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Abstract Akkermansia muciniphila has received great attention because of its beneficial roles in gut health by regulating gut immunity, promoting intestinal epithelial development, and improving barrier integrity. However, A. muciniphila-derived functional molecules regulating gut health are not well understood. Microbiome-secreted proteins act as key arbitrators of host-microbiome crosstalk through interactions with host cells in the gut and are important for understanding host-microbiome relationships. Herein, we report the biological function of Amuc_1409, a previously uncharacterised A. muciniphila-secreted protein. Amuc_1409 increased intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and regeneration in ex vivo intestinal organoids and in vivo models of radiation- or chemotherapeutic drug-induced intestinal injury and natural aging with male mice. Mechanistically, Amuc_1409 promoted E-cadherin/β-catenin complex dissociation via interaction with E-cadherin, resulting in the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our results demonstrate that Amuc_1409 plays a crucial role in intestinal homeostasis by regulating ISC activity in an E-cadherin-dependent manner and is a promising biomolecule for improving and maintaining gut health.

Introduction: Prohibitin (PHB) is an essential scaffold protein that modulates signaling pathways controlling cell survival, metabolism, inflammation, and bone formation. However, its specific role in periodontium development remains less understood. This study aims to elucidate the expression pattern and function of PHB in periodontium development and its involvement in alveolar bone formation.Methods: Immunolocalization of PHB in the periodontium of postnatal (PN) mice were examined. Phb morpholino was micro-injected into the right-side mandible at PN5, corresponding to the position where the alveolar bone process forms in relation to the lower first molar. The micro-injection with a scramble control (PF-127) and the left-side mandibles were used as control groups. Five days post-micro-injection, immunohistochemical analysis and micro-CT evaluation were conducted to assess bone mass and morphological changes. Additionally, expression patterns of signaling molecules were examined following Phb downregulation using 24-h in vitro cultivation of developing dental mesenchyme at E14.5.Results: The immunostaining of PHB showed its localization in the periodontium at PN5, PN8, and PN10. The in vitro cultivation of dental mesenchyme resulted in alterations in Bmps, Runx2, and Wnt signalings after Phb knock-down. At 5 days post-micro-injection, Phb knocking down showed weak immunolocalizations of runt-related transcription factor (RUNX2) and osteocalcin (OCN). However, knocking down Phb led to histological alterations characterized by decreased bone mass and stronger localizations of Ki67 and PERIOSTIN in the periodontium compared 1 to control groups. The micro-CT evaluation showed decreased bone volume and increased PDL space in the Phb knock-down specimens, suggesting its regulatory role in bone formation.Discussion: The region-specific localization of PHB in the margin where alveolar bone forms suggests its involvement in alveolar bone formation and the differentiation of the periodontal ligament. Overall, our findings suggest that Phb plays a modulatory role in alveolar bone formation by harmoniously regulating bone-forming-related signaling molecules during periodontium development.

Periodontitis is known to be affected by high-glucose conditions, which poses a challenge to periodontal tissue regeneration, particularly in bone formation. In this study, the potential effects of resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, RSV) in facilitating bone formation under high-glucose conditions after periodontitis has been investigated. We focused on the analysis of osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cells, which are essential for bone formation including cell proliferation and differentiation. And we aimed to investigate the impact of RSV on bone healing, employed diabetic mouse model induced by streptozotocin and confirmed through histological observation. High-glucose conditions adversely affected cell proliferation and ALP activity in both MC3T3-E1 and hPDLF in vitro, with more significant impact on MC3T3-E1 cells. RSV under high-glucose conditions had positive effects on both, showing early-stage effects for MC3T3-E1 cells and later-stage effects for hPDLF cells. RSV seemed to have a more pronounced rescuing role in MC3T3-E1 cells. Increased ALP activity was observed and the expression levels of significant genes, such as Col 1, TGF-β1, ALP, and OC, in osteogenic differentiation were exhibited stage-specific expression patterns. Upregulated Col 1 and TGF-β1 were detected in the early stage, and then ALP and OC expressions became more pronounced in the later stages. Similarly, stronger positive reactions against RUNX2 were detected in the RSV-treated group compared to the control. Furthermore, in in vivo experiment, RSV stimulates the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts, thereby promoting bone formation. High-glucose levels have the potential to impair cellular functions and the regenerative capacity to facilitate bone formation with MC3T3-E1 rather than hPDLF cells. Resveratrol appears to facilitate the inherent abilities of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with hPDLF cells, indicating its potential capacity to restore functionality during periodontal regeneration.

Abstract Background The modulation of immune responses by probiotics is crucial for local and systemic immunity. Recent studies have suggested a correlation between gut microbiota and lung immunity, known as the gut–lung axis. However, the evidence and mechanisms underlying this axis remain elusive. Results In this study, we screened various Lactobacillus (L.) strains for their ability to augment type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling using an IFN-α/β reporter cell line. We identified L. paracasei (MI29) from the feces of healthy volunteers, which showed enhanced IFN-I signaling in vitro. Oral administration of the MI29 strain to wild-type B6 mice for 2 weeks resulted in increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. We found that MI29-treated mice had significantly increased numbers of CD11c+PDCA-1+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Ly6Chi monocytes in the lungs compared with control groups. Pre-treatment with MI29 for 2 weeks resulted in less weight loss and lower viral loads in the lung after a sub-lethal dose of influenza virus infection. Interestingly, IFNAR1−/− mice did not show enhanced viral resistance in response to oral MI29 administration. Furthermore, metabolic profiles of MI29-treated mice revealed changes in fatty acid metabolism, with MI29-derived fatty acids contributing to host defense in a Gpr40/120-dependent manner. Conclusions These findings suggest that the newly isolated MI29 strain can activate host defense immunity and prevent infections caused by the influenza virus through the gut–lung axis. Video Abstract

Sprout ginseng extract (ThinkGIN™) manufactured through a smart farm system has been shown to improve memory in preclinical studies. This study conducted a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ThinkGIN™ for improving memory in subjective memory impairment (SMI). Subjects aged 55 to 75 years with SMI participated in this study. A total of 80 subjects who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were assigned to the ThinkGIN™ group (n = 40, 450 mg ThinkGIN™/day) or a placebo group (n = 40). Efficacy and safety evaluations were conducted before intervention and at 12 weeks after intervention. As a result of 12 weeks of ThinkGIN™ intake, significant differences in SVLT, RCFT, MoCA-K, PSQI-K, and AChE were observed between the two groups. Safety evaluation (AEs, laboratory tests, vital signs, and electrocardiogram) revealed that ThinkGIN™ was safe with no clinically significant changes. Therefore, ThinkGIN™ has the potential to be used as a functional food to improve memory.

