamon in accelerating the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells has been verified by flow cytometric evaluation employing Annexin-V and cell cycle kits, besides increasing the amounts of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide with decreasing glutathione and catalase levels.

Abstract The kidney tubules constitute two-thirds of the cells of the kidney and account for the majority of the organ’s metabolic energy expenditure. Acute tubular injury (ATI) is observed across various types of kidney diseases and may significantly contribute to progression to kidney failure. Non-invasive biomarkers of ATI may allow for early detection and drug development. Using the SomaScan proteomics platform on 434 patients with biopsy-confirmed kidney disease, we here identify plasma biomarkers associated with ATI severity. We employ regional transcriptomics and proteomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, and pathway analysis to explore biomarker protein and gene expression and enriched biological pathways. Additionally, we examine ATI biomarker associations with acute kidney injury (AKI) in the Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) (n = 44), the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (n = 4610), and the COVID-19 Host Response and Clinical Outcomes (CHROME) study (n = 268). Our findings indicate 156 plasma proteins significantly linked to ATI with osteopontin, macrophage mannose receptor 1, and tenascin C showing the strongest associations. Pathway analysis highlight immune regulation and organelle stress responses in ATI pathogenesis.

Abstract Biopolymers embedded with nanoparticles of metal oxides (MOs) demonstrate a wide range of bio-functions. Chitosan-incorporated MOs are an interesting class of support matrices for enhancing the biological function, compared to other support matrices. Therefore, the importance of this study lies in exploiting chitosan as a carrier not of one metal as in previous studies, but of two metals in the form of a nanocomposite to carry out several biological functions. The coprecipitation approach was employed to synthesize chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite in the present research. The characterization of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was performed to find out the morphology and dispersion properties of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation revealed that these were crystalline. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectrum bands were viewed at 400/cm and 900/cm, due to the stretching vibration of Fe and Zn oxygen bond. TEM showed that chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was of 20–95 nm in size. chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite exhibited inhibitory potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with inhibition zones of 25 ± 0.1, 28 ± 0.2, 27 ± 0.1, and 27 ± 0.2 mm, respectively while didn’t inhibited Aspergillus niger. MIC value of nanocomposite was 15.62 ± 0.33 µg/mL for C. albicans, B. subtilis and E. coli, while it was 62.50 ± 0.66 µg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ranged values of nanocomposite MBC (15.62 ± 0.33 to 125 ± 1 µg/mL) were attributed to all tested bacteria. Different concentrations of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite MBC (25, 50, and 75%) reflected anti-biofilm activity against E. coli (85.0, 93.2, and 96.0%), B. subtilis (84.88, 92.21, and 96.99%), S. aureus 81.64, 90.52, and 94.64%) and P. aurogenosa (90.11, 94.43, and 98.24%), respectively. The differences in the levels of antimicrobial activities may depend on the type of examined microbes. Antioxidant activity of chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was recorded with excellent IC50 values of 16.06 and 32.6 µg/mL using DPPH and ABTS scavenging, respectively. Wound heal by chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was achieved with 100% compared to the untreated cells (76.75% of wound closer). The cytotoxicity outcomes showed that the IC50 of the chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite was 564.32 ± 1.46 µg/mL normal WI-38 cells. Based on the achieved findings, the chitosan/Fe2O3/ZnO-nanocomposite is a very promising agent for perform pharmacological activities.

Abstract Background Patients treated for cancer have a higher incidence of focal liver lesions than the general population and there is often concern for a malignant etiology. This can result in patient, caregiver and physician anxiety and is managed by a “wait and watch” approach, or immediate additional imaging, or biopsy, depending on the degree of clinical concern. Because it is a low-cost, easily accessible, radiation and sedation free modality, we investigated the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to accurately distinguish benign from malignant liver lesions in patients treated for childhood malignancies. Methods We performed an IRB approved retrospective study of 68 subjects who were newly diagnosed, on treatment or off treatment for a pediatric malignancy and had liver lesions discovered on CT, MRI or non-contrast ultrasound and subsequently underwent CEUS between September 2013 and September 2021. Two experienced pediatric radiologists and a radiology trainee, blinded to the etiology of the liver lesions, independently reviewed the CEUS examinations and categorized lesions as benign, indeterminate, or malignant. The reference standard was biopsy for 19 lesions and clinical follow-up for 49. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of CEUS were calculated using only the benign and malignant CEUS classifications. Inter-reviewer agreement was assessed by Cohen’s kappa statistic. Results There were 26 males and 42 females, mean age, 14.9 years (range, 1–52 years). Fifty subjects were off therapy, twelve receiving treatment, and six with newly diagnosed cancer. By the reference standard, 59 (87%) lesions were benign and 9 (13%) were malignant. Sensitivities of CEUS for the three reviewers ranged from 83 to 100% (95% CI, 35.9-100%), specificities from 93.1 to 96.0% (95% CI, 83.5-99.6%), PPV 60.0-71.4% (95% CI, 29.0-96.3%), NPV 98.0-100% (95% CI, 89.2-100%) and accuracy from 93.8 to 94.6% (95% CI, 85.1-99.7%). The kappa statistic for agreement between the two experienced radiologists was moderate at 0.58. Conclusions CEUS is highly accurate in distinguishing benign from malignant etiologies of liver lesions in patients treated for pediatric malignancies.

Abstract This study aims to investigate the potential of integrating natural biochar (BC) derived from eggshell waste into flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam to enhance its mechanical and acoustic performance. The study explores the impact of incorporating BC at various weight ratios (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt. %) on the properties of the FPU foam. Additionally, the effects of modifying the BC with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) at different ratios (10, 20, and 30 wt. %) and the influence of diverse particle sizes of BC on the thermal, mechanical, and acoustic characteristics of the FPU composite are investigated. The functional groups, morphology, and elemental composition of the developed FPU composites are analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Characteristics such as density, gel fraction, and porosity were also assessed. The results reveal that the density of FPU foam increased by 4.32% and 7.83% while the porosity decreased to 50.22% and 47.05% with the addition of 0.1 wt. % of unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively, compared to unfilled FPU. Additionally, the gel fraction of the FPU matrix increases by 1.91% and 3.55% with the inclusion of 0.1 wt. % unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively. Furthermore, TGA analysis revealed that all FPU composites demonstrate improved thermal stability compared to unfilled FPU, reaching a peak value of 312.17°C for the FPU sample incorporating BC modified with 20 wt. % APTMS. Compression strength increased with 0.1 wt. % untreated BC but decreased at higher concentrations. Modifying BC with 20% APTMS resulted in an 8.23% increase in compressive strength compared to unfilled FPU. Acoustic analysis showed that the addition of BC improved absorption, and modified BC enhanced absorption characteristics of FPU, reaching Class D with a 20 mm thickness. BC modified with APTMS further improved acoustic properties compared to the unfilled FPU sample (Class E), with 20% modification showing the best results. These composites present promising materials for sound absorption applications and address environmental issues related to eggshell waste.

