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1. Intracultural and Intercultural Contact Orientation of International Students in Japan: Uncertainty Management by Cultural Identification

Author

Taniguchi, Norihito, Takai, Jiro, and Skowronski, Dariusz

Abstract

The lack of exchange between international students and host nationals in Japan has long been a pressing issue, yet very little progress has been made to rectify this situation. In this study, we examined this issue by focusing on how international students in Japan perceive cultural contact with their host and home culture members during their sojourn. The study applied a qualitative approach based on grounded theory, collecting data through semi-structured interviews with 41 international students from China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. According to the social identity and anxiety/uncertainty management approach, we interpreted the findings on how international students manage uncertainty in the Japanese environment by identifying with the host and their own home cultures for their psychological well-being, which we distinguished as intercultural or intracultural contact orientation. International students demonstrated an intracultural rather than intercultural contact orientation due to the host nationals reacting to them as "foreigners."

Published
2022

3. Chapter 3 The Psychology of Culture in Japan

Author

Takamatsu, Reina and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
cross-cultural psychology, cultural diversity, cultural psychology, ethnic minority, globalisation, indigenous psychology, psychology in Asia, psychology in the global south, psychology in the Pacific, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology
Abstract

Today’s world is more interconnected and interdependent than ever before. Within the context of globalisation and the associated increased contact between diverse groups of people, the psychology of culture is more relevant than ever. Asia-Pacific Perspectives on Intercultural Psychology brings together leading researchers from 11 countries to showcase the innovative, evolving, and diverse approaches that epitomise the development of the psychology of culture across the Asia-Pacific region. The contributors provide a range of examples of how different psychologies of culture can inform engagements with a range of psychological issues. Central to each chapter is the relationship between local cultures and ways of being, and knowledge production practices, imported theories, and methods from the global discipline. It is the resulting tensions and opportunities for dialogue that are central to the further development of intercultural psychology as a diverse scholarly arena. This important work argues the case for a combination of etic and emic approaches to theory, research, and practice in psychology, that this is foundational to the development of intercultural perspectives and more comprehensive understandings of both the universal and local elements of human experience and psychological phenomena today.

Published
2018
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4. Media Exposure and Risk Perception as Predictors of Engagement in COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior Across Two Cultures

Author

Hu Xuechen, Gao Xingjian, Xu Wenzhen, and Takai Jiro

Subjects
media exposure, personal hygiene, preventive behavior, risk perception, social media involvement, survey, theory of planned behavior, Communication. Mass media, P87-96
Abstract

This study examined the psychological and social factors that affect the performance of preventive behaviors toward COVID-19, by testing a model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Our model featured media exposure and social networking site (SNS) involvement, and we tested it in two highly contrasted cultures regarding COVID-19 attitudes: U.S. and Japan.

Published
2022
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5. The relationship between frequency of performing acts of kindness and subjective well-being: A mediation model in three cultures

Author

Gherghel, Claudia, Nastas, Dorin, Hashimoto, Takeshi, and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
Civilization -- Psychological aspects, Culture -- Psychological aspects, Kindness -- Psychological aspects, Quality of life -- Psychological aspects, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Two studies investigated the relationship between frequency of performing prosocial acts and subjective well-being. Adult participants from three countries (Japan, Romania, and the US) responded to online questionnaires measuring focal variables. In Study 1, a short scale measuring kindness was devised, and its validity for cross-cultural research was probed. Results revealed that engagement in prosocial behavior was positively associated with empathic concern and subjective well-being. Study 2 showed that the needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy mediate the relationship between frequency of performing acts of kindness and subjective well-being. The results contribute to the cross-cultural literature suggesting that engagement in prosocial behavior enhances the well-being of the benefactor., Author(s): Claudia Gherghel [sup.1] , Dorin Nastas [sup.2] , Takeshi Hashimoto [sup.3] , Jiro Takai [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.27476.30, 0000 0001 0943 978X, Graduate School of Education and Human [...]

Published
2021
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7. The effect of emotional competence on relational quality: Comparing Japan and Myanmar

Author

Min, May Cho and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
Emotional intelligence -- Social aspects -- Demographic aspects, Interpersonal relations -- Psychological aspects -- Demographic aspects, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

This study examined cultural influences on relational qualities through intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional competence (EC) for friendship networks (same-sex best friend and opposite-sex best friend), romantic partner, and family members (sibling, mother, and father). Much of the literature on cross-cultural comparison of emotions has been conducted in Western cultures, and a few cross-cultural comparisons have been made between Western cultures and Japan. Relatively little work has been done outside of these countries. This study aimed to compare the significance of EC on interpersonal relationships between Japan, and a Southeast Asian culture, namely, Myanmar, as an exploratory effort outside of the individualism-collectivism continuum, hence focusing on two collectivistic, and Asian cultures. We recruited 721 university students from one East Asian country (Japan) and one Southeast Asian country (Myanmar). We found cultural differences of EC and relational qualities for each target (same-sex best friend, opposite-sex best friend, romantic partner, sibling, mother, and father). Moreover, both interpersonal and intrapersonal EC mediated the impact of culture on positive relational qualities for family members. Intrapersonal EC mediated this effect for same-sex best friend and romantic partner, whereas interpersonal EC did so for opposite-sex best friend. Additionally, interpersonal EC mediated the effect between culture and negative relational qualities for father. Our findings suggest that EC mediates the effect of culture on relational qualities, and that there are cultural differences regarding this effect., Author(s): May Cho Min [sup.1] , Jiro Takai [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.27476.30, 0000 0001 0943 978X, Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8601, [...]

Published
2021
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8. Cross-cultural comparison of university students' emotional competence in Asia

Author

Min, May Cho, Islam, Md Nurul, Wang, Lina, and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
College students -- Psychological aspects, Interpersonal relations -- Methods -- Analysis, Social skills -- Methods -- Analysis, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Emotional competence (EC) refers to individual differences in the identification, comprehension, expression, regulation, and use of one's own emotions and others' emotions, (Brasseur et al. in Plos One, 8(5), e62635, 2013 (See CR5)) and is known to be culturally construed. Cross-cultural studies involving Asians typically sample one or two cultures as representatives of a collectivistic culture, but we opine to differ, in that these cultures have their distinct character, especially with regard to EC. We investigated the measurement invariance of Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) with samples collected from four Asian countries, representing three distinct regions of the continent: Myanmar (N = 400), Japan (N = 400), China (N = 436), and Bangladesh (N = 400). We found that the PEC was a robust measure of both intrapersonal and interpersonal EC across these countries. Myanmar showed the highest global EC, followed by Bangladesh, China, and Japan, and significant effects of culture were found in all intrapersonal and interpersonal EC factors. Gender main effect was found in one intrapersonal EC (regulation of own emotions) and four interpersonal EC (identification of, listening to, regulation of, and utilization of others' emotions), while gender-culture interaction effects were confirmed in two intrapersonal EC (comprehension and expression of own emotions). While cross-cultural studies typically bundle these cultures into one, that of Eastern, we found much variability within them, and they should be deemed independent of one another, especially in terms of EC. The findings enhance our understanding of EC across cultures, in particular with respect to the basis of which interpersonal behavior might differ across these four cultures., Author(s): May Cho Min [sup.1] , Md Nurul Islam [sup.1] , Lina Wang [sup.1] , Jiro Takai [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.27476.30, 0000 0001 0943 978X, Graduate School of Education [...]

Published
2021
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9. Interpersonal Duty as a Tool for Managing Uncertainty: Uncertainty Threat Changes Negative Affect Reaction Toward Duty Adherence/Violation

Author

Terashima, Yuto and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
Interpersonal relations -- Psychological aspects, Uncertainty -- Psychological aspects, Psychological research, Threat (Psychology) -- Research, Duty -- Psychological aspects, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

We investigated changes in negative affect reactions toward interpersonal duty violation/adherence under uncertainty which we refer to as uncertainty threat. One's feelings of duty and obligation toward the partner may induce him/her to act in accordance to the partner's expectations, and this functions to free the relationship of uncertainty. However, if the partner fails to conform to his/her duty, we may become uncertain about the future of the relationship, and consequently, experience negative affect, including anger, contempt, and disappointment. We hypothesized that uncertainty threat leads to such negative affective arousal. Uncertainty threat motivates individuals to reduce uncertainty, and hence make them more sensitive toward the source of uncertainty, above and beyond the specific context in which it poses a threat. A series of three experiments were conducted, in which we manipulated uncertainty threat through priming and a distractor task. Participants then read a short scenario in which duty violation or adherence were described, and rated negative affect toward it. Results generally indicated significant interaction effects across the experiments. The effects of scenario manipulation on negative affect reaction were more acute under uncertainty threat than when no threat was present. The present study indicated that duty was not only beneficial for social coordination, but also vital to mask uncertainty and insecurity regarding relationships., Author(s): Yuto Terashima [sup.1] , Jiro Takai [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 0943 978X, grid.27476.30, Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 464-8601, Nagoya, [...]

