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The problem the study addresses is how teacher candidates acquire knowledge, skills, and techniques regarding cultural competence over time. We conducted interviews with three teachers, three teacher educators, and six university professors in Florida over a 12-month period. After coding the data, we generated 26 categories. Data indicate that teacher candidates increase their understanding of CRE when they are explicitly taught about the cultural contexts of society. The findings suggest that conducting assignments on diverse school cultures can enhance teacher candidates' cultural responsiveness. Our study contributes to the literature by providing concrete examples of what CRE looks like in practice.

This paper presented the topic of urban air pollution in Ploiesti Municipality, located 60 km north of Bucharest. The study analyses the seasonal variations in 2023 of air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM10), the impact of road traffic on air quality, as well as the monitoring measures according to the in force environmental legislation. For the air quality assessment two types of data were collected: data from the National Air Quality Monitoring Station (AQMS) of Ploiesti for the winter ÷ summer period and data obtained from field measurements carried out in November. The location of the sampling points took into account several factors such as: pollution source (road traffic, industry), measured meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction). The experimental data were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and were also compared with AQMS values. The comparisons between measured and AQMS data showed significantly higher concentrations for the samples (P1, P2, P3), which could indicate the presence of local sources of SO2 emissions or conditions favouring the accumulation of this pollutant. The PCA indicate that the higher concentrations of pollutants seemed to be associated with cooler temperatures and reduced solar radiation, suggesting a significant impact of meteorological conditions on the distribution of pollutants.

Species composition and diversity of lignicolous fungi occurring in representative Fagus sp. forests have been analyzed along an altitude gradient, in 14 locations from the eastern region of Romania, including mountain forests (Borca, Gosman, Nemtisor, Tarcau), as well as hill forests (Arsura, Bârnova, Dalhauti, Dragomirna, Gâdinti, Homita, Humosu, Magura Ocnei, Runc, Valea Fagilor). The investigations were carried out over three successive years (2020-2022) in a total of 40 study plots with a size of 1000 square meters each. Identification of the main fungal groups was realized using a hierarchical agglomerative clustering procedure, and the differential species were determined based on their indicator value, while the relationship between fungal composition and environmental variables was assessed with detrended correspondence analysis. A total of 89 species of wood-inhabiting fungi has been identified, with approximately 2500 records. These species were grouped in three different clusters: one specific to the mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest in (sub) mountain areas, one specific to hornbeam - beech communities in hilly areas, and one specific to more thermophilic forest communities with Fagus taurica. The main ecological factors influencing the fungal composition were altitude, average annual precipitations and average annual temperatures, which also influence the trees species composition of the analyzed forests.

Accidental hypothermia (AH) presents a significant mortality risk, even in individuals with good health. Early recognition of the parameters associated with negative prognosis could save more lives.

Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to evaluate the resistance of different marginal fit geometries for a provissional fixed dental prothesis, which can have an impact on the periodontal health. Materials and methods: Acording to the principles of the tooth preparation, four types of marginal design were made: feather edge, rounded shoulder, chamfer and heavy chamfer. Using a direct technique, prepared teeth were poured into metal abutments, temporary composite resin crowns were made and cemented. All four abutments were analyzed using theoretical and experimental methods. Results: The results obtained from the mechanical tests were more reliable than those obtained from numerical analyses. A chamfer marginal finish line a pre prosthetic periodontal therapy can have greater impact on the soft tissue healing process. Conclusions: These preliminary studies enhance the idea of ​​differentiating preparations for distinctive alternative prosthetic treatment plans.

Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a complex condition with numerous and polymorphic clinical manifestations. Although oral lichen planus (OLP) usually appears as isolated cases in the population, there have been reports of this condition manifesting among members of the same family. Therefore, genetic factors represent a potential etiologic factor, as demonstrated in several studies. Aim of the study: To present the clinical-evolutionary characteristics and treatment response in a series of 8 different cases of OLP from 4 different families. Results: All patients included in the study were women, with a mean age of 44.87 years, non-smokers, and had associated general conditions such as psoriasis, autoimmune thyroiditis, or hepatitis C. The most common clinical form was the atrophic-keratotic type, involving 2-3 topographical areas, and the majority of patients reported painful symptoms. In half of the patients, we observed a good progression and significant remission. Discussion: A possible factor associated with the pathogenesis of OLP is genetics. Familial LP appears at younger ages and can manifest with widespread lesions. The study of familial OLP cases reveals certain clinical-evolutionary characteristics, which are sometimes atypical. Conclusion: Studying familial OLP cases is necessary to better understand the specific manifestation patterns and to assess treatment response. Additionally, these cases may have a higher potential for malignant transformation.

Maternal infection has emerged as an important environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Animal model systems of maternal immune activation (MIA) suggest that the maternal immune response plays a significant role in the offspring's neurodevelopment and behavioral outcomes. Extracellular free water is a measure of freely diffusing water in the brain that may be associated with neuroinflammation and impacted by MIA. The present study evaluates the brain diffusion characteristics of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) born to MIA-exposed dams (n = 14) treated with a modified form of the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid at the end of the first trimester. Control dams received saline injections at the end of the first trimester (n = 10) or were untreated (n = 4). Offspring underwent diffusion MRI scans at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 45 months. Offspring born to MIA-exposed dams showed significantly increased extracellular free water in cingulate cortex gray matter starting as early as 6 months of age and persisting through 45 months. In addition, offspring gray matter free water in this region was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the maternal IL-6 response in the MIA-exposed dams. Significant correlations between brain volume and extracellular free water in the MIA-exposed offspring also indicate converging, multimodal evidence of the impact of MIA on brain development. These findings provide strong evidence for the construct validity of the nonhuman primate MIA model as a system of relevance for investigating the pathophysiology of human neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Elevated free water in individuals exposed to immune activation in utero could represent an early marker of a perturbed or vulnerable neurodevelopmental trajectory.

Background: Pericardial/atrial oesophageal fistula (PEF/AEF) is the most feared complication of cardiac atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Without urgent surgical treatment, most cases of this infrequent complication rapidly prove fatal. Case report: We present an uncommon case of a 60-year-old male who had undergone an AF ablation 2 weeks prior and presented with chest pain. Following diagnosis and treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), a small pericardial effusion was noticed on computed tomography (CT) scan. Despite an initially reassuring hospital course, rapid decompensation and expansion of his purulent pericardial effusion led to his death within 24 hours of presentation. A post-mortem review of his CT imaging revealed an inconspicuous PEF. Conclusions: It is essential to maintain a high suspicion of PEF/AEF in patients presenting after AF ablation with suggestive symptoms, such as fever, chest pain/odynophagia, and neurological deficits. CT chest is the most common diagnostic modality and surgical correction is the treatment of choice.

Close home-school communication benefits children, their families, the teacher, and the school community. Throughout the school year, teachers interact with families in a variety of ways, in person and electronically. In this study, the researcher investigated how twenty-two middle and high school urban teachers initiated and maintained communication with students' families. In addition, the researcher analyzed the benefits and challenges of home-school communication. Results of the teacher interviews show the following: (1) teachers communicated with families using a variety of channels; (2) this communication was frequent and early; and (3) this communication did not come without challenges. In addition, the outcomes of this communication were improved student learning and behavior, as well as families becoming teacher's allies.