Environmental sampling around a landfill site in the UK previously identified the methylimidazolium ionic liquid, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium (M8OI), in the soil. More recently, M8OI was shown to be detectable in sera from 5/20 PBC patients and 1/10 controls and to be oxidised on the alkyl chain in the human liver. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolism of M8OI in humans in more detail. In human hepatocytes, M8OI was mono-oxygenated to 1-(8-Hydroxyoctyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium (HO8IM) then further oxidised to 1-(7-carboxyheptyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (COOH7IM). The addition of ketoconazole—in contrast to a range of other cytochrome P450 inhibitors—blocked M8OI metabolism, suggesting primarily CYP3A-dependent mono-oxygenation of M8OI. Hepatocytes from one donor produced negligible and low levels of HO8IM and COOH7IM, respectively, on incubation with M8OI, when compared to hepatocytes from other donors. This donor had undetectable levels of CYP3A4 protein and low CYP3A enzyme activity. Transcript expression levels for other adult CYP3A isoforms—CYP3A5 and CYP3A43—suggest that a lack of CYP3A4 accounted primarily for this donor’s low rate of M8OI oxidation. Insect cell (supersome) expression of various human CYPs identified CYP3A4 as the most active CYP mediating M8OI mono-oxygenation, followed by CYP3A5. HO8IM and COOH7IM were not toxic to human hepatocytes, in contrast to M8OI, and using a pooled preparation of human hepatocytes from five donors, ketoconazole potentiated M8OI toxicity. These data demonstrate that CYP3A initiates the mono-oxygenation and detoxification of M8OI in adult human livers and that CYP3A4 likely plays a major role in this process.

Green routes for the bio-designing of bicomponent nanocomposites and their utilizations have attracted many investigators. Bio-designing of CuO@ZnO nanocomposites was performed using spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Ultraviolet-spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), besides X-ray diffraction (XRD) were exploited to characterize the synthesized CuO@ZnO. The dimensions of CuO@ZnO nanocomposites ranged from 31.4 and 95.9 nm. Both FT-IR and EDX analyses displayed the presence of some organic constituents from the SMS that joined to the surface of the fabricated CuO@ZnO nanocomposite. CuO@ZnO nanocomposite succeeded in inhibiting Candida albicans with an inhibition zone of 33.5 ± 2 mm. C. albicans biofilm was affected by CuO@ZnO nanocomposite with biofilm inhibition of 25.08, 68.70, and 88.56% at 25, 50, and 75% of minimum inhibitory concentration, respectively. Molecular docking studies showed substantial binding affinities, as well as common hydrogen bonds. Optimum binding sites for CuO and ZnO nanoparticles were found to have binding affinities of interactions with 4YDE, 3DRA, and 1EAG proteins of C. albicans, resulting in, respectively, -2.7942, -3.30097, and -2.52129 kcal/mol, and -3.78244, -4.6029, and -4.1352 kcal/mol values. The findings suggest that CuO@ZnO nanocomposite can effectively suppress C. albicans growth.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic urged all healthcare providers to collaborate to defeat this mortal infection. SARS-CoV-2 almost hits the respiratory system and may have subsequent serious complications like pulmonary embolism and multi-organ damage. Objective To illustrate the rehabilitation program challenges encountered by physiotherapists in clinically managing hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The goal was to preclude the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and to improve the patient’s oxygen saturation and general health. Methods In this retrospective case-series study, we described the physiotherapy strategies implemented for 14 COVID-19 patients during the hospitalization period at an Egyptian governmental quarantine hospital. Results The rehabilitation program was customized by physiotherapists to accommodate the specific circumstances, conditions, and acquired complications of individual patients. Patients were under the care of physiotherapists in both the COVID ward and ICU. Overcoming challenges such as patient reluctance, co-morbidities, and the effects of aging was a task faced by these healthcare professionals. Consequently, the program had to be modified to suit the unique needs of each patient. These tailored programs encompassed techniques such as percussion, positioning, range of motion, circulatory exercises, and respiratory exercises. The patients exhibited positive responses to their designated physical therapy program, experiencing improvements on various levels based on the progression of their individual cases. Conclusion Physiotherapy has a major role in improving patient complications after being infected with COVID-19. In this desperate pandemic era, physiotherapists gave hospitalized patients support both psychologically and physically.

Abstract Objective To evaluate histologically and radiographically the potential of dog’s immature roots with apical periodontitis to regenerate after regenerative endodontic treatment using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with/without bone morphogenic protein (BMP-2) as scaffolds. Methods In 4 mongrel dogs, 56 immature teeth with 96 roots were infected, resulting in necrotic pulps and periapical pathosis. According to the evaluation time (Group I = 30 days and Group II = 90 days), 90 roots were divided into two equal groups (45 roots each) and 6 roots used to replace any lost root during the procedure. The two main groups were further divided according to treatment protocol into 5 subgroups (9 roots each): blood clot (BC subgroup), mesoporous silica nanoparticles scaffold only (MSNs subgroup), mesoporous silica nanoparticles impregnated with BMP2 (MSNs + BMP2 subgroup), infected teeth without treatment (+ ve control subgroup) and normal untouched teeth (-ve control subgroup). All teeth surfaces were coated with Tincture iodine and calcium hydroxide was applied prior to treatment protocols. Then, teeth were restored with glass ionomer filling to seal the remaining part of the access cavity. Radiography evaluation of the increase in root length, root thickness and occurrence of apical closure were performed. Following the sacrifice of the two dogs at each time of evaluation, histopathological analysis was performed and included the inflammatory cells count, bone resorption, tissue ingrowth, deposition of hard tissue, and closure of the apical part. All data were statistically analyzed. Results Compared to BC subgroup, MSNs and MSNs + BMP-2 subgroups exhibited significant higher increase in root length and thickness as well as higher vital tissue in-growth and new hard tissue formation in group II (P 0.05). Conclusion MSNs with/without BMP-2 scaffolds enabled the continuing growth of roots in immature teeth with necrotic pulps and periapical pathosis. Addition of BMP-2 to MSNs scaffold improved its outcome in regenerative endodontics. Clinical relevance MSNs with/without BMP-2 scaffolds may alternate blood clot for regenerative endodontic treatment of immature teeth with necrotic pulps.

Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) formulation in biopolymers is an attractive process for the researcher to decrease the disadvantages of NPs application alone. Bimetallic NPs are a promising formula of two NPs that usually act as synergetic phenomena. Zinc oxide and gold NPs (ZnO@AuNPs) biosynthesis as a bimetallic was prepared via the eco-friendly manner currently. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was employed for the formulation of ZnO@AuNPs as a nanocomposite via a green method. Physicochemical and topographical characterization was assigned to ZnO@AuNPs and nanocomposite features. The nanostructure of bimetallic NPs and nanocomposite were affirmed with sizes around 15 and 25 nm, respectively. Indeed, the DLS measurements affirmed the more reasonable size and stability of the prepared samples as 27 and 93 nm for bimetallic NPs and nanocomposite, respectively. The inhibitory potential of nanocomposite was more than ZnO@AuNPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Mucor albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor circinelloid. ZnO@AuNPs and nanocomposite exhibited antioxidant activity via DPPH with IC50 of 71.38 and 32.4 µg/mL, correspondingly. Excellent anti-diabetic potential of nanocomposite with IC50 of 7.4 µg/mL, and ZnO@AuNPs with IC50 of 9.7 µg/mL was reported compared with the standard acarbose with the IC50 of 50.93 µg/mL for amylase inhibition (%). Photocatalytic degradation of RR195 and RB dyes was performed by ZnO@AuNPs and nanocomposite, where maximum degradation was 85.7 ± 1.53 and 88.7 ± 0.58%, respectively using ZnO@AuNPs, 90.3 ± 0.28 and 91.8 ± 0.27%, respectively using nanocomposite at 100 min. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Arid regions can benefit from using native desert plants, which require minimal freshwater and can aid in remediating soil phytotoxic metals (PTMs) from traffic emissions. In this study, we assessed the ability of three native desert plants—Pennisetum divisum, Tetraena qatarensis, and Brassica tournefortii—to accumulate phytotoxic metals (PTMs) in their different plant organs, including leaves, stems, and roots/rhizomes. The PTMs were analyzed in soil and plant samples collected from Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results indicated significantly higher levels of PTMs on the soil surface than the subsurface layer. Brassica exhibited the highest concentrations of Fe and Zn, measuring 566.7 and 262.8 mg kg−1, respectively, while Tetraena accumulated the highest concentration of Sr (1676.9 mg kg−1) in their stems. In contrast, Pennisetum recorded the lowest concentration of Sr (21.0 mg kg−1), while Tetraena exhibited the lowest concentrations of Fe and Zn (22.5 and 30.1 mg kg−1) in their leaves. The roots of Pennisetum, Brassica, and Tetraena demonstrated the potential to accumulate Zn from the soil, with concentration factors (CF) of 1.75, 1.09, and 1.09, respectively. Moreover, Brassica exhibited the highest CF for Sr, measuring 2.34. Pennisetum, however, could not translocate PTMs from its rhizomes to other plant organs, as indicated by a translocation factor (TF) of 1. In contrast, Brassica effectively translocated the studied PTMs from its roots to the stem and leaves (except for Sr in the leaves). Furthermore, Pennisetum exclusively absorbed Zn from the soil into its leaves and stems, with an enrichment factor (EF) greater than 1. Brassica showed the ability to uptake the studied PTMs in its stem and leaves (except for Fe), while Tetraena primarily absorbed Sr and Zn into its stems. Based on the CF and TF results, Pennisetum appears to be a suitable species for phytostabilization of both Fe and Zn, while Brassica is well-suited for Sr and Zn polluted soils. Tetraena shows potential for Zn phytoremediation. These findings suggest that these plants are suitable for PTMs phytoextraction. Furthermore, based on the EF results, these plants can efficiently sequester PTMs.

