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Background: A good knowledge of Aedes diversity and their biting cycle is necessary for better planning of vector control interventions against arboviruses diseases. This study aims to determine the diversity of Aedes and the biting cycle of Aedes albopictus in urban and suburban areas of Douala, Kribi, and Ayos to propose a method for vector control based on Ageratum conyzoides L., 1753 and Chromolaena odorata L., 1970 (Asteraceae) essential oil. Methods: Larvae were sampled by dipping method and reared by Desfontaine method. The aggressiveness of Aedes was determined by the outdoors Human Landing Catches method from 6 am to 6 pm. Captured mosquitoes were morphologically identified using identification keys. Essential oils from fresh leaves of A. conyzoides and C. odorata were extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger while the chemical composition was determined by GC-MS. Insecticide tests were carried out according to WHO protocol on matures Ae. albopictus larvae. Results: Ae. albopictus (n=3499; 80.5%) was the most abundant species in urban and suburban areas followed by Ae. unilineatus (n=392; 9.02%) and Ae. aegypti (n=210; 4.83%). The mean biting rate of Aedes was 21.52 bites/person/day (b/p/d). In urban and suburban areas Ae. albopictus (18.22 b/p/d) was the most aggressive species followed by Ae. unilineatus (2.04 b/p/d) and Ae. aegypti (1.09 b/p/d). Precocene I (54.4%) and Androencecalinol (24.69%) were the major compounds of A. conyzoides fresh leaves essential oil. Geijerene (20.02%) and trans-Muurola-4(14), 5-diene (19.15%) were the major compounds of C. odorata fresh leaves essential oil. A. conyzoides fresh leaves essential oil was the most effective with 100% mortality after 10 hours of exposure at 75 ppm concentration. Conclusion: This study reveals that Aedes was more aggressive in urban areas than in suburban areas. Aedes albopictus was the most aggressive species. A. conyzoides fresh leaves essential oil should be considered in the implementation of control strategies against Aedes.

Although Culex species are considered to be equally affected by control measures targeting malaria vectors, there are still not enough evidences of the impact of interventions such as larviciding on these mosquito species distribution. The present study assessed the impact of a larviciding trial targeting malaria vectors on Culex mosquito species in the city of Yaoundé. A cluster randomized trial comparing thirteen treated clusters and thirteen untreated clusters was implemented. Data were collected at baseline and during larviciding intervention, from March 2017 to November 2020. The microbial larvicide VectoMax G was applied once every 2 weeks in intervention areas. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps in both intervention and non-intervention areas and compared between arms. Globally, larviciding intervention was associated with 69% reduction in aquatic habitats with Culex larvae and 36.65% reduction of adult Culex densities in houses. Adult Culex densities were reduced both indoor (35.26%) and outdoor (42,37%). No change in the composition of Culex species was recorded. The study suggested a high impact of larviciding on Culex mosquito species distribution. The impact of the intervention could be improved if typical Culex breeding habitats including pit latrines were targeted.

Rapid emergence and spread of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations is among the main factors affecting malaria vector control in Cameroon, but there is still not enough data on the exact pyrethroid resistance status across Cameroon. The present study assessed pyrethroid resistance profile in different eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Susceptibility bioassay tests were performed with F0 An. gambiae females aged three to five days. Mosquito susceptibility to both permethrin and deltamethrin was assessed. Species of the An. gambiae s.l. complex were identified using molecular diagnostic tools. Target site mutations conferring resistance were detected using Taqman assays. Quantitative reverse transcription-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) 3-plex TaqMan® assays were used for the quantification of detoxification genes implicated in pyrethroid resistance. An. gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis were identified in the different settings. An. gambiae was dominant in Santchou, Kékem, Bélabo, Bertoua and Njombé, while An. coluzzii was abundant in Tibati and Kaélé. High frequencies of the kdr L1014F allele ranging from 43% to 100% were recorded in almost all sites. The L1014S kdr allele was detected at low frequency (4.10–10%) only in mosquito populations from Njombé and Tibati. The N1575Y mutation was recorded in Kaélé, Santchou, Tibati and Bertoua with a frequency varying from 2.10% to 11.70%. Six Cytochrome P450 genes (Cyp6p3, Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, Cyp6p4, Cyp6z1, and Cyp4g16) were found to be overexpressed in at least one population. Analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon lipids indicated a significant increase in CHC content in mosquito populations from Kaélé and Njombé compared to Kékem, Bélabo and Bertoua populations. The study indicated high pyrethroid resistance across different ecological settings in Cameroon with different profile of resistance across the country. The present situation calls for further actions in order to mitigate the impact of insecticide resistance on vector control measures.