Published
2019
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10. The Effects of Language Competence and Self-regulatory Focus on Intercultural Communication Apprehension: Comparing Japan, China and America.

Author

WANG, Lina, WU, Xiaoyan, LEE, Peter S., and TAKAI, Jiro

Subjects
CROSS-cultural communication, SPEECH anxiety, CULTURAL competence, CHINESE-speaking students, JAPANESE students, LANGUAGE ability
Abstract

This study examined the intercultural communication apprehension of university students in Japan and China, and its relationship with language competence, and self-regulation, comparing the two to those in America. A total of 614 students from Japan (N=216), China (N=215), and America (N=183) completed the questionnaire online. Our findings demonstrated that Japanese and Chinese students were higher in intercultural communication apprehension and prevention focus, while Americans were higher in promotion focus. As predicted, apart from the English language ability, self-regulatory focus explained the intercultural communication anxiety of Japanese and Chinese students. The impact of language competence on intercultural communication apprehension was mediated by promotion focus. The findings uncovered some important motivational factors with potential for mitigating the intercultural communication apprehension of students in East Asian cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024

13. Cultural Difference in Conflict Management Strategies of Children and Its Development: Comparing 3- and 5-Year-Olds across China, Japan, and Korea

Author

Maruyama, Hiroki, Ujiie, Tatsuo, Takai, Jiro, Takahama, Yuko, Sakagami, Hiroko, Shibayama, Makoto, Fukumoto, Mayumi, Ninomiya, Katsumi, Hyang Ah, Park, Feng, Xiaoxia, Takatsuji, Chie, Hirose, Miwa, Kudo, Rei, Shima, Yoshihiro, Nakayama, Rumiko, Hamaie, Noriko, Zhang, Feng, and Moriizumi, Satoshi

Abstract

Research Findings: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the development of conflict management strategies, focusing on 3- and 5-year-olds, through a comparison of 3 neighboring Asian cultures, those of China (n = 114), Japan (n = 98), and Korea (n = 90). The dual concern model of conflict management was adopted to probe which strategy children would prefer to use in 2 hypothetical conflict situations. Results indicated that, first, for disagreement, 3-year-olds in the 3 countries equally preferred the dominating strategy. For competition for resources, 3-year-olds differed in their strategy preference across all cultures. Second, the observed strategy preference of 3- to 5-year-old children in this study was more or less different from that of older schoolchildren, regardless of culture. Practice or Policy: These findings suggest the significance of the context, the complexity of the phenomenon of the development of cultural differences, and the significance of cohort sampling.

