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Background. The pre-operative evaluations of patients should not cause any mental or physical harm to the patient or waste the financial resources of the patient or the public health system by unnecessary actions. Health spending is one of the issues of concern in developed and developing countries. In Iran, 5–10% of government spending is allocated to this sector. The purpose of the present study was to compare the current process of preparing surgical candidates with accepted clinical guidelines. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, sampling was performed by the judgmental/purposive method among the mentioned population; finally, 134 patients were evaluated in this study. The data were categorized as 3 x 4 tables. On one side of the table, patients were divided into small, intermediate, and large surgical groups according to surgical complexity, and on the opposite side of the table, they were assigned to four groups at low, intermediate, high, and very high risk. As a result, each patient was housed in one of the houses on a 12-hole table. The clinical findings and evaluation results before surgery were extracted and evaluated retrospectively. Results. The mean age of the patients was 49.68 ± 16.96 years, and 74.6% were male. The most common type of surgery was transurethral lithotripsy. The incidence of hypertension (21.4%) among underlying diseases and comorbidities was the highest recorded item. The procedures were selected relatively in the same population size from three groups, namely, small, intermediate, and large procedures, with a frequency of 50 (37.3%), 34 (25.4%), and 50 (37.3%) cases, respectively. Conclusion. In the present study, the majority of patients with minor surgeries did not comply with the valuations recommended by guidelines. Among the patients with intermediate surgeries, in nearly half of the cases, and in the major or complex surgery group, most of the time, the evaluations were performed in accordance with the guidelines. Practical Implications. Physicians should consider adhering to current clinical guidelines when requesting preclinical tests, which can pave the way for minimizing unnecessary costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iranian art, which has an important place in Islamic art, has developed in different periods. One of the most spectacular of these periods in terms of both architecture and small crafts is the Safavid period. The Safavid period, which existed in Iran between 1501-1722, was the period that most affected the history of Iran. Tabriz is one of the cities that developed in the field of art and science during this period. Tabriz has been recognized as one of the important fortresses of Azerbaijan in history. The city, which has been dominated by many civilizations in the historical process, has finally remained within the borders of Iran. During this period, it became the official seat of the heirs of the Qajar Dynasty. Tabriz Hilat-i Puşân, which is the subject of the study, is a work that continues to be used during the Qajar period, which was built in the last period of the Safavids. It served as a place where clothes were worn for the purpose of giving gifts, giving gifts and rank symbols. It has a sixteen-sided plan in terms of plan features. The horoscope was considered worthy of introduction in terms of being used for the same purpose in two different periods and being one of the beautiful examples of cultural and architectural interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The pre-operative evaluations of patients should not cause any mental or physical harm to the patient or waste the financial resources of the patient or the public health system by unnecessary actions. Health spending is one of the issues of concern in developed and developing countries. In Iran, 5–10% of government spending is allocated to this sector. The purpose of the present study was to compare the current process of preparing surgical candidates with accepted clinical guidelines. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, sampling was performed by the judgmental/purposive method among the mentioned population; finally, 134 patients were evaluated in this study. The data were categorized as 3 x 4 tables. On one side of the table, patients were divided into small, intermediate, and large surgical groups according to surgical complexity, and on the opposite side of the table, they were assigned to four groups at low, intermediate, high, and very high risk. As a result, each patient was housed in one of the houses on a 12-hole table. The clinical findings and evaluation results before surgery were extracted and evaluated retrospectively. Results. The mean age of the patients was 49.68 ± 16.96 years, and 74.6% were male. The most common type of surgery was transurethral lithotripsy. The incidence of hypertension (21.4%) among underlying diseases and comorbidities was the highest recorded item. The procedures were selected relatively in the same population size from three groups, namely, small, intermediate, and large procedures, with a frequency of 50 (37.3%), 34 (25.4%), and 50 (37.3%) cases, respectively. Conclusion. In the present study, the majority of patients with minor surgeries did not comply with the valuations recommended by guidelines. Among the patients with intermediate surgeries, in nearly half of the cases, and in the major or complex surgery group, most of the time, the evaluations were performed in accordance with the guidelines. Practical Implications. Physicians should consider adhering to current clinical guidelines when requesting preclinical tests, which can pave the way for minimizing unnecessary costs.

