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The use of fungal and yeast biomass in foodstuff, either as supplements or as major ingredients in formulations is an area of growing interest for the modern food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of biomasses obtained from filamentous fungi Penicillium sclerotiorum, Penicillium janthinellum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Biomasses presented 26-37% of total proteins, 1.7-3.5% of lipids and 4.6-9.1% of ashes. The humidity level reached 75-83%. Ashes were screened for minerals contents with a special outcome for S. racemosum biomass that presented 3438 mg/100 g (dw) of magnesium. Fatty acids present in the biomasses were screened and the palmitic (C16:0), estearic (C18:0), elaidic (18:1n9-t), oleic (18:1n9-c), linolelaidic (C18:2n6-t), linoleic (C18:2n6-c) and γ-linolenic (C18:3n6) acids were found to be the most abundant, from a total of 88-90% of identified fatty acids. Overall data indicate that the filamentous fungi studied have good nutritional properties, possessing a combination of good level of proteins, low level of fat, and presence of essential fatty acids, including omega-3 derivatives, along with the presence of Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Bacteria present in effluents from the process of iron ore flotation were isolated and identified in an attempt to identify the microorganisms responsible for fatty amine degradation. Water samples collected at the tailings dam led to the identification of the bacterial species Serratia marcescens as the microorganism responsible for degradation, while in laboratory flotation conditions, a strain of Enterobacter cloacae was shown to be the biodegrading agent. Both S. marcescens and E. cloacae are Gram-negative, non-sporulated, mobile and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Monitoring of the effluent had shown that after 5 days, around 34% of amine was already consumed, increasing to 75% after 10 days; these data are important for testing the reuse of the fatty amines contained in effluents. Biodegradation experiments carried out with S. marcescens revealed the significant role of temperature and concentration on the biodegradation rate of the etheramine EDA 3B. For the concentration of 10 mg L−1, amine biodegradation rates are very close at all temperatures. However, as amine concentration increases, the influence of temperature can be better observed, mainly for concentrations of 40 and 60 mg L−1. This isolate will be potentially useful in biotreatment of wastewaters and bioremediation of contaminated soils. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The reactions of R3SnCl (R = Me, Bu or Ph) with sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, Na(OPhb), in EtOH yielded three polymeric triorganotin carboxylates, namely [R3Sn(OPhb)] n (R = Me ( 1), Bu ( 2) or Ph ( 3)). All complexes were spectroscopically characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 119Sn Mössbauer, 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR and 119Sn{1H} NMR spectral techniques. In addition, the crystal structures of 1 and 3 were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their polymeric structures are sustained by bridging carboxylates which connect two five-coordinate Sn(IV) centres. Each metallic cation displays a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry (Addison's parameters ranging from 0.84 in 1 to 0.77-0.91 in 3), with the oxygen atoms occupying the apical positions and the organic groups at the equatorial corners. The one-dimensional zigzag chains of 1 propagate along the b-axis, whereas 3 displays wave-like double polymeric chains along the b-axis. For both 1 and 3, parallel one-dimensional polymeric chains are interconnected by C─H⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The antifungal activity of 1- 3 was screened against Candida albicans (ATCC 18804), C. tropicalis (ATCC 750), C. glabrata (ATCC 90030), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019), C. lusitaniae (CBS 6936) and C. dubliniensis (clinical isolate 28). The antifungal activity of 3 was noteworthy since it was not only more active than 1 and 2, but also more active than the control drugs (nystatin and fluconazole nitrate) in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of SnR 2 Cl 2 (R = Me, Bu or Ph) with sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, NaO 2 C(CH 2 ) 3 Ph (NaOPh b ), yielded three organotin carboxylates, namely [{(Me 2 SnOPh b ) 2 O} 2 ] ( 1 ), [Bu 2 Sn(OPh b ) 2 ] ( 2 ) and [{PhSn(O)OPh b } 6 ] ( 3 ). Complexes ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) have been spectroscopically authenticated by FT-IR, 119 Sn Mössbauer, and 1 H, 13 C{ 1 H} and 119 Sn{ 1 H} NMR techniques. In addition, the crystallographic structures of ( 1 )–( 3 ) have been determined by X-ray diffraction measurements. Complex ( 1 ) displays two signals in the solution 119 Sn NMR spectrum corresponding to the exo ( δ −176.3) and endo cyclic ( δ −188.4) SnMe 2 moieties, whereas ( 2 ) exhibits only one 119 Sn resonance ( δ −148.1). The crystallographic characterization of ( 1 ) confirms the centrosymmetric tetranuclear stannoxane structure and the existence of the exo and endo cyclic SnMe 2 moieties in the both distorted trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral environment, respectively. Complex ( 2 ) crystallises as a monomer in which the Sn(IV) cation lies at the centre of a distorted octahedron. The bonding scheme in ( 3 ) outlines a hexanuclear drum-like structure comprising two six-membered (–Sn–O–) 3 stannoxane rings. The supramolecular arrangements of ( 1 )–( 3 ) result from noncovalent interactions, namely Sn⋯O ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), C–H⋯π ( 1 ), and C–H⋯O ( 1 )–( 3 ). Finally, antifungal activities of all organotin derivatives have been screened against Candida albicans (ATCC 18804), Candida tropicalis (ATCC 750), Candida glabrata (ATCC 90030), Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019), Candida lusitaniae (CBS 6936), and Candida dubliniensis (clinical isolate 28). Complex ( 2 ) exhibited the best biocide activity amongst the three organotin products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe in this work the