Published
2015
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17. Symposia

Author

Correll, Christoph, Kutcher, Stanley P., McClellan, John, Buitelaar, Jan, Pappadopulos, Elizabeth, Rothenberger, Aribert, Mattejat, Fritz, Scott, Stephen, Weisz, John, Schulz, Eberhard, Felder, Wilhelm, Fleischhaker, Christian, Böhme, R., Sixt, B., Jan van der Gaag, Rutger, Katz, Laurence Y., Cox, Brian J., Gunasekara, Shiny, Miller, Alec L., Laor, Nathaniel, Riedesser, Peter, Caffo, Ernesto, Leckman, James, Ammaniti, Massimo, Nicolais, Giampaolo, Speranza, Mario, Steiner, Hans, Delizonna, Laura, Schallauer, Astrid, Thienemann, Margo, McFarlane, Alexander C., van Hooff, Miranda, Sawyer, Michael, Cianchetti, Carlo, Gaddour, Naoufel, Sana, Mokni, Anouar, Mechri, Mondher, Letaief, Lotfi, Gaha, Härtling, Fabian, Bittner, Robert, Haenschel, Corinna, Cap, Marcus, Goncharova, Tanja, Linden, David E. J., Dittmann, Ralf, Maestele, Anneliese, Mehler, Claudia, Meyer, Eberhard, Jenner, Jack A., Boeing, Leonie, Murray, Val, Pelosi, Anthony, McCabe, Robert, Blackwood, Douglas, Wrate, Robert, Pellerano, S., Pintor, M., Mellis, G. L., Piroddi, T., Flisher, Alan, Nesa, Monique, Rooney, Rosanna, Roberts, Clare, Kane, Robert, Silburn, Sven, Pike, Lisbeth, Deaton, Helge Staby, Lustig, Stuart, Funk, Michelle, Rickards, Anne, Reddihough, Dinah, Wright-Rossi, Roslyn, Simpson, Jacqui, Seuthe, Dieter David, Vielhaber, H., Orden, Kinderklinik Dritter, Backmund, H., Gerlinghoff, M., Schwab-Stone, Mary, Jespers, Ine, Vermeiren, Robert, Ruchkin, Vladislav, Blatny, Marek, Hrdlicka, Michal, Urbanek, Tomas, Jelinek, Martin, Balastikova, Veronika, Jeammet, Philippe, Frottin, Alain, Filipovic, Andjelka, Albert, Eric, Schelotto, Dora Musetti, Knezevic, Mladen, Jovancevic, Milivoj, Hill, Jonathan, Lawlor, Maria, Kienbacher, Christian, Prause, Carolin, Stöckl, Margit, Bogyi, Gertrude, Friedrich, Max H., Klein, Michael, Kürschner, Katrin, Murray, Lynne, Leidecker, Victoria, Sharp, Helen, Luoma, Ilona, Kaukonen, Pälvi, Tamminen, Tuula, Nurcombe, Barry, Martin, Graham, McDermott, Brett, Resch, Franz, Schimmelman, Benno Graf, Edwards, Jane, McGorry, Patrick D., Lambert, Martin, Conus, Philippe, Preuss, Ulrich, Bürgin, Dieter, Strauss, Monika, Parzer, Peter, Spiel, Georg, von Korff, C., Ballin, H.-A., Gößler, R., Günter, M., Sange, G., Meng, Heiner, Koch, Eginhard, Minde, Klaus, True, Mary, Pisani, L., Oumar, F., Padilla, J., Bouville, Jean-François, Vogel, Wendy, Schmeck, Klaus, Goth, Kirstin, Purper-Ouakil, Diane, Dessons, Véronique, Doyen, Catherine, Perez-Diaz, Fernando, Mouren-Simeoni, Marie-Christine, Karwautz, Andreas, Wagner, Gudrun, Schwienbacher, Klaus, Haidvogl, Maria, Nobis, Gerald, Treasure, Janet Linda, Collier, David Andrew, Brunner, Romuald, Hueg, A., Haffner, Johann, Schmid, Marc, Goldbeck, Lutz, Nützel, Jakob, Höfling, Volkmar, Schermelleh-Engel, Karin, Moosbrugger, Helfried, Tomàs, Josep, Cornellà, Josep, Llusent, Alex, Bielsa, Anna, Belfer, Myron, Robertson, Brian, Mandlhate, Custodia, Seck, Birama, Zwirs, Barbara, Burger, Huib, Schulpen, Tom, Salman Al-Obedy, A. Karem, Romanchuk, Oleh, Namyslowska, Irena, Reigstad, Björn S., Jorgensen, Kirsti Margrethe, Matthys, Walter, Lochman, John, Zonnevylle-Bender, Marjo, van de Wiel, Nicolle, Wagner, Angela, Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine, Goepel, Christopher, van Bokhoven, Irene, van Goozen, Stephanie, Franciosi, L. Patt, Acquoy, Leode Graaf, Tischlinger, Anne, Pharm, B., Bronder, Knut Halyard, Schleimer, Kari, Walter, Joachim, Ephraime, Boia, Dmitrieva, Tatjana, Silva, Alvaro Seligman, Becker, Katja, Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph, Metzke, C. Winkler, Furtado, Erikson F., Laucht, Manfred, Bilke, Oliver, Zimmermann, Petra, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Lieb, Roselind, Hannesdottir, Helga, Tyrfingsson, Thorarinn, Döpfner, Manfred, Hahlweg, Kurt, Kuschel, Annett, Bertram, Heike, Heinrichs, Nina, Freund-Braier, Inez, Brix, Gabriele, Hautmann, Christopher, Pluck, Julia, Crijnen, Alfons, van Lier, Pol, Vuijk, Patricia, Frank, Reiner, Vandvik, Inger Helene, Schäfert, Rainer, van Weel, Jeanne, Schieveld, Jan, Fegert, Jörg M., Friedrich, William, Celestin-Westreich, Smadar, Celestin, Leon Patrice, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen, Ingrid, Nagao, Keizo, Kisida, M., Shindo, E., Larsen, Helmer Baying, Helweg-Larsen, Karin, Lindauer, Ramón, Booij, Jan, Olff, Miranda, den Heeten, Gerard, Gersons, Berthold, Boer, Frits, Schoentjes, Eric, Bal, Sarah, Schulte-Markwort, Michael, Solantaus, Tytti, Toikka, Sini, Alasuutari, Maarit, Steck, Barbara, Grether, Andrea, Ehrensperger, M., Amsler, Felix, Kappos, L., Saha, Rina, Paschen, Bela, Baldus, Christiane, Haagen, Miriam, Pott, Martina, Romer, Georg, Ono, Yoshiro, Homma, H., Ishida, Y., Ide, H., Okamoto, M., Kameoka, S., Nakayama, Hiroshi, Yamamoto, A., Mukaddes, Nahit Motavalli, Tyano, Sam, Mozes, Tamar, Caplan, R., Malhotra, Savita, Ledda, Maria Giuseppina, Fratta, Al, Mannino, S., Corona, Simona, Zuddas, A., Olalla, Macarena Marin, Garcia, Ruth, Ramirez, Bernardo Perez, Campion, Ross, Hindley, Peter, Gupta, Nitin, Bhattacharaya, Anish, Kapoor, Mehak, van de Willge, G., Klemm, Silke, Smesny, S., Stockebrand, M., Grunwald, S., Juffer, Femmie, van Ijzendoorn, Marinus H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., Ziegenhain, Ute, Derksen, B., Dreisörner, R., Gutschner, Daniel, Maldonado-Duran, Martin, Ferndndez-Criado, Manuel, Heidenreich, Felicia, Moro, Marie Rose, Millhuff, Charles, Pope, Kirby, Theisen, Frank, Himmerich, Hubertus, Kraus, T., Schuld, A., Pollmächter, T., Apter, Alan, Gothelf, D., Brand-Gothelf, A., Ratzoni, Gidi, Kikinzon, L., Weizman, A., Bloch, Yuval, Haberhausen, Michael, Müller, Daniel, Fayyad, John, Filho, Altino Bessa Marques, de Menezes, Adolfo Bezerra, Campo, John, Shafer, Sheree, Strohm, Jennifer, Lucas, Amanda, Shaeffer, David, Altman, Harold, Gelachek, Christine, Motomura, Naoyasu, Takino, Yozo, Iwakiri, Masahiro, Pössel, Patrick, Seemann, Simone, Hautzinger, Martin, Mutale, Theodore, Haase, Christian, Abidi, Majid Ali, Raheem, Shehla, Faw, Leyla, Hogue, Aaron, Liddle, Howard, Catthoor, Kirsten, Hutsebaut, Joost, Jasinski, Donald, Faries, Douglas, Moore, Rodney, Streeck-Fischer, Annette, Sannwald, Renate, Barth, Gottfried Maria, Schwarz, Christoph, Staigle, Monika, Pham, Manh-Hiep, Balanzin, Dario, Materi, Joelle, Eresund, Pia, Mokhovikov, Alexander, Stankovic, Sandra, Munir, Kerim, Erol, Nese, Çetin, Füsun Çuhadarodlu, Hassiotis, Angela, Flament, Martine, Scholz, Michael, Rix, Maud, Nestler, Franziska, Selisko, Annegret, Godart, Nathalie, Perdereau, Fabienne, Rein, Zoé, Curt, Florence, Akister, Jane, Lee, Pei-Chin Peggy, Tsai, Sho-Man Susan, Ho, Lai-Shiun, Wu, Su-Chun, Miermont, Jacques, Swenson, Joel, Teherani, Mardjane, Falissard, Bruno, Cottraux, Jean, Plück, Julia, Oades, Robert, Simons-Sprong, Mirjam, Schothorst, P. F., Swaab-Barneveld, J. T., Juran, Stephanie, Weisbrod, Matthias, Chen, Eric, Röpcke, Bernd, Popovic-Deusic, Smiljka, Poustka, Luise, Wild-Wall, Nele, Papousek, Mechthilde, Keren, Mirelle, Feldman, Ruth, Maestro, S., Chilosi, A., Pecini, C., Pfanner, L., Greenhill, Laurence, Jahnsen, K., den Berg, L. T. W. Jong-van, Zito, J. M., Posner, Kelly, Skrobala, Anne, Goldberg, Pablo, Kotler, Lisa, Findling, Robert, Bussing, Regina, Sayal, Kapil, Mitchell, Geoffrey, Huss, Michael, Högl, Barbara, Grimmlinger, Renate, Käppler, Karl Christoph, Teodoro, Maycoln M. L., Oswald, Sylvia Hiromi, Dagnoni, Janine M., Pinheiro, M. I., Heleno, C. T., Rothe-Neves, R., Haase, V. G., Prette, A. Del, Lambertucci, Marimilia Rodrigues, Rodrigues, J. L., Freitas, P. M., Lourenco, C. A. P., Carvalho, H. C. W., Baumeister, J., Weisenhorn, M., Stadelmann, S., Oswald, S. H., Ruder, H., Ruggerini, Ciro, Vicini, Stefania, Pupulin, Enrico, Guidi, Antonio, Puura, Kaija, Mäntymaa, Mirjami, von Klitzing, Kai, Rosvald, Orna, Kröber, Hans-Ludwig, Stöver, A., Proske, R., Semmelbeck, Rainer, Walther, Marc, Schmelzle, Matthias, Egli-Alge, Monika, Beckett, Richard, Gerhold, Constanze, Turkmen-Barta, Lieselotte, Chiland, Colette, Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino, Ceglie, Domenico