Abstract Background The purpose of the Korean Hip Fracture Registry (KHFR) Study is to establish a nationwide, hospital-based prospective cohort study of adults with hip fracture to explore the incidence and risk factors of second osteoporotic fractures for a Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) model. Methods The KHFR, a prospective multicenter longitudinal study, was launched in 2014. Sixteen centers recruited participants who were treated for hip fracture. The inclusion criteria were patients, who were treated for proximal femur fracture due to low-energy trauma and aged 50 or more at the time of injury. Until 2018, 5,841 patients were enrolled in this study. Follow-up surveys were conducted annually to determine occurrence of second osteoporotic fracture, and 4,803 participants completed at least one follow-up survey. Discussion KHFR is a unique resource of individual level on osteoporotic hip fracture with radiological, medical, and laboratory information including DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), bone turnover marker, body composition, and hand grip strength for future analyses for FLS model. Modifiable factors for mortality after hip surgery is planned to be identified with nutritional assessment and multi-disciplinary interventions from hospitalization to follow-ups. The proportions of femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric fractures were 517 (42.0%), 730 (53.6%), and 60 (4.4%), respectively, from 2014 to 2016, which was similar in other studies. Radiologic definition of atypical subtrochanteric fracture was adopted and 17 (1.2%) fractures among 1,361 proximal femoral fractures were identified. Internal fixation showed higher reoperation rate compared to arthroplasty in unstable intertrochanteric fractures (6.1% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.046) with no significant difference in mortality. The KHFR plans to identify outcomes and risk factors associated with second fracture by conducting a 10-year cohort study, with a follow-up every year, using 5,841 baseline participants. Trial registration Present study was registered on Internet-based Clinical Research and Trial management system (iCReaT) as multicenter prospective observational cohort study (Project number: C160022, Date of registration: 22th, Apr, 2016).

Introduction: Basicervical femoral neck fracture (FNF) is an uncommon type of femoral neck fracture and is associated with an increased risk of fixation failure due to its inherent instability. The purpose of this study was to compare the surgical parameters and reoperation rate between the use of a multiple cannulated screw (MCS) and fixed angle device (FAD) in treating basicervical FNFs. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 885 patients who underwent internal fixation between May 2004 and August 2019 to determine basicervical FNF with at least 12 months of follow-up. Among the identified 77 patients with basicervical FNF, 17 patients who underwent multiple cannulated screw (MCS) fixation and 36 patients who underwent fixed angle device (FAD) fixation were included. We compared the rates of fracture-site collapse and reoperations according to the fixation device. Results: Among the 53 patients with basicervical FNF, 13 patients (24.5%) sustained surgical complications (8 collapses of fracture site and 5 reoperations). The reoperation rate in the MCS group was significantly higher than that in the FAD group (23.5% vs. 2.8%, p = 0.016), without any significant difference in the collapse of the fracture site (11.8% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.642). Conclusions: Although basicervical FNF was rare among hip fractures, fracture site collapse was prevalent and prone to fixation failure. Surgeons should keep this in mind, and consider FAD for basicervical FNF.

With rapid industrialization, urbanization, and climate change, the impact of environmental factors on human health is becoming increasingly evident and understanding the complex mechanisms involved is vital from a healthcare perspective. Nevertheless, the relationship between physiological stress resulting from environmental stressors and environmental disease is complex and not well understood. Chronic exposure to environmental stressors, such as air and water contaminants, pesticides, and toxic metals, has been recognized as a potent elicitor of physiological responses ranging from systemic inflammation to immune system dysregulation causing or progressing environmental diseases. Conversely, physiological stress can exacerbate susceptibility to environmental diseases. Stress-induced alterations in immune function and hormonal balance may impair the ability to detoxify harmful substances and combat pathogens. Additionally, prolonged stress can impact lifestyle choices, leading to harmful behaviors. Understanding the link between physiological stress and environmental disease requires a systematic, multidisciplinary approach. Addressing this complex relationship necessitates the establishment of a global research network. This perspective discusses the intricate interplay between physiological stress and environmental disease, focusing on common environmental diseases, cancer, diabetes, and cognitive degeneration. Furthermore, we highlight the intricate and reciprocal nature of the connection between physiological stress and these environmental diseases giving a perspective on the current state of knowledge as well as identifying where further information is necessary. Recognizing the role of physiological stress in environmental health outcomes will aid in the development of comprehensive strategies to safeguard public health and promote ecological balance.

Nymphoides peltata has been used as a medicinal herb in traditional medicines to treat strangury, polyuria, and swelling. The phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract of N. peltata roots led to the isolation of three iridoid glycosides and three coumarin glycoside derivatives, which were characterized as menthiafolin (1), threoninosecologanin (2), callicoside C (3), and scopolin (4), as well as two undescribed peltatamarins A (5) and B (6). The chemical structures of the undescribed compounds were determined by analyzing their 1 dimensional (D) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and using high-resolution (HR)-electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), along with the chemical reaction of acid hydrolysis. The wound healing activities of the isolated compounds 1–6 were evaluated using a HaCaT cell scratch test. Among the isolates, scopolin (4) and peltatamarin A (5) promoted HaCaT cell migration over scratch wounds, and compound 5 was the most effective. Furthermore, compound 5 significantly promoted cell migration without adversely affecting cell proliferation, even when treated at a high dose (100 μM). Our results demonstrate that peltatamarin A (5), isolated from N. peltata roots, has the potential for wound healing effects.

Black ginseng (BG) is processed ginseng traditionally made in Korea via the steaming and drying of ginseng root through three or more cycles, leading to changes in its appearance due to the Maillard reaction on its surface, resulting in a dark coloration. In this study, we explored markers for differentiating processed ginseng by analyzing the chemical characteristics of BG. We elucidated a new method for the structural identification of ginsenoside metabolites and described the features of processed ginseng using UPLC-QTOF-MS in the positive ion mode. We confirmed that maltose, glucose, and fructose, along with L-arginine, L-histidine, and L-lysine, were the key compounds responsible for the changes in the external quality of BG. These compounds can serve as important metabolic markers for distinguishing BG from conventionally processed ginseng. The major characteristics of white ginseng, red ginseng, and BG can be distinguished based on their high-polarity and low-polarity ginsenosides, and a precise method for the structural elucidation of ginsenosides in the positive ion mode is presented.

