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The genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 is the largest genus of the family Ptychopteridae with 78 known species. In this study, we report a nearly complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of this genus, which is a circular molecule of more than 15,028 bp. The mt genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a non-coding region. The overall base composition is A (38.1%), T (36.7%), C (14.9%), and G (10.4%), with an AT content of 74.8%. The AT content of N-strand genes (75.7%) is higher than that of the J-strand genes (71.7%). Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the monophyly of Ptychopteridae, Bibiomorpha, Tipulomorpha and Brachycera are strongly supported, and the sister group relationship between Tanyderidae and Ptychopteridae is not supported.

Mouthparts of adult Tanyderidae are examined in detail for the first time, with emphasis on scanning electron microscopy. A full set of mouthparts, devoid of conspicuous dentation or serration and showing no differences between sexes, was found in both examined species, Eutanyderus wilsoni Alexander, 1928 and Peringueyomyina barnardi Alexander, 1921. The mouthparts are elongated into a proboscis in E. wilsoni and are short, attached to the tip of a long rostrum, in P. barnardi. In the absence of direct field observations, nectar-feeding is hypothesized for both genera.

A new species of Tanyderidae (Diptera, Nematocera), Similinannotanyderus zbigniewi sp. nov., belonging to the family Tanyderidae is described and figured. It is the second representative of this genus from the Upper Cretaceous Myanmar amber. The complete drawing of a wing and additional drawing of male genitalia of Similinannotanyderus lii Dong, Shih & Ren, 2015a have been provided.

The structure of the male terminalia and their rotation are reviewed in both extinct and extant genera of Tanyderidae based on new observations and literature. The structure of gonostyli and parame...

Two new species of primitive crane flies (Diptera,Tanyderidae), Dacochile browni n. sp. and Dacochile poinari n. sp. from the Cretaceous Burmese are described and figured. Moreover, an addi...

Neoderus Alexander, 1927 (Diptera: Tanyderidae) is revised to include a new species, Neoderus chonos Madriz, sp. n. Adults of N. chonos were collected in January 2016 from two sites in Chilean Patagonia. This paper provides a description of the new species, including the first male description of the genus, diagnosis of adult Neoderus, and redescription of N. patagonicus (Alexander, 1913). Habitat characteristics, known distribution and historical information for the new species are also discussed. A generic key to adults of world Tanyderidae is given.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:27F176EE-57EE-4427-BD97-521FA4C92D68

Dong, F., Shih, C.K., Skibinska, K., Krzeminski, W. & Ren, D., 10.4.2015. New species of Tanyderidae (Diptera) from the Jiulongshan Formation of China. Alcheringa 39, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518Two new tanyderid species of Praemacrochile Kalugina, 1985 (P. dryasis, P. ovalum) and one new tanyderid species of Protanyderus Handlirsch, 1909 (P. astictum) are described and illustrated from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. These species are circumscribed using well-preserved fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings. We also collected and identified new material of two species of Praemacrochile (P. ansorgei Lukashevich & Krzeminski and P. chinensis, Krzeminski & Ren) and one species of Protanyderus (P. vulcanium Zhang) from the same locality.Fei Dong [123dongfeifei@163.com], Dong Ren [rendong@mail.cnu.edu.cn] and Chungkun Shih [chungkun.shih@gmail.com], College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuanbeilu 105, Haidian District, Beijin...

A new genus and species, Similinannotanyderus lii gen. et sp. nov., is described from Myanmar amber. It differs from other genera of Tanyderidae based on special characters of wing venation and male genitalia. This new taxon broadens the diversity of Tanyderidae in the Cretaceous, and its morphological characters enhance our understanding of the development and evolution of the primitive crane flies.

The structure of the male terminalia and their musculature of species of tanyderid generaAraucoderusAlexander, 1929 from Chile andNothoderusAlexander, 1927 from Tasmania are examined and compared with each other and with published data on the likely relatives. The overall pattern of male terminalia of both genera is similar to those of most Southern Hemisphere genera, with simple curved gonostyli, lobe-like setose parameres, and setose cerci inconspicuous under the epandrium. Both genera have terminalia similarly rotated by 180° (and 90° as an intermediate stage); rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. However, the similar patterns are realized differently: segment VIII is the decreased and asymmetrical due to completely membranose tergite VIII inNothoderus(the first record of such modification in Tanyderidae), but narrow and symmetrical inAraucoderus. Accordingly, pregenital muscles are very different between the genera. Based on localization of muscle attachment sites, the hypandrial origin of the stripe between gonocoxites is shown in both genera, and entire membranization of tergite VIII and partial membranization of hypoproct is shown inNothoderus. Tanyderidae are characterized by highly specialized sclerites and muscles of male terminalia and provide no evidence of relationship with previously studied members of Psychodidae, Blephariceridae and Ptychopteridae.

3.387 Genus Dacochile Poinar & Brown, 2004 Dacochile Poinar & Brown, 2004a: 341. Type species: Type species: Dacochile microsoma Poinar & Brown, 2004., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 335, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin, Bai, Ming (2017): A catalogue of Burmite inclusions. Zoological Systematics 42 (3): 249-379, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715

479) Similinannotanyderus lii Dong, Shih & Ren, 2015 Similinannotanyderus lii Dong, Shih & Ren, 2015: 262. Type specimen(s). H (♂): CNU-DIPMA2014001 (CNU).

3.386 Genus Similinannotanyderus Dong, Shih & Ren, 2015 Similinannotanyderus Dong, Shih & Ren, 2015: 261. Type species: Similinannotanyderus lii Dong, Shih & Ren, 2015., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 335, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

480) Dacochile microsoma Poinar & Brown, 2004 Dacochile microsoma Poinar & Brown, 2004a: 341. Type specimen(s). H (♀): #B-D-12 (PACO)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 336, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

A new species, Nannotanyderus kubekovensis, belonging to Tanyderidae (Diptera, Nematocera) from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia (Russia) is described and figured. Three hitherto known species of the genus Nannotanyderus Ansorge, 1994 are compared.

Description, illustrations and habitat characteristics are given for the previously unknown larva of the eastern palaearctic species Protanyderus stackelbergi (Diptera: Tanyderidae). The larva was found in a Populus leaf “pack”, a habitat not reported previously for the family, in a small stream (braid) of a larger river in Mongolia. Characters of the larval stages of Protanyderus stackelbergi and Protoplasa fitchii are compared and differences between these two genera are discussed.