Introduction: Bioceramic (BC) sealers exhibit multiple desirable biologic and physical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of root canal moisture on the depth of TotalFill BC sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at different levels using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Materials and Methods: The manuscript of this laboratory study has been written according to preferred reporting items for laboratory studies in endodontology 2021 guidelines. Forty single-rooted extracted human premolars were decoronated using a low-speed diamond disc, followed by root canal preparation using nickel–titanium files under copious irrigation. The samples were randomly allocated for obturation into four groups n = 10 based on the sealer and root canal moisture status. Group A: TotalFill BC sealer in wet canal, Group B: TotalFill BC sealer in dry canal, Group C: AH Plus sealer in wet canal, and Group D: AH Plus sealer in dry canal. The roots were sectioned at three different distances from the apex. The root segments were examined using CLSM to measure the extent of sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules. The data underwent analysis through a three-way mixed ANOVA test, followed by post hoc assessments (P < 0.05). Results: In wet canals, the tubular penetration of TotalFill BC sealer was notably greater than that of AH plus, with a statistically significant difference. However, AH Plus sealer had a statistically significant tubular penetration in the dry canals compared to the wet. Greater sealer penetration was observed at 5 mm from the apex, followed by 3 mm, and the least penetration depth was found at 1 mm from the apex. Conclusions: The presence of root canal moisture and distance from the apex had a significant impact on the penetration of TotalFill BC sealer into the dentinal tubules.

Abstract Recently, focus has been placed on renewable sources, as they can be provided in large quantities at the lowest possible cost, in order to create nanoparticles. One of these sources is Zygnema moss which used in the present investigation to create Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). Several phenols and flavonoids were identified the extract of Zygnema sp. via analysis of High performance liquid chromatography. These constituents served as reducing and stabilizing agents for CuONPs. Characterization of CuONPs was performed via UV-visible spectrum that demonstrated peak at 252 nm, Transmission electron microscopy that showed spherical CuONPs with mean diameter of 30.06 nm, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy that confirm that presence of several functional groups aided to formation of CuONPs. The crystallographic pattern of CuONPs was recorded via X-ray diffraction analysis. Antimicrobial potential of CuONPs was compared to copper acetate and antibiotic/antifungal drug. CuONPs exhibited more inhibition zones against S. aureus (32 ± 0.1 mm), E. coli (36 ± 0.1 mm), S. typhi (27 ± 0.2 mm), E. faecalis (37 ± 0.1 mm), C. albicans (34 ± 0.3 mm) than copper acetate and antibiotic/antifungal drug. Promising MIC values of were recorded against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhi. CuONPs at 200 ppm inhibited the growth of C. lunata, F. oxysporium, A. flavus, and Mucor circinelloid with inhibtion of 76.92, 73.33, 63.63, and 53.84%, respectively regarded the control 100% growth. The photocatalytic role of CuONPs was recorded for degradation of reactive red (RR195) and reactive blue (RB) dyes with maximum degradation of 84.66% and 90.82%, respectively at 75 min. Moreover, the optimal dyes degradation was 84.66 and 90.82%, respectively at 40 °C.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: سعت هذه الدراسه ألي تحديد الأرتباط والفرق، إن وجد، بين الجانب المماثل وبين الجانبين المتقابلين أثناء تمرين التوازن والتحمل الثابت. طرق البحث: شارك ١١٢ طالب جامعي يتمتع بصحه جيده (٥٥ إناث، ٥٧ ذكور) في هذه الدراسه. أجري كل مشارك تمرين Quadruped bird dog ( رفع ذراع واحده والساق في الجانب المقابل) والحفاظ علي التوازن في حاله ثابته. كما أجري كل مشارك تمرين ال side bridge من وضع الأستلقاء علي الجانب ورفع الجذع والوركين والحفاظ علي التوازن لأطول فتره ممكنه. النتائج: أظهر أختبار Wilcoxon فرق ذو دلاله أحصائيه لتمرين Quadruped bird dog وليس لتمرين Side bridge. كما أظهرت الدراسه معامل أرتباط قوي مقداره 0.85 و 0.75 لتمرين Quadruped bird dog وتمرين Side bridge علي التوالي. الأستنتاجات: قد تكون هذه النتائج مفيده لأخصائي التأهيل للتقييم الموضوعي لقدرات التوازن والتحمل الثابت ومتابعة التقدم في العلاج. كما أنه يساعد في تحديد التمرين المناسب والمتدرج لثبات الجذع. Abstract: Objectives: This study sought to determine the association and the difference, if any, between the levels of the contralateral and between the levels of the ipsilateral sides during static endurance-balance exercise. Methods: One hundred twelve healthy active- college students (55 females and 57 males) participated in this cross-sectional study. Each participant performed the contralateral (raising one arm and opposite-side leg) quadruped bird dog exercise and balanced in static condition. Side bridge exercise was performed from lying on your side then engaging your core muscles and lifting your upper body and hips off the ground, maintaining a straight line and holding this position as long as tolerated. Results: Wilcoxon signed rank test showed significant difference (p = 0.004) between the contralateral right and left quadruped bird dog but insignificant difference (p = 0.059) between the ipsilateral right and left side bridge endurance-balance exercises. Mann–Whitney U test showed that the holding time was significant across gender for the contralateral but was insignificant for the ipsilateral endurance-balance exercise. Mann–Whitney U test was insignificant (p > 0.05) between those being recreationally active or inactive. Kruskal–Wallis test revealed insignificant difference between body mass index categories. Spearman's rho correlation coefficient showed strong positive correlation equals 0.85 and 0.75 (p

Ancient schwannomas are a rare variation of schwannomas, with the distinction being based on histopathological examination of the excised specimen. On histopathological examination, ancient schwannomas exhibit degenerative changes such as calcification, hyalinization, and cystic necrosis, along with S100 positivity. Complete surgical excision is the mainstay treatment for ancient schwannomas and carries a favorable prognosis. Recurrence is the most common complication, often arising from incomplete surgical excision. Herein, we present a case of a 41-year-old male who presented to our center as a case of a retroperitoneal mass for further investigations and diagnostic workup. Imaging showed a retroperitoneal mass in the right iliac fossa. We proceeded with ultrasound guided needle biopsy, and examination of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of ancient schwannoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent surgery, and complete surgical excision was achieved. On follow-up 3-months later, the patient is doing well, and no signs of recurrence were found.