Nymphoides peltata (Menyanthaceae) has been used as a medicinal herb in traditional medicines to treat conditions such as strangury, polyuria, swelling, and as a diuretic and antipyretic. In our ongoing research to discover novel structural and/or biological natural products in natural resources, five flavonoids, quercetin (1), quercitrin (2), isoquercetin (3), quercetin-3-O-vicianoside (4), and rutin (5), as well as a new flavonoid glycoside, 3‴-O-foliamenthoyl-rutin (6), were isolated from the MeOH extract of N. peltata roots. The chemical structure of the new compound (6) was determined by analyzing 1D and 2D NMR spectra and high-resolution (HR) electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESIMS), along with a chemical reaction. The wound-healing activities of the isolated compounds (1–6) were evaluated using a HaCaT cell scratch test. Among the isolates, isoquercetin (3), quercetin-3-O-vicianoside (4), and 3‴-O-foliamenthoyl-rutin (6) promoted HaCaT cell migration over scratch wounds, with compound 4 being the most effective. Our findings provide experimental data supporting the potential of quercetin-3-O-vicianoside (4) as a wound-healing agent.

Oral cancer is a malignant neoplasm of oral cavity. It accounts for approximately 5% of all malignant tumors. Approximately 97% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, followed by adenocarcinomas, and rarely malignant melanomas. It occurs particularly in males (twice as common in males than in females) of middle age (above 40 years). Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. has traditionally been known for its effective antitumor activity and is currently used in China for cancer therapy. A. pilosa Ledeb. has been traditionally used for the treatment of abdominal pain, sore throat, headache, blood discharge, parasitic infections, and eczema in Korea and other Asian countries. Most studies on A. pilosa Ledeb. are related to the leaves and a few investigated the roots of the plant. However, detailed mechanisms of antitumor activity of A. pilosa Ledeb. have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, to date, there have been no reports on the antitumor effect of A. pilosa Ledeb. in oral squamous cells. In this study, we used proteomic technology to observe changes in proteins related to anticancer activity of A. pilosa Ledeb. and identified target proteins among altered proteins to reveal the underlying mechanism of action.

This study developed a method to assess a building’s risk against disaster, tentatively named the Korean Integrated Disaster Evaluation Simulator (K-IDES). Based on previous studies analyzing FEMA’s risk management series in the US, the FEMA IRVS was selected as a case study for developing a framework for the K-IDES. Through the comparative analysis of domestic building design guides, codes, and special legislation related to disasters, a risk assessment methodology for quantitative results was developed. The assessment method consists of a classification system, a calculation for the quantification of risk, and a simulation in which the developed checklist for the K-IDES is applied to similar types of high-rise buildings to validate its accuracy. The final goal was to systemize an integrated risk management strategy for a building against disasters, checking for vulnerable areas from the conceptual stage of the design, and to utilize the risk management strategy after construction.

Nymphoides peltata has been widely used pharmacologically in traditional Chinese medicine to treat heat strangury and polyuria. The aim of this study was to isolate the bioactive components from N. peltata and evaluate their potential use as antioxidant and anti-wrinkle agents. Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of N. peltata roots led to the isolation of 15 compounds (1–15), which were structurally determined as α-spinasterol (1), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), protocatechuic acid (4), vanillic acid (5), p-coumaric acid (6), caffeic acid (7), ferulic acid (8), neochlorogenic acid (neo-CQA) (9), chlorogenic acid (CQA) (10), cryptochlorogenic acid (crypto-CQA) (11), isochlorogenic acid B (3,4-DCQA) (12), isochlorogenic acid A (3,5-DCQA) (13), isochlorogenic acid C (4,5-DCQA) (14), and 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (TCQA) (15). Of these 15 compounds, compound 2 was a new oleanane saponin, the chemical structure of which was characterized by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), as well as chemical reaction. Biological evaluation of the isolated compounds revealed that 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (TCQA) significantly improved Nrf2 levels in an Nrf2–ARE reporter HaCaT cell screening assay. TCQA was found to potently inhibit the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and to possess strong anti-wrinkle activity by modulating the MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathway and thus inhibiting MMP-1 synthesis in HaCaT cells exposed to UVB. Our results suggest that TCQA isolated from N. peltata might be useful for developing effective antioxidant and anti-wrinkle agents.

Background & Aims: Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a master upstream protein kinase involved in nutrient sensing and glucose and lipid metabolism in many tissues; however, its metabolic role in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of LKB1 on bile acid (BA) homeostasis. Methods: We generated mice with IEC-specific deletion of LKB1 (LKB1ΔIEC) and analyzed the characteristics of IEC development and BA level. In vitro assays with small interfering RNA, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, metagenomics, and RNA-sequencing were used to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying perturbed BA homeostasis. Results: LKB1 deletion resulted in abnormal differentiation of secretory cell lineages. Unexpectedly, BA pool size increased substantially in LKB1ΔIEC mice. A significant reduction of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) target genes, including fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), known to inhibit BA synthesis, was found in the small intestine (SI) ileum of LKB1ΔIEC mice. We observed that LKB1 depletion reduced FGF15/19 protein level in human IECs in vitro. Additionally, a lower abundance of bile salt hydrolase-producing bacteria and elevated levels of FXR antagonist (ie, T-βMCA) were observed in the SI of LKB1ΔIEC mice. Moreover, LKB1ΔIEC mice showed impaired conversion of retinol to retinoic acids in the SI ileum. Subsequently, vitamin A treatment failed to induce FGF15 production. Thus, LKB1ΔIEC mice fed with a high-fat diet showed improved glucose tolerance and increased energy expenditure. Conclusions: LKB1 in IECs manages BA homeostasis by controlling FGF15/19 production.

Background & Aims: Dietary signals are known to modulate stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors; however, the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche and its association with colorectal cancer remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate how a HFD affects the ISC niche and its regulatory factors. Methods: Mice were fed a purified diet (PD) or HFD for 2 months. The expression levels of ISC-related markers, ISC-supportive signals, and Wnt2b were assessed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence staining. RNA sequencing and metabolic function were analyzed in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from PD- and HFD-fed mice. Fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16s rRNA sequencing. Bile salt hydrolase activity and bile acid (BA) levels were measured. Results: We found that expression of CD44 and Wnt signal-related genes was higher in the colonic crypts of HFD-fed mice than in those fed a PD. Within the ISC niche, MSCs were expanded and secreted predominant levels of Wnt2b in the colon of HFD-fed mice. Of note, increased energy metabolism and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like properties were found in the colonic MSCs of HFD-fed mice. Moreover, colonic MSCs from HFD-fed mice promoted the growth of tumorigenic properties and accelerated the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC)-related markers in colon organoids. In particular, production of primary and secondary BAs was increased through the expansion of bile salt hydrolase-encoding bacteria in HFD-fed mice. Most importantly, BAs-FXR interaction stimulated Wnt2b production in colonic CAF-like MSCs. Conclusions: HFD-induced colonic CAF-like MSCs play an indispensable role in balancing the properties of CSCs through activation of the BAs-FXR axis.