The investigation of crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the current territory of Mongolia started in 1880 with specimens collected by G. N. Potanin in north-central Mongolia. The most productive period has been during the last 17 years with the sampling and research fostered by the joint American-Mongolian Lake Hovsgol Survey in 1995–1997 and the Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey (2003–2011). Since 1995, among the true crane flies, the families Cylindrotomidae (4 species) and Trichoceridae (5 species) have been newly discovered in Mongolia, the number of Tipulidae has doubled (now 136 species), the number of Limoniidae tripled (140 species), and nearly eight times more Pediciidae (15 species). In addition, two species of Tanyderidae (primitive crane flies), and one species of Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies) are known from Mongolia. Most Mongolian species have Palaearctic (29.0%), Eastern Palaearctic (28.7%), or Mongolian Plateau (14.0%) distribution ranges. The peak flight period for adult c...

Macrochile hornei sp. nov. from Baltic amber (Upper Eocene) is described and illustrated. Podemacrochile gen. nov. is described with Podemacrochile baltica (Podenas, 1997) as type species. A key to the genera and species of Tanyderidae known from Baltic amber is presented.

Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander, 1920) Tanyderus gloriosus Alexander, 1920: 13: 5. Radinoderus gloriosus Alexander, 1927: 189: 9. Araucoderus gloriosus Alexander, 1929: 1: 228. Diagnosis. Egg: The only Tanyderidae known in this stage. Larva: cuticle translucent, varying from light grey to tan in color; head orange to brown in color; mandible with three prominent teeth; endocarina (glandular duct) present; postmentum without teeth, flat to convex anteriorly. Pupa: Body elongate, cylindrical; head with tubercles, antennal sheath lying between wing margin and midleg; respiratory organs inconspicuous, undivided and tubular; abdominal segment VIII with digitiform lobes inserted posterolaterally, posterior to spiracle. Male: Cuticle with variegated coloration, light- to dark brown; vestiture light brown; abdominal tergites dark brown, with irregular, pale markings anteriorly on either side of median; wing more than 14 mm in length, infuscated, with pigment arranged in transverse bands; supernumerary cross-veins absent; male terminalia: with varying degree of rotation, usually 90 degrees, involving segments 7���9; dorsal bridge of paramere with pair of projections anterolaterally; lateromedial element of paramere with small convex anterior lobe bearing 4���6 setiform sensilla, with a dentate mesal lobe set with five dissimilar projections, with a fleshy convex lobe inserted proximally, set with many small trichoid sensilla; dorsomedial element ���I-shaped���, articulated basally with dorsal bridge, articulated apically with lateral ejaculatory processes of aedeagus; parameral lobe at gonocoxite base reniform in lateral view, with several prominent setiform sensilla inserted subapically; aedeagus trifurcate, with point of trifurcation asymmetrical in dorsal view in some specimens; phallotrema flared slightly. Female: coloration, head, thorax, legs and wings as in male; spermatheca pyriform; ducts uniformly sclerotized, annulated and unpigmented. Description. See also Alexander (1920). Egg (Figs. 4���6): elongate-ovoid, white, lacking microsculpture; micropile not evident; laid in clusters of 10 or more. Larva IV instar (Figs. 7���21, 49, 50, 52, 53): Measurements (n = 3), total length 31.34 mm (30.43���32.20), head width 1.35 mm (1.33���1.43), head length 1.67 mm (1.58���1.80). Head capsule ovate, heavily sclerotized anteriorly, dorsoventrally compressed, rounded posteriorly, partially retracted into prothorax; stemmata not apparent; primordial adult eye well-developed; frontoclypeal apotome (frcly ap; Figs. 11, 16) somewhat pentagonal in shape, enclosed by frontal sutures; coronal suture visible medially on posterior 1/3 of the head; mesal endocarina (ec; Fig. 11, 16) ending medially on anterior clypeal margin; anterior clypeal margin (acm; Fig. 11, 16) composed of two pairs of undifferentiated lobes, medial pair elongate-transverse, lateral pair bulbous; labrum as broad as medial endocarinal lobes combined, broad, fleshy, somewhat dorsoventrally compressed; paraclypeal setae paired (s 3, s 4; Fig. 11); labral sclerite with paired setiform sensilla widely separated (s 2; Fig. 11); palatal brush (pb; Figs. 12 ��� 14,18) with paired setiform sensilla inserted dorsally (s 1; Fig. 11); antenna (ant; Figs. 10, 12, 18, 20) inserted anterolaterally; base partially shrouded by epicondyle (econ; Figs. 11, 16, 20); two-segmented, basal segment more than twice the length of distal segment; apical segment with at least six inconspicuous, two conspicuous sensilla basiconica inserted apically (aps; Fig. 10); mandibles (md; Figs. 7, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20) well developed, symmetrical, pyramidal in shape, scoop-like, with three dentations apically; middle dentation projecting beyond others; oral surface of mandible with well-developed prosthecal brush dorsally, two setiform sensilla ventrally, adoral surface with two sensilla basiconica (s 12, s 13; Fig. 12), anterior condyle well developed; maxillary stipes with one prominent digitiform sensilla anterodorsally (s 21; Fig. 7), with cluster of microtrichia posteroventrally; galea globular (mxg; Figs. 7, 8, 12, 18), partially sclerotized, with three apical setiform sensilla (s 18, s 19, s 20; Figs. 7, 8); lacinia elongate (mxl; Figs. 7, 8, 12, 18), covered with microtrichia adorally, bearing one seta (s 22; broken in Fig. 9) anterolaterally; maxillary palpus (mxp; Figs. 7���9, 12, 18, 20) unsegmented, cylindrical, slightly longer than wide, set with many sensilla basiconica apically, with apical sensilla globose to digitiform, arranged in whirls; cardo (mxc; Figs. 7, 8, 12, 18) with three setiform sensilla (s 24���s 26; Fig. 8), separated from stipes (mxs; Figs. 8, 12, 18) by cardostipital ridge; postmentum (lmpo; Figs. 8, 12, 13, 18) heavily sclerotized, quadrate basally, with anterior margin straight or slightly emarginated, concave; postgenal bridge (pbr; Fig. 13) complete; prementum (lmpr; Figs. 7, 12 ���14,18) with saddle-shaped sclerite apically; labial palpus (lmp; Figs. 7, 14) cylindrical, sclerotized, with six digitiform sensilla apically, two almost twice as long as the rest; glossae inconspicuous, (lmg; Fig. 7) conical; hypopharynx (hy; Figs. 7, 13, 14) cushion-like, with semicircular sclerite dorsally; pharyngeal filter (ph fi; Fig. 13), housed within pharynx (ph; Fig. 13) well developed, supported by two narrow, sclerotized oral arms originating from hypopharynx. Thoracic segments (pro, mes, met; Fig. 15) equal in length, each bearing ten transverse, equally spaced 1���4 branched setae dorsally, four 2���4 branched setae laterally and six clusters of 1���3 branched setae ventrally; prothorax bearing pair of well-developed spiracles laterally (a spir; Fig. 15), pro- and mesothorax slightly differentiated by tenuous intersegmental constriction; metathorax with circular and pad-like lobes ventrally. Abdominal segments (aI���aVIII & aA; Fig. 15) with distinct intersegmental constrictions; abdominal segments I���IV with circular lobes ventrally, two simple setae, one bifurcated seta posterolaterally; segment VIII with one pair of posterior spiracles (p spir; Figs. 15, 17, 21), one pair of elongate, annulated filaments extending beyond anal division; filaments with evenly spaced simple setae posteriorly; anal division (aA; Figs. 15, 17, 19, 21) with one pair of elongate, annulated filaments dorsally, one pair of prolegs (pran; Figs. 19, 21) ventrally; prolegs each