Di, Lehmkuhl, Ulrike, Uccellini, Orlando, Bertolini, Mario, Neri, Francesca, Albanese, Delia, Bertola, Raffaella, Snoek, Maartje, Kas, Martien, Schulze, Ulrike Margarete Elisabeth, Calame, Silke, Keller, Ferdinand, Santel, Stephanie, Krauel, Kerstin, Rotte, Michael, Münte, Thomas F., van Elburg, Annemarie, Poustka, Fritz, Bölte, Sven, Feineis-Matthews, Sabine, Boite, Sven, Hubl, D., Prvulovic, D., Dierks, T., Klauck, Sabine, Moilanen, Irma, Mattila, M., Laurila, J., Jussila, K., Pyper, A., Linna, S. L., Ebeling, Hanna, Pauls, D., Korpilahti, Pirjo, Loukusa, Soile, Jansson-Verkasalo, Eira, Hebebrand, Johannes, Herpertz-Dahlmann, Beate, Hinney, Anke, Wermter, Anne-Kathrin, Friedel, Susann, Geller, Frank, Schafer, Helmut, Fernandez-Aranda, Fernando, Holliday, Joanna, Holtkamp, Kristian, Mika, C., Heer, M., Uher, Rudolf, Barbarich, Nicole, Henry, Shannan E., Bailer, Ursula, Frank, Guido, Kaye, Walter H., Wentz, Elisabet, Lacey, J. Hubert, Waller, Glenn, Rastam, Maria, Turk, Jeremy, Gillberg, Christopher, Verhulst, Frank C., Zwaanswijk, Marieke, Verhaak, Peter, Bensing, Jozien, van der Ende, Jan, Verhulst, Frank, Sourander, Andre, Santalahti, Paivi, Ford, Tamsin, Goodman, Robert, Meltzer, Howard, Seiffge-Krenke, Inge, Fritsch, Richard, Cutler, Marika, Anthony, E. James, Rydelius, Per-Anders, Castell, Rolf, Pejovic-Milovancevic, Milica, Pavlovic, Miroslav, Kalman, Noa, Linder, Muli, Luria, Ido, Levkovitz, Yechiel, Yamazaki, Kosuke, da Silva, Pedro Caldeira, Santos, Grata, Martins, Filipa, Chiu, Yen-Nan, Tsai, Wen-Jer, Gau, Shur-Fen, Tseng, Chang-Chang, Su, Shu-Chen, Croonenberghs, Jan, Brouw, Lucas, Wauters, Annick, Bruning, Nicole, Manjaly, Zina, Fink, Gereon, Aleksic, Olivera, Rudic, Nenad, Jansen, Lucres, Wied, Christine C. Gispen-De, Lahuis, Bertine, Swaab, Hanna, Pietersen, Jolijn, Gevers, Carolien, Kamp-Becker, Inge, Germerott, Isabell, Howlin, Patricia, Gaudière, Forresi, Barbara, Lepri, G., Laval, Soumaila, Wiefel, Andreas, Biringen, Z., Titze, Karl, Lenz, K., Seither, C., Witte, B., Dunitz-Scheer, Marguerite, Wilken, Markus, Krasnovsky, Alexandra, Scheer, Peter, Cordeiro, Maria, Muratori, Filippo, Felloni, B., Cesari, A., Helmig, Linda, Fonagy, Peter, Moody, Chris, Fultz, Jim, Glanzmann, René, Lutz-Latil, Nathalie, van Wyl, Agnes, Puras, Dainius, Hervds, Amaia, Tsiantis, John, Dragonas, T., Davis, H., Ispanovic, V., Paradisiotou, A., Shanini, Mimoza, Jones, Lynne, Uka, A., Rrustemi, A., von Knorring, Anne-Liis, Deboutte, Dirk, Dorhmi, Souraya, Agoub, Mohamed, Moussaoui, Driss, Battas, Omar, Halvorsen, Inger, Andersen, Anne, Heyerdahl, Sonja, Baillot, Denise, La Roche, Michele, Furino, Claudia, Buchholtz, Annick, Goldfield, Gary, Henderson, Katherine, Hagenah, Ulrich, Blume, Varinja, Flacke-Redanz, Marlene, Dahlmann, Beate Herpertz, Sallas, Angelique A., Adam, Hubertus, Ephraime, Boia, Jr., Mozambique, Goci-Uka, Aferdita, Schlüter-Müller, Susanne, Bawa, Umesh, Khalik, Fakhri, Forouher, Nima, Sadamatsu, Miyuki, Nanba, Kato, Nobumasa, Kasai, Kiyoto, Nanba, Eiji, Schmidt, Martin H., Esser, Günter, van Engeland, Herman, Willemsen-Swinkels, Sophie, Dietz, Claudine, Beernink, Anne Claire, Vidojevic, Oliver, Milacic, Ivona, Strous, Rael, Hegesh, Roni, Kertzman, Simion, Ben-Nahum, Z., Kotler, Moshe, van Daalen, Emma, Zeegers, Mijke, Pol, Hilleke Hulshoff, Williams, Charles, Sank, Jessica, Paulk, Martha, Schwarz, George, Wharton, Paul, Raleva, Marija, Paketchieva, Kamka, Filipovska, Angelina, Nix, Carole Müller, Guex, Margarita Forcada, Daigham, Abdel-Mohsen, Indredavik, Marit S., Vik, Torstein, Kulseng, Siri, Brubakk, Ann-Mari, Cuddy, Marion, Riley, Katharine, Vollmer, Brigitte, Wyatt, John, Murray, Robin, Soininen, Mika, Paavonen, E. Juulia, Fjällberg, Mika, Salmi, Juha, Fredrik, Almgvist, Aronen, Eeva T., Reis, Olaf, Bohne, Stephanie P., Kraenz, Susanne, Ahn, Dong-Hyun, Kim, Tae-Ho, Choi, Jun-Ho, Kim, Yun-Young, Begovac, Ivan, Skocic, Milena, Rudan, Vlasta, Filipovic, Oleg, Wolanczyk, Tomasz, Brynska, Anita, Wojtowicz, Stanislaw, Celia, Salvador, Aerts, Cisca, Cleve, Elisabeth, Hartmann, Hellmut, Kühle, Hans-Jürgen, Heidorn, Fridjof, Zeyer, Solveigh, Fuentes, Joaquin, Martin, Andrés, Sukhodolsky, Denis G., Kaltiala-Heino, Riittakerttu, Rimpelä, Matti, Andershed, Henrik, O’Donnell, Deborah, Pearce, Michelle, Burgin, Dieter, Becker, Andreas, Hagenberg, Nicola, Berking, Matthias, Roessner, Veit, Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil, Aalen, Odd, Junglas, Jürgen, Huh, Yoon-Seok, Kim, Yun Young, Oh, Kyung-Ja, Wang, Kai, Tarren-Sweeney, Michael, Leiblum, D. M., Kühl, Renate, Nötzel, Cornelia, Pfeiffer, Ernst, Lenz, Klaus, Rosling, Agneta, Poller, Marianne, Cross, Donna, Klabin, Simone, Kaplan, Diana, Mickel, Lars, Lehmkuhl, Gerd, Möckel, Regina, Leor, Shani, Frisch, Leor, Frisch, Amos, Weizman, Abraham, Zanozin, Andrey, Jamart, Sylvie, Hayez, Jean-Yves, Leor, Agnes, Ahle, Maria Elisabeth, Amitay, Galit Ben, Kosov, Irene, Reiss, Ahuva, Tamar, Moses, Smedje, Hans, Allik, Hiie, Steyaert, Jean, Castermans, Dries, Creemers, John, Kaczynska-Haladyj, Koenraad Devriendt Marta, Ballabriga, Maria Claustre Jané, Judez, Joaquima, Pelaez, Empar, Sole, Pilar, Rodriguez, Lidia, Palmen, Saskia, Kemner, Chantal, Schnack, Hugo, Kahn, Rene, Fabrizi, Anna, Gabriel, Levi, Mercadante, Marcos, Ramos, Sergiode Paula, Rosario-Campos, Maria Concecao, Rutter, Michael, Collishaw, Stephan, Maughan, Barbara, Pickles, Andrew, Messer, Julie, Caspi, Avshalom, Moffitt, Terrie, Kreppner, Jana, Borge, Anne Inger H., Luthar, Suniya, Hamarman, Stephanie, Ulger, C., Fossella, J., Brimacombe, M., Dermody, J., Stein, Mark, Waldman, L. D., Sarampote, C., Robb, A., Cook, E. H., Kirley, Aiveen, Lowe, N., Hawi, Z., Mullins, C., Daly, G., Waldman, I., McCarro, M., O’Donell, van der Meulen, Emma, Bakker, S. C., Pauls, D. L., Sinke, R. J., Polanczyk, Guilherme, Zeni, C., Genro, J. P., Roman, Tatiana, Hutz, Mara, Schaff, Christa, Haemmerle, Patrick, Sontag, Harald, Vetro, Agnes, Gadoros, Julia, Roosen-Runge, Gotthard, Hattab, Jocelyn, Hummel, Peter, Braun-Lewensohn, Orna, Schechter, Daniel, Zeanah, Charles, Myers, Michael, Liebowitz, Michael, Davies, Mark, Soong, Wei-Tsuen, James, Deborah, Sofroniou, Nick, Gegelashvili, Marine, Parikh, Umesh, Kane, John M., Malhotra, Anil K., Shah, Manoj, Pleak, Richard R., Hizami, Ronen, Michelson, David, Danckaerts, Marina, Zuddas, Alessandro, Zhang, Shuyu, Hazell, Philip, Zeiner, P., Johnson, M., Häßler, Frank, Suyash, Prasad, Sonuga-Barke, Edmund, Poole, Lynne, Mares, Sarah, Jureidini, Jon, Steel, Zachary, Newman, Louise, Lucas, Torsten, Paulus, Stephanie, Aßhauer, Martin, Miller, Birgit, Björn, Gunilla Jarkman, Bodén, Christina, Gustafsson, Per, Ivkic, Viola Povse, Tenjovic, Lazar, Jelena, Radosavljev, Deusic, Smiljka Popovic, Graham, Philip, Klasen, Henrikje, Tan, Jacinta, Hope, Tony, Stewart, Anne, Fitzpatrick, Raymond, Kölch, Michael, Diaz-Caneja, Angeles, Johnson, Sonia, Dippold, Ines, Keller, Katja Wiethoffi Ferdinand, Bailey, Sue, Whittle, Nathan, Hennighausen, Klaus, Kohls, Gregor, Maas, Verena, Rinker, Tanja, Zachau, Swantje, Christmann, Gabriele, Jaremkiewicz, Anna, Schecker, Michael, von Suchodoletz, Waldemar, Uwer, Ruth, Albrecht, Ronald, Glass, Lisa, Csépe, Valéria, Honbology, Ferenc, Rago, Anett, Mészdros, Eva, Schwartz, Richard G., Shafer, Valerie L., Green, Jonathan, Jacobs, C., Kroll, L., Briskman, J., Dunn, G., Beecham, J., Tobias, B., Baird, L., Ogden, Terje, Fitzgerald, Michael, Bellgrove, Mark, Gill, Michael, Robertson, Ian H., McArdle, Paul, Burke, Amanda, Hong, K. Michael, Hoven, Christina, Wasserman, Danuta, Braun, Katharina, Bock, Jórg, Helmecke, Carina, Gruß, Michael, Poeggel, Gerd, Marsden, Charles, Muchimapura, S., Pardon, M.