Introduction: During tooth development, proper protein folding and trafficking are significant processes as newly synthesized proteins proceed to form designated tissues. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs inevitably in tooth development as unfolded and misfolded proteins accumulate in ER. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) is a FDA approved drug and known as a chemical chaperone which alleviates the ER stress. Recently, several studies showed that 4PBA performs therapeutic effects in some genetic diseases due to misfolding of proteins, metabolic related-diseases and apoptosis due to ER stress. However, the roles of 4PBA during odontogenesis are not elucidated. This study revealed the effects of 4PBA during molar development in mice.Methods: We employed in vitro organ cultivation and renal transplantation methods which would mimic the permanent tooth development in an infant period of human. The in vitro cultivated tooth germs and renal calcified teeth were examined by histology and immunohistochemical analysis.Results and Discussion: Our results revealed that treatment of 4PBA altered expression patterns of enamel knot related signaling molecules, and consequently affected cellular secretion and patterned formation of dental hard tissues including dentin and enamel during tooth morphogenesis. The alteration of ER stress by 4PBA treatment during organogenesis would suggest that proper ER stress is important for pattern formation during tooth development and morphogenesis, and 4PBA as a chemical chaperone would be one of the candidate molecules for dental and hard tissue regeneration.

Data on the coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundary relationship between Goss and matrix grains in Fe-3%Si grain-oriented electrical steel are reported herein. First, the matrix grains of the Fe-3%Si grain-oriented electrical steel after primary recrystallization were investigated to examine the CSL boundary relationship between major orientations namely, Goss (90°, 45°, 90°), Cube (0°, 0°, 0°), Brass (35°, 45°, 0°), and Copper (90°, 35°, 45°). Then, the abnormal growth morphology of the Goss grains was observed ex-situ using electron backscatter diffraction. During its abnormal growth, the Goss grain grew while consuming the matrix grains. However, matrix grains with a CSL boundary relationship with Goss grains did not disappear but remained. The matrix grains that either remained or disappeared when the Goss grains grew abnormally were investigated, and the fraction of matrix grains that had a CSL boundary relationship with the Goss grains was 27.9% among the 523 remaining grains and 12.8% among the 2813 disappearing grains.

Periodontitis is an excessive inflammatory event in tooth-supporting tissues and can cause tooth loss. We used erythropoietin (EPO), which has been reported to play an important role in bone healing and modulation of angiogenesis, as a therapeutic agent in vivo and in vitro experimental models to analyze its effect on periodontitis. First, EPO was applied to in vitro MC3T3-E1 cells and human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) cells to examine its function in altered cellular events and gene expression patterns. In vitro cultivation of MC3T3-E1 and hPDLF cells with 10 IU/ml EPO at 24 and 48 h showed an obvious increase in cell proliferation. Interestingly, EPO treatment altered the expression of osteogenesis-related molecules, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and osteocalcin (OC) in MC3T3-E1 cells but not in hPDLF cells. In particular, MC3T3-E1 cells showed increased expression of ALP, BMP-2, and OC on day 5, while hPDLF cells showed increased expression of BMP-2, and OC on day 14. Based on the in vitro examination, we evaluated the effect of EPO on bone formation using an experimentally-induced animal periodontitis model. After the induction of periodontitis in the maxillary left second M, 10 IU/ml of EPO was locally applied to the extraction tooth sockets. Histomorphological examination using Masson’s trichrome (MTC) staining showed facilitated bone formation in the EPO-treated groups after 14 days. Similarly, stronger positive reactions against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OC) were detected in the EPO-treated group compared to the control. Meanwhile, myeloperoxidase, an inflammatory marker, was decreased in the EPO-treated group on days 1 and 5. Overall, EPO facilitates bone healing and regeneration through altered signaling regulation and modulation of inflammation in the osteoblast cell lineage and to a lesser extent in hPDLF cells.

Direct methanation in an integrated CO2 capture and utilization system has recently gained considerable attention as a promising approach owing to its simplified process and lower requirement of total thermal energy as compared to conventional CO2 capture and utilization techniques. This study formulated macroporous structured Ni/CaO catal-sorbents by controlling the Ni-to-CaO ratio. The influence of this ratio on the CO2 capture (capacity and kinetics) and direct methanation performances (productivity and kinetics) was evaluated at 500 °C. CO2 capture combined with direct methanation experiments revealed that 10Ni/CaO exhibited the best CO2 capture capacity, kinetics, and CH4 productivity with the thermal stability of Ni and CaO species.

This study explores the development of English textbooks in North Korea through corpus-based analysis aimed at illuminating the differences between materials produced during the Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un regimes. In the context of educational reforms and changing political ideology, this study investigates BNC/COCA-based lexical coverage and the key lexical features of North Korean middle school English textbooks, highlighting the complexity, vocabulary, and readability of the learning materials. The findings revealed that the Kim Jong-un regime had implemented reforms to improve English language education, with increased lexical diversity, textual complexity, and vocabulary exposure. Although no significant differences were found between the two regimes regarding the lexical coverage of textbooks, the Kim Jong-un regime's textbooks exhibited improvements in diversity, readability, and complexity. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the interplay between political ideology and English language education in North Korea, offering insights that have implications beyond the North Korean context and encouraging reflection on the nation-driven educational reform.

Abstract. Breakage of the intramedullary nail is a rare complication after proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) in intertrochanteric fracture treatment. The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the frequency of nail breakage among the patients who were treated for mechanical failure after PFNA for intertrochanteric/pertrochanteric fracture, and (2) to determine the risk factors for nail breakage in PFNA treatment of intertrochanteric fracture. To identify mechanical failure after internal fixation using PFNA, we retrospectively reviewed the data of 35 patients (35 hips) who required reoperation after PFNA with a helical blade for intertrochanteric/pertrochanteric fracture between June 2005 and June 2018. We evaluated the frequency of breakage of PFNA and compared the demographic and radiologic parameters between the breakage and control (non-breakage) groups. We also compared the lever arm for the load of stress from the fulcrum according to the centrum-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle of blade by using reverse design technique. Among the 25 patients with mechanical failure after PFNA except 10 patients with peri-implant infection and osteonecrosis, 7 (28.0%) showed breakage of PFNA at average of 8 months (range, 5–13 months) after index surgery. A larger horizontal offset (the horizontal distance from the lateral surface of the IM nail and the medial tip of helical blade) was associated with an increased risk of nail breakage. A CCD angle of 130° has a shorter lever arm for the load of stress from the fulcrum, meaning a higher stress for nail breakage, although there was no association between CCD angle and breakage of the nail. Our study suggested that higher horizontal offset and a higher CCD angle can increase the risk of breakage of the PFNA nail at the aperture for the helical blade.