with elongate, annulated filament inserted dorsoapically, with two rows of retractile hooks apically, basal row with 11���13 hooks, apical row with 12���13 slightly longer hooks; anal papillae (ap; Figs. 15, 17, 19, 21) elongate-digitiform, twice the length of extended prolegs. Pupa: Male: Measurements (n = 1), total length 18.40 mm, respiratory organ 0.50 mm (ro; Figs. 23, 25). Body (Figs. 22���25, 51) elongate, cylindrical, with cephalothorax circumference slightly larger than abdomen; mouthparts and thoracic appendages fused to each other and to remainder of cephalothorax. Head with tubercles; dorsal apotome (da; Figs. 23, 25) apically with single sensilla (s da; Figs. 22, 24), apotome ventrally abutting anterior margin of face; cephalic sclerite with one seta, sclerite fused anterolaterally to orbital portion of head capsule; antenna (ant; Figs. 22, 24) extending posteriorly to between wing margin and midleg; clypeal apotome with pair of sensilla inserted basally; mouthparts restricted to area anterior of forecoxae; apex of labrum (lbr; Figs. 22, 24) truncate; mandible present, maxilla absent; palpus (plp; Figs. 22, 24) directed obliquely anterolaterally; labella divided medially; sensilla: setae arising from lobes; dorsal apotomals bilobed. Thorax: respiratory organ tubular, with numerous annulations, pores concentrated at apex; legs (pro leg, mes leg, met leg; Figs. 22, 24) directed posteriorly, with tarsi extending posteriorly beyond wing apex, lying parallel to each other; metanotum (met; Fig. 22) undivided medially, haltere (htl; Fig. 22) extended posterolaterally before anterolateral margin of abdominal tergite 2 (aII; Figs. 23, 25). Abdomen: circular in cross-section; tergites I���VIII with setae arranged in transverse rows on sclerotized bands bearing small coniform tubercles; pleurites II���VII with setae arranged in one caudal longitudinal row of three setae and one seta inserted in medial tubercle, adjacent to spiracle; sternites I���VIII with one pair of setae inserted posteriorly; segment VIII with posterolateral fleshy lobes bearing two setae posteriorly to spiracle; Segment IX (aIX; Figs. 23, 25) without setae, a pair of posterior dorsomedial fleshy lobes present; terminal process apically tapered in both sexes. Female: Measurements (n = 1), total length 23.52 mm, respiratory organ 0.57 mm. In other details, same as male. Male (Figs. 1, 26���29, 32���38, 46): Measurements (n = 5), total length 14.66 mm (12.48���17.28); head length 1.48 mm (1.42���1.56); head width 1.22 mm (1.16���1.30); palpus length 1.54 mm (segment length average 0.15��� 0.24���0.57���0.31���0.32); clypeus length 0.41 mm (0.40���0.44); clypeus width 0.37 mm (0.35���0.39); wing length 15.82 mm (14.14���18.08); wing width 3.75 mm (3.35���4.05). Head with mandible and maxilla poorly developed (md, mx; Fig. 27); antenna with scape and pedicel glabrous, each with several setiform sensilla inserted distally; scape cylindrical (scp; Figs. 27, 28), slightly larger than pedicel; pedicel spherical (ped; Figs. 27, 28); flagellomeres numbering 15, all elongate, more than 3 times longer than wide, cylindrical; f 1 slightly longer than f 2; f 3���14 each with 4���5 trichoid sensilla inserted near base of flagellomere, arranged concentrically, as long or longer than flagellomere; f 1���15 each with several basiconic sensilla throughout; f 15 with 3 trichoid sensilla inserted apically. Cervical sclerites more than two times longer than wide. Wing (Figs. 30, 31) held away from body at angle in live resting individual; infuscate, with three transverse bands of pigment, basal-most band extending from h vein to posterior wing margin and slightly beyond proximal area of anal loop, medial band extending from midlength of Sc vein to posterior edge of C vein at distal end of anal lobe, passing through r-m and m-cu; apical-most band touching C vein on both sides of wing, appearing as an ���X��� from anterĺor margĺn of wĺng to apĺces of R4, M Z; costal cell yellow in color; cell r1 with two isolated, irregular, infuscated spots, one midlength of vein Rs and a second spot at cell apice; other spots, when present, variable among individuals. Halteres pale yellow at base, dark at apex. Legs light to dark brown, darker at both ends: Tibial spurs 0���2���2, symmetrical. Abdomen: segment I less than half as long as next segment, causing abdomen to droop ventrally; tergites dark brown with large irregular pale yellow markings basally on either side of medial line, each with dark yellow ovoid pattern centrally, basally. Terminalia (Figs. 32���38) with torsion of segments 7���9 variable from 0 to 180 degrees; gonocoxites (goncx; Figs. 32, 33, 36��� 38) narrowly contiguous at base (Fig. 33), divergent from each other at origin, each nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly toward apex; setiform sensilla or setae alveoli distributed over dorsal, ventral and lateral surface, absent mesally; gonostylus (gonst; Figs. 32, 33, 36) cylindrical, about 2/3 length of gonocoxite, slightly tapering at apex, curved medially, with prominent setae alveoli evenly distributed over surface, hirsute apically; hypandrium not evident; epandrium (epand; Figs. 32, 36���38) slightly wider than long, with setae alveoli distributed over entire surface; proctiger recessed anteriorly, nested within epandrium; cercus (cerc; Figs. 37, 38) inconspicuous, unmodified, setose; paramere subdivided into dorsal bridge (pm db; Fig. 37), lateromedial element (pm lme; Figs. 36���38), dorsomedial element (pm dme; Figs. 37, 38) and parameral lobe at gonocoxite base (pm gbl; Figs. 32, 33, 37, 38); dorsal bridge arch-shaped, with a pair of small projections anterolaterally; lateromedial element broadly interconnected with gonocoxite anteromesally, divided into three prominent lobes, anterior lobe small, convex, with 4���6 setiform sensilla, mesal lobe dentate, with five dissimilar projections, with fleshy convex lobe proximally bearing many small trichoid sensilla; dorsomedial element ���I-shaped���, articulated basally with dorsal bridge, articulated apically with lateral ejaculatory processes of aedeagus; parameral lobe at gonocoxite base reniform in lateral view, with several prominent setiform sensilla inserted subapically, many smaller trichoid sensilla inserted on entire surface; ejaculatory apodeme (ej apod; Figs. 32���35, 38) extending anteriorly to abdominal segment 7 terminus, laterally compressed, clavate at base, with surface corrugated; sperm sac (spm sac; Figs. 34, 35) balloonlike, surrounded by aedeagus posteriorly, attached to ejaculatory apodeme anteriorly; aedeagus (aed; Figs. 32���38) narrowed abruptly at base, trifurcated at midlength; point of trifurcation asymmetrical in dorsoventral view; phallotrema flared slightly, placed between cerci when at rest; testes (tes; Figs. 32���35, 38) pyriform, rounded anteriorly, differentiated from vasa deferentia only by width, shape; vasa deferentia (v d; Figs. 34, 35), testes rugose in appearance; ejaculatory duct (ej dt; Figs. 34, 35) lightly sclerotized, entering sperm sac through ejaculatory apodeme foramen. Female (Figs. 39���45): Measurements (n = 3), total length 21.02 mm (19.20���24.48); head length 1.51 mm (1.25���1.72); head width 1.23 mm (1.14���1.38); clypeus length 0.47 (0.37���0.55); clypeus width 0.40 (0.35���0.47); palpus length 1.80mm (palpomere length average 0.11���0.34���0.66���0.32���0.36); wing length 18.56 mm (16.15��� 22.08); wing width 4.92 mm (4.00���5.96). Head with eyes as in male; mandible and maxilla twice as long as wide; antenna as in male. Wing as in male. Terminalia with posterior margin of sternite VIII broadly bilobate, strongly emarginate medially, emargination with ���square U��� shape; genital fork (gen fk; Figs. 40, 42, 43, 44) transversely elongated posteriorly, more than eight times longer than wide, ���Y���-shaped medially, acuminate anteriorly; spermatheca numbering three; corpora ovoid, with visible necks; spermathecal ducts annulated and uniformly sclerotized, more than twice as long as corpora, unpigmented. Distribution. Araucoderus is restricted to Patagonia. All confirmed records lie between latitudes 38��31���S and 48��02���S, ranging in altitude from 2 to 1700masl. A survey of the central regions of Chile yielded no specimens. There is one published Araucoderus record from Argentina (Alexander, 1959). Type material. Chile. Regi��n XI (Ays��n): Holotype ��: Chile Rio Ays��n, approximately, coll. P. Dusen, no date given; the specimen is deposited in two museums. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm, Sweden (NHRM) and the USNM. The latter possesses only the wing, antenna and middle leg. Only the USNM material was examined during the current study. Material examined. See Figure 2. Chile. Regi��n IX (Araucan��a): Estero el Rosario @ confluence with Estero la Cascada 39��23���12.93���S 71��41���46.27���W, 710masl, 3.x.2007, coll. G.W. Courtney, [2L]; Villarica N.R. R��o Quelhue @ northeast side Lago Villarrica 39��14.134���S 71��57.758���W, 230masl, 29.xi.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz, on riparian vegetation [1��]; R��o Blanco Sur, downstream from Conguill��o Road 38��31���16.62���S 71��50���17.70���W, 601masl, 19.xii.2013, coll. G.R. Curler, riparian vegetation [1♀]. Regi��n XIV (Los R��os): Estero Truful @ Hwy 203 crossing 39��49���29.97���S 71��59���53.63���W, 230masl, 4.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [3��]. Regi��n X (Los Lagos): Casa Pangue Llanquihue, 4.xii.1926, coll. E.S. Shannon [1��]; Ensenada, Llanquihue, 2.i.1937, coll. E.C. Reed [1��]; Llanquihue Hornohuinco, xii.1968, coll. L.E. Pena [1��]; Lago Puyehue southeast shore, 10.ii.1978, coll. W.N. Mathis [1��]; Osorno Prov. Laguna el Espejo, 7.ii.1978, col. W.N. Mathis [1��]; Palena R��o Amarillo ca. 28km southeast Chait��n, 23.i.1987, coll. C.M. & O.S. Flint, Jr., [1��]; Llanquihue Prov. R��o del Este @ R��o Cocham��, 5km east Cocham�� 41��30���S 72��16���W, 2���4.ii.1998, coll. N.E. Woodley [9��]; Prov. Llanquihue, {Cayutue} near Ral��n 41��14���S 72��16���W, 12.ii.1998, coll. N.E. Woodley [2��]; Puyehue N.P., R��o Anticura above Salto R��o Anticura, 40��40���16.14���S 72��10���12.88���W, 395masl, 4.xii.2008 coll. G.W. Courtney [1♂]; Puyehue N.P., R��o Anticura above Salto R��o Anticura, 40��40���16.14���S 72��10���12.88���W, 395masl, 6.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [1��]; Puyehue N.P., Sendero Pud�� 40��40���15.1���S 72��10���11.6���W, 393masl, 9.xii.2013, coll. S. Marshall & G.W. Courtney [1��]; R��o Blanco @ Puente R��o Blanco Arenales 41��03���04.6���S 72��39���46.8���W, 69masl, 9& 13.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz & G.W. Courtney [2L, 1P, 2��, 1♀]; Puyehue N.P., R��o Colorado @ Puente Arauco Sendero de Chile 40��40���15.5���S 72��08���43.9���W, 467masl, 10.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz, G.W. Courtney & G.R. Curler [10L, 1P, 13��, 1♀]; Small creek ��� 7km above Ral��n on road to Cayetu�� 41��19���50.7���S 72��16���30.1���W, 240masl, 12.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz & G.W. Courtney [6L, 5 ��]; Cayetu�� Road, small creek ��� 5.5k above Ral��n 41��20'20.89"S 72��16'23.40"W, 150masl, 13.xii.2013, coll. G.W. Courtney, riffle kick sample [5L]; R��o Pedregoso @ Puente Pedregoso 41��20���12.9���S 72��24���27.3���W, 55masl, 13.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [3��]; R��o Blanco @ Puente R��o Blanco, 40��58���36.5���S 72��35���01.9���W, 242masl, 14.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [2��]; R��o Blanco @ Puente R��o Blanco 41��00���30.2���S 72��34���13.9���W, 330masl, 14.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [2��]; R��o Llaquepe @ Puente Llaquepe 41��43���43.9���S 72��28���51.4���W, 33masl, 15.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [1 ♀]; R��o Negro Chaqueihua 0.5km N of intersection to Hornopir��n N.P. 41��55'38.2"S 72��25'19.6"W, 39masl, 15.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz & G.W. Courtney [4L, 1��, 1♀]; R��o la Arena @ Puente la Arena 42��00���03.6���S 72��26���11.8���W, 32masl, 16.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [1P, 1♂]; R��o Santa Juanita @ Puente Santa Juanita 42��07���38.1���S 72��27���54.8���W, 32masl, 16.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [2��]; R��o Pichicolo southwest Hornopir��n 41��59���07.7���S 72��33���51.7���W, 19masl, 17.xii.2013, coll. G.W. Courtney [3L]; Regi��n XI (Ays��n): Creek crossing @ highway 7 46��14���46.0���S 72��47���31.9���W, 273masl, 27.xii.2013, coll. R.I. Madriz [1��]; West of intersection to Cale, Published as part of Madriz, R. Isa�� & Courtney, Gregory W., 2016, The Neotropical tanyderid Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander) (Diptera, Tanyderidae), with description of the egg, larva and pupa, redescription of adults, and notes on natural history, pp. 325-351 in Zootaxa 4158 (3) on pages 330-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/258695, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1920) A new genus and species of net-winged midge (Blephariceridae) and an undescribed species of Tanyderidae (Diptera). Arkiv for Zoologi, 13, 1 - 7. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20145","Alexander, C. P. (1927) Diptera. Family Tanyderidae. Genera Insectorum, 189, 1 - 13.","Alexander, C. P. (1929) Diptera of Patagonia and south Chile: based mainly on material in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Crane-flies. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 228.","Alexander, C. P. (1959) Undescribed species of nematocerous Diptera. Part VII. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 54, 53 - 59.","Handlirsch, A. (1909) Zur phylogenie und flugelmorphologie der Ptychopteriden (Dipteren). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 23, 263 - 272.","Friedemann, K., Schneeberg, K. & Beutel, R. G. (2014) Fly on the wall - attachment structures in lower Diptera. Systematic Entomology, 39, 460 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12064","Hennig, W. (1968) Kritische Bemerkungen uber den Bau der Flugelwurzel bei den Dipteren und die Frage nach der Monophylie der Nematocera. Stuttgarter Beitrage Naturkunde 193, 1 - 23.","Borkent, A., Borkent, C. J. & Sinclair, B. J. (2008) The male genital tract of Chaoboridae (Diptera: Culicomorpha). The Canadian Entomologist, 140, 621 - 629. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / n 08 - 048","Jung, H. F. (1956) Beitrage zur Biologie, Morphologie und Systematik der europaischen Psychodiden (Diptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3, 97 - 257.","Curler, G. R., Moulton, J. K. & Madriz, R. I. (2015) Redescription of Aposycorax chilensis (Tonnoir) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Sycoracinae) with the first identification of a blood meal host for the species. Zootaxa, 4048 (1), 114 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4048.1.7","Judd, D. D. (2004) Insecta: Diptera, Tanyderidae. In: Yule, C. M & Yong, H. S (Eds.), Freshwater Invertebrates of the Malaysian Region. Academy of Sciences Malaysia, pp. 626 - 633.","Osten Sacken, C. R. (1859) New genera and species of North American Tipulidae with short palpi, with attempt at a new classification of the tribe. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 11, 197 - 256.","Krzeminski, W. & Judd, D. D. (1997) Family Tanyderidae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds.), Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 2: Nematocera and Lower Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 281 - 289."]}