This study investigates the impact of tax avoidance on Romania's economy, specifically its relationship with GDP, comparing Romania's situation to other EU member states. The research utilizes a quantitative methodology, analyzing data from 2015 to 2020 through statistical methods, including regression analysis. The findings indicate a substantial increase in profits transferred from Romania to tax havens, rising from 4 billion USD in 2015 to 7 billion USD in 2020, with a peak of 8 billion USD in 2019. The share of profits lost as a percentage of GDP ranged from 2.25% to 3.19%, with an average of 2.63%. Transfers to non-EU tax havens increased significantly, while those to EU tax havens remained constant. Regression analysis shows a positive and significant relationship between GDP growth and profits lost, with an increase of 0.039904 units of profits lost for each additional unit of GDP. These results highlight the economic impact of tax avoidance and underline the need for effective policy measures to address this issue.

In the context of increasing economic interdependence, tax reform has become critical on the international agenda due to widespread tax avoidance by multinational companies and digital giants. The OECD has proposed tax reforms to address these challenges, aiming for a fairer distribution of tax revenues among countries. This paper examines the necessity and impact of implementing the OECD's tax reforms within the EU, considering the diverse tax systems of member states. The analysis reveals an upward trend in profits transferred to tax havens globally. EU tax havens like the Netherlands, Ireland, and Luxembourg are significant recipients of these profits. The OECD reforms, by reallocating profits and establishing a minimum tax, are expected to reduce the attractiveness of these havens. The impact will vary: less developed EU countries may lose foreign investment opportunities, while more developed countries could benefit from increased tax revenues and fairer profit distribution.

Background: Ovarian mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma (MLA) is a newly described histological type known for its aggressive behavior. This study aims to determine the frequency of ovarian MLA, review the existing literature, and elucidate its clinicopathological characteristics, including the potential therapeutic targets. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the pathological diagnoses of 501 primary ovarian cancer surgical cases at our institution from 2010 to 2023. MLAs exhibiting typical morphological and immunohistochemical features were included. The frequency and clinicopathological characteristics of these cases were summarized. Additionally, we conducted a literature search using PubMed to collect and summarize previously reported cases of ovarian MLAs. Results: Among the 501 primary ovarian cancer cases, we identified 3 cases (0.6%) of MLA. The patients were 52–76 years old, and the initial FIGO stages were IC1 (two cases) and IIIB (one case). All the cases exhibited HRP, pMMR, PD-L1 negativity (CPS < 1), and low HER2 expression. Two cases experienced metastatic recurrence. A literature review identified 97 cases of MLA. The MLAs frequently exhibited KRAS mutations (90%, 38/42), with a recurrence rate of 39% (26/67). Conclusion: MLAs accounted for 0.6% of malignant ovarian tumors at our institution, all of which were advanced or recurrent cases. These cases showed HRP, pMMR, and PD-L1 negativity, indicating a lack of current therapeutic targets. The literature also reported a high incidence of advanced and recurrent cases, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis and the development of new treatments. The frequent KRAS mutations suggest a potential therapeutic target for recurrent or metastatic MLA.

The atmosphere of urban localities is polluted by a number of pollutants emitted from industrial activities, car traffic and the activities of individual households. This study presents an assessment of the air pollution level in two cities (Galati and Tulcea), both of them being situated in eastern Romania. The correlation between air pollution and pollution sources and also between the causes that lead to high levels of air pollution in the studied cities were analyzed. Three air quality monitoring points were selected in the two cities, with the following pollutants: total suspended dust, PM10 dust, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The pollution in the monitoring points was mainly influenced by the emissions from road traffic, the burning of methane gas for the production of heating agent, the industrial and agricultural activities performed in the monitoring area. Based on the result, it can be concluded that in the smaller city, Tulcea, the air pollution level was lower than in the Galat municipality, mainly due to the lower intensity of road traffic and polluting activities, but also the geographical positioning, close to the Danube Delta, a large area with green space, which presents a smaller pollution contribution. In areas characterized by lower population densities, specifically in small cities, there is a correlation between reduced population density and lower levels of atmospheric pollution.