Culex mosquitoes particularly Culex quinquefasciatus are important arboviral and filariasis vectors, however despite this important epidemiological role, there is still a paucity of data on their bionomics. The present study was undertaken to assess the insecticide resistance status of Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from four districts of Yaoundé (Cameroon). All Culex quinquefasciatus populations except one displayed high resistance to bendiocarb and malathion with mortalities ranging from 0 to 89% while high resistance intensity against both permethrin and deltamethrin was recorded. Molecular analyses revealed high frequencies of the ACE-1 G119S mutation (ranging from 0 to 33%) and kdr L1014F allele (ranging from 55 to 74%) in all Cx. quinquefasciatus populations. Significant overexpression was detected for cytochrome P450s genes CYP6AA7 and CYP6Z10, as well as for Esterase A and Esterase B genes. The total cuticular hydrocarbon content, a proxy of cuticular resistance, was significantly increased (compared to the S-lab strain) in one population. The study confirms strong insecticide resistance mediated by different mechanisms in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from the city of Yaoundé. The expansion of insecticide resistance in Culex populations could affect the effectiveness of current vector control measures and stress the need for the implementation of integrated vector control strategies in urban settings.

Sub-Saharan Africa is registering one of the highest urban population growth across the world. It is estimated that over 75% of the population in this region will be living in urban settings by 2050. However, it is not known how this rapid urbanization will affect vector populations and disease transmission. The present study summarizes findings from studies conducted in urban settings between the 1970s and 2020 to assess the effects of urbanization on the entomological inoculation rate pattern and anopheline species distribution. Different online databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Google were screened. A total of 90 publications were selected out of 1527. Besides, over 200 additional publications were consulted to collate information on anopheline breeding habitats and species distribution in urban settings. The study confirms high malaria transmission in rural compared to urban settings. The study also suggests that there had been an increase in malaria transmission in most cities after 2003, which could also be associated with an increase in sampling, resources and reporting. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were the predominant vectors in most urban settings. Anopheline larvae were reported to have adapted to different aquatic habitats. The study provides updated information on the distribution of the vector population and the dynamic of malaria transmission in urban settings. The study also highlights the need for implementing integrated control strategies in urban settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03891-z.

Introduction: The surveillance of mosquito vectors is important for the control of arboviruses diseases worldwide. Detailed information on the bionomics and distribution of their main vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is essential for assessing disease transmission risk and for better planning of control interventions. Methods: Entomological surveys were carried out from November 2019 to November 2020 in six localities of Yaoundé city following a transect from urban to rural settings: two urban (Obili, Mvan), two peri-urban (Simbock, Ahala) and two rural areas (Lendom, Elig-essomballa)—during rainy and dry seasons. All water containers were inspected. Aedes mosquito abundance, species distribution and seasonal distribution patterns were compared using generalized linear models. Stegomyia indexes were estimated to determine the risk of arbovirus transmission. Results: A total of 6332 mosquitoes larvae were collected (2342 in urban areas, 1694 in peri-urban areas and 2296 in rural sites). Aedes species recorded included Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegytpi, Ae. simpsoni and Aedes spp. High mosquito abundance was registered in the rainy season (4706) compared to the dry season (1626) (p &lt, 0.0001). Ae. albopictus was the most abundant Aedes species in urban (96.89%) and peri-urban (95.09%) sites whereas Ae. aegypti was more prevalent in rural sites (68.56%) (p &lt, 0.0001). Both species were found together in 71 larval habitats. Ae. albopictus was mostly found in discarded tires (42.51%), whereas Ae. aegypti was more prevalent in plastic containers used for storing water (65.87%). The majority of Aedes mosquitoes’ breeding places were situated close to human dwellings (0–10 m). Conclusion: Uncontrolled urbanization seems to greatly favour the presence of Aedes mosquito species around human dwellings in Yaoundé. Controlling Aedes mosquito distribution is becoming urgent to reduce the risk of arbovirus outbreaks in the city of Yaoundé.