Madriz, R. Isaí, Courtney, Gregory W. (2016): The Neotropical tanyderid Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander) (Diptera, Tanyderidae), with description of the egg, larva and pupa, redescription of adults, and notes on natural history. Zootaxa 4158 (3): 325-351, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.2

Araucoderus Alexander, 1929 Araucoderus Alexander, 1929: pp. 228. Type species: Tanyderus gloriosus Alexander, by original designation., Published as part of Madriz, R. Isa�� & Courtney, Gregory W., 2016, The Neotropical tanyderid Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander) (Diptera, Tanyderidae), with description of the egg, larva and pupa, redescription of adults, and notes on natural history, pp. 325-351 in Zootaxa 4158 (3) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/258695, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1929) Diptera of Patagonia and south Chile: based mainly on material in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Crane-flies. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 228."]}

The larval head of Protanyderus was exam- ined and documented using innovative techniques, with emphasis on internal structures. A chart listing all head muscles of dipteran larvae and other holometabolan groups is presented in the Supporting Information. The results are compared to conditions found in other nematoceran line- ages. The larval head of Protanyderus is characterized mainly by plesiomorphic character states such as the com- plete and largely exposed head capsule, the long coronal suture, V-shaped frontal sutures, lateral antennal insertion areas, a transverse labrum, a nearly horizontal plane of mandibular movements, mandibles lacking a movable dis- tal part, a mesal hook and mesal or distal combs, separated maxillary endite lobes, a comparatively complete array of muscles, and a brain only partly located within the head capsule. An anteriorly toothed hypostomal plate and dense labral brushes of microtrichiae are also likely groundplan features of Diptera. The pharyngeal filter is a possible apo- morphy of Diptera excl. Deuterophlebiidae (or Deutero- phlebiidae 1 Nymphomyiidae). The messors have also likely evolved early in the dipteran crown group but are absent in the groundplan. The phylogenetic interpretation of externolateral plates with growth lines is ambiguous. Autapomorphies of Tanyderidae are differences between the third and fourth instar larvae, the roof-like extension above the antennal insertion area, the dorsal endocarina, and the posterodorsal internal ridge. The phylogenetic posi- tion of Tanyderidae is controversial, but features of the larval head do not support a proposed sistergroup relation- ship between Tanyderidae and Psychodidae. Both groups differ in many features of the larval head, and we did not identify a single potential synapomorphy. Larval charac- ters alone are insufficient for a reliable phylogenetic recon- struction, though they vary greatly and apparently contain phylogenetic information. The evaluation of these features in the context of robust molecular phylogenies will be a sound basis for the reconstruction of complex evolutionary scenarios for the megadiverse Diptera. J. Morphol.