-C., Bianchi, M., Feldon, Joram, Rüedi-Bettschen, Daniela, Dettling, Andrea C., Pryce, Christopher R., Clement, Hans-Willi, Sommer, O., Pschibul, A., Rombach, C., Gerlach, M., Mehler-Wex, Claudia, Zeiske, S., Grünblatt, E., Gille, G., Rausch, D., Gerlach, Manfred, El-Din, Amira Seif, Kadri, Nadia, Andaloussi, Houda Hjiej, Chihabeddine, Khadija, Almaqrami, Mohammed, von Gontard, Alexander, Okuno, M., Quaschner, Kurt, Bilenberg, Niels, Obel, Carsten, Henriksen, Tine Brink, Hedegaard, Morten, Secher, Niels Jurgen, Olsen, Jorn, Fonseca, Antonio, Koch, Isabelle Nathalie, Bite, Ieva, Cohen, Phyllis, Russell, Katrin, Broyden, Nichaela, Lancaster, Gillian, Eichhorn, Christina, Tiedtke, Karola, Feldman, Ronald, Warnke, Andreas, Scheuerpflug, Peter, Vetter, V., Bartling, Jürgen, Konrad, Kerstin, Neufang, Susanne, Hanisch, Charlotte, Fink, Gereon R., Durston, Sarah, Davidson, Matthew C., Tottenham, Nim, Spicer, Julie, Galvan, Adriana, Horvitz, John, Fossella, John A., Watts, Richard, Casey, B. J., Brandeis, Daniel, Fallgatter, Andreas J., Ehlis, Ann-Christine, Seifert, Jürgen, Strik, W. K., Zillessen, K. E., Herrmann, Martin J., Schulte-Körne, Gerd, Lyytinen, Heikki, Guttorm, Tomi, Poikkeus, Anna-Maija, Eklund, Kenneth M., Lyytinen, Paula, Torppa, Minna, Laakso, M.-L., Leskinen, E., Tolvanen, A., Paracchini, Silvia, Schumacher, J., König, I. R., Libertus, Claudia, Griesemann, Heide, Kleensang, A., Ziegler, A., Propping, P., Näthen, M., Wolmer, Leo, Zagout, Iyad, Galili-Weisstub, Esti, Fisch, Gene, Swillen, Ann, Vogels, Annick, Freitag, Christine, Bouville, Jean-Francois, Atlanti-Duault, Laetitia, Baubet, Thierry, Osrow, Robyn, Leplomb, Marie-Madeleine, Marchandy, Yves, Bennabi, Malika, Halpern, Ricardo, Monteiro, Odon, Durkin, Abbey-Robin, Haapanen, Rudy, Bauer, Susanne, Friedrich, Max, Stadler, Christina, Sterzer, Philipp, Kleinschmidt, Andreas, Nowraty, Irene, Müller, W. E., Knölker, Ulrich, Schmid, Gabriele, Berndt, Swantje, Behn, B., Puls, Jan Hendrik, Stevens, Luc, Jungmann, Joachim, Juretic, Zoran, Ercegovic, Nela, Schepker, Renate, Çuhadaroglu-Çetin, Füsun, Herhaus, G., Melfsen, S., Cheng, Daomeng, Harder, Donald, Laws, Harry, Nakane, Yoshibumi, Takeshita, Kenzo, Naruse, Hiroshi, Zhu, Yan, Liu, Jun, Du, Yasong, Sikorski, John, Hamerlynck, Sannie, Hart, Lisettet, Nauta-Janssen, Lucres, Chitsabesan, Prathiba, Nguyen, Hien, Simeon, Jovan, Cuzner, Cathy, Schachter, Howard, Martins, Ana Soledade, Kieling, Chirstian, Comassetto, Julia, Goncalves, Renata, Oswald, Silvia, Buchmann, Johannes, Kirschner, J., Garvey, M., Moll, Gunther, Heinrich, Hartmut, Malhotra, Sameer, Poulakis, Zeffie, Menahem, Sam, Sauer, Karin, Samia, Tilouch, Rimeh, Hannachi, Sonia, Missaoui, Allodi, Mara Westling, Biscaldi, Monica, Wagner, Bettina, Uchida, Chiyoko, Jozefiak, Thomas, Penge, Roberta, Biaggini, Valentina Ivancich, Fischbein, Siv, Joukamaa, Matti, Taanila, Anja, Veijola, Juha, Karvonen, Juha T., Miettunen, Jouko, Llaberia, Edelmira Domenech, Domenech, Teresa Corbella, Ballabriga, Maria Claustre Jane, Sanz, Josepa Canals, Esparo, Griselda, Sola, Sergi Ballespi, Liu, Xuejun, Kano, Yukiko, Ohta, Masataka, Nagai, Yoko, Arai, Takashi, Linyan, Su, Bridge, Jeff, Birmaher, Boris, Di Lorenzo, Carlo, Iyengar, Satish, Brent, David, Blanz, Bernhard, Weninger, Laura, Libal, Gerhard, Skrabal, Anna, Bowden, Michael, Cooper, Howard, Simonsen, Inger, Bechstrom, Carl, Medby, Mette, Erkolahti, Ritva, Klosinski, Gunther, Oba, Mihoko, Murase, Satomi, Murakami, Takashi, Takai, Jiro, Kaneko, Hitoshi, Honjo, Shuji, Rickards, Katrina, Weber, Annhild, Karle, Michael, Lazartigues, Alain, Planche, Pascale, Lemonnier, Eric, Pavuluri, Mani, Schenkel, Lindsay, Shaw, Ryan, Sweeny, John, Rigon, Giancarlo, Costa, Stefano, Mancaruso, Alessandra, Mansi, Roberta, Poggioli, Daniele Giovanni, Chiodo, Simona, Radobuljac, Maja, Groleger, Urban, Ovsenik, Nada, Tomori, Martina, Haas, Barbara, Denoix, Susanne, Kimmig, Franz, Weinhardt, Marc, Schmitz, Günter, Filschke, Berit, Fliegauf, Conny, Kim, Ji-Hae, Krischer, Maya, Stone, Michael H., Sevecke, Kathrin, Doepfner, Manfred, König, Cornelia, Grasmann, Dörte, Schlander, Michael, Ralston, Stephen, Pereira, R. Rodrigues, Brussel, W., Vlasveld, L., Tuynman-Qua, H. G., Lorenzo, M. J., Tauscher-Wisniewski, R., Palazzi, Stefano, Guaia, Ettore, Kolakowski, Artur, Pisula, Agnieszka, Wilens, Timothy, Banaschewski, Tobias, Uebel, Henrik, Albrecht, Björn, Robatzek, Monika, Migliaccio-Walle, Kristen, Caro, Jaime, Allen, Albert J., Sangal, R. Bart, Owens, Judith, Kelsey, Douglas, Sutton, Virginia, Schuh, Kory, Bahadir, Aliye Tugba, Yaman, Zeynep, Arman, Ayse Rodopman, Kuscu, Kemal, Yazgan, Yanki, Berkem, Meral, Feldman, Peter, Denai, Milton, Simpson, Alexander, Kratochvil, Christopher, Newcorn, Jeffrey, Biederman, Joseph, Gelowitz, Douglas, Thomason, Christine, Gao, Haitao, Bijttebier, Patricia, Decoene, Steff, Niklaus, Pia, Duits, Nils, Auer, Ulrich, Schnoor, Kathleen, Schläfke, Detlef, Çetin, Füsun Çuhadaroälu, Harper, Gordon, Hamdan, Sami, El-Haib, Muhammed, Canat, Saynur, Halfon, Olivier, Bolognini, Monique, Plancherel, B., Phan, Olivier, Corcos, Maurice, Cardinaux, Jean-René, Magistretti, Pierre J., Pierrehumbert, Blaise, Koskinen, Minna, Engqvist, Ulf, Allin, Matthew, Rifkin, Larry, Lancaster, Sandra, Borghini, Ayala, Jaugey, Laure, Forcada-Guex, Margarita, Jaunin, Lyne, Müller-Nix, Carole, Ansermet, François, Simoes, Mariada Conceicao Taborda, Lima, Luiza Nobre, Dias, Mariada Luz Vale, Siefen, Rainer Georg, Como, Ariel, Alikaj, Valbona, Tomori, Sonila, Capozzi, Flavia, Romano, Angela, Roello, Mara, Piperno, Francesca, Mann, Mali A., Stösser, Dieter, Barth, Gottfried, Pimenov, Alina, Schwab, Jenny, Bingöl, Hülya, Barbe, Rémy, Elkshishy, Heba, Jovanovic, Ana, Lakic, Aneta, Milovanovic, Vesna, Vukasinovic, Milorad, Bridge, Jeffrey, Kolko, David, Brent, David A., Gilson, Kathryn, Montague, Roslyn, Shochet, Ian, Marques, Cristina Maria Ribeiro, Cepeda, Teresa, Ligges, Carolin, Ligges, Marc, Huonker, Ralph, Leppänen, Paavo, Guttorm, Torni K., Hämäläinen, Jarmo, Puolakanaho, Anne, Plume, Ellen, König, Inke R., Deimel, Wolfgang, Nöthen, Markus M., Propping, Peter, Kleensang, André, Müller-Myhsok, Bertram, Ziegler, Andreas, Hong, Sung-Do David, Gao, Xueping, Li, Xuerong, Lee, Soyoung Irene, Kim, Eui-Jung, Cho, In-Hee, Kim, Ji-Hoon, Park, Se-Hyun, Choi, J-Wook, Heger, Steffen, Schreiner, Andreas, Rettig, Klaus, Medori, Rossella, Gustafsson, Peik, Hansson, Kjell, Eidevall, Lena, Thernlund, Gunilla, Heiser, Philip, Dempfle, A., Smidt, Judith, Grabarkiewicz, Justyna, Kiefl, Hans, Hemminger, U., Saar, K., Swanson, James, Volkov, Nora D., Gupta, S., Williams, L., Agler, D., Wasdell, M., Wigal, S., Martins, Silvia, Tramontina, Silza, Eizirik, Mariana, Vitiello, Benedetto, Clevenger, Walter, Faraone, Stephen, McGough, James, McCracken, James, Rohde, Luis Augusto, Greenhill, Larry, Leary, Michael, Larsson, Bo, Gunning, W. Boudewijn, Villat, Jean-Marie, O’Connell, Redmond, Bellgrove, Mark A., Dockree, Paul, Traube, Raymond, Braunschweig, Mary, Chabanier, Jacques, De Leo, Germana, Ibanez, Margerita, Mikolajaks, Olivette, Ropstad, Ida, Young, J. Gerald, Aiello, Rachele, Porcari, Viviana, Salatiello, Maria Patrizia, Lo Bue, Anna, Dell’Oglio, Valentina, Cardella, Rosaria, Chifari, Sabrina, Undheim, Anne Mari, Su, Linyan, Luo, Xuerong, Barton, Joanne, Baying, Lioba, Rellum, Thomas, Duezel, Emrah, Hinrichs, Hermann, Bartel, Christoph, Linde, Iris, Friederichs, E., Bangs, Mark, Remschmidt, Helmut, Doreleijers, Theodore, Rebernig, Elisabeth, Camerini, Giovanni Battista, Otero, Soraya, Rivas, Ana, Pombo, Guadalupe, Yeghiyan, Maruke, Kachatur, Gasparyan, Danileyan, Arman, Ivarsson, Tord, Valderhaug, Robert, Walitza, Susanne, Wewetzer, Christoph, Barth, Nikolaus, Hahn, F., Asbahr, Fernando, Castillo, Ana Regina, Ito, Ligia, Latorre, Mariado Rosario, Moreira, Michelle, Lotufo-Neto, Francisco, Symann, Sophie, Charlier, Dominique, Plattner, Belinda, Schallauer, Astrid Elisabeth, Mohler, Beat, Staub, P., Müller, Carsten, Oelkers-Ax, Rieke, Fischer, Jochen, Hermanns, Uta, Nickel, Anne, Bolay, Hans Volker, Cherro-Aguerre, Miguel, Sorensen, Merete Juul, Nissen, Judith Becker, Mors, Ole, Thomsen, Per Hove, Sund, Anne Mari, Drugli, May Britt, Wichstrom, Lars, Schwannauer, Matthias, Taylor, Emily, Wrate, Rob, Martin, Matthias, Larsson, Jan-Olov, Larsson, Henrik, Lichtenstein, Paul, Ludolph, Andrea G., Mottaghy, Felix, Kraemer, Susanne, Claus, Dieter, Krause, Bernhard, Fegert, Jbrg M., Hurtig, Tuula, Malakhova, Anna, Maniadaki, Katerina, Kakouros, Efthymios, Jensen, Peter, Garcia, Joe Albert, Glied, Sherry, Crowe, Maura, Foster, E. Michael, Golse, Bernard, Junghanß, Jenny, Salin, Aino-Maija, Rytölä, Päivi, Hiltunen, Pauliina, Remschmidt, Helmut, editor, and Belfer, Myron L., editor