This work presents a comprehensive electrochemical corrosion analysis conducted on steel coated with glass-reinforced polymer (GRP), low alloy steel and stainless steel, focusing on their performance in a simulated aggressive environment (3 % NaCl). The corrosion rates were established and the corrosion mechanisms governing each material's behaviour were elucidated. By comparing the electrochemical behaviour of these materials, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of GRP coatings in preventing corrosion compared to conventional metallic materials used for pipeline systems. Furthermore, in addition to the corrosion analysis, the coefficient of friction determination between the GRP-coated steel and 25CrMo4 (EN 10083-3) steel was conducted to assess their tribological compatibility. Understanding the frictional behaviour between these materials is essential for optimising pipeline performance, minimising wear and ensuring operational efficiency in dynamic environments encountered in the petroleum and gas industry. The study includes, also, an evaluation of cumulative linear wear to quantify the material loss. This comprehensive approach provides a complete understanding of the interplay between corrosion resistance and mechanical durability.

Background Patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) with coronary artery involvement require long‐term cardiac care. Although respective evidence‐based recommendations are missing, cardiac catheterization is still considered the gold standard for diagnosing detailed coronary pathology. Therefore, to better understand coronary artery pathology development, we conducted a survey to document and evaluate cardiac catheterization data in a European population. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed cardiac catheterization data from KD children from the year 2010 until April 2023. This registry covers basic acute‐phase clinical data, and more importantly, detailed information on morphology, distribution, and the development of coronary artery pathologies. A total of 164 mainly White patients (65% boys) were included. A relevant number of patients had no coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) at the cardiac catheterization, indicating that distal CAAs were almost exclusively detected alongside proximal CAAs. Patients with multiple CAAs revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of CAAs and their dimensions in diameter and in length. Location of the CAA within the coronary artery, age at onset of KD, or natal sex did not significantly influence CAA diameters, but CAAs were longer in older children and in boys. Conclusions That distal CAAs were only present together with proximal ones will hopefully reduce diagnostic CCs in patients with KD without echocardiographically detected proximal CAAs. Furthermore, this study gives valuable insights into dimensional specifics of CAAs in patients with KD. As an ongoing registry, future analyses will further explore long‐term outcomes and performed treatments, helping to refine clinical long‐term strategies for patients with KD. REGISTRATION URL: https://drks.de/; Unique Identifier: DRKS00031022.

Biological invasions pose an increasing risk to nature, social security and the economy, being ranked amongst the top five threats to biodiversity. Managing alien and invasive species is a priority for the European Union, as outlined in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Alien plant species are acknowledged to impact the economy and biodiversity; thus, analysing the distribution of such species provides valuable inputs for the management and decision-making processes. The database presented in the current study is the first consolidated checklist of alien plant species that are present in Romania, both of European Union concern and of national interest. This database complements a prior published distribution, based only on records from literature, bringing new information regarding the occurrence of alien plants in Romania, as revealed by a nationwide field survey. We consider this database a valuable instrument for managing biological invasions at both national and regional levels, as it can be utilised in further research studies and in drafting management and action plans, assisting stakeholders in making informed decisions and implementing management actions.We present the results of the first nationwide survey of alien plant species in Romania, conducted between 2019 and 2022, in the framework of a national project coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests and the University of Bucharest. The present database complements and updates the database published by Sirbu et. al (2022), which included occurrence records published until 2019. The new database includes 98323 occurrence records for 396 alien plant species in 77 families, with most species belonging to the Asteraceae family. One alien plant species in our database, the black locust Robinia pseudoacacia L., had more than 10,000 occurrence records. The distribution database also includes information on newly-reported invasive alien plant species of European Union concern in Romania (i.e. the floating primrose-willow Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven) and documents the presence of plants in 44 additional families compared to Sirbu et al. (2022). Each entry includes information on species taxonomy, location, year, person who recorded and identified the alien plant, geographical coordinates and taxon rank.