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon that seriously threatens urban communities, in the meantime, the city of Tabriz or its location in the country's earthquake-prone belt has attracted more attention from urban planners. This research examines the physical-environmental resilience of Tabriz city in the face of an earthquake using the FAHP method, so that by obtaining information, useful measures can be taken in the face of an earthquake and the effects of damage and possible casualties can be reduced with preventive measures. The components used in this research are the environmental and physical components, which are stratified in the GIS environment based on the results of the spatial analysis process and the combination of decision-making models with the integration of effective layers in resilience, as well as extracting The overall resilience map of the studied area has been studied, and based on the results of the analysis, it has been determined that 6832.18 hectares of the total areas of Tabriz have a high resilience level, 11546.88 hectares have a relatively high resilience level, 2473.53 hectares have a relatively low resilience level, and 1904.63 hectares have a relatively low resilience level. 1102.39 hectares have low resilience and 1102.39 hectares have very low resilience. The vulnerability and lack of resilience of the ten regions are as follows: the regions with low resilience are 4, 10, 3, 1 respectively., 2, 5, 7, 8, 6, 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Dunes are one of the most important and sensitive landforms sensitive to wind erosion. Their activity level varies depending on the intensity of various climatic and terrestrial factors. Dust caused by wind erosion in the area of dunes is one of the most important dangers and serious challenges in arid and semiarid regions of the world, which has been aggravated by climate changes in recent years. Due to the location of IRAN in the dry and semi-arid belt, it has been exposed to numerous local and extra-local dust systems. Dust storms have been a serious crisis in the country's provinces for the past few years and have brought dangerous consequences for the residents of these provinces in terms of environment, health, and economy. The prolonged recent droughts in East Azerbaijan and the drying up of Lake Uremia have made the threat of sand and salt storms in the coastal areas of Lake Uremia possible. The purpose of this research was to introduce the dunes in the Uremia Lake basin in East Azerbaijan province, where the mobility of dunes was determined using the Lancaster index, and the level of their future activity was predicted by carrying out a sensitivity analysis. Methodology: The dunes in the Lake Uremia basin in East Azarbaijan province were identified through the literature review and field visits, and then, using Google Earth images, their area was verified and then their spatial distribution map was prepared in the ArcGIS software environment. In the present project, the sand dunes of Shush Qom located in the village of Maqsoodlou and Gildir in the political area of Harris County are reported for the first time. Here, the mobility of sand dunes in the study area is calculated based on the Lancaster index. To calculate this index, meteorological data from the last 30 years of synoptic weather stations near the studied sand dunes have been used. Blaney Kridel method was used to calculate the annual potential evapotranspiration, and its calculations were done in the R program environment separately for each meteorological station. Also, the frequency of winds with a speed higher than the erosion threshold speed (6 m/s) at a height of 10 meters from the ground is considered. After calculating the amount of sand dunes mobility, the sensitivity analysis method has been used to reveal the possible effects of climatic change elements on the mobility of sand dunes. Results: The results showed that the sand dunes of Qom Tepeh, located on the edge of Lake Urmia and west of Tabriz metropolis, were active in 81% of the last 30 years, and in other words, they were not active in only 19% of the statistical period. Also, the results of the Lancaster index indicate the intensification of the mobility of the sands in the Qom Tepeh dunes in recent years. This fact can be justified in the form of the prolonged of droughts and the expansion of the dry areas of the Uremia lake bed; Also, field observations indicate the instability of the surface of these dunes due to the indiscriminate extraction of sand from these hills for use in the sand brick production plant and other agricultural and industrial uses. The dominant wind direction of Shush Qom region is south-southwest and winds with intensity greater than (>6m/sec) constitute about 12% of all observed winds at the Harris synoptic station. Based on the results of the Lancaster index, the dunes of the Shush Qom region have been active in half of the studied period; Of course, the short statistical period of the Harris station (last 12 years) has prevented a detailed analysis of the past behavior of this sandy area. In both study sites, the activity of the sands was mainly limited to the top of the dunes. Despite observing a direct relationship between the Lancaster index with the frequency of winds above the threshold of erosion and evapotranspiration and an inverse relationship with precipitation, the sensitivity of the Lancaster index to the decreasing or increasing changes of climate variables is not the same in the mentioned sites. Discussion & Conclusions: Sand dunes are one of the famous geomorphological forms in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, and their activity has intensified with climate changes in recent years. Therefore, investigating and monitoring the behavior of this phenomenon in terms of its impact on the emergence and escalation of the dust phenomenon is an undeniable necessity to reduce the effects of environmental crises. Even though today the Lancaster index is widely