This study aimed to report forces and moments delivered by 3D-printed aligners. Tera Harz TC-85 resin and Zendura FLX (ZF) thermoformed sheets (0.76 mm) were used. Rectangular strip specimens (50 × 10 × 0.6 mm) were produced for a three-point bending test (3PB) at different temperatures. Full anatomical aligners were produced for 3D force measurements on different teeth and directions at 37 °C, using a custom-made device. ZF exhibited flexural forces between 1.7 and 2.3 N, while TC-85 from 0.3 N to 2.7 N, with temperature affecting TC-85 more significantly. At lower temperatures, TC-85 was stiffer than ZF, but at higher temperatures, it became less rigid. The 3D-force measurements indicated comparable values for both materials. Force ranged from 0.3–1.7 N and moment from 4.8–9.4 Nmm. The study concluded that TC-85 3D-printed aligners deliver biologically compatible forces for orthodontic movement and offer better control over thickness.HighlightsThe 3D-printed Tera Harz TC-85 resin revolutionises aligner production.Tera Harz TC-85 aligners generate forces within the orthodontic accepted range.Shape recovery of TC-85 can enable adaptability and larger incremental step size.The 3D printing offers greater control over aligner design and thickness.

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a critical business function that involves the planning, coordination, and control of the flow of goods, information, and finances as they move from the manufacturer to the wholesaler to the retailer and finally to the end customer. SCM is a holistic approach to managing the entire process of delivering products or services to consumers. In this study, we will enhance the findings as outlined in Anne et al. (2009). While certain attributes of these systems will have been investigated, numerous aspects of these systems will still require further scrutiny. This calls for additional research studies on these systems. This paper examines a Fractional-Order Supply Chain Management (FOSCM) model utilizing the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) and explores qualitative aspects through an approach that addresses existence and uniqueness. By using Arzelà–Ascoli's principle, this system proves that the Caputo FOSCM model has at least one solution. Furthermore, we investigate the dynamics of the system by using the Lyapunov Exponent (LE), Bifurcation Diagram (BD), Complexity Analysis (CA) and 0–1 test. Finally, we introduce the control for FOSCM model using the Linear Feedback Control (LFC) method. We verify the correctness of our analysis by using numerical simulations.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops have experienced a 22% reduction due to attacks from microbial pathogens and pests. Dry rot disease occurred from risks in El-Minya governorate, Egypt, where potato is the major cultivated crop. Potato cultivar ‘Cara’ samples were collected from the markets of six regions in El-Minya for isolation. They were also tested for the application of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for disease management. The ability of Exserohilum rostratum to synthesize ZnONPs was documented via UV-visible, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Spherical shape and crystallite small size (51.0 ± 3.0 nm) were attributed to the created ZnONPs. The ZnONPs were applied in the bio-control of the causative agent (Fusarium nygamai) of dry rot disease and large economic loss of potato cv. ‘Cara’ productivity. The mycosynthesized ZnONPs by E. rostratum at 100 μg/ mL (3 mM) showed antifungal activity against F. nygamai with higher reducing value of mycelium growth diameter 2.0 ± 0.14 cm compared to Revanol 50%, traditional product with a diameter of 3.85 ± 0.10 cm. Overall, ZnONPs are an excellent agent that can be applied to repress the most common fungal disease of potato.

White-rot fungi are vital microorganisms that can decay lignocellulosic biomass. This study investigated the ability of white-rot fungus found on rotten wood to produce ligninolytic enzymes and their enhancement using nanoparticles (NPs). Phanerochaete chrysosporium was isolated from decayed wood. Its ability to produce ligninolytic enzymes, namely CMCase, FPase, Laccase, and MnPase, was recorded. The enzymes’ productivity was enhanced via utilization of the surfactant polysorbate 80 with optimum concentration 0.20 mL/L for maximum CMCase (201.33 ± 2.31 U/mL) and FPase (66.33 ± 0.58 U/mL), whereas the corresponding value was 0.15 mL/L for laccase and MnPase production. Mn2O3NPs and CuONPs enhanced the enzymes’ productivity but with different levels according to their concentrations, where the maximum productivity of CMCase (220.67 ± 2.31 U/mL) and (FPase 74.63 ± 3.51 U/mL) were at 50 ppm, but MnPase (0.52 ± 0.01 U/mL) and laccase (2.88 ± 0.01U/mL) were at 25 ppm and 75 ppm of CuONPs, respectively. Mn2O3NPs at 75 ppm enhanced the productivity of CMCase (219.33 ± 1.15 U/mL) and FPase (74.63 ± 3.51U/mL); but at 25 ppm and 75 ppm enhanced the productivity of laccase (2.40 ± 0.04U/mL) and MnPase (0.73 ± 0.03 U/mL), respectively. Thus, NPs were found to play a vital role in improving the productivity of ligninolytic enzymes.

Abstract Background Candida albicans is the most common fungus that causes vaginal candidiasis in immunocompetent women and catastrophic infections in immunocompromised patients. The treatment of such infections is hindered due to the increasing emergence of resistance to azoles in C. albicans. New treatment approaches are needed to combat candidiasis especially in the dwindled supply of new effective and safe antifungals. The resistance to azoles is mainly attributed to export of azoles outside the cells by means of the efflux pump that confers cross resistance to all azoles including fluconazole (FLC). Objectives This study aimed to investigate the possible efflux pump inhibiting activity of fusidic acid (FA) in C. albicans resistant isolates and the potential use of Fusidic acid in combination with fluconazole to potentiate the antifungal activity of fluconazole to restore its activity in the resistant C. albicans isolates. Methods The resistance of C. albicans isolates was assessed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. The effect of Fusidic acid at sub-inhibitory concentration on efflux activity was assayed by rhodamine 6G efflux assay and intracellular accumulation. Mice model studies were conducted to evaluate the anti-efflux activity of Fusidic acid and its synergistic effects in combination with fluconazole. Impact of Fusidic acid on ergosterol biosynthesis was quantified. The synergy of fluconazole when combined with Fusidic acid was investigated by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. The cytotoxicity of Fusidic acid was tested against erythrocytes. The effect of Fusidic acid on efflux pumps was tested at the molecular level by real-time PCR and in silico study. In vivo vulvovaginitis mice model was used to confirm the activity of the combination in treating vulvovaginal candidiasis. Results Fusidic acid showed efflux inhibiting activity as it increased the accumulation of rhodamine 6G, a substrate for ABC-efflux transporter, and decreased its efflux in C. albicans cells. The antifungal activity of fluconazole was synergized when combined with Fusidic acid. Fusidic acid exerted only minimal cytotoxicity on human erythrocytes indicating its safety. The FA efflux inhibitory activity could be owed to its ability to interfere with efflux protein transporters as revealed by docking studies and downregulation of the efflux-encoding genes of both ABC transporters and MFS superfamily. Moreover, in vivo mice model showed that using fluconazole-fusidic acid combination by vaginal route enhanced fluconazole antifungal activity as shown by lowered fungal burden and a negligible histopathological change in vaginal tissue. Conclusion The current findings highlight FA’s potential as a potential adjuvant to FLC in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Abstract Background Isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) is a hereditary disorder that causes significant short stature. GHD has a reported incidence of 1/4000–1/10,000 births. It is caused by mutations in the major somatotroph axis genes, involving GH1, codes for growth hormone, GHSR, and GHRHR, codes for growth hormone secretagogue receptor and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor, respectively. Aims of the study The present study aims to examine the clinical phenotype and investigate the genetic etiology of ten Egyptian patients with type I isolated growth hormone insufficiency. Patients and methods Patients recruited for the study were clinically diagnosed by two provocation tests and were subjected to a thorough history, clinical examination, and anthropometric measurements. Sanger sequencing and mutational analysis of the three genes, GH1, GHSR, and GHRHR, was our approach, performed in all enrolled IGHD patients. The variants identified were analyzed using the biological, population, sequence variants, and clinical genetics databases. Prediction of the pathogenicity of the novel variants was done by in silico prediction tools following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Results Sanger sequencing revealed a previously reported pathogenic mutation (NM_000823.4: c.1069C > T; p.Arg357Cys) in the GHRHR gene in one patient and a novel frameshift variant (NM_198407.2: c.1043dup; Ser349Leu fs*6) in the GHSR gene in another patient. This is the fourth report highlighting the autosomal dominant inheritance of the GHSR mutation as a cause of isolated growth hormone deficiency. A number of previously reported variants, but of rare frequency, were identified in this study. In our IGHD cases, 90% of the patients were underweight, 50% had anemia, and 80% showed hypovitaminosis D. Conclusion Our findings broaden the mutational spectrum underlying the IGHD in Egyptian patients and point out the importance of mutation screening of the GHSR and GHRHR genes. This study also acknowledges the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance of the GHSR mutation as a cause for dwarfism.

