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Lithium formed dense and smooth two-dimensional lithium clusters on the Al2O3 film, while needle-like lithium grew three-dimensionally on the bare Cu electrode. This leads to superior coulombic efficiency and cycling behaviour.

BACKGROUND Cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) is a rare vascular proliferative disease; however, long-term follow-up reports are scarce. The authors report a rare case and document a patient’s medical history over 20 years. OBSERVATIONS A 5-year-old girl developed left frontal lobe hemorrhage, presenting with headache. At 8 years of age, angiography showed diffuse capillary ectasia without an arteriovenous shunt. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed normal cerebral blood flow (CBF). She had normal growth without systemic disease. At 25 years of age, an intraventricular hemorrhage occurred, presenting with sudden headache. Angiography revealed vascular lesion enlargement, increased feeding arteries, dural supply to the nidus and peri-nidal lesion, and flow-related aneurysm. SPECT showed remarkable decreases in CBF in the nidus and peri-nidal lesion. Cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) was diagnosed, and the aneurysm arising at the lateral posterior choroidal artery caused the hemorrhage. Coil embolization of the aneurysm was performed with a flow-guide catheter and extremely soft platinum coils. New aneurysms were not noted 1.5 years after the procedure. LESSONS This is the first report to demonstrate hemodynamic changes in CPA on angiography and SPECT over 17 years. The development of endovascular devices has enabled the embolization of ruptured aneurysms at the peripheral cerebral artery.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) breeding companies depend on changing light, temperature and feeding regimes to achieve new generations outside the natural spawning season. However, there have been few conducted trials reported that have studied whether this shift affects important traits. We test whether an induced shift of two months earlier or two months later than normal spawning season affects the nutritional status (folate, methionine, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, free amino acids, N-metabolites and lipids) in broodstock liver and muscle and whether this affects the levels of the same nutrients in the offspring. The results showed significant seasonal differences in the Cahill cycle (glucose-alanine cycle), 1C metabolism and for free amino acids catabolized in the citric acid cycle all which are important for embryonic growth The broodstock nutritional status was reflected in the eggs. Nutritional status of broodstock liver and muscle and newly fertilized eggs showed two general scenarios: Advanced spawning period did not obtain optimal deposition of nutrients in the eggs. Delayed spawning broodstock displayed a metabolic profile which indicated that it had enhanced catabolization of muscle protein which led to accumulation of aminogroups from muscle breakdown to such a degree that these amino groups were increased in the eggs. The total body weight at start-feeding stage revealed best growth for both the normal and late spawning compared to early spawning. We show here that environmental alterations in broodstock husbandry influence the nutrient status of the next generation via nutritional and metabolic programming. This is an important concept which needs more careful awareness as the metabolism compensate and regulate the energy between catabolism and anabolism through the early stages of cell divisions which give rise to changes in permanent traits for the next generation.

Feeding plant‐based diet through smoltification of Atlantic salmon requires verification of the optimal level of 1C nutrients. Here, we fed Atlantic salmon plant‐based diets containing three different surplus amounts of the 1C nutrients; methionine, cobalamin (vitamin B12), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folic acid during 6 weeks in fresh water, through smoltification, followed by 3 months on‐growing period in salt water. The three diets were fed to fish dispersed in triplicate tanks throughout the experiment. Mean start body weight was 32 g. Dietary methionine levels in the diets were 6.7, 9.2 and 11.7 g/kg. Dietary B6 was 6.75, 8.45 and 11 mg/kg. Cobalamin was 0.16, 0.18 and 0.20 mg/kg. While dietary folic acid was 2.9, 4.8 and 6.3 mg/kg, diets are referred to as low, medium and high 1C diet. All other amino acids were similar between diets. The results showed no differences in growth or feed utilization in the fresh water period, but following the on‐growing salt water period, differences between diets occurred. The fish fed the medium 1C diet showed better growth, as compared to fish fed the low or high 1C diet (p = .009). The medium 1C fed fish showed a relative lower liver weight compared with fish fed low or high 1C diet (p = .025). Condition factor was better in fish fed the medium and high 1C diet as compared to those fed the low 1C diet (p = .0006). As expected, free methionine in liver, plasma and muscle increased by dietary methionine inclusion. Surplus vitamins only had minor effect on tissue concentrations. Based on these findings, we conclude that the micronutrient and methionine level presented in the medium 1C diet improved the growth, liver size and condition factor; however, more research is needed to evaluate the optimal requirement level for each of the 1C nutrients.