used in discussions related to the monitoring of sand dune activity in different weather conditions around the world, it is necessary to mention the lack of proper spatial distribution of weather stations and the short period of statistical observation. Also, the use of data from meteorological stations that are located further away from the sandy areas, makes the accuracy and correctness of the calculations of the Lancaster index doubtful, and the results should be evaluated with field observations and other valid scientific documents. On the other hand, in addition to analyzing the sensitivity of the Lancaster index, it is necessary to use the results of different climate change scenarios and appropriate downscaling methods in revealing the climate data changes affecting the Lancaster index in predicting the future behavior of sand dunes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The samples of greenhouse cucumbers were collected from the Central Fruit and Vegetable Market of Tabriz between June and December 2017. In the twenty-four cucumber samples (unwashed, washed, peeled), the residue of 18 organophosphates pesticides (OPPs) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following the modified QuEChERS method (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe). Chronic non-carcinogenic risk assessment from pesticide residues in the samples was also performed for age groups of adults (women and men) and children using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Amongst the eighteen studied pesticides, eight pesticides including dimethoate, diazinon, methyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and azinphos-methyl were detected. Pesticide residues were detected in 100% of unwashed, washed and peeled samples in the range of 0.08 to 0.37 mg.kg-1, 0.03 to 0.17 mg.kg-1 and 0.01 to 0.08 mg.kg-1, respectively. The maximum and minimum values were found for diazinon pesticides with 0.37 mg.kg-1 and profenofos and fenitrothion with 0.01 mg.kg-1. 100 % of samples contained at least three pesticide residues (dimethoate, diazinon, and methyl parathion), while 87.5% of the samples contained more pesticides residues. The residues of dimethoate, diazinon, and methyl parathion were above Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in 100%, 83.33%, and 66.66% of samples, respectively. The identified residues were more than the EU MRLs and the IR MRLs in 100% and 95.83% samples, respectively. The mean reduction of pesticide residues in the washed and peeled samples was in the range of 37.74 to 56.52% and 66.66 to 92.30%, respectively. According to the performed risk assessment, there is no significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to the consumption of cucumber for the age group of adults. Hence, there is a considerable non-carcinogenic health risk to children due to the consumption of unwashed (HI = 2.22) and water-washed (HI = 1.36) greenhouse cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface temperature, as one of the important and fundamental parameters in climatology, indicates the relationship between the atmosphere and the Earth. Considering the environmental issues of cities, including the intensification of urban heat islands, accurately estimating LST and identifying its influencing factors play a significant role in urban thermal management and adopting adaptive strategies for heat islands. In this regard, this study compares two regression methods: multiple linear regression and random forest in order to estimate the LST. Daily nighttime MODIS images were used to extract the LST of Tabriz city during the summer. These images were processed in the Google Earth Engine platform and averaged for the period from 2018 to 2022. According to the results, the random forest showed significantly better performance with a coefficient of determination of 0.924 (RMS = 0.009) compared to multiple linear regression. The random forest was also used to determine the importance of the indices. Based on the index importance results, night lights (51/06%), sky view factor (48/01%) and frontal area index (45/27%) were the most important factor affecting the nighttime summer LST in Tabriz city, respectively. The findings of this study, in addition to revealing the strength of the random forest regression in estimating LST, also highlight the importance of various indices in the LST. In this context, the study's results will be practical for managing the thermal environment of Tabriz city and adopting mitigation strategies for its heat islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Informal settlements, as a prominent manifestation of urban poverty, are typically formed within or adjacent to cities. These settlements often lack building permits and official urban development plans. The primary reason for their formation is the inability of people to secure housing in the formal market, compelling them to seek shelter through informal means. This leads to numerous problems. Consequently, various approaches have been proposed globally, particularly in third-world countries, to address the issue of informal settlements. In contemporary discourse, empowerment is considered the most effective strategy. It aims to enhance the capabilities and improve the living standards of residents while upholding the principles of human dignity and social justice. However, neglecting the environmental qualities and the needs of the residents can cause this strategy to fail. Life unfolds within the context of the environment, and livability addresses the connection between housing and human life, along with its needs, by focusing on the quality of the environment in residential spaces. Theoretical Framework This research encompasses two key concepts and variables: viability and empowerment. Researchers have identified various dimensions of the concept of empowerment. Some scholars emphasize the psychological aspects of empowerment, considering elements such as the feeling of competence, the sense of being effective, and