Background Urban malaria is becoming a major public health concern in major cities in Cameroon. To improve malaria vector control, a pilot larviciding trial was conducted to assess its impact on mosquito density and malaria transmission intensity in Yaoundé. The present study investigated perceptions and practices of communities on malaria control during the larviciding trial implemented in Yaoundé. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data were collected in non-intervention and intervention areas. Quantitative data were collected during three cross-sectional surveys using a structured pre-tested questionnaire while qualitative data were obtained through interviews. A total of 26 in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions with community members were performed. A binary logistic regression model was used to assess the perception of the community on larviciding impact on some malaria or bed nets use indicators. Results People living in intervention areas were 2.64 times more likely to know the mode of malaria transmission (95% CI: 1.82–3.84; p Conclusion The larviciding program in the city of Yaoundé did not negatively affected community members’ behaviour and practices concerning the use of treated nets. The study indicated the acceptance of larviciding program by the population. This positive environment could favour the implementation of future antilarval control activities in the city of Yaoundé.

The rapid expansion of insecticide resistance and outdoor malaria transmission are affecting the efficacy of current malaria control measures. In urban settings, where malaria transmission is focal and breeding habitats are few, fixed and findable, the addition of anti-larval control measures could be efficient for malaria vector control. But field evidences for this approach remains scarce. Here we provide findings of a randomized-control larviciding trial conducted in the city of Yaoundé that support the efficacy of this approach. A two arms random control trial design including 26 clusters of 2 to 4 km2 each (13 clusters in the intervention area and 13 in the non-intervention area) was used to assess larviciding efficacy. The microbial larvicide VectoMax combining Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus in a single granule was applied every 2 weeks in all standing water collection points. The anopheline density collected using CDC light traps was used as the primary outcome, secondary outcomes included the entomological inoculation rate, breeding habitats with anopheline larvae, and larval density. Baseline entomological data collection was conducted for 17 months from March 2017 to July 2018 and the intervention lasted 26 months from September 2018 to November 2020. The intervention was associated with a reduction of 68% of adult anopheline biting density and of 79% of the entomological inoculation rate (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.14–0.30, P Culex biting densities was recorded. The study indicated high efficacy of larviciding for reducing malaria transmission intensity in the city of Yaoundé. Larviciding could be part of an integrated control approach for controlling malaria vectors and other mosquito species in the urban environment.

Arbovirus diseases represent a significant public health problem in Cameroon and vector surveillance is a key component of prevention strategies. However, there is still not enough evidence of the efficacy of different sampling methods used to monitor Aedes mosquito population dynamic in different epidemiological settings. The present study provides data on the evaluation of ovitraps and different adult sampling methods in the city of Yaoundé and its close vicinity. Entomological surveys were carried out from February 2020 to March 2021 in two urban (Obili, Mvan), two peri-urban (Simbock, Ahala), and two rural (Lendom, Elig-essomballa) sites in the city of Yaoundé. The efficacy of three sampling methods, namely ovitraps, Biogent Sentinel trap, and sweep nets, was evaluated. Different ovitrap indices were used to assess the infestation levels across study sites; a general linear model was used to determine if there are statistical differences between positive ovitraps across ecological zones. A total of 16,264 Aedes mosquitoes were collected during entomological surveys. Ovitraps provided the highest mosquito abundance (15,323; 91.14%) and the highest species diversity. Of the five Aedes species collected, Aedes albopictus (59.74%) was the most commonly recorded in both urban and rural settings. Different Aedes species were collected in the same ovitrap. The ovitrap positivity index was high in all sites and varied from 58.3% in Obili in the urban area to 86.08% in Lendom in the rural area. The egg density index varied from 6.42 in Mvan (urban site) to 13.70 in Lendom (rural area). Adult sampling methods recorded mostly Aedes albopictus. The present study supports high infestation of Aedes species in the city of Yaoundé. Ovitraps were highly efficient in detecting Aedes distribution across study sites. The situation calls for regular surveillance and control of Aedes population to prevent sudden occurrence of outbreaks.