Background: When turkeys' legs come in contact with their dropping during the growing stage results in footpad dermatitis condition which affects the poult's welfare and productivity. Aim: Our experiment aimed to detect the impact of different bedding materials on the wellbeing, and performance of growing turkey under Egyptian conditions. Methods: 180-day-old turkey poults were allocated into three treatments. In treatment I, the poults (60 each with three replicates (n = 20 birds) were kept on wood shavings (WS); in the second treatment, the poults were housed on chopped wheat straw (CWS). But, in the third treatment, they kept on a plastic slatted floor (PSF). Results: The greater feed intake and body weight were recorded in poults reared in PSF compared with those kept in other treatments (WS and CWS). FCR didn't show any significant difference. The mortality percentage was higher in the PSF group than in the WS one. The frequency of feeding and drinking behavior was higher in poults reared on WS treatment compared with other treatments CWS and PSF. On the other hand, resting behavior showed the highest frequency in poults kept in PSF. Contrary, the lowest frequency of walking behavior was recorded in poults reared in PSF treatment. Additionally, the poults kept in WS had a longer tonic immobility reaction period followed by those kept in PSF and CWS. Concerning foot-pad dermatitis, the highest score of 0 was observed in the CWS group, while the highest score of 1 was recorded among poults kept in the WS group. On the other side, the highest score 2, 3, and 4 was observed in the poults reared in the PSF group. Heterophil/Lymphocyte (H/L) ratio of turkey poults was higher in PSF. While T3 and T4 concentrations in blood weren't affected by using different bedding materials. Conclusion: It is concluded that the slatted floor was good for turkey producers from the point of performance but, it's the worst from the point of welfare. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(1.000): 46-52 ]

Study is being conducted on training Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) from 2D datasets to generate 3D human body avatars. Numerous applications, such as virtual reality, sports analysis, cinematography, surveillance, and more, have advanced significantly as a result of the promising research in this subject. Aerial photography sensors together with drone active tracking can remove occlusions and enable 3D avatar body reconstruction by avoiding obstacles and generating high-resolution, rich-information multi-view (RGB) photos. Training failures of 3D avatar reconstruction techniques lead to distortions and loss of features in 3D reconstructed models due to several reasons, including limited viewpoint coverage, visible occlusions, and texture disappearance. The recently developed end-to-end trainable deep neural network technique This work presents PIXGAN-Drone, a photo-realistic 3D avatar reconstruction system for the human body from multi-view photos. To create high-resolution 2D models, is predicated on integrating aerial photography sensors (a steady autonomous circular motion system) coupled with active tracking drones into the Pix2Pix GANs training framework. Accurate and realistic 3D models can be created with conditional image-to-image translation and dynamic aerial views. This study used tests on several datasets to show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art approaches for a variety of metrics (Chamfer, P2S, and CED). Our 3D reconstructed human avatars in RenderPeople were 0.0293, 0.0271, and 0.0232; on People Snapshot (inside), 0.0133, 0.0136, 0.0050; on People Snapshot (outdoor), 0.0154, 0.0101, 0.0063; and on Custom data-drone (collected dataset), 0.0316, 0.0275, 0.0216.

Background: The impact of estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR) is well-established with respect to therapy and prognosis of breast carcinoma. However, the role of androgen receptor (AR) expression is varying among breast cancer subtypes. Objectives: The objective of this study is evaluating relation between androgen receptor to progesterone receptor in non-metastatic hormonal positive Her2-neu negative breast cancer patients. Patients and methods: This study included 100 female patients with breast carcinoma, whose hormone receptor status data were available. Demographic and histopathologic details were retrieved. Immunohistochemistry for AR was done and considered positive if >10% of tumor cells showed nuclear staining. Results: We evaluated 100 female patients with primary breast cancer by using immunohistochemistry. Of the 100 cases, 51 cases had an AR/PR ratio

The increasing age of our society is connected to a rising number of people suffering from disorders. One such disorder is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Predictions indicate that the number of individuals affected by PD will more, than double in the future. Neurologists and data scientists consider handwriting as one of the motor symptoms of PD and recognize it as a valuable resource for detecting this disorder. Within this framework, we introduce an innovative system for Parkinson’s disease detection, which encompasses several key stages. The process commences with data augmentation and preprocessing, subsequently leading to the segmentation of online handwriting into Beta strokes. Following that, feature extraction is carried out utilizing the Beta-elliptical approach and the fuzzy perceptual detector. Finally, we employ bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) for the classification task. To assess the performance of our system, we created a new online Arabic handwriting dataset designed for detecting Parkinson’s disease. The results we obtained affirm the efficacy of our proposed system. Through comprehensive evaluations conducted on the PaHaW dataset, we achieved good accuracy, thereby highlighting that our system surpasses the performance of existing systems.

In recent years, Optical character recognition (OCR) has experienced a resurgence of interest especially for contemporary Arabic data. In fact, OCR development for printed and handwritten Arabic script is still a challenging task. These challenges are due to the specific characteristics of the Arabic script. In this work, we attempt to address these challenges by creating a deep learning OCR for Arabic document recognition called ADOCRNet. It is a novel deep learning framework whose architecture is built of layers of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) trained using Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) algorithm. In order to assess the performance of our OCR, the proposed system is performed on two printed text datasets which are P-KHATT (text line images) and APTI (word images). It’s also evaluated on a handwritten Arabic text dataset IFN/ENIT (word images). According to the practical tests, the conceived model achieves strength recognition rates on the three datasets. ADOCRNet reaches a Character Error Rate (CER) of 0.01% on the P-KHATT dataset, 0.03% on the APTI dataset and a Word Error Rate (WER) of 1.09% on the IFN/ENIT dataset, which significantly outperforms the outcomes of the current systems.