A moderate surplus of the one carbon (1C) nutrients methionine, folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 above dietary recommendations for Atlantic salmon has shown to improve growth and reduce hepatosomatic index in the on-growing saltwater period when fed throughout smoltification. Metabolic properties and molecular mechanisms determining the improved growth are unexplored. Here, we investigate metabolic and transcriptional signatures in skeletal muscle taken before and after smoltification to acquire deeper insight into pathways and possible nutrient-gene interactions. A control feed (Ctrl) or 1C nutrient surplus feed (1C+) were fed to Atlantic salmon 6 weeks prior to smoltification until 3 months after saltwater transfer. Both metabolic and gene expression signatures revealed significant 1C nutrient-dependent changes already at pre-smolt, but differences intensified when analysing post-smolt muscle. Transcriptional differences revealed lower expression of genes related to translation, growth and amino acid metabolisation in post-smolt muscle when fed additional 1C nutrients. The 1C+ group showed less free amino acid and putrescine levels, and higher methionine and glutathione amounts in muscle. For Ctrl muscle, the overall metabolic profile suggests a lower amino acid utilisation for protein synthesis, and increased methionine metabolisation in polyamine and redox homoeostasis, whereas transcription changes are indicative of compensatory growth regulation at local tissue level. These findings point to fine-tuned nutrient-gene interactions fundamental for improved growth capacity through better amino acid utilisation for protein accretion when salmon was fed additional 1C nutrients throughout smoltification. It also highlights potential nutritional programming strategies on improved post-smolt growth through 1C+ supplementation before and throughout smoltification.

A moderate surplus of the one carbon (1C) nutrients methionine, folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 above dietary recommendations for Atlantic salmon has shown to improve growth and reduce hepatosomatic index in the on-growing saltwater period when fed throughout smoltification. Metabolic properties and molecular mechanisms determining the improved growth are unexplored. Here, we investigate metabolic and transcriptional signatures in skeletal muscle taken before and after smoltification to acquire deeper insight into pathways and possible nutrient–gene interactions. A control feed (Ctrl) or 1C nutrient surplus feed (1C+) were fed to Atlantic salmon 6 weeks prior to smoltification until 3 months after saltwater transfer. Both metabolic and gene expression signatures revealed significant 1C nutrient-dependent changes already at pre-smolt, but differences intensified when analysing post-smolt muscle. Transcriptional differences revealed lower expression of genes related to translation, growth and amino acid metabolisation in post-smolt muscle when fed additional 1C nutrients. The 1C+ group showed less free amino acid and putrescine levels, and higher methionine and glutathione amounts in muscle. For Ctrl muscle, the overall metabolic profile suggests a lower amino acid utilisation for protein synthesis, and increased methionine metabolisation in polyamine and redox homoeostasis, whereas transcription changes are indicative of compensatory growth regulation at local tissue level. These findings point to fine-tuned nutrient–gene interactions fundamental for improved growth capacity through better amino acid utilisation for protein accretion when salmon was fed additional 1C nutrients throughout smoltification. It also highlights potential nutritional programming strategies on improved post-smolt growth through 1C+ supplementation before and throughout smoltification.

International audience; Selenium is an essential micronutrient and its metabolism is closely linked to the methionine cycle and transsulfuration pathway. The present study evaluated the effect of two different selenium supplements in the diet of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) broodstock on the one-carbon metabolism and the hepatic DNA methylation pattern in the progeny. Offspring of three parental groups of rainbow trout, fed either a control diet (NC, basal Se level: 0.3 mg/kg) or a diet supplemented with sodium selenite (SS, 0.8 mg Se/kg) or hydroxy-selenomethionine (SO, 0.7 mg Se/kg), were collected at swim-up fry stage. Our findings suggest that parental selenium nutrition impacted the methionine cycle with lower free methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and higher methionine synthase (mtr) mRNA levels in both selenium-supplemented treatments. DNA methylation profiling by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) identified differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) in offspring livers. These DMCs were related to 6535 differentially methylated genes in SS:NC, 6890 in SO:NC and 7428 in SO:SS, respectively. Genes with the highest methylation difference relate, among others, to the neuronal or signal transmitting and immune system which represent potential targets for future studies.

Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) have been less well studied compared to macronutrients (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates) although they play important roles in growth, metabolism, and maintenance of tissues. Hence, there is growing interest to understand the influence of micronutrients across various aspects in nutritional research. In the last two decades, aquaculture feeds have been shifted to containing more plant-based materials to meet the increasing demand and maintain the sustainability in the industry. In cultured fish, changing raw materials in feeds alters the requirement levels of micronutrients. A recent whole life cycle feeding trial of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with graded levels of micronutrient packages has concluded that the levels of several B-vitamins and microminerals need to be increased from the current recommendation levels for optimal growth and fish welfare when plant-based diets are used. Here, we show the effect of micronutrient supplementation on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation by using liver samples from the same feeding trial. Specifically, our aim is to reveal the mechanisms of altered cell metabolism, which results in improved growth performance by micronutrient surpluses, at gene expression and DNA methylation levels. Our results strongly indicate that micronutrient supplementation suppresses gene expression in lipid metabolism in a dose-dependent manner and broadly affects DNA methylation in cell adhesion and cell signalling. In particular, it increases DNA methylation levels on the acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha promoter in a concentration-dependent manner, which further suggests that acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha is an upstream epigenetic regulator controlling its downstream lipid biosynthesis activities. This study demonstrates a comprehensive analysis to reveal an important role of micronutrients in lipid metabolism through epigenetic control of gene expression.

We have recently identified from the avian hypothalamus a complementary DNA encoding a small secretory protein termed neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL). In chicks, NPGL increases body weight gain without affecting food intake. A database search reveals that NPGL is conserved throughout vertebrates. However, the central distribution and functional role of NPGL remains to be elucidated in mammals. In this study, we identified the precursor complementary DNA encoding NPGL from the mouse hypothalamus. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and morphological analyses revealed that NPGL precursor messenger RNA is robustly expressed in the mediobasal hypothalamus with NPGL neurons specifically localized to the lateroposterior part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. NPGL-immunoreactive fibers were observed in close anatomical contact with pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the rostral region of the arcuate nucleus. NPGL messenger RNA expression was elevated by 24-hour fasting and reduced by feeding of a high-fat diet for 5 weeks. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of mature NPGL increased food intake, pointing to an important role in feeding. Taken together, these findings report on the distribution of NPGL in the mammalian brain and point to an important role for this neuropeptide in energy homeostasis.

We recently discovered a novel gene encoding a small secretory protein, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which stimulates feeding behavior in mice following acute administration. These findings suggest that dysregulation of NPGL contributes to obesity and metabolic disease. To explore this possibility, we investigated the impact of prolonged exposure to NPGL through 13 days of chronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion and examined feeding behavior, body composition, expressions of lipid metabolic factors, respiratory metabolism, locomotor activity, and food preference. Under standard chow diet, NPGL increased white adipose tissue (WAT) mass without affecting feeding behavior and body mass. In contrast, when fed a high-calorie diet, NPGL stimulated feeding behavior and increased body mass concomitant with marked fat accumulation. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that mRNA expressions for key enzymes and related factors involved in lipid metabolism were increased in WAT and liver. Likewise, analyses of respiratory metabolism and locomotor activity revealed that energy expenditure and locomotor activity were significantly decreased by NPGL. In contrast, selective feeding of macronutrients did not alter food preference in response to NPGL, although total calorie intake was increased. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that NPGL-containing cells produce galanin, a neuropeptide that stimulates food intake. Taken together, these results provide further support for NPGL as a novel regulator of fat deposition through changes in energy intake and locomotor activity.

The Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry relies on adjustments of female broodstock spawning season to meet the demand for delivery of embryos outside the natural spawning season. Earlier results from zebrafish have shown that parental micronutrient status program offspring metabolism. Therefore, the main hypothesis of this study was to investigate if out-of-season (off-season) broodstock (spawning in June, in land-based recirculation systems) and their offspring deviate in micronutrient status when compared to broodstock and offspring from normal spawning season. Both seasons of female Atlantic salmon broodstock were fed the same diet and starved for approximately the same time interval prior to spawning. We compared nutrients related to the 1C metabolism (vitamin B12, folate, vitamin B6, methionine), free amino acids (FAAs) and lipid classes in broodstock muscle and liver tissues, and during offspring ontogeny. In general, the off-season broodstock showed higher levels of folate, vitamin B6 and selected FAAs in muscle tissue, and higher levels of folate and lipids (cholesterol and sphingomyelin) in liver tissue compared to normal-season. Furthermore, embryos from off-season had reduced amounts of all the measured lipid classes, like cholesterol and sphingomyelin, and lower levels of one type of folate and changes in FAAs and N-metabolites. We discovered significant differences between the seasons in mRNA levels of genes controlling fatty acid synthesis and 1C metabolism in both broodstock liver and offspring. Moreover, for genes controlling the methylation of DNA; both maintenance and de novo DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were expressed at higher levels in off-season compared to normal-season offspring. Our results show, in general that normal spawning season broodstock allocated more nutrients to eggs than off-season. Our results indicate a potential for improved maturation for off-season group to obtain a higher offspring growth potential, and this argues for a reassessment of the nutritional influence from broodstock to offspring and the consequences through nutritional programming.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in regulating mRNA expression, and individual miRNAs have been proposed as diagnostic and therapeutic candidates. The identification of such candidates is complicated by the involvement of multiple miRNAs and mRNAs as well as unknown disease topology of the miRNAs. Here, we investigated if disease-associated miRNAs regulate modules of disease-associated mRNAs, if those miRNAs act complementarily or synergistically, and if single or combinations of miRNAs can be targeted to alter module functions. We first analyzed publicly available miRNA and mRNA expression data for five different diseases. Integrated target prediction and network-based analysis showed that the miRNAs regulated modules of disease-relevant genes. Most of the miRNAs acted complementarily to regulate multiple mRNAs. To functionally test these findings, we repeated the analysis using our own miRNA and mRNA expression data from CD4+ T cells from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. This is a good model of complex diseases because of its well-defined phenotype and pathogenesis. Combined computational and functional studies confirmed that miRNAs mainly acted complementarily and that a combination of two complementary miRNAs, miR-223 and miR-139-3p, could be targeted to alter disease-relevant module functions, namely, the release of type 2 helper T-cell (Th2) cytokines. Taken together, our findings indicate that miRNAs act complementarily to regulate modules of disease-related mRNAs and can be targeted to alter disease-relevant functions.

Summary The precision–recall plot is more informative than the ROC plot when evaluating classifiers on imbalanced datasets, but fast and accurate curve calculation tools for precision–recall plots are currently not available. We have developed Precrec, an R library that aims to overcome this limitation of the plot. Our tool provides fast and accurate precision–recall calculations together with multiple functionalities that work efficiently under different conditions. Availability and Implementation Precrec is licensed under GPL-3 and freely available from CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/package=precrec). It is implemented in R with C ++. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that can regulate many genes by base pairing to sites in mRNAs. The functionality of miRNAs overlaps that of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and many features of miRNA targeting have been revealed experimentally by studying miRNA-mimicking siRNAs. This review outlines the features associated with animal miRNA targeting and describes currently available prediction tools., Comment: A review paper on miRNA targets, 7 pages