Vulvar intestinal adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy. The most significant predictor of advanced vulvar cancer is achieving complete resection, although determining the optimal treatment for this rare histologic type remains uncertain. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman with a primary vulvar tumor suspected of having rectal invasion and inguinal lymph node metastases based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. To achieve complete resection of stage IIIC intestinal-type vulvar adenocarcinoma, we performed a laparoscopic posterior pelvic exenteration (PPE) and radical vulvectomy, along with bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. This case report highlights the use of a novel hybrid procedure that combines laparoscopic PPE with radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection for vulvar adenocarcinoma of the intestinal type. Laparoscopic PPE can be considered a minimally invasive approach for vulvar tumor when complete resection is achievable with an appropriate safety margin.

The main objective of the present study was to characterize the extracts obtained from the bark of three oak species in order to assess their use in potential cosmetic products.

In the context of current energy consumption and CO2 emissions, the impact of buildings is highly significant. In the quest for sustainable building management, the concept of digital twins emerges as a transformative technology, offering unprecedented capabilities for enhancing energy efficiency and reducing carbon footprints. This article explores the application of digital twins in the built environment, emphasizing their role in achieving significant energy and environmental benefits. Beginning with a brief discussion introducing the concept of digital twins, the article highlights their critical importance in modern building management and their potential to revolutionize sustainability practices. It then examines the role of IoT and AI in enabling advanced aspects of digital twin technology, including its technological functionalities. A comparative analysis of different simulation tools and methodologies follows, providing a comprehensive overview of how digital twins can be utilized to optimize building performance.

Mechanical ventilation is a critical intervention for intubated patients suffering from respiratory complications, such as excess mucus accumulation in the trachea, which can obstruct airflow. In this study, we investigate the impact of a Fresubin-water emulsion (1g/50ml), simulating mucus, on airflow resistance in a square-profile tube representing a simplified tracheal segment. The hypothesis predicate that the emulsion will increase airflow resistance under mechanical ventilation, mimicking the obstructive effects of mucus in patients. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was employed to evaluate the airflow characteristics within the tube, focusing on velocity profiles and pressure drop. The results confirmed that the viscoelastic properties of the emulsion significantly altered airflow behavior, producing non-uniform velocity distributions and an elevated pressure gradient along the tube. These findings suggest that the emulsion effectively replicates the behavior of mucus in the trachea, offering valuable insights for improving mechanical ventilation strategies in patients with respiratory obstructions.

The energy efficiency of building and building systems is one of the main focus of the European countries determined to lower their impact on CO2 emissions with ambitions certain targets until 2030 and 2025. This includes the implementation of nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standards and the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources. This paper aims to study the implementation of different strategies and renovation packages on an existing building in Bucharest, Romania, thus reducing primary energy consumption with up to 56% and CO2 specific emissions with up to 73%.

The incidence rate of cutaneous melanoma is on the rise worldwide, due to increased exposure to UV radiation, aging populations, and exposure to teratogen agents. However, diagnosis is more precise, and the increased number of new cases is related to the improved diagnosis tools. Despite better early diagnosis and better therapies, melanoma has remained a significant public health challenge because of its aggressive behavior and high potential for metastasis. In 2020, cutaneous melanoma constituted approximately 1.3% of all cancer deaths that occurred within the European Union, thereby highlighting the necessity for effective prevention, timely diagnosis, and sustainable treatment measures, especially as a growing number of cases occur among younger patients. Melanoma is regarded as one of the most inflamed cancers due to its high immune cell presence and strong response to immunotherapy, fueling the need for development of immune-driven innovative treatments. Approved therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4), have notably improved survival rates in melanoma. However, the limitations of the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 axes inhibitors, such as low response rates, treatment resistance, and toxicity, have driven the need for continued research and advancements in treatment strategies. Current clinical trials are exploring various combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with costimulatory receptor agonists, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and other immunotherapies, with the goal of improving outcomes and reducing side effects for melanoma patients. Emerging approaches, including adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and oncolytic virotherapy, are showing promise. While CAR-T cell therapy has been less successful in melanoma compared to blood cancers, ongoing research is addressing challenges like the tumor microenvironment and antigen specificity. This review provides an overview of the requirement for advances in these medications, to mark a significant step forward in melanoma management, set to bring a fresh breath of hope for patients.