The rapid expansion of insecticide resistance and outdoor malaria transmission are affecting the efficacy of current malaria control measures. In urban settings, where malaria transmission is focal and breeding habitats are few, fix and findable, the addition of anti-larval control measures could be efficient for malaria vector control. But field evidences for this approach remains scarce. Here we provide findings of a randomized-control larviciding trial conducted in the city of Yaoundé that support the efficacy of this approach. A two arms random control trial design including 26 clusters of 2 to 4 km2 each (13 clusters in the intervention area and 13 in the non-intervention area) was used to assess larviciding efficacy. The microbial larvicide VectoMax®G combining Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus in a single granule was applied twice per month in all standing water collection points. The biting anopheline density collected using CDC light traps was used as the primary outcome, secondary outcomes included the entomological inoculation rate, breeding habitats with anopheline larvae, and larval density. Baseline entomological data collection was conducted for 17 months from March 2017 to July 2018 and the intervention lasted 26 months from September 2018 to November 2020. The intervention was associated with a reduction of over 85% of habitats with anopheline larvae. The application of the larvicide also resulted in a reduction of 68% of adult anopheline biting density and of 79% of the entomological inoculation rate (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.14–0.30, P Culex biting densities was recorded. The study also assessed the impact of the microbial larvicide on non-target organisms and registered no significant impact of the larvicide VectoMax on the aquatic microfauna diversity. The study indicated high efficacy of larviciding for reducing malaria transmission intensity in the city of Yaoundé. Larviciding could be part of an integrated control approach for controlling malaria vectors and other mosquito species in the urban environment.

The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could pose major challenges for arboviral-borne disease control. In this paper, insecticide susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from urban settings of Cameroon. The F1 progeny of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected in Douala, Yaoundé and Dschang from August to December 2020 was tested using WHO tube assays with four insecticides: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%. TaqMan, qPCR and RT-qPCR assays were used to detect kdr mutations and the expression profiles of eight detoxification genes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Douala were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. Three kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016G and V1016I were detected in Aedes aegypti populations from Douala and Dschang. The kdr allele F1534C was predominant (90%) in Aedes aegypti and was detected for the first time in Aedes albopictus (2.08%). P450s genes, Cyp9J28 (2.23–7.03 folds), Cyp9M6 (1.49–2.59 folds), Cyp9J32 (1.29–3.75 folds) and GSTD4 (1.34–55.3 folds) were found overexpressed in the Douala and Yaoundé Aedes aegypti populations. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus calls for alternative strategies towards the control and prevention of arboviral vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.

Malaria and lymphatic filariasis are still important public health problems in Cameroon and in most part of sub-Saharan Africa. However there is still not enough informations on the bionomic and oviposition behaviour of their respectives vectors. The present study assesses the influence of color and organics pollutants presence on Culex and Anopheles coluzzii females oviposition behaviour. Laboratory experiments using Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles coluzzii laboratory colonies were conducted. Gravid females were offered cups of different colors (red, green, yellow, black, purple and white) with water for oviposition. Experiments were also conducted with cups containing different concentration of NPK fertilizers (1%, 0.75%, 0.5% and 0%). The influence of NPK fertilizer on the larval development time was also assessed. Cx quinquefasciatus and Anopheles coluzzii gravids females were found to be attracted by dark colors over 50% of eggs were laid in cups of black, red or green colors. The experiment was conducted with the mother and the F1 and F2 generations and similar oviposition preference were registered. When mosquitoes were offered cups containing different concentration of NPK for oviposition it appeared that females of the two species prefer laying their eggs in low concentration of NPK. Rearing of larvae in water containing NPK fertilizers was found to accelerate the larval development time of Culex quinquefasciaus but not of Anopheles coluzzii. The study indicated that several factors could be influencing vector bionomic and need further understanding to improve the fight against vector populations.

Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon. Critical steps to improve disease control include assessing human population adherence to vector control interventions, especially in areas with different cultural backgrounds. The present study seeks to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of populations towards malaria prevention in four ecoepidemiological settings in Cameroon. A cross-sectional malaria KAP survey was conducted from August to September 2019 in households of the localities of Kaélé, Tibati, Bertoua, and Santchou. A semistructured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in the localities. Data recorded were analysed using SPSS v. 20 and MedCalc v14.8.1. A total of 739 households were surveyed. The majority of participants had a secondary level of education (48.71%). A substantial number of participants (over 90%) in all the localities were able to make an accurate association between malaria and mosquito bites. The main sources of information for community members were television sets in Santchou and Tibati and interpersonal conversations in Bertoua and Kaélé. Mosquito nets were the most commonly used protective measure against malaria, and the majority of nets in households came from the free-of-charge mass distribution campaigns organized by the government. Participants with secondary and higher levels of education were more aware of good practices towards malaria control compared to those with a primary level of education. The study revealed that populations’ KAP differed according to localities and culture. More sensitization and education need to be done to improve adherence to prevention programs.

The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could pose major challenges for arboviral-borne disease control. In this paper, insecticide susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from urban settings of Cameroon. The F1 progeny of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected in Douala, Yaoundé and Dschang from August to December 2020 was tested using WHO tube assays with four insecticides: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%. TaqMan, qPCR and RT-qPCR assays were used to detect kdr mutations and the expression profiles of eight detoxification genes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Douala were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. Three kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016G and V1016I were detected in Aedes aegypti populations from Douala and Dschang. The kdr allele F1534C was predominant (90%) in Aedes aegypti and was detected for the first time in Aedes albopictus (2.08%). P450s genes, Cyp9J28 (2.23–7.03 folds), Cyp9M6 (1.49–2.59 folds), Cyp9J32 (1.29–3.75 folds) and GSTD4 (1.34–55.3 folds) were found overexpressed in the Douala and Yaoundé Aedes aegypti populations. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus calls for alternative strategies towards the control and prevention of arboviral vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.

The contribution of Anopheles funestus to malaria transmission in the urban environment is still not well documented. The present study assesses the implication of An. funestus in malaria transmission in two districts, Nsam and Mendong, in the city of Yaoundé. Adult mosquitoes were collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (CDC-LT) and human landing catches from April 2017 to March 2018 and were identified morphologically to the species level. Those belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and to the Anopheles funestus group were further processed by PCR to identify members of each complex/group. Anopheline mosquitoes were analysed to determine their infection status using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bioassays were conducted with 2-5-day-old female Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. to determine their susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Six anopheline species were collected in the peri-urban district of Mendong: Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. funestus, An. leesoni, An. ziemanni and An. marshallii; only four out of the six were recorded in Nsam. Of the two members of the Anopheles gambiae complex collected, An. coluzzii was the most prevalent. Anopheles coluzzii was the most abundant species in Nsam, while An. funestus was the most abundant in Mendong. Both Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. were found to be infected with human Plasmodium at both sites, and both were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin, and deltamethrin. This study confirms the participation of An. funestus in malaria transmission in Yaoundé and highlights the need to also target this species for sustainable control of malaria transmission.Implication d’Anopheles funestus dans la transmission du paludisme dans la ville de Yaoundé au Cameroun.La contribution d’Anopheles funestus à la transmission du paludisme en milieu urbain n’est pas encore bien documentée. La présente étude évalue l’implication d’An. funestus dans la transmission du paludisme dans la ville de Yaoundé. L’étude a été menée dans deux quartiers de la ville de Yaoundé, Nsam et Mendong. Des moustiques adultes ont été collectés à l’aide des pièges lumineux de type CDC et sur volontaires humains d’avril 2017 à mars 2018. Les moustiques appartenant au genre Anopheles ont été analysés afin de déterminer leur statut infectant grâce à la technique ELISA. Des bio-essais ont été effectués sur des femelles d’An. funestus et An. gambiae s.l. âgées de 2 à 5 jours afin de déterminer leur sensibilité à la perméthrine, la deltaméthrine et le dichlorodiphényltrichloroéthane (DDT). Six espèces d’anophèles ont été collectées dans le quartier périurbain de Mendong : An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. funestus, An. leesoni, An. ziemanni et An. marshallii ; seule les quatre premières ont été trouvées à Nsam. Des deux espèces du complexe An. gambiae retrouvées, An. coluzzii était la plus abondante. Anopheles gambiae s.l. était l’espèce prédominante à Nsam, tandis que An. funestus était la plus abondante à Mendong. Les deux espèces An. funestus et An. gambiae s.l. étaient infectées par des Plasmodium humains dans les deux sites, et se sont avérés résistantes au DDT, à la perméthrine et à la deltaméthrine. Cette étude confirme la participation d’An. funestus à la transmission du paludisme à Yaoundé et souligne la nécessité de cibler également cette espèce pour une lutte durable contre le paludisme.