目的: 本研究の目的は, 歯科治療時における体位の変化が下顎位に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることである.方法: 被験者には, 顎口腔系に機能異常を認めない19-28歳の10名を選択した. 下顎位の測定装置には自家製のパラオクルーザルクラッチと三次元6自由度の顎運動測定が可能なナソヘキサグラフ®を用い, 体位の変化にかかわらず測定用カメラと被験者の頭部との距離と角度が一定に保てるように改良を加えた. 治療椅子の背板を傾斜させていない座位に対して, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90度の6段階で後方傾斜させた際の筋肉位における切歯点と左右側顆頭点の偏位量を測定し, 一元配置分散分析後シェッフェの多重比較検定を行った.結果: 設定したすべての後方傾斜角において, 切歯点では後方に, 左右側顆頭点では後上方への偏位を示し, 後方傾斜角の増加に伴い後上方への偏位量が増加する傾向が認められた. 座位と各後方傾斜角との間で, 筋肉位の偏位量に関して統計解析を行った結果, 切歯点と左側顆頭点では45度以上, 右側顆頭点では60度以上で有意差が認められた.結論: 下顎位は, 座位と比較して後方傾斜角45度から有意に後方へ偏位し, 後方傾斜角が増すにつれて偏位量は増大する傾向が認められた. このことから, 歯科治療時における体位の変化が下顎位に影響を及ぼすことが明らかとなり, 咬合採得や咬合調整は, 治療椅子の背板を45度以上後方傾斜させない状態で行う必要があることが示唆された.

目的: 咬合器の作業側側方顆路角の変化が犬歯相当部補綴物の側方ガイドに与える影響を, 実際の咬合器の運動を測定して明らかにすることを目的とする.方法: 作業側側方顆路角調節機構を備えた半調節性咬合器に模型を装着し, 作業側下顎犬歯部尖頭の運動経路を6自由度顎運動解析装置ナソヘキサグラフ®を用いて測定した. 作業側側方顆路角のほかに平衡側側方顆路角, 矢状顆路傾斜度をそれぞれ変化させて側方運動を行い, 運動経路の矢状面投影角, 水平面投影角, 前頭面投影角について比較検討した.結果: 矢状面投影角は, 作業側側方顆路角がマイナス方向へ向かうに従って, 平衡側側方顆路角および矢状顆路傾斜度が増加するにつれて大きくなった. 水平面投影角は作業側側方顆路角がマイナス方向に向かうに従って, また平衡側側方顆路角が増加するにつれて小さくなったが, 矢状顆路傾斜度による影響は認められなかった. 前頭面投影角は作業側側方顆路角がマイナス方向へ向かうに従って, また平衡側側方顆路角, 矢状顆路傾斜度が増加するにつれて大きくなったが, 作業側側方顆路角がプラス方向に向かったときには一定の傾向を示さなかった.結論: 作業側側方顆路角がマイナス方向に向かい平衡側側方顆路角と矢状顆路傾斜度が増加するに従って, 作業側側方顆路角の影響が大きくなることが明らかとなり, 補綴物製作にあたり作業側側方顆路角の調節が重要であることが示された.

Redox properties of the surface of vanadyl pyrophosphate ((VO) 2 P 2 O 7 ) have been investigated mainly by means of in situ Raman spectroscopy as well as IR measurement of low temperature adsorption of CO. The results of in situ Raman spectroscopy were consistent with our previous conclusion [G. Koyano, T. Okuhara, M. Misono, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120 (1998) 767.] that the reversible oxidation and reduction between (VO) 2 P 2 O 7 and X 1 phase of VOPO 4 operates on the surface during the selective oxidation of n -butane with a relatively high selectivity for maleic anhydride, and showed that the surface X 1 phase formed by oxidation was reversibly reduced to the original (VO) 2 P 2 O 7 phase. However, β-VOPO 4 was once formed on the surface, the surface and the selectivity was not recovered by the reduction. It was confirmed by the IR investigation that the change of the surface were essentially reversible for the oxidation and reduction process between (VO) 2 P 2 O 7 and X 1 phase, but the oxidation to β-VOPO 4 changed irreversibly the surface. Furthermore, it was indicated that n -butane preferentially interacts with a Lewis acid site than a Bronsted acid site.

Prof. Yasuzi Kamata who was a former president of Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics, a famous researcher in the field of photographic emulsion and also an excellent educator gave me many kinds of sensitizing dyes for my study on the photographic sensitizing dyes. In this paper, I try to leave his achievement of the research on the photographic sensitizer to the future through a discussion about valuable sensitizing dyes which he left.