the perception of freedom of action as core components of empowerment. In contrast, the social dimension of empowerment has been prominently featured in the theories of many empowerment thinkers, including Sara Longwe (1991), Stromquist (1999), Naila Kabeer (2012), and Hoyt Oliver (2020). These theorists highlight awareness, interaction, and social participation as crucial elements of empowerment. Their theories stress the importance of awareness and the power of connections, interactions, and social partnerships in empowering individuals. Additionally, the presence of elements such as welfare and access (Longwe), income (Sen, 1999), resources and possessions (Kabeer), and economic ability (Stromquist, 1999) among the components related to empowerment underscores the significance of the economic dimension of empowerment. Therefore, the concept of empowerment encompasses three primary dimensions: economic, social, and psychological. However, the most critical aspect of empowerment is gaining the power to control and master the forces that affect human life. By acquiring certain abilities, individuals can influence the determining factors of their lives. Life is one of the most fundamental aspects of human existence, and attention to it and the quality factors of residential space can enhance the quality of the environment and the satisfaction of residents. Based on previous studies and in line with the research’s purpose and its relationship with the dimensions of empowerment, the components of livability are categorized into three dimensions: material (economic, physical, environmental), functional-activity, and perceptual-meaning (cultural and psychological). The relationship between each of the three dimensions of empowerment and the dimensions of viability was examined. Methodology The research method is practical based on its objective. In terms of data collection and analysis, it employs a correlational approach and is founded on the structural equation model. The primary tool for data collection is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study comprises residents from the following neighborhoods: Seilab in the northern zone, Abuzar in the northwestern zone, Zamzam in the southern zone, and Akhmakiyeh in the southwestern zone. To determine the sample size, a simple random sampling method was utilized. Initially, a pre-test was conducted as a pilot among 35 residents of the aforementioned neighborhoods, and the Cronbach’s alpha value was calculated to be 0.744. For estimating the sample size, the formula proposed by Tabachnick and Fidell (M8 + 50 ≥ N) was applied, resulting in an estimated sample size of 150 individuals. Results and Discussion The research findings are divided into four parts: 1. Structural Model Analysis: • The structural model reveals a positive and significant relationship between the variables of empowerment and viability. 2. Effective Dimensions in Livability: • The most influential dimension in livability is the perceptual-semantic dimension. Within this dimension, the components of sense of belonging to the place and security are the most effective criteria for the livability of residential spaces. Following these are the components of the functional-activity and material dimensions. • The most impactful dimension for empowering residents is the psychological (cognitive) dimension, where the components of meaningfulness and trust are the most significant criteria for empowerment. 3. Interrelation of Viability and Empowerment Dimensions: • Each dimension and criterion of viability affects not just one, but all dimensions of empowerment. However, by comparing their factors, it becomes evident that each dimension and criterion of livability in residential spaces has a more pronounced effect on one or two dimensions of empowerment. 4. Comparative Analysis of Informal Zones in Tabriz City: • The degree of fulfillment of the functional-activity dimension components of livability is consistent across all four informal zones of Tabriz city, with a range of 3.33-3.66. This indicates that in all areas, the access to public transportation, employment services, educational, health, sports, and leisure facilities, as well as the level of participation and sociability of the residents, are similar and face the same challenges. • The differences in the vitality of the zones are attributed to variations in the components of the material and perceptual-semantic dimensions. • The northern zone exhibits the lowest level of empowerment, while the southern zone shows the highest level compared to other zones. By refining the analysis and focusing on the specific dimensions and criteria, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of how various factors contribute to the livability and empowerment of residents in informal zones. This nuanced approach highlights the importance of addressing both perceptual-semantic and material dimensions to enhance the overall quality of life in these areas. Conclusion The research results indicate that any factor enhancing the viability of residential spaces concurrently boosts the empowerment of their residents. The most influential aspect in empowering residents is the perceptual-semantic components of livability. This is because everyone’s living environment contains elements that affect their activities, and a person’s behavior is influenced not only by their inner needs and motivations but also by their living environment. Ignoring the livability capacities, especially the perceptual-semantic components, in planning and intervention measures will pose serious challenges in improving the quality of life and empowering residents. Thus, in all marginalized areas, strategies should be adopted to realize and strengthen the sense of belonging, security, and attention to the residents’ religious beliefs and way of life for their psychological empowerment, which has the most significant impact on their overall empowerment. Among the marginalized areas of Tabriz city, the northern regions exhibit the