In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation based on an Eulerian-Eulerian approach was used to evaluate the mixing performance of a mud agitator through the distribution of bulk particles. Firstly, the commercial CFD software Star-CCM+ was verified by performing numerical simulations of single-phase water mixing problems in an agitator with various turbulence models, and the simulation results were compared with an experiment. The standard model was selected as an appropriate turbulence model, and a grid convergence test was performed. Then, a simulation of the liquid-solid multi-phase mixing in an agitator was simulated with different multi-phase interaction models, and lift and drag models were selected. In the case of the lift model, the results were not significantly affected, but Syamlal and O’Brien’s drag model showed more reasonable results with respect to the experiment. Finally, with the properly determined simulation conditions, a multi-phase flow simulation of a mud agitator was performed to predict the mixing time and spatial distribution of solid particles. The applicability of the CFD multi-phase simulation for the practical design of a mud agitator was confirmed.

Abstract Accurate and precise determination of free fatty acid (FFA) contents is essential for quality control and assurance in food production. Herein, a mass spectrometric study was performed to develop a sample preparation protocol that can minimize exogenous FFA contamination during the quantification of FFA in food. The quantities of exogenous FFAs were measured using various combinations of seven pretreatment methods for a sample tube, three extraction methods, and four types of sample tubes. Methanol washing could effectively reduce exogenous palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) by 73 and 64%, respectively, in contrast to furnace baking resulting in a decrease in the amount of PA and SA contaminants by 50 and 37%, respectively. A lower amount of FFA contaminants was extracted from glass tubes during comparative analysis of the four different sample tubes studied. A combination of a methanol-washed glass tube and chloroform extraction solvent was determined to be the optimal method for minimizing the error in FFA quantification. The optimized sample preparation protocol used for FFA quantification can lower the amount of foreign palmitic acid and stearic acid to the sub-nanomolar level in the analysis of FFAs in skimmed milk.

In this study, a Ru-doped Ni pellet-type catalyst was prepared to produce hydrogen via steam methane reforming (SMR). A small amount of Ru addition on the Ni catalyst improved Ni dispersion, thus affording a higher catalytic activity than that of the Ni catalyst. During the daily startup and shutdown (DSS) operations, the CH4 conversion of Ni catalysts significantly decreased because of Ni metal oxidation to NiAl2O4, which is not reduced completely at 700 °C. Conversely, the oxidized Ni species in the Ru–Ni catalyst can be reduced under SMR conditions because of H2 spillover from the surface of Ru onto the surface of Ni. Consequently, the addition of a small quantity of Ru to the Ni catalyst can improve the catalytic activity and stability during the DSS operation.

Nymphoides peltata is widely used pharmacologically in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic medicine as a diuretic, antipyretic, or choleretic and to treat ulcers, snakebites, and edema. Previous studies have shown that phytochemicals from N. peltata have physiological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-wrinkle properties. Nevertheless, research on the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effect of N. peltata extract is limited. This study was undertaken to assess the in vitro and in vivo anti-atopic and antioxidant activities of a 95% EtOH extract of N. peltata roots (NPR). PI-induced RBL-2H3 cells and two typical hapten mice (oxazolone-induced BALB/c mice and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced SKH-1 hairless mice) were used to investigate the effect of NPR extract on AD. The expressions of AD-related inflammatory cytokines, skin-related genes, and antioxidant enzymes were analyzed by ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence, and skin hydration was measured using Aquaflux AF103 and SKIN-O-MAT instruments. The chemical composition of NPR extract was analyzed using an HPLC-PDA system. In this study, NPR extracts were shown to most efficiently inhibit IL-4 in PI-induced RBL-2H3 cells and AD-like skin symptoms in oxazolone-BALB/c mice compared to its whole and aerial extracts. NPR extract markedly reduced DNCB-induced increases in mast cells, epidermal thickness, IL-4 and IgE expressions, and atopic-like symptoms in SKH-1 hairless mice. In addition, NPR extract suppressed DNCB-induced changes in the expressions of skin-related genes and skin hydration and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Three phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid) were identified by HPLC-PDA in NPR extract. The study shows that NPR extract exhibits anti-atopic activities by inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative stress and improving skin barrier functions, and indicates that NPR extract has potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of AD.

For hard tissue formation, cellular mechanisms, involved in protein folding, processing, and secretion play important roles in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In pathological and regeneration conditions, ER stress hinders proper formation and secretion of proteins, and tissue regeneration by unfolded protein synthesis. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) is a chemical chaperone that alleviates ER stress through modulation in proteins folding and protein trafficking. However, previous studies about 4PBA only focused on the metabolic diseases rather than on hard tissue formation and regeneration. Herein, we evaluated the function of 4PBA in dentin regeneration using an exposed pulp animal model system via a local delivery method as a drug repositioning strategy. Our results showed altered morphological changes and cellular physiology with histology and immunohistochemistry. The 4PBA treatment modulated the inflammation reaction and resolved ER stress in the early stage of pulp exposure. In addition, 4PBA treatment activated blood vessel formation and TGF-β1 expression in the dentin-pulp complex. Micro-computed tomography and histological examinations confirmed the facilitated formation of the dentin bridge in the 4PBA-treated specimens. These results suggest that proper modulation of ER stress would be an important factor for secretion and patterned formation in dentin regeneration.

In this study, we systematically evaluated the factors affecting the ionization efficiency of paper spray ionization (PSI), such as electric field, solvent supply rate, and paper thickness and hydrophobicity. The observed paper spray plume was classified into three modes: single cone-jet, multi-jet, and rim-jet modes. With the increase in the spraying voltage, the spray plume appeared in order of single cone-jet, multi-jet, and rim-jet modes. The rim-jet mode exhibited the lowest standard deviation and high ionization efficiency among the three spray modes. The main parameter determining the spray mode was the charge density of the droplets generated by paper spray, which depends on the electric field and solvent supply rate. A thicker paper reduced the electric repulsion between the jets and lowered the threshold voltage to reach the rim-jet mode. Lowering the solvent supply rate caused mode transitions from the single cone-jet to the rim-jet, possibly due to the increased droplet charge density. The hydrophobic modification on a paper substrate led to a different ionization mechanism or electrostatic spray ionization at low applied voltages.