The male genital tract of Axymyiidae and Tanyderidae, represented by Axymyia furcata McAtee and Protoplasa fitchii Osten Sacken, respectively, are described and illustrated for the first time. The tract of A. furcata is foreshortened, with relatively short, thick vasa deferentia that meet medially at the ejaculatory duct, which empties dorsal to the ejaculatory apodeme. The accessory glands are large and either firmly appressed or fused medially. The tract of P. fitchii has elongate vasa deferentia that curve ventrally and enter the ejaculatory duct separately. The short accessory glands are separate but their exit is uncertain. Neither of these male genital tracts shed further light on the phylogenetic position of these families within the nematocerous Diptera, although Tanyderidae do lack the synapomorphic multi-chambered accessory glands grouping Ptychopteridae + Culicomorpha + Bibionomorpha.

New species of Tanyderidae are described from the Jurassic beds of Asia (Kubekovo, Karatau and Shar Teg localities), viz. Praemacrochile ansorgei n. sp., Praemacrochile kaluginae n. sp., Protanyderus invalidus n. sp., Protanyderus savtchenkoi n. sp. and Protanyderus nebulosus n.sp. Mesozoic species of Praemacrochile and Protanyderus are keyed and illustrated. Fossil tanyderid larvae tentatively attributed to ? Protanyderus sp. are described for the first time.

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Relationships among families of the lower Diptera (formerly suborder 'Nematocera') have been exceptionally difficult to resolve. Multiple hypotheses based on morphology have been proposed to identify the earliest lineages of flies and place the phylogenetic origin of the higher flies (Brachycera), but convincing support is limited. Here we resolve relationships among the major groups of lower Diptera using sequence data from four nuclear markers, including both ribosomal (28S rDNA) and protein-coding (CAD, TPI and PGD) genes. Our results support both novel and traditional arrangements. Most unexpectedly, the small, highly-specialized family Deuterophlebiidae appears to be sister to all remaining Diptera. Other results include the resolution of the traditional infra-orders Culicomorpha (including a novel superfamily Simulioidea ¼ Thaumaleidae þ Simuliidae), Tipulomorpha (Tipulidae sensu lato þ Trichoceridae) and Bibionomorpha sensu lato. We find support for a limited Psychodomorpha (Blephariceridae, Tanyderidae and Psycho- didae) and Ptychopteromorpha (Ptychopteridae), whereas the placement of several enigmatic families (Nymphomyiidae, Axymyiidae and Perissommatidae) remains ambiguous. According to genetic data, the infra-order Bibionomorpha is sister to the Brachycera. Much of the phylogenetic signal for major lineages was found in the 28S rDNA gene, whereas protein-coding genes performed variably at different levels. In addition to elucidating relationships, we also estimate the age of major lower dipteran clades, based on molecular divergence time estimates using relaxed-clock Bayesian methods and fossil calibration points.

Nannotanyderus oliviae Skibińska, Krzemiński & Coram sp. nov. (Figs. 2–5) Etymology. The new species name is dedicated to Olivia, daughter of Robert Coram. Type material. Holotype No. I-F/MP/ 2 / 1621 / 13, complete wing; Paratype No. I-F/MP/ 1 / 1600 / 12, wing lacking anal lobe below A 1 vein. Both from Brooki Bed, Shales-with-Beef Member, Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Lias Group (Lower Sinemurian, Turneri zone, Brooki subzone), Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis, Dorset, UK (national grid reference SY 334 914). Diagnosis. The new species differs from all other members of the genus in that veins Rs, R 4 + 5 and R 4 form a nearly straight line, and vein R 4 + 5 is shorter than in other described species. It also differs from N. grimmenensis and N. ansorgei in that Sc terminates on the wing margin before fork of Rs into R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5, from N. krzeminskii and N. kubekovensis in that m-cu is more distal to the fork of M 3 + 4 into M 3 and M 4, and from ? N. incertus in that Rs is shorter. The anal lobe is also more developed than in N. krzeminskii and N. ansorgei (not known in other species). Description. Holotype. Wing length 2.8 mm. Sc short, extending half wing length, ending before fork of Rs into R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5; R 2 + 3 1.6 times longer than Rs and 2.6 times longer than R 2; Rs as long as R 3 and forming straight line with vein R 4; R 5 originates directly from R 4 a short distance distal to its fork from Rs; vein M 1 about 1.3 times longer than the upper edge of d cell; m-cu leaves M 4 distal to the fork of M 3 + 4 into M 3 and M 4. Explicit anal lobe. Remarks. Although similar to other Nannotanyderus species, in particular N. krzeminskii, the observed wing venation differences and significantly older age (in excess of 12 Ma), justify the description of a new species for the English material.

Nannotanyderus oliviae Skibińska, Krzemiński & Coram sp. nov. (Figs. 2���5) Etymology. The new species name is dedicated to Olivia, daughter of Robert Coram. Type material. Holotype No. I-F/MP/ 2 / 1621 / 13, complete wing; Paratype No. I-F/MP/ 1 / 1600 / 12, wing lacking anal lobe below A 1 vein. Both from Brooki Bed, Shales-with-Beef Member, Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Lias Group (Lower Sinemurian, Turneri zone, Brooki subzone), Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis, Dorset, UK (national grid reference SY 334 914). Diagnosis. The new species differs from all other members of the genus in that veins Rs, R 4 + 5 and R 4 form a nearly straight line, and vein R 4 + 5 is shorter than in other described species. It also differs from N. grimmenensis and N. ansorgei in that Sc terminates on the wing margin before fork of Rs into R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5, from N. krzeminskii and N. kubekovensis in that m-cu is more distal to the fork of M 3 + 4 into M 3 and M 4, and from ? N. incertus in that Rs is shorter. The anal lobe is also more developed than in N. krzeminskii and N. ansorgei (not known in other species). Description. Holotype. Wing length 2.8 mm. Sc short, extending half wing length, ending before fork of Rs into R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5; R 2 + 3 1.6 times longer than Rs and 2.6 times longer than R 2; Rs as long as R 3 and forming straight line with vein R 4; R 5 originates directly from R 4 a short distance distal to its fork from Rs; vein M 1 about 1.3 times longer than the upper edge of d cell; m-cu leaves M 4 distal to the fork of M 3 + 4 into M 3 and M 4. Explicit anal lobe. Remarks. Although similar to other Nannotanyderus species, in particular N. krzeminskii, the observed wing venation differences and significantly older age (in excess of 12 Ma), justify the description of a new species for the English material., Published as part of Skibi��ska, Kornelia, Krzemi��ski, Wies��aw & Coram, Robert A., 2014, Discovery of the most ancient member of family Tanyderidae (Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of England, pp. 125-130 in Zootaxa 3857 (1) on pages 126-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/227424

Skibińska, Kornelia, Krzemiński, Wiesław, Coram, Robert A. (2014): Discovery of the most ancient member of family Tanyderidae (Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of England. Zootaxa 3857 (1): 125-130, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3857.1.6