Abstract A sulfur recovery process is one of the most important processes in the oil and gas industry to get rid of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is produced from the acid gas removal process of sour natural gas to convert it into sweet natural gas. Actual data from a gas field is used to obtain a realistic comparison between two sulfur recovery techniques, through which researchers and/or manufacturers can obtain information that will help them choose the most appropriate and cheapest method. A total feed acid gas flow rate of 5.1844 MMSCFD with an H2S concentration of 24.62% by mole percent was produced from amine acid gas removal units. Claus sulfur recovery technique is a traditional chemical process that uses thermal and catalytic reactors. Therefore, an acid gas enrichment unit is applied to increase the H2S concentration to approximately 50% mole to provide reliable and flexible operation in the thermal and catalytic reactors. Moreover, a tail gas treatment unit is applied to increase the overall conversion efficiency to 99.90% with the Claus technique instead of 95.08% without it to achieve high sulfur recovery and reliable operation through the conversion of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and mercaptans. Studies on the safety and simplicity of the Claus technique revealed many important hazards and a large number of transmitters (379) and control loops (128) in one Claus train. THIOPAQ sulfur recovery as a new technology is a biological desulfurization process that uses a natural mixture of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. It is also a unique H2S removal process with an efficiency of 99.999%. In addition, studies on the safety and simplicity of the THIOPAQ technique have shown that the hazards, the number of transmitters (74), and the number of control loops (29) of a one THIOPAQ train are lower. The THIOPAQ technique showed higher efficiency, was safer, simpler, and had lower CAPEX and OPEX. This study was conducted using Aspen HYSYS V11 and actual data.

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease involving T and B lymphocytes. Autoantibodies contribute to joint deterioration and worsening symptoms. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme in purine metabolism, influences adenosine levels and joint inflammation. Inhibiting ADA could impact RA progression. Intracellular ATP breakdown generates adenosine, which increases in hypoxic and inflammatory conditions. Lymphocytes with ADA play a role in RA. Inhibiting lymphocytic ADA activity has an immune-regulatory effect. Synovial fluid levels of ADA are closely associated with the disease’s systemic activity, making it a useful parameter for evaluating joint inflammation. Flavonoids, such as quercetin (QUE), are natural substances that can inhibit ADA activity. QUE demonstrates immune-regulatory effects and restores T-cell homeostasis, making it a promising candidate for RA therapy. In this review, we will explore the impact of QUE in suppressing ADA and reducing produced the inflammation in RA, including preclinical investigations and clinical trials. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background While conventional threaded implants (TI) have proven to be effective for replacing missing teeth, they have certain limitations in terms of diameter, length, and emergence profile when compared to customised root analogue implants (RAI). To further investigate the potential benefits of RAIs, the aim of this study was to experimentally evaluate the micromotion of RAIs compared to TIs. Methods A 3D model of tooth 47 (mandibular right second molar) was segmented from an existing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and a RAI was designed based on this model. Four RAI subgroups were fabricated as follows: 3D-printed titanium (PT), 3D-printed zirconia (PZ), milled titanium (MT), milled zirconia (MZ), each with a sample size of n = 5. Additionally, two TI subgroups (B11 and C11) were used as control, each with a sample size of n = 5. All samples were embedded in polyurethane foam artificial bone blocks and subjected to load application using a self-developed biomechanical Hexapod Measurement System. Micromotion was quantified by analysing the load/displacement curves. Results There were no statistically significant differences in displacement in Z-axis (the loading direction) between the RAI group and the TI group. However, within the RAI subgroups, PZ exhibited significantly higher displacement values compared to the other subgroups (p

Abstract Background Personalized asthma medicine research identifies critical genes like ADRB2 and ADH5 that affect disease and treatment outcomes, necessitating a deeper exploration of these genetic influences on asthma prevalence and management in Egyptian children. This study aimed to examine the relationship between asthma control and specific genetic variants in Egyptian children, focusing on four significant SNPs within four key genes. Methods A cross-sectional genetic study was conducted between December 2020 and May 2021 at two hospitals affiliated with Al-Azhar University to assess gene polymorphisms in adolescent asthmatic patients. Blood samples were taken from participants, with portions dedicated to DNA extraction and serum level measurements. The extracted DNA was then genotyped using the real-time PCR technique, and specific genotypes were identified based on their fluorescence characteristics. Results A total of 93 subjects were enrolled in the study. Cases (asthmatic children) had a significantly higher BMI than controls—healthy children—(33.65 ± 3.88 vs. 21.10 ± 3.48, p

Abstract There is a need to define regions of gene activation or repression that control human kidney cells in states of health, injury, and repair to understand the molecular pathogenesis of kidney disease and design therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive integration of gene expression with epigenetic features that define regulatory elements remains a significant challenge. We measure dual single nucleus RNA expression and chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27me3 histone modifications to decipher the chromatin landscape and gene regulation of the kidney in reference and adaptive injury states. We establish a spatially-anchored epigenomic atlas to define the kidney’s active, silent, and regulatory accessible chromatin regions across the genome. Using this atlas, we note distinct control of adaptive injury in different epithelial cell types. A proximal tubule cell transcription factor network of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 regulates the transition between health and injury, while in thick ascending limb cells this transition is regulated by NR2F1. Further, combined perturbation of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 distinguishes two adaptive proximal tubular cell subtypes, one of which manifested a repair trajectory after knockout. This atlas will serve as a foundation to facilitate targeted cell-specific therapeutics by reprogramming gene regulatory networks.

Cognitive agents make systems autonomous through the process of decision automation by mining an existing knowledge repository at run time. These processes can often be highly compute intensive, and would thus run slowly on the low-power computing platforms typically seen in autonomous systems. This paper examines how knowledge be represented in a Q-table and proposes a novel fast algorithm to mine that knowledge based on constraints. We evaluate this approach for the knowledge mining process of a specific agent: Cognitively Enhanced Complex Event Processing (CECEP). Within CECEP, knowledge is represented using Cognitive Domain Ontologies (CDO), and is mined using situational inputs and constraints. This is a novel approach to store information and is able to accommodate CDOs with millions of solutions. To show that the approach can run on low power hardware in real-time, this algorithm was executed on two low-power minicomputing platforms - Intel’s NUC and Asus’s Tinker Board. At present, no other optimized CDO solvers can generate solutions on these platforms. The algorithm generated the same amount of solutions as a GPU-enabled optimized path-based forward checking CDO solver, while consuming around 7.7 and 5.15 times less energy (Joules) on the NUC and Tinker Board respectively.

Nanotechnology is a valuable strategy for managing a number of medicinal, agricultural, and environmental concerns. Cocculus pendulus was used for selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesis to evaluate their usage for microbial inhibition and to enhance plant resistance to heavy metals. Mono-dispersed, spherical shape, and mean diameter (36.19 nm) of SeNPs were documented. More inhibitory potential was associated with SeNPs with inhibition zones of 38±0.3, 18±0.2, 18±0.1, 31±0.2, and 27±0.1 mm than extract of C. pendulus against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans, respectively. SeNPs had successfully scavenged the free radicals of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with lower IC50 (inhibitory concentration that inhibit 50% of DPPH) value (10.31 µg/mL) than that of C. pendulus extract (55.54 µg/mL). The effect of C. pendulus extract (200 mg/kg soil) alone or in combination with SeNPs (15 mg/kg soil of SeNPs) as a soil drench on shoot, root lengths, plant pigments, lead and cadmium contents of Corchorus olitorius under lead and cadmium stress (5 mg/L) was investigated. The pigments quantity and plant growth were decreased by cadmium and lead poisoning. Application of C. pendulus extracts or SeNPs decreased the Pb and Cd concentrations and improved the growth and metabolites of Corchorus olitorius plants.