Background Long-term glucocorticoid use increases fracture risk by reducing bone mass. This study evaluated the relationship between hip and vertebral fractures and the total amount of systematic glucocorticoid use. Methods We randomly selected 1,896,159 people aged 20 to 100 years who participated in the National Health Checkup program in 2006. The amount of glucocorticoids prescribed was calculated based on the defined daily dose (DDD). The total DDD was obtained by adding oral and parenteral glucocorticoids for 6 months from the index date. Subjects were categorized into four groups according to total glucocorticoid DDDs: non-users (DDDs=0), low users (0< DDDs ≤45), intermediate users (45< DDDs ≤90), and high users (90< DDDs). We followed them for 2 years. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the effects of the total amount of glucocorticoid use on hip and vertebral fractures. Results Higher glucocorticoid use was associated with a higher risk of vertebral fracture. Relative to non-users, the vertebral fracture risk was 1.39 times higher in the low-user group, 1.94 times higher in the intermediate-user group, and 2.43 times higher in the high-user group. The risk of hip fracture was 1.72 times higher in intermediate users and 3.28 times higher in high users than in non-users. Conclusion As the amount of glucocorticoid use for 6 months increased, the risk of hip and vertebral fractures became higher. In order to prevent fractures, it is necessary for doctors to evaluate the total amount of glucocorticoid prescribed to the patient and to provide appropriate treatment.

Limited studies on multi-omics have been conducted to comprehensively investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). In this study, the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae was assessed under the exposure to 0.1–20 μM PFOS based on its reported neurobehavioral effect. After the number of zebrafish larvae was optimized for proteomics and metabolomics studies, three kinds of omics (i.e., transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) were carried out with zebrafish larvae exposed to 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 μM PFOS. More importantly, a data-driven integration of multi-omics was performed to elucidate the toxicity mechanism involved in developmental neurotoxicity. In a concentration-dependent manner, exposure to PFOS provoked hyperactivity and hypoactivity under light and dark conditions, respectively. Individual omics revealed that PFOS exposure caused perturbations in the pathways of neurological function, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. Integrated omics implied that there were decisive pathways for axonal deformation, neuroinflammatory stimulation, and dysregulation of calcium ion signaling, which are more clearly specified for neurotoxicity. Overall, our findings broaden the molecular understanding of the developmental neurotoxicity of PFOS, for which multi-omics and integrated omics analyses are efficient for discovering the significant molecular pathways related to developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish.

Apigenin, a natural product belonging to the flavone class, affects various cell physiologies, such as cell signaling, inflammation, proliferation, migration, and protease production. In this study, apigenin was applied to mouse molar pulp after mechanically pulpal exposure to examine the detailed function of apigenin in regulating pulpal inflammation and tertiary dentin formation. In vitro cell cultivation using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and in vivo mice model experiments were employed to examine the effect of apigenin in the pulp and dentin regeneration. In vitro cultivation of hDPSCs with apigenin treatment upregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)- and osteogenesis-related signaling molecules such as BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, bone sialoprotein (BSP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN) after 14 days. After apigenin local delivery in the mice pulpal cavity, histology and cellular physiology, such as the modulation of inflammation and differentiation, were examined using histology and immunostainings. Apigenin-treated specimens showed period-altered immunolocalization patterns of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO), NESTIN, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 at 3 and 5 days. Moreover, the apigenin-treated group showed a facilitated dentin-bridge formation with few irregular tubules after 42 days from pulpal cavity preparation. Micro-CT images confirmed obvious dentin-bridge structures in the apigenin-treated specimens compared with the control. Apigenin facilitated the reparative dentin formation through the modulation of inflammation and the activation of signaling regulations. Therefore, apigenin would be a potential therapeutic agent for regenerating dentin in exposed pulp caused by dental caries and traumatic injury.

No Abstract

In this study, a solvometallurgical process for the recovery of Cu from industrial dust by leaching with a lixiviant comprising hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ethylene glycol followed by extraction with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) was developed. Copper, Ni, Mg, and Al contained in the dust were efficiently dissolved by using HCl in ethylene glycol, leaving most of the Ag in the residue. The parameters (concentration of the lixivant, reaction temperature, pulp density) that affect leaching efficiency were extensively investigated and optimized. TOPO was used to selectively extract Cu over other metal ions (Ni, Mg, Al, and Ag) from the obtained leachate. The Cu extraction mechanism was investigated by using the slope method, and 0.1 mol/L sulfuric acid was used to strip Cu from the Cu-loaded TOPO. McCabe–Thiele plots for Cu extraction and stripping were constructed to determine the number of counter-current stages along with the volumetric flow ratio of the two phases. Counter-current Cu extraction and stripping simulation tests were carried out to confirm its feasibility. Finally, a flow diagram of the proposed process for separation and recovery of Cu from industrial dust is provided.

As incidences of osteoporotic hip fractures (OHFs) have increased, identifying OHFs has become important to establishing the medical guidelines for their management. This study was conducted to develop an operational definition to identify patients with OHFs using two diagnosis codes and eight procedure codes from health insurance claims data and to assess the operational definition’s validity through a chart review. The study extracted data on OHFs from 522 patients who underwent hip surgeries based on diagnosis codes. Orthopedic surgeons then reviewed these patients’ medical records and radiographs to identify those with true OHFs. The validities of nine different algorithms of operational definitions, developed using a combination of three levels of diagnosis codes and eight procedure codes, were assessed using various statistics. The developed operational definition showed an accuracy above 0.97 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve above 0.97, indicating excellent discriminative power. This study demonstrated that the operational definition that combines diagnosis and procedure codes shows a high validity in detecting OHFs and can be used as a valid tool to detect OHFs from big health claims data.

miRNAs are conserved short non-coding RNAs that play a role in the modulation of various biological pathways during tissue and organ morphogenesis. In this study, the function of miRNA-221-3p in tooth development, through its loss or gain in function was evaluated. A variety of techniques were utilized to evaluate detailed functional roles of miRNA-221-3p during odontogenesis, including in vitro tooth cultivation, renal capsule transplantation, in situ hybridization, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Two-day in vitro tooth cultivation at E13 identified altered cellular events, including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and cytoskeletal arrangement, with the loss and gain of miRNA-221-3p. qPCR analysis revealed alterations in gene expression of tooth-related signaling molecules, including β-catenin, Bmp2, Bmp4, Fgf4, Ptch1, and Shh, when inhibited with miRNA-221-3p and mimic. Also, the inhibition of miRNA-221-3p demonstrated increased mesenchymal localizations of pSMAD1/5/8, alongside decreased expression patterns of Shh and Fgf4 within inner enamel epithelium (IEE) in E13 + 2 days in vitro cultivated teeth. Moreover, 1-week renal transplantation of in vitro cultivated teeth had smaller tooth size with reduced enamel and dentin matrices, along with increased cellular proliferation and Shh expression along the Hertwig epithelial root sheath (HERS), within the inhibitor group. Similarly, in 3-week renal calcified teeth, the overexpression of miRNA-221-3p did not affect tooth phenotype, while the loss of function resulted in long and slender teeth with short mesiodistal length. This study provides evidence that a suitable level of miRNA-221-3p is required for the modulation of major signaling pathways, including Wnt, Bmp, and Shh, during tooth morphogenesis.