Published
2004
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18. Teacher Immediacy Scales: Testing for Validity across Cultures

Author

Zhang, Qin, Oetzel, John G., Gao, Xiaofang, Wilcox, Richard G., and Takai, Jiro

Abstract

Cross-cultural validity of teacher immediacy scales is a constant concern in instructional communication research. The present study examines the validity of two existing teacher immediacy scales: the Revised Nonverbal Immediacy Measure (RNIM) and the Chinese Teacher Immediacy Scale (CTIS) in U.S., Chinese, German, and Japanese cultures. Results of confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation provide evidence for the validity of both the RNIM and the CTIS. Overall, both scales are found to have adequate factorial, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity pan-culturally and within culture, despite some slight variations across cultures. Implications and future directions are also addressed. (Contains 5 tables.)

Published
2007
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19. Attitudes toward African-American Vernacular English: A US Export to Japan?

Author

Cargile, Aaron Castelan, Takai, Jiro, and Rodriguez, Jose I.

Abstract

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine attitudes towards African-American vernacular English (AAVE) in a setting outside of the USA. Because foreign attitudes toward AAVE can serve as an indirect assessment of a society's racial prejudice, we decided to explore these attitudes in Japan: a country with an intriguing mix of ties that are both close (i.e. politically and economically) and distant (i.e. culturally) vis-a-vis the USA. Considering the ostensible similarities in racial beliefs widely held in both countries, we hypothesised that evaluations of AAVE in Japan would be comparable to those in the USA. We found that the evaluations expressed by a sample of Japanese college students were virtually indistinguishable from the overall pattern of AAVE evaluations made by US Americans and recommend additional research in order to better understand the nature of contemporary Japanese attitudes towards different varieties of English. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

Published
2006
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20. Face and Facework in Conflict: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States.