Background/Objectives: Patients with schizophrenia have significant challenges in adhering to and complying with oral medicines, resulting in adverse consequences such as symptom worsening and psychotic relapse. Methods: This study aimed to develop clove oil-based bilosomes using definitive screening design (DSD) to maximize the anti-schizophrenic action of clozapine and promote its nose-to-brain delivery. The target was to optimize the physicochemical properties of bilosomes and incorporate them into mucoadhesive intranasal in situ gels, searching for augmented ex vivo and in vivo clozapine delivery. Results: The bilosomes’ particle size was decreased by increasing the span, SDC, and clove oil amounts. In addition to using a high lipid amount, the aforementioned components also helped increase the entrapment efficiency values. Increased zeta potential was only observed by increasing surfactant amount and reducing clozapine concentration. After incorporation of optimized liquid clove oil-based bilosomes, which had a spherical nano-sized vesicular shape, into P 407-dependent gels, an HPMC (2% w/w)/P 407 (20% w/w)-containing formulation (G6) was selected as an optimized gel owing to its acceptable gelation time (13.28 s), gel strength (27.72 s), viscosity (12,766.67 cP), and mucoadhesive strength (4273.93 dyne/cm2). The optimized G6 exhibited higher Jss (50.86 μg/cm2·h−1) through the nasal mucosa compared to the control gel (23.03 μg/cm2·h−1). Compared to the control gel, G6 displayed higher relative bioavailability (491.37%) than a commercial tablet (264.46%). Following ELISA analysis, dopamine and serotonin were significantly reduced, while BDNF was remarkably increased after administration of optimized G6 into schizophrenic rats. Conclusion: Our study indicates the potential of intranasal bilosomal gels in upgrading the anti-schizophrenic and neuroprotective activity of clozapine.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatment methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets bonded to two types of CAD/CAM composite restorations: milled and 3D-printed. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 flat-shaped specimens (10 × 10 × 2 mm3) were prepared from four different CAD/CAM composites; two milled (Lava Ultimate™ [LU] and Grandio™ [GR]) and two 3D-printed (Crowntec™ [CT] and C&B Permanent™ [CB]). These specimens underwent thermocycling (5000 cycles at 5–55 °C), then were categorized based on the surface treatment into four groups (n = 10): Group C (control, no surface treatment), Group HF (treated with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid), Group DB (mechanical roughening by a diamond bur), and Group SB (sandblasting using aluminum oxide). Metal brackets were bonded using Transbond XT Primer and universal adhesive, stored in artificial saliva for 24 h, then thermocycled again. Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testing machine until bracket debonding occurred. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assessed using a stereomicroscope to quantify the residual adhesive following debonding. Result: Regarding material, GR and LU restorations had significantly higher SBS values compared to CT and CB, ranging from 13.90 MPa to 20.35 MPa. Regarding surface treatment, SB and HF groups showed significantly higher SBS values. The ARI scores showed different adhesive modes of failure, with higher instances of scores 0 and 1, which indicate no or minimal adhesive remaining. Conclusions: Both milled and 3D-printed materials had adequate SBS for clinical use, with milled materials showing superior results. Surface treatments like sandblasting and HF significantly improved bond strength, with adhesive failure being common.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently found cancer in the world, and it is frequently discovered when it is already far along in its development. About 20% of cases of CRC are metastatic and incurable. There is more and more evidence that colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs), which are in charge of tumor growth, recurrence, and resistance to treatment, are what make CRC so different. Because we know more about stem cell biology, we quickly learned about the molecular processes and possible cross-talk between signaling pathways that affect the balance of cells in the gut and cancer. Wnt, Notch, TGF-β, and Hedgehog are examples of signaling pathway members whose genes may change to produce CCSCs. These genes control self-renewal and pluripotency in SCs and then decide the function and phenotype of CCSCs. However, in terms of their ability to create tumors and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs, CSCs differ from normal stem cells and the bulk of tumor cells. This may be the reason for the higher rate of cancer recurrence in patients who underwent both surgery and chemotherapy treatment. Scientists have found that a group of uncontrolled miRNAs related to CCSCs affect stemness properties. These miRNAs control CCSC functions like changing the expression of cell cycle genes, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms. CCSC-related miRNAs mostly control signal pathways that are known to be important for CCSC biology. The biomarkers (CD markers and miRNA) for CCSCs and their diagnostic roles are the main topics of this review study.

This study sheds the light on the potential of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root aqueous extract as a cornerstone for mitigating and detoxifying the residues of the widely used agricultural Glyphosate-based pesticides (GBPs). This study examined the GBPs toxic effects on kidney, liver, thyroid functions, and apoptosis using 50 adult male albino rats. All rats were divided into 5 groups, with 10 each. Control: served as untreated rats. GBP: rats were treated with 1 mL glyphosate solution 24 % orally for three weeks. The glyphosate-treated rats were gavaged with licorice root aqueous extractsolution (100, 200, and 300 mg/mLdistilled water, respectively) daily for three weeks. Licorice root aqueous extract solution (300 mg/mL distilled water) yielded notable reductions in liver, kidney enzymes, albumin, and AFP levels within the serum. Immunological tests, including immunohistochemical evaluations of caspase-3 and TNF-α expressions revealed a dose-dependent attenuation of apoptosis and inflammation with licorice intervention. This will provide a valuable perspective for agricultural practices future and paving the way for a more sustainable approach for using GBPs in animal agriculture industries.

In alignment with the sustainable development goals (SDGs), recent trends in water management have been directed toward using environmentally friendly bio-based materials for removing contaminants. In this work, we prepared a biocomposite of chitosan (CS) intercalated into acid activated calcium bentonite (Bent). A thermally stable mesoporous CS-Bent composite was prepared with a zeta potential of 15.5 to −34.4 mV in the pH range of 2.22–10. The biocomposite successfully removed up to 99.2% and 50 mg/g of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin HCl (CPX) at pH 5.5 via electrostatic and hydrogen bonding forces. In a multi-component aqueous system of heavy metal and CPX, the composite was more selective to CPX than to the heavy metals and removal of CPX in this system was comparable to that in a single-component system. The composite also maintained its high adsorption efficiency in NaCl solutions which makes it suitable for treating fresh and saline solutions. The combination of CS and bent produced a biodegradable eco-friendly composite characterized with good thermal and surface properties along with efficient and selective adsorption performance.

This research study proposes a novel hyperchaotic finance system with profit margin and then utilizes the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) to tackle the solution of the associated Caputo-derivative based fractional-order hyperchaotic finance system with profit margin. Numerical simulations and analyses, such as the evaluation of Lyapunov exponents (LE), the creation of bifurcation diagrams (BD), the complexity analysis (CA), and the 0-1 test, are used to get a full picture of the system. The results of our study demonstrate the occurrence of periodic, chaotic, and hyperchaotic dynamics in the system. Furthermore, the overall criteria for the existence and the uniqueness of the exact solutions for Caputo fractional-order models are presented. In addition, we present a control methodology for the fractional-order hyperchaotic financial system utilizing the Laplace transform and linear feedback control. Significantly, our research showcases a noteworthy correlation between the analytical results and numerical simulations, emphasizing the soundness and effectiveness of our methodology.