syntheses, characterization and antifungal activity of the complexes: [Ni{S 2 CNMe(R 1 )} 2 ] (1) , [Pd{S 2 CNMe(R 1 )} 2 ] (2) , [Pt{S 2 CNMe(R 1 )} 2 ] (3) , [Ni{S 2 CNMe(R 2 )} 2 ] (4) , [Pd{S 2 CNMe(R 2 )} 2 ] (5) , [Pt{S 2 CNMe(R 2 )} 2 ] (6) , {R 1 = CH 2 CH(OMe) 2 and R 2 = 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane}. Complexes (1) – (6) have been characterized by IR and 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the structures of (1) , (2) and (3) have been authenticated by X-ray diffraction. The antifungal activities of (1) – (6) have been screened against Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium citrinum and the results, in the form of the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and compared with those of nystatin and miconazole nitrate, used as control drugs. All complexes had greater activity than nystatin. Palladium containing complexes, (2) and (5) , were the more active against A. flavus . The growth of A. niger , were more efficiently affected by Ni(II) complexes (1) and (4) and complex (6) was effective in reducing the colonies of A. parasiticus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two novel dithiocarbamate salts, [Na{S 2 CNR(R 1 )}] (i) , [Na{S 2 CNR(R 2 )}] (ii) , R = methyl, R 1 = CH 2 CH(OMe) 2 , R 2 = 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, previously synthesized by us, have been used in chemical reactions with triorganotin halides. Hence, five new complexes: [SnPh 3 {S 2 CNR(R 1 )}] (1) , [SnCy 3 {S 2 CNR(R 1 )}] (2) , [SnMe 3 {S 2 CNR(R 2 )}] (3) , [SnPh 3 {S 2 CNR(R 2 )}] (4) and [SnCy 3 {S 2 CNR(R 2 )}] (5) , [R = methyl, R 1 = CH 2 CH(OMe) 2 , and R 2 = 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane], have been isolated. All compounds were authenticated in terms of infrared, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and the complexes were also characterized using 119 Sn NMR, 119 Sn Mössbauer and X-ray crystallography, in the case of complexes (1) , (4) and (5) . The biological activity of all derivatives has been screened in terms of IC 90 (μmol L −1 ) and IC 50 (μmol L −1 ) against Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium citrinum , and the results correlated well with a performed study of structure–activity relationship (SAR). Complexes (1) and (4) displayed nanomolar inhibition concentration in terms of IC 50 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we describe the syntheses, characterization, and antifungal activity of [In{S2CNR(R1)}3] (1), [Ga{S2CNR(R1)}3] (2), [Bi{S2CNR(R1)}3] (3), [In{S2CNR(R2)}3] (4), [Ga{S2CNR(R2)}3] (5), and [Bi{S2CNR(R2)}3] (6) {R?=?Me; R1?=?CH2CH(OMe)2; and R2?=?2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane}. All complexes have been characterized using infrared and1H and13C spectroscopy, and the structures of1,3,4, and6have been authenticated by X-ray diffraction. The In(III)–dithiocarbamate bonding scheme depicts a distorted octahedral with asymmetric In(III)–S bonds and S–In–S angles. A pentagonal bipyramid is observed for the corresponding Bi(III) complexes with intermolecular Bi–S associations through the lone pair of electrons. The antifungal activities of1–6have been screened againstAspergillus niger,Aspergillus parasiticus, andPenicillium citrinum, and the results have been compared with those of nystatin and miconazole nitrate, as control drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Echinodorus macrophyllus Mich. (Chapéu-de-couro) is popularly used as diuretic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-rheumatic agents. Leaves of this species are largely commercialized and show high level of microbiological contamination (bacteria and fungi). This work describes the effect of the 60Co γ-radiation on the phenol fractions obtained from the leaves of E. macrophyllus. trans-Ferulic acid, (E)-caffeoyltartronic acid, 6-C-(1-hexitol)-apigenin, and 6-C-(1-hexitol)-luteolin were isolated by preparative HPLC. HPLC chromatograms showed concentration changes of some phenolic constituents, suggesting the formation of radiolytic products. The phenol fractions were active against Bacillus subitilis and Staphylococcus aureus and showed high antioxidant activity. However, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities reduced when the absorbed dose was increased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Chocolate is acclaimed for its unique and highly desirable flavor and its unusual melting characteristics (a narrow melting point range centered a few degrees below body temperature ∼32 to ∼35 °C). The triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of cocoa butter is responsible for this important melting behavior. The exact composition of the primary TAG in a Malaysian cocoa butter sample was elucidated by ESI/tandem mass spectroscopy. The cocoa butter sample consisted primarily of the TAG, POP, POS and SOS with smaller amounts of PLP, POO, PLS, and SOO, where P, O, S, and L indicated palmitic, oleic, stearic and linoleic acid, respectively. The use of tandem mass spectroscopy or MS/MS was critical for the identification of coeluted TAG, such as POO and PLS. The fragmentation pattern provided by diacylglycerol sodium adduct ions, enabled the identification of co-eluted TAG by the loss of a fatty acid fragment and the corresponding diacylglycerol sodium adduct ion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Brazil, pomegranate (Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)) is widely used as a phytotherapeutic agent. This study evaluates the effect of pomegranate extract on Staphylococcus aureus FRI 722 growth and subsequent enterotoxin production. Bacterial susceptibility was determined by tube dilution method and production of enterotoxin was assessed using membrane-over-agar (MOA) plates. At a low extract concentration (0.01% v/v) bacterial growth was delayed, while a higher concentration (1% v/v) eliminated bacterial growth. Most interestingly, a 0.05% (v/v) concentration of extract was found to inhibit Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A production. These data further implicate pomegranate extracts as potential antibacterial therapeutics with the added ability to inhibit enterotoxin production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]