Abstract Background Prior studies reported ambivalent effects of bisphosphonates on the fixation of cementless stem in hip arthroplasty patients. To set up the postoperative guide of bisphosphonate use after cementless hip arthroplasty, we investigated whether zoledronate has beneficial or negative effects in the stem migration and walking ability after cementless hemi-arthroplasty in elderly patients, who were operated due to femoral neck fracture. Methods We compared 59 patients (zoledronate group), who received zoledronate after cementless hemi-arthroplasty, and 66 patients (control group), who did not receive that agent. We evaluated stem subsidence, cortical porosis around the stem, and walking ability with the use of Koval’s categories at 2-year follow-up. Results No patient had more than 2 mm of stem subsidence in both groups. One patient in the control group had cortical porosis around the stem, but none in the zoledronate group. There were no significant differences in the postoperative Koval scores (p = 0.769) and in the proportion of walking recovery to pre-fracture status (p = 0.695) between the two groups. Conclusion We did not find neither beneficial nor negative effect of this agent in terms of stem fixation and walking ability. Zoledronate can be used after cementless hemi-arthroplasty to manage the osteoporosis in elderly patients.

7-O-methylluteolin (7-ML) is a flavonoid isolated from the aerial parts of Wikstroemia ganpi (W. ganpi). We describe the anti–atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of 7-ML in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced HepG2 cells and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced SKH-1 hairless mice. Results demonstrated that 7-ML dose-dependently inhibited the activation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2) in tBHP-induced HepG2 cells. 7-ML applied topically to our DNCB-induced mouse model upregulated the antioxidant protein expression (phosphorylated Nrf2 (pNrf2), Nrf2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)) in skin tissues, improved epidermal thickness, and reduced mast cell infiltration into the skin. In addition, 7-ML reduced the serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) and improved skin barrier functions. These results suggest that 7-ML should be considered a novel antioxidant and anti-AD agent.

Mucin-degrading bacteria are densely populated in the intestinal epithelium; however, their interaction with intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and their progeny have not been elucidated. To determine whether mucin-degrading bacteria play a role in gut homeostasis, mice were treated with Akkermansia muciniphila, a specialized species that degrades mucin. Administration of A. muciniphila for 4 weeks accelerated the proliferation of Lgr5+ ISCs and promoted the differentiation of Paneth cells and goblet cells in the small intestine (SI). We found similar effects of A. muciniphila in the colon. The levels of acetic and propionic acids were higher in the cecal contents of A. muciniphila-treated mice than in PBS-treated mice. SI organoids treated with cecal contents obtained from A. muciniphila-treated mice were larger and could be diminished by treatment with G protein-coupled receptor (Gpr) 41/43 antagonists. Pre-treatment of mice with A. muciniphila reduced gut damage caused by radiation and methotrexate. Further, a novel isotype of the A. muciniphila strain was isolated from heathy human feces that showed enhanced function in intestinal epithelial regeneration. These findings suggest that mucin-degrading bacteria (e.g., A. muciniphila) may play a crucial role in promoting ISC-mediated epithelial development and contribute to intestinal homeostasis maintenance.

In this study, the CO2 sorption mechanisms and regeneration properties of alumina-based sorbent using K2CO3 loading under high-pressure and moderate temperature conditions were examined. To investigate the mechanism of CO2 sorption, a zirconium-based sorbent was compared with an alumina-based sorbent. The CO2 capture capacities of the PAI10, 20, 30, and 40 were 32.3, 63.0, 95.4, and 124.5 mg CO2/g sorbent, respectively. To investigate the CO2 sorption mechanism of an alumina-based sorbent, we performed XRD, TG/DTG, and FTIR analyses after CO2 sorption in the presence of 10 vol% CO2 and H2O each at 200 °C and 20 atm. For PAI10–40 sorbents, KHCO3 and KAl(CO3)(OH)2 phases were observed by TG/DTG and FTIR analysis. For PAI-x sorbents, it was confirmed that the captured CO2 is desorbed completely at a temperature below 400 °C at 20 atm.

Plants of the genus Wikstroemia are traditionally used in China to treat various inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to isolate the components of Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., to evaluate their anti-atopic activities and to identify candidates with anti-atopic therapeutics. A total of 24 compounds were isolated by bioassay-guided separation, including one novel compound, which was tilianin 5-methyl ether. The anti-atopic activities of the isolated compounds were determined using TNF-α-treated RBL-2H3 cells and HaCaT cells. The mRNA expressions of IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, G-CSF and TRPV1 were reduced by luteolin 7-methyl ether. The study shows that the luteolin 7-methyl ether isolated from W. ganpi is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

This study aims to enhance second language (L2) learners' motivation and facilitate successful L2 learning by using motivational languaging, an intervention that encourages learners to reflect on, and externalize, their L2-speaking, competent future self-concepts by writing or speaking about them. Two types of effective languaging activities were developed: individual and group writing. Participants were 264 Grade 10 high school students, divided into three groups: one control group and two experimental groups. Using activity workbooks, the first experimental group engaged in 'individual writing' guided by a series of questions in their workbooks (e.g. reasons for learning English and their ideal images of using English). The second experimental group carried out 'group writing', including group discussions and writing of group members' opinions. The activities were conducted in the participants' first language, Korean, for 30-40 minutes once a week for six weeks. The results indicated, in the two experimental groups, that the participants' L2 learning motivation was enhanced, including the ideal L2 self. When observing the changes in the influence of motivation on motivated L2 learning behavior and English proficiency, meaningful increases were only found in the individual writing group, with the ideal L2 self showing more powerful impact on the two criterion measures after the activities.

Ru-based eggshell-type catalysts, in which Ru is located at the outer region of the pellet, were prepared by the impregnation method, using spherically shaped γ-Al2O3 pellets for steam-methane reforming (SMR). Ru was only supported on the external region of the pellet because of the strong interaction between its precursor and the alumina pellet. The Ru precursor penetrated the inside of the pellet by adding nitric acid to the impregnation solution. The distribution and thickness of the Ru layer in the catalyst can be controlled using the HNO3/Ru molar ratio and contact time at the impregnation step. Among the catalysts, the graded eggshell-type catalyst showed the highest activity and long-term stability in the SMR reaction. In addition, in the daily startup and shutdown (DSS) operation, similar to the hydrogen production environment for domestic polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), the graded eggshell-type catalyst showed high activity and stability after multiple cycles. Based on the experimental studies, it was confirmed that Ru-based catalysts are suitable for steam-methane reforming for PEMFC.