Abstract Despite the vital activity of many compounds, they lack that effectiveness due to their low solubility in water. Unfortunately, for this reason, rutin often leads to low tissue permeability and insufficient bioavailability, which has greatly limited its pharmacological utility. Therefore, the present investigation is designed to overcome this problem by formulating the rotin to rotin nanocrystals (RNCs) with studying their some pharmacological applications in vitro and in silico. RNCs were created via the ultrasonication approach and showed a spherical shape via Transmission electron microscopy with a mean particle size of 27 nm. RNCs reflected inhibitory action against Helicobacter pylori with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 22.67 mm compared to rutin (IZ of 18 mm) and standard control (IZ of 19.5 mm). RNCs exhibited less minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (7.8 µg/mL) than rutin (62.5 µg/mL). The MBC/MIC index of rutin and RNCs indicated their bactericidal properties. RNCs were more acutely (92.12%) than rutin (85.43%) for inhibition the H. pylori biofilm formation. A promising half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) (6.85 µg/mL) was recorded using RNCs for urease inhibition compared to the IC50 value of rutin (97.8 µg/mL). The activity of rutin and RNCs was tested against cancer cells of human colon cancer (HT-29) and normal Vero cells. IC50 values of RNCs were less 168.23 ± 1.15 µg/mL and 297.69 ± 4.23 µg/mL than the IC50 values of rutin 184.96 ± 4.33 µg/mL and 335.31 ± 2.02 µg/mL against HT-29 cells and normal Vero cells, respectively. Different percentages (72.2, 77.3, and 81.9%) of hemolysis inhibition were recorded using RNCs, but 63.6, 68.9, 73.6, and 80.6% were obtained using rutin at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition % was documented at a lower IC50 value for RNCs (12.74 µg/mL) than the IC50 of rutin (18.15 µg/mL). The target molecule underwent molecular docking research against H. pylori [Protein Data Bank (PDB) code: 4HI0], HT-29 cells (PDB code: 2HQ6), and BChE (PDB code: 6EMI) in order to enhance the interactions between rutin and the chosen receptors and to estimate its molecular operating environment (MOE) affinity scoring. Rutin has predicted strong binding interactions and potent activity against the examined proteins 4HI0, 2HQ6, and 6EMI with low binding scores of − 7.47778 kcal/mol, − 7.68511 kcal/mol, and − 9.50333 kcal/mol, respectively.

A huge rise in energy consumption has been observed in the past few decades because of population and economic growth. One of the renewable energy fuels that can be made from biomass is bioethanol. In Saudi Arabia, date palm provides tons of biomass waste each year, leading to serious problems. The current study aimed to use the date palm fibers (DPF) for bioethanol production via a saccharization step (by hydrochloric acid or by Trichoderma harzianum) for cellulose. This was followed by fermentation (by Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The maximum amount of total carbohydrates (95.55 ± 2.6 mg/dL) and reducing sugar (11.35 ± 0.35 mg/dL) were obtained on the 7th day using T. harzianum. The optimum period of bioethanol production was at day 6 (12.52 ± 1.3 g/L), while at day 5 it became (12.76 ± 0.75 g/L) when the DPF were fortified with yeast extract. The bioethanol maximum yield (12.03 ± 1.10 g/L) was obtained at 30 °C. Moreover, 2 mL of S. cerevisiae inoculum gave maximum yield of bioethanol. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that bioethanol in the fermented broth represented the major constituent with a peak area of 75.01%. The findings indicate that the fortified DPF with yeast extract gave a promising bioethanol yield.

The microconstituents of Ganoderma lucidum biomass (GLB) were evaluated, along with its antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- and n-hexadecanoic acid with area% values of 21.0% and 11.0% were recognized in GLB. Uncooked biomass (UCB) and microwave-cooked (CE) biomass of G. lucidum caused a significant inhibition of human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation was 27.22 ± 1.64% using 16 µg/mL of CB while it was 52.29 ± 1.09% using 16 µg/mL of UCB. The cytotoxicity test recorded low IC50 (25.63 ± 0.52 µg/mL) of UCE compared to the IC50 value (49.99 ± 0.94 µg/mL) of CB. Highest antimicrobial activities were recorded via using UCE, compared to CE against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- and n-hexadecanoic acid were able to induce both anticancer and antibiotic-resistant properties. A key therapeutic target enzyme for evolving this resistant pathogenic activity on MCF-7 and K. pneumonia, was accessed thoroughly in silico study. The compounds described, therefore, might provide a great potential for the development of new therapeutics such as anticancer and antimicrobial agents.

Abstract Background Methotrexate (MTX) is a common chemotherapeutic drug that inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis. Treatment with MTX increased CD73 expression, which leads to higher levels of extracellular adenosine. Adenosine levels are also high in the tumor microenvironment through Cancer cells metabolism. That promotes the survival of cancer cells and contributes to tumor immune evasion through the Adenosine 2a Receptor. A2A receptor antagonists are an emerging class of agents that treat cancers by enhancing immunotherapy, both as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutic agents. Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of a novel well prepared and characterized nano formula CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) for A2aR blockade when combination with MTX to improve its antitumor efficacy by enhancing the immune system and eliminating immune suppression. Methods CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) were prepared and characterized for particle size, loading efficiency, and release profile. Molecular docking was used to validate the binding affinity of caffeine and folic acid to A2A receptor. The effects of the nano formula were evaluated on human liver cancer cells (HepG2), breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and MDA-MB-231, as well as normal human cells (WI-38). Different combination ratios of MTX and D4 were studied to identify the optimal combination for further genetic studies. Results Molecular docking results validated that caffeine and folic acid have binding affinity to A2A receptor. The CS-NPs were successfully prepared using ionic gelation method, with caffeine and folic acid being loaded and conjugated to the nanoparticles through electrostatic interactions. The CAF loading capacity in D4 was 77.9 ± 4.37% with an encapsulation efficiency of 98.5 ± 0.37. The particle size was optimized through ratio variations. The resulting nanoparticles were fully characterized. The results showed that (D4) had antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against different cancer cells. The combination of D4 with MTX (IC50 D4 + 0.5 IC50 MTX) resulted in the downregulation of Bcl-2, FOXP3, CD39, and CD73 gene expression levels and upregulation of Bax and A2AR gene expression levels in HepG2 cells. Conclusions This study suggests that CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) in combination with MTX may be a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy, by inhibiting A2aR signaling and leading to improved immune activation and anti-tumor activity of MTX.

Recently, algae have attracted the attention of investigators as a renewable source of compounds that can contribute to nanoparticle creation. The use algae biomass to facilitate preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), as well as their application, were the aims of the present study. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of algal biomass indicated the presence of daidzein (2550 µg/mL), followed by ellagic acid (596 µg/mL). Algal biomass extract was successful as a bio-reducing agent for CuONPs fabrication at different temperatures up to 50 °C. Transmission electron microscopy characterized the created CuONPs with average size 5 to 17 nm. The colony radius of M. anisopliae, T. harzianum, C. lunata, F. oxysporium, A. flavus, and A. terreus was 1.84 ± 0.08, 1.97 ± 0.03, 1.00 ± 0.08, 2.04 ± 0.03, 2.32 ± 0.06, and 2.42 ± 0.05 cm, respectively at 200 mg of CuONPs. CuONPs exhibited inhibition zones of 26, 23, 25, and 22 mm when tested against B. subtilis, E.coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, respectively. Methyl orange and methyl green dyes were degraded by CuONPs with percentages ranging from 9.5 to 63.7% and from 22.3 to 75.7% at 15 to 90 min, respectively. Therefore, the created CuONPs can be regarded as excellent candidates for controlling fungal/bacterial development and dyes degradation.