Contribution to the sustainable management of the Wouri watershed by a study of the distribution of its culicidian fauna (Littoral-Cameroon). A comparative study of the culicidian diversity and productivity of the Wouri River and its shoreline has been carried out to evaluate the possibility of preserving the water course from a "larviciding" which will affect fishery resources during anti-larval campaigns. The study stations on the Wouri River and the larval breeding sites on its bank have been mapped, their culicidian productivity as well as their physico-chemical parameters measured. The sampled mosquitoes were identified morphologically and those of the Anopheles gambiae complex by molecular biology. Eight types of breeding sites were recorded on the bank with a higher frequency of artificial lodges with significantly higher culicidian productivity than natural deposits. The culicidian communities of the Wouri River and its shore had a specific similarity. However, 93 % of all mosquitoes sampled and 94 % of the malaria vectors identified came from the shoreline. The preservation of the Wouri River could be envisaged during the "larviciding" campaigns in view of its culicidian productivity, its ecological and socio-economic importance., Une étude comparative entre la diversité et la productivité culicidiennes du fleuve Wouri et celles de sa rive a été menée pour évaluer la possibilité de préserver le cours d’eau d’un "larviciding" qui affecterait les ressources halieutiques lors des campagnes anti-larvaires. Les stations d’étude sur le fleuve Wouri et les gîtes larvaires de sa rive ont été cartographiés, leur productivité culicidienne ainsi que leurs paramètres physico-chimiques mesurés. Les moustiques échantillonnés ont été identifiés morphologiquement et ceux du complexe Anopheles gambiae par la biologie moléculaire. Huit types de gîtes larvaires ont été répertoriés sur la rive avec une fréquence plus élevée des gîtes artificiels dont la productivité culicidienne était significativement plus élevée que celle des gîtes naturels. Les communautés culicidiennes du fleuve Wouri et de sa rive présentaient une similarité spécifique. Cependant 93 % de l’ensemble des moustiques échantillonnés et 94 % des vecteurs du paludisme identifiés provenaient de la rive. La préservation du fleuve Wouri pourrait être envisagée lors des campagnes de "larviciding" compte tenu de sa productivité culicidienne, de son importance écologique et socio-économique., Mbida Mbida Arthur,Ntonga Akono Patrick,Awono Ambene Parfait,Simo Wopo Hermann,Talipouo Abdou,Tchoffo Fobasso Romeo,Dongmo Alain,Lehman Gustave,Mimpfoundi Remy. Contribution à la gestion durable du bassin versant du Wouri par une étude de la répartition de sa faune culicidienne (Littoral-Cameroun). In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 73, n°4, 2018. pp. 550-558.