Genus Nannotanyderus Ansorge, 1994 Nannotanyderus comprises five species in addition to the one described herein: N. krzeminskii Ansorge, 1994 from the Toarcian of Grimmen and Dobbertin, Germany; N. grimmenensis Ansorge & Krzemiński, 2002 from the Toarcian of Grimmen;? N. incertus Lukashevich, 2011 from the Upper Jurassic of Shar-Teg, Mongolia (this is based on an incomplete wing assigned to the genus with some reservation by the original author); N. kubekovensis Skibińska & Krzemiński, 2013 from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan (in Skibińska & Krzemiński, 2013 the specimen locality was incorrectly stated as Kubekovo); and N. ansorgei Krzemiński et al., 2013 from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber. Members of this genus are distinguished by their tiny size, with a wing length of 2���4 mm. Moreover vein Sc does not extend beyond the mid���point of the wing and vein R 2 is several times shorter than R 2 + 3. Type species. Nannotanyderus krzeminskii Ansorge, 1994; Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), Germany (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Skibi��ska, Kornelia, Krzemi��ski, Wies��aw & Coram, Robert A., 2014, Discovery of the most ancient member of family Tanyderidae (Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of England, pp. 125-130 in Zootaxa 3857 (1) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3857.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/227424, {"references":["Ansorge, J. (1994) Tanyderidae and Psychodidae (Insecta: Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic of northeastern Germany. Palaontologisches Zeitschrift, 68 (1 / 2), 199 - 209. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02989440","Ansorge, J. & Krzeminski, W. (2002) Lower Jurassic tanyderids (Diptera: Tanyderidae) from Germany. Studia dipterologica, 9, 21 - 29.","Lukashevich, E. D. (2011) New Nematocerans (Insecta: Diptera) from the Late Jurassic of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 45 (6), 620 - 628. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / s 0031030111060098"]}

Podemacrochile Krzeminski & Kania gen. nov. Macrochile baltica Podenas, 1997: 173 ���177. Type species. Podemacrochile baltica (Podenas, 1997) ���Baltic amber, Upper Eocene Diagnosis. Wing venation with elongate vein R 2 + 3 (Figs 15, 16, 18, 19)), the presence of two elongate processes on gonostylus (Figs 17, 20). Species included. Podemacrochile baltica Etymology. The genus name is a patronym for Dr. Sigitas Podenas, who found and described P. baltica; the second part of the name is derived from name of the genus Macrochile. Description. see Podenas, 1997., Published as part of Krzeminski, Wies��aw, Krzeminska, Ewa, Kania, Iwona & Ross, Andrew J., 2013, New taxa of Tanyderidae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber, pp. 59-66 in Zootaxa 3599 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283215, {"references":["Podenas, S. (1997) New Macrochile Loew, (1850) (Diptera, Tanyderidae) from the Baltic amber. Mitteilungen der Geologish- Palaontologish Institute Hamburg Universitat, 80, 173 - 177."]}

Key to genera and species of Tanyderidae from Baltic amber 1. Wing venation with very elongate vein R 2 + 3 about three and half times longer than R 2................................................................................................... Podemacrochile baltica (Podenas, 1997) - Vein R 2 + 3 not very elongate, about half of R 2 length.................................... Macrochile Loew, 1850 (2) 2. Gonostylus elongate, curved in the middle part, with big protuberance provided with strong, short bristles at the inner part.................................................................................. Macrochile hornei sp. nov. - Gonostylus rather short and wide at the base, without big protuberance, without strong, short bristles at the inner part................................................................................. Macrochile spectrum Loew, 1850, Published as part of Krzeminski, Wies��aw, Krzeminska, Ewa, Kania, Iwona & Ross, Andrew J., 2013, New taxa of Tanyderidae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber, pp. 59-66 in Zootaxa 3599 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283215, {"references":["Podenas, S. (1997) New Macrochile Loew, (1850) (Diptera, Tanyderidae) from the Baltic amber. Mitteilungen der Geologish- Palaontologish Institute Hamburg Universitat, 80, 173 - 177.","Loew, H. (1850) Uber den Bernstein und die Bernsteinfauna. Programm der Koniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz, pp. 44."]}

Genus Macrochile Loew, 1850 Macrochile Loew, 1850: Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 36. Macrochile Loew, 1851: Linnaea Entomol., 5: 402���403, pl. 2, fig. 24 (head), fig. 25 (wing). Type species: Macrochile spectrum Loew. Representatives of this genus are only known from Baltic amber. Until now only two species were described in this genus, but the second described species belongs to new genus described here., Published as part of Krzeminski, Wies��aw, Krzeminska, Ewa, Kania, Iwona & Ross, Andrew J., 2013, New taxa of Tanyderidae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber, pp. 59-66 in Zootaxa 3599 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283215, {"references":["Loew, H. (1850) Uber den Bernstein und die Bernsteinfauna. Programm der Koniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz, pp. 44."]}

Podemacrochile baltica (Podenas, 1997) (Figs. 15���20) Macrochile baltica Podenas, 1997: Mitteilungen der Geologish- Pal��ontologish Institut Hamburg Universit��t pp. 173���177. Diagnosis. As for genus. Material examined. No. MP/ 2922 (male) from the Institute of Systematic and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krak��w; No. 1651 - 1 (male) Hoffeins coll.; No. K- 24690 (male) from I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Remarks. Macrochile baltica differs distinctly from other species of this genus, by the wing venation (R 2 + 3 very long) and structure of male terminalia (two large processes on inner part of gonostylus)., Published as part of Krzeminski, Wies��aw, Krzeminska, Ewa, Kania, Iwona & Ross, Andrew J., 2013, New taxa of Tanyderidae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber, pp. 59-66 in Zootaxa 3599 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283215, {"references":["Podenas, S. (1997) New Macrochile Loew, (1850) (Diptera, Tanyderidae) from the Baltic amber. Mitteilungen der Geologish- Palaontologish Institute Hamburg Universitat, 80, 173 - 177."]}

Podemacrochile Krzeminski & Kania gen. nov. Macrochile baltica Podenas, 1997: 173 –177. Type species. Podemacrochile baltica (Podenas, 1997) —Baltic amber, Upper Eocene Diagnosis. Wing venation with elongate vein R 2 + 3 (Figs 15, 16, 18, 19)), the presence of two elongate processes on gonostylus (Figs 17, 20). Species included. Podemacrochile baltica Etymology. The genus name is a patronym for Dr. Sigitas Podenas, who found and described P. baltica; the second part of the name is derived from name of the genus Macrochile. Description. see Podenas, 1997.