Feline Panleukopenia (FPL) infection is caused by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and it is considered one of the most severe cat’s infectious diseases. Since there is no specific antiviral treatment for FPL, the therapeutic protocol usually is focused on fluid therapy and supportive care. However, filgrastim, a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) used in human medicine to treat neutropenia and leukopenia, has been lately used in treating FPV disease, providing promising results. During January 2022 and September 2024, twenty-two cats diagnosed with feline panleukopenia virus were subjected to filgrastim (Zarzio®, Sandoz, Kundl, Austria) administration at a dose of 6 µg/kg for 3 consecutive days. The 4th day was a break day, and in the 5th day, the complete blood count was repeated. White blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils parameters improved after Zarzio® administration, with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.01) when their values between day 1 (pre Zarzio® administration) and day 5 (post Zarzio® administration) were analysed. However, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit and platelets parameters registered a considerable reduction from day 1 to day 5 with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.01), considered as post-administration side effects. In our study, the survival rate following Zarzio® administration was 100%, suggesting that the protocol involving three doses is effective in restoring the leukopenia and neutropenia.

The growing demand for plant-based protein and natural food ingredients has further fueled interest in exploring hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) as a sustainable source of and nutrition. In addition to the content of proteins and healthy fats (linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid), hemp seeds are rich in phytochemical compounds, especially terpenoids, polyphenols, and phytosterols, which contribute to their bioactive properties. Scientific studies have shown that these compounds possess significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects, making hemp seeds a promising ingredient for promoting health. Since THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are found only in traces, hemp seeds can be used in food applications because the psychoactive effects associated with cannabis are avoided. Therefore, the present article reviews the scientific literature on traditional and modern extraction methods for obtaining active substances that meet food safety standards, enabling the transformation of conventional foods into functional foods that provide additional health benefits and promote a balanced and sustainable diet. Also, the identification methods of biologically active compounds extracted from hemp seeds and their bioactivity were evaluated. Mechanical pressing extraction, steam distillation, solvent-based methods (Soxhlet, maceration), and advanced techniques such as microwave-assisted and supercritical fluid extraction were evaluated. Identification methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) allowed for detailed chemical profiling of cannabinoids, terpenes, and phenolic substances. Optimizing extraction parameters, including solvent type, temperature, and time, is crucial for maximizing yield and purity, offering the potential for developing value-added foods with health benefits.

This study aimed to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts of Quercus species (Quercus dalechampii, Quercus frainetto, and Quercus petraea) with potential biomedical applications. To optimize PdNPs biosynthesis, various parameters were explored, including the concentration of PdCl2, the extract-to-PdCl2 ratio, and the pH of the solution. The nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Total polyphenol content was measured using the Folin–Ciocâlteu method, while antioxidant capacity was evaluated through radical neutralization assays, including ABTS and DPPH, and through iron and copper reduction tests. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida species. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids from the extracts were essential for the reduction in palladium ions and the stabilization of the nanoparticles. UV/Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak, indicating the successful formation of PdNPs. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction between the bioactive compounds and PdNPs, revealing characteristic peaks of phenolic groups. DLS analysis indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 63.9 nm for QD-PdNPs, 48 nm for QF-PdNPs, and 63.1 nm for QP-PdNPs, highlighting good dispersion and stability in solution. Although the PdNPs did not exhibit strong antioxidant properties, they demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PdNPs also exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida krusei, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.63 mg/mL, indicating their ability to compromise fungal cell integrity. This study contributes to developing eco-friendly biosynthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles and underscores the potential of PdNPs in various applications, including in the biomedical field.