A nitrate leachate containing Cu(II), Ag(I), Ni(II), Mg(II), and Al(III) was obtained during the leaching of industrial dust, which arises during the pyrometallurgy of spent camera modules. To separate and recover Cu(II) and Ag(I) from the leaching solution, solvent extraction experiments using 5,8-diethyl-7-hydroxydodecan-6-oxime (LIX63) were conducted. LIX63 was found to selectively extract Cu(II) and Ag(I) over other metal ions (Ni(II), Mg(II), and Al(III)) at low nitric acid concentrations. The extraction efficiency of Cu(II) was more affected than that of Ag(I) by the acidity of the feed solution and the LIX63 concentration in the organic phase. Cu(II) and Ag(I) were simultaneously extracted using 2 mol/L LIX63. Cu(II) was separated from the loaded LIX63 via stripping with 4 mol/L HNO3, whereas Ag(I) was recovered via stripping with 0.1 mol/L thiourea after the removal of Cu(II). McCabe–Thiele diagrams for the extraction and stripping of Cu(II) and Ag(I) were constructed. The complete extraction of Cu(II) and Ag(I) was confirmed via counter-current extraction. Moreover, stripping simulation tests confirmed that higher than 99.99% of Cu(II) and 99.2% of Ag(I) were stripped. The purities of Cu(II) and Ag(I) in the recovered solution were 95.2% and 99.993%, respectively. A process flow chart for the recovery of Cu(II) and Ag(I) from the nitrate leachate of the target industrial dust was also provided.

Abstract The energy flow during natural photosynthesis is controlled by maintaining the spatial arrangement of pigments, employing helices as scaffolds. In this study, we have developed porphyrin-peptoid (pigment-helix) conjugates (PPCs) that can modulate the donor-acceptor energy transfer efficiency with exceptional precision by controlling the relative distance and orientation of the two pigments. Five donor-acceptor molecular dyads were constructed using zinc porphyrin and free base porphyrin (Zn(i + 2)–Zn(i + 6)), and highly efficient energy transfer was demonstrated with estimated efficiencies ranging from 92% to 96% measured by static fluorescence emission in CH2Cl2 and from 96.3% to 97.6% using femtosecond transient absorption measurements in toluene, depending on the relative spatial arrangement of the donor-acceptor pairs. Our results suggest that the remarkable precision and tunability exhibited by nature can be achieved by mimicking the design principles of natural photosynthetic proteins.

The purpose of this study is to develop a platform tentatively named the Korean Integrated Disaster Evaluation Simulator (K-IDES) to assess building risk during disasters. In this study, the first step includes an analysis of FEMA’s risk management series in the USA for precedent research. Among them, FEMA IRVS is selected as the case study for the development of the K-IDES framework and through the comparative analysis of domestic building design guides, codes, and special acts related to disasters. The next step is to develop a risk assessment methodology to yield quantitative results. This methodology consists of classification systems, calculation methods, and grade ratings. Based on it, K-IDES will establish a management system that can systematically integrate the collected information by using assessment techniques for elements except legal standards to measure risks in response to various disasters and present a classification system of evaluation factors, criteria for evaluation items, and risk assessment methods. In the next study, and through the simulation of the selected buildings by using this risk assessment, a check-list will be verified. The final goal of this study is to build a platform to be used as an integrated risk management method against a complex disaster by the expansion to other types of buildings through continuous data scaling and management systematization.

This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of haplopine, which is one of the active components in D. dasycarpus. Haplopine (12.5 and 25 μM) inhibited the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TSLP, GM-CSF, and G-CSF and the protein expressions of IL-6 and GM-CSF in TNF-α/INF-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. In H2O2-induced Jukat T cells, haplopine (25 and 50 μM) suppressed the productions of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and COX-2) and increased the mRNA and protein expressions of oxidative stress defense enzymes (SOD, CAT, and HO-1) in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, haplopine significantly attenuated the development of AD symptoms in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-stimulated Balb/c mice, as evidenced by reduced clinical dermatitis scores, skin thickness measurements, mast cell infiltration, and serum IgE concentrations. These findings demonstrate that haplopine should be considered a novel anti-atopic agent with the potential to treat AD.

Fe-Ni and Co-Fe-Ni catalysts were prepared by the wet impregnation method for the production of high-calorific synthetic natural gas. The influence of Ni addition to Fe and Co-Fe catalyst structure and catalytic performance was investigated. The results show that the increasing of Ni amount in Fe-Ni and Co-Fe-Ni catalysts increased the formation of Ni-Fe alloy. In addition, the addition of nickel to the Fe and Co-Fe catalysts could promote the dispersion of metal and decrease the reduction temperature. Consequently, the Fe-Ni and Co-Fe-Ni catalysts exhibited higher CO conversion compared to Fe and Co-Fe catalysts. A higher Ni amount in the catalysts could increase C1–C4 hydrocarbon production and reduce the byproducts (C5+ and CO2). Among the catalysts, the 5Co-15Fe-5Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst affords a high light hydrocarbon yield (51.7% CH4 and 21.8% C2–C4) with a low byproduct yield (14.1% C5+ and 12.1% CO2).

Plants of the genus Wikstroemia are used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The present study was designed to determine whether Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold and Zucc.) Maxim. offers a potential means of treating 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. Symptoms such as redness, edema, and keratinization in AD mice induced by DNCB were alleviated by the co-application of an ethanolic extract of W. ganpi for 2 weeks. The severity of skin barrier function damage was evaluated by measuring TEWL (transepidermal water loss). TEWLs of DNCB sensitized mouse dorsal skin were reduced by the application of a W. ganpi ethanolic extract, and skin hydration was increased. In addition, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis was significantly reduced, as were blood levels of IgE and IL-4, which play an important role in the expression of AD. The results of this experiment suggest that W. ganpi is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.

Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease of tissues around teeth that destroys connective tissues and is characterized by the loss of periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone. A new treatment strategy is needed owing to the limitations of the current surgical treatment method and the side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, here, we assessed whether Panax ginseng fruit extract (PGFE) is a new therapeutic agent for periodontitis in vitro and in vivo. According to the results, PGFE suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, and pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 through heme oxygenase-1 expression in human periodontal ligament cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS). In addition, the osteogenic induction of human periodontal ligament cells was inhibited by PG-LPS, and protein and mRNA levels of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase, collagen type 1 (COL1), osteopontin (OPN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were increased. The efficacy of PGFE for inhibiting periodontitis in vitro was demonstrated in a representative in vitro model of periodontitis induced by ligature and PG-LPS. Subsequently, hematoxylin and eosin staining and micro-computed tomography of the euthanized experimental animal model confirmed suppressed periodontal inflammation, which is an important strategy for treating periodontitis and for recovering the resulting alveolar bone loss. Therefore, PGFE is a potential, novel therapeutic agent for periodontal diseases.