Macrochile spectrum Loew, 1850 (Figs. 1���4) Macrochile spectrum Loew, 1850: Bernstein und Bersteinfauna, p. 37. Macrochile spectrum Loew, 1851: Linnaea Entomol., 5: 402���403, figs. Macrochile spectrum Osten Sacken, 1869: Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., 4: 318���319. Idioplasta spectrum Meunier, 1906: Mon. Tipulidae et Dixidae, pp. 390���391, pl. 16, fig. 2 (hypopygium 3). Idioplasta spectrum Meunier, 1917: Neues Jahrb. Mineral., 1917: 99. Macrochile spectrum Crampton, 1926: Ent. News, 37: 33���38, pl. 3, fig. 1 (thorax). Macrochile spectrum Crampton, 1926: Bul. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 21: 1���14, pls. 1���2. Diagnosis. R 2 + 3 almost half of R 2 (Figs 1, 2); gonostylus rather short and wide at the base, without big protuberance, without strong, short bristles at the inner part (Figs, 3, 4). The complete description and illustrations of M. spectrum are in Alexander (1931). Material examined. No. 1024.2 (male), No. 1613 (male) Hoffeins coll.; No. K 1749 Z 246 (male) G��ttingen; No. MBI���Mikropalaeontologie, Bernstein Inklusion 357 (male) Berendt coll., N. M. Berlin; No. MP/ 2918 (sex unknown, specimen without hypopygium preserved), No. MP/ 2920 (female), No. MP/ 2921 (male) housed in Institute of Systematic and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krak��w., Published as part of Krzeminski, Wies��aw, Krzeminska, Ewa, Kania, Iwona & Ross, Andrew J., 2013, New taxa of Tanyderidae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber, pp. 59-66 in Zootaxa 3599 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283215, {"references":["Loew, H. (1850) Uber den Bernstein und die Bernsteinfauna. Programm der Koniglichen Realschule zu Meseritz, pp. 44.","Crampton, G. C. (1926) The external anatomy of the primitive Tanyderid Dipteran Macrochile spectrum Loew, preserved in Baltic amber. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 21 (1 & 2), 1 - 14.","Alexander, C. P. (1931) Crane-flies of the Baltic amber (Diptera). Bernstein-Forschungen, 2, 1 - 135."]}

Macrochile hornei Krzeminski sp. nov. (Figs. 5���14) Diagnosis. R 2 + 3 equal Rs and almost half of R 2; base of d cell twice longer than M 3; gonostylus with one process in basal part and wide, oval swelling in middle part of gonostylus, covered with strong bristles. Etymology. In honor of the late Mr. Eric Horne, who donated the holotype to the Natural History Museum, London. Type material. Holotype: No. NHM.PI. II. 2527 (male), housed in the Natural History Museum, London. Baltic amber, Upper Eocene; Paratype: No. 7110 (male) G��rski coll.; No. 1 / 1 / 99 (male) Kupryjanowicz coll.; No. 1024 - 3 (male), No. 1613 - 2 (male) Hoffeins coll.; No. MP/ 2919 (female), No. MP/ 2917 (female) Institute of Systematic and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krak��w. Description. Head: eye with pubescence similarly to other species of Macrochile from Baltic amber; antenna (Fig. 6) 18 -segmented; scape twice longer than wide; pedicel about as long as wide; first flagellomere 1.5 times longer than second; most flagellomeres nearly cylindrically shaped, with two long verticils; last segment c. 1.3 times longer than penultimate; palpus (Fig. 5): last segment 1.5 times longer than penultimate. Thorax dark brown. Wing 6.1 mm long (Figs 7, 8). Wing (Fig. 7) slightly brown infuscate with very small darker marks in outlets of veins R 2 + 3, R 4 + 5, M 4 and Cu. Sc ending opposite fork of R 4 + 5 into R 4 and R 5; R 2 + 3 as long as Rs; R 2 + 3 c. 1.75 times longer than R 2; M 1 twice longer than M 1 + 2 (i. e., upper part of d cell); base of d cell twice longer than remainder of M 3 (Fig. 8); A 2 forming characteristic loop with very well visible cross-vein between anal loop and A 1. Leg: fore leg with single apical spur (Figs 9, 10), mid and hind leg with two spurs. Abdomen: tergites and sternites dark brown banded, with proximal part being darker than distal. Hypopygium: 8 th abdominal segment distinctly narrowed, 9 th segment constricted into narrow ring with additional triangular lobe; gonocoxite (Fig. 11) short and rather wide, gonostylus with big protuberance provided with strong, short bristles; aedeagus trifid (Figs 12, 14). Remarks. The wing venation of the new species is very similar to that of Macrochile spectrum (Figs 1, 2), but the discal cell is longer and gonocoxite and gonostylus of both species are quite different (compare Figs 3, 4 and 12). The gonostylus of M. hornei is narrow, slightly curved at the top, and with flat, wide lobe provided with strong, short bristles., Published as part of Krzeminski, Wies��aw, Krzeminska, Ewa, Kania, Iwona & Ross, Andrew J., 2013, New taxa of Tanyderidae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber, pp. 59-66 in Zootaxa 3599 (1) on pages 60-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283215

Key to genera and species of Tanyderidae from Baltic amber 1. Wing venation with very elongate vein R 2 + 3 about three and half times longer than R 2................................................................................................... Podemacrochile baltica (Podenas, 1997) - Vein R 2 + 3 not very elongate, about half of R 2 length.................................... Macrochile Loew, 1850 (2) 2. Gonostylus elongate, curved in the middle part, with big protuberance provided with strong, short bristles at the inner part.................................................................................. Macrochile hornei sp. nov. - Gonostylus rather short and wide at the base, without big protuberance, without strong, short bristles at the inner part................................................................................. Macrochile spectrum Loew, 1850

This paper outlines several aspects of the skeleto-muscular organization of the adult prothorax and cervix pertaining to the ground pattern of Diptera, which in turn leads to the characterization of Neodiptera, a higher level dipterous taxon which includes Brachycera and bibionomorph Nematocera ( sensu Hennig). The monophyly of Neodiptera is firmly supported by four skeleto-muscular modifications of the pronoto-cervical region. The bibionomorph Nematocera are shown to be paraphyletic in terms of Brachycera. On more preliminary evidence it is argued that the fundamental dichotomy of the extant Diptera lies between ‘polyneuran’ clade which includes Trichoceridae, Tipuloidea, Tanyderidae, and Ptychopteridae and an ‘oligoneuran’ clade which includes all the remaining groups. Preliminary evidence for a sister group relationship between Blephariceroidea and Culicomorpha is also provided. The possible adaptational significance of the cervical specializations in Neodiptera is discussed.