Background: Despite experiments showing that the number of microRNA (miRNA) target sites is critical for miRNA targeting, most existing methods focus on identifying individual miRNA target sites and do not model contributions of multiple target sites to miRNA regulation. To address this possible fault, we developed a miRNA target prediction model that recognizes the individual characteristics of functional binding sites and the global characteristics of miRNA-targeted mRNAs. Results: Benchmark experiments showed that this two-step model generally had a higher overall performance than other established miRNA target prediction algorithms and that the model was especially suited to identify true miRNA targets among genes that all contain conserved target sites. Conclusions: This improved performance could partly be explained by the model not relying on conservation when predicting targets. The critical factors for the model’s performance, however, were mRNA-level features that characterized the number and strength of individual target sites within the mRNA. The model is available for online predictions or as pre-computed predictions on the human genome http://tare.medisin.ntnu.no/mirna_target. © 2010 Saito and Sætrom; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The nature of hydroxyl groups of H 3 PW 12 O 40 and Cs x H 3- x PW 12 O 40 has been investigated by means of IR spectroscopy. Novel behavior of protons in HPW·nH 2 O was observed with the change of the amount of water molecules, n, and the acidic OH band was identified. A good correlation between the surface acidity and the catalytic activity was confirmed for the Cs hydrogen salts by low temperature CO adsorpton.

Background MicroRNA (miRNA) target genes tend to have relatively long and conserved 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), but to what degree these characteristics contribute to miRNA targeting is poorly understood. Different high-throughput experiments have, for example, shown that miRNAs preferentially regulate genes with both short and long 3' UTRs and that target site conservation is both important and irrelevant for miRNA targeting. Results We have analyzed several gene context-dependent features, including 3' UTR length, 3' UTR conservation, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels, reported to have conflicting influence on miRNA regulation. By taking into account confounding factors such as technology-dependent experimental bias and competition between transfected and endogenous miRNAs, we show that two factors - target gene expression and competition - could explain most of the previously reported experimental differences. Moreover, we find that these and other target site-independent features explain about the same amount of variation in target gene expression as the target site-dependent features included in the TargetScan model. Conclusions Our results show that it is important to consider confounding factors when interpreting miRNA high throughput experiments and urge special caution when using microarray data to compare average regulatory effects between groups of genes that have different average gene expression levels.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate genes post transcription by pairing with messenger RNA (mRNA). Variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA regulatory regions might result in altered protein levels and disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aim at identifying genomic regions that contain variants associated with disease, but lack tools for finding causative variants. We present a computational tool that can help identifying SNPs associated with diseases, by focusing on SNPs affecting miRNA-regulation of genes. The tool predicts the effects of SNPs in miRNA target sites and uses linkage disequilibrium to map these miRNA-related variants to SNPs of interest in GWAS. We compared our predicted SNP effects in miRNA target sites with measured SNP effects from allelic imbalance sequencing. Our predictions fit measured effects better than effects based on differences in free energy or differences of TargetScan context scores. We also used our tool to analyse data from published breast cancer and Parkinson's disease GWAS and significant trait-associated SNPs from the NHGRI GWAS Catalog. A database of predicted SNP effects is available at http://www.bigr.medisin.ntnu.no/mirsnpscore/ . The database is based on haplotype data from the CEU HapMap population and miRNAs from miRBase 16.0. The Author(s) 2011. Published by Oxford University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The surface acidity of cesium hydrogen salts of 12-tungstophosphoric acid, CsxH3−xPW12O40 (Csx; x = 2 - 3), has been characterized by FT-IR measurements of the low-temperature adsorption of CO. In the region of the CO stretching, CO adsorbed on H+ (2165 cm−1) and CO on Cs+ (2154 cm−1) were distinguished. The relative intensity of 2165 cm−1 band to 2154 cm−1 band increased linearly with the formal H+/Cs+ ratio, (3−x)/x. The integrated intensity of 2165 cm−1 changed in parallel with the catalytic activity for the surface-type reactions.

The reversible oxidation and reduction of vanadyl pyrophosphate ((VO)2P2O7) to and from X1 phase of VOPO4 on the surface was demonstrated under the reaction conditions of n-butane oxidation by means of in situ Raman spectroscopy. This result combined with the previous ex situ studies1 indicates that this redox cycle is responsible for the catalytic oxidation to maleic anhydride.