Author

Oetzel, John, Ting-Toomey, Stella, Masumoto, Tomoko, Yokochi, Yumiko, Pan, Xiaohui, Takai, Jiro, and Wilcox, Richard

Abstract

Investigates face and facework during conflicts among undergraduate students across four national cultures: China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Presents major findings concerning self-construals; power distance; individualistic, small-power distance cultures; large-power distance cultures; and relational closeness and status. Discusses the findings organized around the hypothesis and notes implications and limitations of the study. (SG)

Published
2001

23. Expectancy violation theory on social media and relationships: A selective review

Author

XU, Wenzhen and TAKAI, Jiro

Subjects
SNS-specific norms, Expectancy violation theory, Culture, Evolution of SNS norms, Online-offline interaction
Abstract

In this article, we reviewed the applications of expectancy violation theory (EVT) in the scholarship of Computer-mediated communication. In particular, we sought to answer two questions: 1) To what extent are the tenets and predictions of the EVT relevant to interpersonal communication on SNS?; 2) What are the originalities of communication valences and those impacts on social evaluation and communication behaviors in the SNS context? We first introduced the basic theoretical framework of EVT. Then we synthesized the major findings of EVT in the domain of SNS, including: 1) social norms and expectancy violations on social media; 2) effects of expectancy violation on mediated communication. Moreover, we demonstrated three major originalities of expectancy violation in the SNS context: 1) norm evolutions; 2) more complex reactions; 3) SNS-specific expectations and violations. Finally, beyond the scope of existing research, we provided three suggestions for further studies in this area: 1) increasing research generalizability, 2) focusing on the dynamic processes of online-offline interactions; 3) probing for cross-cultural and intercultural applications of EVT.

Published
2018

24. An International Comparison of Factors Related to Long Work Hours1.

Author

Kanai, Atsuko, Laurence, Gregory A., Sakata, Kiriko, Fujimoto, Tetsushi, Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki, Takai, Jiro, Suzuki, Atsuko, and Tak, Jinkook

Subjects
MULTIPLE regression analysis, WORKING hours, PSYCHOSOCIAL factors
Abstract

This study aimed to examine psychosocial factors related to working long hours, which causes depression, anxiety, and so forth, including karoshi [work to death]. In particular, the issue of working very long hours and its impacts on employees is seen as an urgent issue in Japan, and by clarifying the factors associated with this phenomenon, we aim to contribute to efforts to identify appropriate mitigation measures. We proposed a model of factors related to long work hours from multiple perspectives, and tested it in six countries: China, Finland, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Data were collected via a web‐based questionnaire survey. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that organizational level variables were related to work hours in all six countries, but individual level variables were related to work hours only in the United States. In addition, only in Japan did the maintenance dimension of leadership affect the extension of working hours. Organization level factors, rather than job or individual level factors, should be considered when establishing measures to prevent employees from working excessively long hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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29. Effects of anonymity on antisocial behavior committed by individuals

Author

Nogami, Tatsuya and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
Antisocial behavior -- Research, Privacy -- Influence, College students -- Social aspects, College students -- Psychological aspects, Privacy issue, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

The present study examined association between anonymity and antisocial individual behavior without any influence from the presence of others. Anonymity was operationally defined as consisting of two components, nonidentifiability and nonaccountability. Antisocial behavior was defined as rule-breaking behavior seeking a monetary reward. It was hypothesized that anonymity would increase antisocial behavior among individuals. Undergraduate students (20 men, 50 women) were recruited from two psychology classes and were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions (Anonymous, Nonidentifiable, Nonaccountable, and Nonanonymous) to examine whether they would violate game rules to obtain the monetary reward through anonymity. Only participants in the Anonymous condition violated the rules to obtain the reward. Implications for the effects of anonymity on antisocial individual behavior are discussed.

Published
2008

32. Reliability and validity of the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency

Author

Yoshizumi, Takahiro, Murase, Satomi, Murakami, Takashi, and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
Parent and child -- Evaluation, Children -- Psychological aspects, Children -- Health aspects, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

The purposes of the present study were to develop a Parenting Scale of Inconsistency and to evaluate its initial reliability and validity. The 12 items assess the inconsistency among parents' moods, behaviors, and attitudes toward children. In the primary study, 517 participants completed three measures: the new Parenting Scale of Inconsistency, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Depression Scale of the General Health Questionnaire. The Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had good test-retest reliability of .85 and internal consistency of .88 (Cronbach coefficient [alpha]). Construct validity was good as Inconsistency scores were significantly correlated with the Care and Overprotection scores of the Parental Bonding Instrument and with the Depression scores. Moreover, Inconsistency scores' relation with a dimension of parenting style distinct from Care and Overprotection suggested that the Parenting Scale of Inconsistency had factorial validity. This scale seems a potential measure for examining the relationships between inconsistent parenting and the mental health of children.

Published
2006

33. Relationship between effect of canned laughter and public self-consciousness : An experiment using non-humorous comedy video clips

Author

UKO, Shuji and TAKAI, Jiro

Subjects
public self-consciousness, humor, canned laughter, humorousness
Abstract

Adding pre-recorded, or “canned” laughter often encourages the viewer’s humor appreciation of the humorous materials such as a joke and comedy, and this effect can be explained partly as a form of conformity toward other laughing viewers. In this study, we replicated the effect of canned laughter on the viewer’s affective and cognitive humor appreciation, and this is the first research about the effect of canned laughter in Japan. We hypothesized that only those with high public self-consciousness (PuSC) are influenced cognitively, but not necessarily affectively by canned laughter. In a laboratory experiment, 81 undergraduates watched a non-humorous comedy video clips presented either with/ without canned laughter, and then rated how humorous it was, along with how much they felt it to be humorous. Both high and low PuSC participants evaluated the comedy with canned laughter as being more humorous, and derived more humor than without canned laughter. Both groups also actually did laugh along with canned laughter. These results suggest that the effect of canned laughter as a form of conformity do not emerge under the given conditions.

Published
2017

34. Cultural differences in the perception of psychological threat and compensation

Author

TERASHIMA, Yuto and TAKAI, Jiro

Subjects
psychological self-defense, threat compensation, individualism-collectivism, holistic versus analytic thinking, psychological threat
Abstract

Coping toward psychological threat is important in our everyday lives, even if we choose to overcome or avoid it. While most of the research conducted on this theme has originated from the Western world, the conception, function and content of psychological threat may differ by culture. The theories pertaining to psychological threat and self-defense processes are likely to have been devised by Western researchers, under Western cultural assumptions, and based on samples consisting of Western people. Cross-cultural psychologists have noted that differences in culture may exist in understanding and responding to psychological threat, yet few systematic and large-scale cross-cultural research have been conducted. Those that have been published indicate that individualism-collectivism is highly relevant to how we deal with psychological threat. Individualists perceive incidents that threaten their self-concept as an autonomous individual constitute psychological threat, while on the other hand, collectivists view relational issues to be a stronger threat. Should this cultural difference hold true, the replicability of Western studies on Eastern samples may be up to question. Some theorists have taken into account cultural differences in psychological threat, and have revised their theories in order to interpret data from different cultural backgrounds. The aim of this article is to construct a useful framework for interpreting cultural differences across types of psychological threat based on individualismcollectivism and holistic versus analytic thinking. In this article, research regarding psychological threat was reviewed, such as existential threat, uncertainty threat, and cognitive dissonance, in terms of self-concept and relationships so as to organize studies that could be associated with both culture and psychological threat. This review elaborates on individuals’ adaptation toward each culture, which is considered to be the root of differences in the perception of threat. In short, in individualistic cultures, psychological threat pertaining to one’s self-concept might cast serious doubts on their adaption and success within their culture. Likewise, in collectivistic cultures, psychological threat pertaining to one’s relationships might play a role in this. Individuals under such psychologically threatening situations must respond hurriedly in order to cope toward them to maintain their adaptation, and hence they will show psychological self-defense or compensation. Furthermore, this review briefly describes several psychological threat theories, such as Terror Management Theory, Uncertainty Identity Theory, Reactive Approach Motivation Theory, and Cognitive Dissonance Theory, taking into consideration their applicability toward interpretation of cultural differences based on individualism-collectivism, holistic versus analytic thinking, and the assumption mentioned above. Future studies should address the effect of culture on psychological self-defense and compensation because most literature, including this article, focus on the effect of culture on psychological threat perception preceding them.

Published
2017

35. Cross-Cultural Comparison of Relational Values of Asians : Analysing the World Values Survey, International Social Survey Programme, and AsiaBarometer

Author

MAY, CHO MIN and TAKAI, JIRO

Subjects
AsiaBarometer, cross-national social survey, ISSP, cross-cultural comparison, relational values, WVS
Abstract

This study examined the impact of relational values on social interaction context in East, Southeast and South Asian countries based on data sets made available through cross-national social surveys. We hypothesized that Asian countries have different relational values in their social interaction context even though they exist in the same geographical area, and most cross-cultural analysts have grouped these Asian cultures into one category of Eastern culture, characterized as being collectivists. The current study investigated relational values of intra-regions of Asia, analysing the dataset of the World Values Survey (WVS), the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), and the AsiaBarometer. The evidence boils down to three findings: (1) Southeast and South Asian countries, characterized by high traditional values, emphasize the role of family and relatives in life more, while East Asian countries, which have low traditional values, give more attention to the importance of friend; (2) as the social friendship network, countries with high traditional values have more friends at the work place and neighborhood than those in low, while countries with low traditional values have more close friends than those in high; and (3) the impact of religion affects each country’s relational values of social network.

Published
2017

39. A typology of facework behaviors in conflicts with best friends and relative strangers

Author

Oetzel, John G., Ting-Toomey, Stella, Yokochi, Yumiko, Masumoto, Tomoko, and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
Interpersonal conflict, Human physiology, Interpersonal relations, Education
Abstract

The purpose of the current study was to create a typology of facework behaviors in interpersonal conflicts between best friends and relative strangers for Japanese and U.S. participants. In phase I, 286 participants responded to open-ended questions about the manner in which they negotiated face during a conflict with either a best friend or a relative stranger. The responses of a sample of these respondents--16 Japanese, 16 members of ethnic minority groups in the U.S., and 20 European Americans--were categorized using a Q-sort technique. Fourteen categories of facework behaviors were derived. Validation procedures for the typology were carried out via a cluster analysis resulting in 13 unique clusters: (a) aggression, (b) apologize, (c) avoid, (d) compromise, (e) consider the other, (f) defend self, (g) express feelings, (h) give in, (i) involve a third party, (j) pretend, (k) private discussion, (1) remain calm, and (m) talk about the problem. In phase II, 95 Japanese and 61 U.S. Americans rated the appropriateness and effectiveness of behaviors from each of the categories. The findings illustrate that the typology captures a wide range of appropriateness and effectiveness rating which further demonstrates the validity of the typology. KEY CONCEPTS Face, facework, conflict, cross-cultural communication

Published
2000

41. Validation of the Japanese version of Moral Expansiveness Scale

Author

Takamatsu, Reina and Takai, Jiro

Subjects
邦訳版作成, scale development of the Japanese version, 信頼性と妥当性の検討, 道徳性の拡張性, moral circle, 道徳判断, validation of psychometric properties, moral judgment, moral expansiveness, 道徳の輪
Abstract

資料, 本研究の目的は、道徳的な気遣いの適用される範囲と深度を測定するMoral Expansiveness Scale(MES)の邦訳版を作成することであった。MESでは、10カテゴリから構成される、実在する30の生物、非生物(動植物、環境)について、４層から構成される道徳の輪のどこに属するか回答を求める。邦訳版作成にあたり、日本人に馴染みのないものは、日本社会に対応するものに置換された(例: Soldier→自衛官)。オンライン調査(n = 246)の結果、MES翻訳版は、関連概念の尺度との間に低〜中程度の有意な相関が見られ、向社会的な行動意図を独自に予測することも示された。MESは、生物・非生物の道徳的な輪の相対的位置や、道徳的な気遣いの個人差を知ることができ、道徳研究を含め幅広い研究テーマへの寄与が見込まれる。, The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of Moral Expansiveness Scale (MES). The MES captures depth and breadth of the moral world in whichthe indi-vidual extends moral concern to a variety of entities, such as human, animals and environment. The original version has been tested on Australian and US samples and includes some target entities that are unfamiliar for Japanese samples (e.g., soldier, redwood tree). To make the entity list correspondent to Japanese society, we altered the entities. In validating the Japanese version, we conducted an online study to draw a diverse sample (n = 246; mean age = 49.24 years). The overall results demonstrated that the Japanese version of the MES has good convergent and predictive validity, hence a sound tool for as-sessing moral expansiveness in Japanese sample

Published
2017

42. Research Trends and Issues in the Study of Identity of Multi-ethnic Persons

Author

TABA, Ayumi and TAKAI, Jiro

Subjects
multiethnic, ethnic identity, identity management theory
Abstract

In this article, concepts of identity are considered and surveyed researches of ego identity and group identity in social identity theory, self-categorization theory. It indicates ethnic identity is related to selfconcept, well-being, academic achievement, mental health, and so on. Furthermore, identity management theory reveals that cross- cultural communication occurs depending on management of cultural identity as group identity and relational identity as personal identity. However, there are issues in the theory that it does not refer to the majority and minority groups which have different aspects of ethnic identity and how multiethnic people distinguish in-group and out-group and manage identity. It needs investigating development of identity of multiethnic people toward multiculturalism.

Published
2016

44. Comparing loneliness and mental health status of college students in Nigeria and Japan

Author

Ishaku, Utek Grace, Terao, Takahiro, Takai, Jiro, Karuri, Gloria Samuel, and Matsumoto, Mariko

Subjects
loneliness, mental health, college students, Nigeria, Japan
Abstract

Empirical evidence indicates that loneliness is a common experience of the youth, and mental health problems are prevalent among this group. The present study set out to examine differences in the prevalence of loneliness and its association with mental distress among a sample of undergraduate students in Nigeria and Japan. The participants were 1192 students (703 Nigerians and 489 Japanese), comprised of 503 men and 609 women drawn from eight colleges in both countries. The average age of all participants was 22.90 years. A self report measure incorporating the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the General Health Questionnaire-12 and some socio-demographic items was utilized to collect data. Findings from a two-way MANOVA revealed that Nigerian students were lonelier than their Japanese counterparts, while the Japanese students rated higher in mental distress including depression and social dysfunction. Also, gender differences in loneliness were found across and within countries, whilst differences in mental health was shown only in Japan: Japanese women recorded significantly more distress than Japanese men. Furthermore, the results of a multiple group mediation analysis demonstrated that path coefficients between Nigeria and Japan differed significantly on the relationship between loneliness and social dysfunction, and when this association was mediated by depression. The implication of these findings for the mental health of college students in both societies was discussed.Keywords: loneliness, mental health, college students, Nigeria, Japan

Published
2018

48. Out-group mind perception before and after territorial conflict: Empathy as a key to reducing extreme prejudice

Author

TAKAMATSU, Reina and TAKAI, Jiro

Subjects
intergroup relations, mind perception, empathy
Abstract

To examine the vicissitudes of dehumanized perception, participants in the threat condition were led to think that a nation “X” hinders Japan’s economic advances in foreign markets. In addition to the experimental manipulation, data were collected at two points to see whether a (real) territorial dispute affects mind perception of members of the out-group. Results suggest that extreme prejudice is not an ordinary phenomenon, but a territorial dispute is one detrimental cause of dehumanized perception that may be used for justification of wrongdoing. It was also found that the high-empathy group was more likely to see human characteristics in the target than did the low- and medium-empathy groups irrespective of the time and condition. To encourage adaptive ways to deal with intergroup conflicts, empathy may be one of the key ingredients.

Published
2014

49. Culture, morality, and the effect of prosocial behavior motivation on positive affect.

Author

Gherghel, Claudia, Nastas, Dorin, Hashimoto, Takeshi, Takai, Jiro, and Cargile, Aaron Castelán

Subjects
AFFECT (Psychology), CULTURE, ETHICS, MOTIVATION (Psychology), SOCIAL skills, SOCIAL responsibility
Abstract

We investigated the effect of culture, moral discourse, and motivation to engage in prosocial behavior on benefactors' positive affect. Participants from three cultures (Japan, Romania, and the United States) responded to scenarios in which they could perform small acts of kindness for different targets. A stronger relationship between agentic and obligated motivation to perform acts of kindness, as well as between obligated motivation and positive affect, was observed for participants from Japan, and for individuals with higher endorsement of the Community Ethic. Agentic motivation to engage in prosocial behavior was related to benefactors' positive affect, regardless of relationship type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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