lowest level of realization of empowerment components due to the lowest level of viability, necessitating special attention. Regarding economic empowerment, the material criteria of livability have the greatest impact. Additionally, the functional-activity measures of livability significantly influence two dimensions of empowerment: economic and social empowerment, respectively. The perceptual-semantic criteria predominantly affect the psychological empowerment of the residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its establishment and formation by the advanced philosophers, especially Hakim Abu Nasr Farabi, Islamic philosophy has experienced various changes, one of which is "change of location" which is usually accompanied by content changes; For example, philosophy in the Baghdad period has characteristics that change into other characteristics in the Khorasan period. In the same way, Islamic philosophy in the territory of Azerbaijan (6th to 8th lunar centuries) has other coordinates, one of which is the noticeable tendency of the writers of philosophical texts in Persian language. Today, in the shadow of this desire and interest in the Persian writing of the philosophers of that era and country, we have a legacy of valuable research works, which both in terms of strengthening the Persian language and in terms of using the capacity of that language in conveying philosophical concepts and issues, are part of the precious treasures of our intellectual culture. Are considered The present research has been organized based on the library method and the following findings are the result of this research and investigation: 1- The Persian writing of philosophers of the Azerbaijani school is focused on the existence of the capabilities of this language in transmitting intellectual concepts; 2- The authors of treatises and philosophical books in Persian, along with the use of Arabic language, sought to benefit the general public from intellectual knowledge; 3- Preservation of national identity with a component called Persian language is another motivation of the authors of philosophical works in Persian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The intricate choreography of evaporation and transpiration plays a fundamental role in the delicate ballet of the water cycle, serving as a linchpin for ecological equilibrium. Regrettably, more than 0.72% of a nation's water reservoirs slip through our fingers due to this natural process. The significance of precise predictions for evaporation and transpiration reverberates across a myriad of applications, encompassing agriculture, water resource management, irrigation planning, and the intricate modeling of plant growth. Robust studies on evapotranspiration, especially within the domains of climate change, sustainable development, and the management of water resources, underscore its indispensable importance. Nevertheless, the scarcity of meteorological stations and the resource-intensive nature of ground-based data collection have propelled an exploration into the realm of remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing techniques, when armed with accurate and fitting outputs, emerge as invaluable instruments for unraveling the intricacies of actual evaporation and transpiration. Among the plethora of algorithms residing within remote sensing, the Sabal algorithm stands out as a beacon of precision. Executing an instantaneous surface energy balance for each pixel in a satellite image, this algorithm becomes a powerful instrument for crafting accurate estimations. This investigation centers on the vibrant city of Tabriz, nestled in the western expanse of East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Material and Methods: To unravel the enigmas of evaporation and transpiration in Tabriz, the Sabal algorithm and Landsat satellite images in sensors ("OLI_TIRS") spanning from 2013 to 2021 were enlisted. These images, procured from NASA, became the canvas for the meticulous strokes of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The harmonious fusion of thermal remote sensing techniques and GIS was orchestrated with precision, employing ARC GIS 10.8 and Envi 5.3 software for the intricate processes of data manipulation, analysis, and visualization. Results and Discussion: The findings of this research unveiled a visual metamorphosis since 2017, as the orange and red tones of Land Surface Temperature (LST) underwent a discernible escalation. Prevailing pixels exhibited temperatures spanning from 315 to 320 degrees and 320 degrees and above, marking a conspicuous warming trend in the surveyed area. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) echoed this narrative, with yellow and red pixels (0.2-0.4) and (<0.6) illustrating an upward trajectory. The Brightness Temperature (BT) index joined the symphony of change, portraying an upward shift, as pixels in the 310-315 range yielded ground to 315-320 and 320 degrees and above. The tangible correlation between vegetation cover (NDVI) and land surface temperature resonated in the accurate depiction of the ascending trend in evaporation-transpiration from 2017 to 2021, particularly in the regions beyond the city center. Conclusion: In conclusion, this research illuminates the surge in evaporation-transpiration beyond Tabriz's city center, notably in regions experiencing a documented temperature increase. The documented correlation underscores the profound influence of climate variations on this indispensable process. It is recommended that, considering the research results indicating noticeable changes in evapotranspiration outside the city center in the years 2017, 2019, and 2021, future investigations utilize daily, monthly, and annual formulas. Factors such as land-use changes and meteorological variables like temperature statistics, precipitation, etc., should be thoroughly examined in upcoming research. And this topic is of utmost importance for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Substances like asbestos and other air pollutants, such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), are hazardous compounds due to their adverse effects on human health. This study aims to investigate the levels, seasonal variations, spatial distribution, potential sources, and associated health risks associated with BTEX compounds and asbestos fibers in the ambient air of Tabriz. Air samples were taken at 16 different locations during the 2020–2021 period. Glass containers with charcoal were used for sample collection, and the BTEX content was determined using the GC-FID method. Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) analysis was conducted with a low-volume peripheral pump for asbestos fiber sampling. The results showed that the average concentration of ∑BTEX was 37.94 and 27.98 μg/m3 in autumn and spring, respectively. The same parameter was 2.26 and 1.68 f/L for asbestos in the autumn and winter, respectively. The contribution of BTEX to ozone formation potential (OFP) in the research area showed that xylene and toluene were the major contributors to ozone production in different seasons. The risk of exposure to benzene compounds was 24 × 10−4 in children and 55.9 × 10−4 in adults, while the risk of exposure to ethylbenzene was 3.78 × 10−4 in children and 3.25 × 10−4 in adults. The estimated lifetime cancer risk was found to be the highest for benzene, followed by ethylbenzene. The estimated cancer risk for benzene and ethylbenzene exceeded the threshold values set by EPA, which signals a significant carcinogenic risk due to exposure to these substances in the ambient air of Tabriz. According to the EPA guidelines, the low carcinogenicity risk levels are between 10−4 and 10−6. According to the findings for the exposure to asbestos fibers, the maximum values of excess cancer risk (ECR) and estimated lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were observed in the 16–30 age range across all locations, suggesting increased exposure to asbestos fibers compared to other age groups.

Background: Opportunistic pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, Blastocystis, etc. cause various gastrointestinal and non-digestive diseases in people with HIV. These symptoms are especially severe in people with HIV who have a CD4 count of less than 200. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of parasitic infections in people living with HIV in Tabriz. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed on137 people with HIV referred to Behavioral Disease Counseling Centers in Tabriz, 2019-2021. Then, after receiving written consent, fecal samples were collected and evaluated for the detection of parasitic infections using direct methods, Ziehl-Neelsen and Trichrome Weber stain. Results: A total of 137 stool samples were collected, including 93 males and 44 females. Most of them were in the age range of 20-60 years. The overall frequency of parasitic infections was 57.7% and the highest prevalence was related to Blastocystis 24.1% and Cryptosporidium 14.6%. Conclusion: Due to the relatively high prevalence of parasitic infections, especially Blastocystis and Cryptosporidium in people with HIV in Tabriz, which can endanger the health of these patients, essential interventions, including personal hygiene training to control and prevent infection with these pathogens, seem to be necessary.

Abstract One of the most important developments in Persian poetry after the constitutional revolution is the attention to the political and social issues of the country. Pro-constitutionalist poets, along with the changes in society, wrote poems for the constitution and paid attention to social events. One of the most frequent themes is the description of the uprising of the people of Azerbaijan led by Sattar Khan against Muhammad Ali Qajar, which has a special place in constitutional literature. Sattar Khan started the uprising and his companions also stood up and continued the uprising with the hardest struggle, resistance, enduring famine, torture, insults and insults. The most important performance of Sattar was that he resisted and fought for eleven months during the campaign of the Qajar government to Tabriz. After Sattar Khan, Mohammad Khayabani revolted against the Qajar government. The events of Tabriz and Sattar resistance were not far from the eyes of the poets. Prominent poets such as Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Aref Qazvini, Adib al-Mamalek Farahani, Vahid Dastgerdi, Mirzadeh Eshghi, Nasim Shamal, Farrokhi Yazdi are among the poets of this period who paid attention to the issues of Azerbaijan. . The results show: Describing the Despotism of Mohammad Ali Shah, Denunciation of Russia, praising the people's resistance against internal Despotism and the presence of characters in the country, praising Sattar Khan and sympathizing with the people are important components in relation to Azerbaijan in the poetry of the constitutional period.

Megamalls affect their surrounding areas while meeting the needs of citizens, but the amount of these effects can vary in different areas of the city according to the contextual characteristics; In this research, the type and extent of the spatial effects of four megamalls in Tabriz on the surrounding areas have been investigated. The main question of this study is 'How do the megamalls built in Tabriz affect their vicinities?' In order to analyze the spatial data related to the spatial value of the city, Moran and Kriging analyses have been used. Next, with the help of a treated-control, linear trend line analysis and difference-in-difference techniques, the data related to the surrounding area of each of the megamalls were analyzed. The results show that the impact of megamalls on the surrounding areas is greater in valuable urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns of urban experts in crisis management is historical contexts, which are usually more vulnerable and fragile in crises such as earthquakes, floods, or fires due to relative physical depletion. The main idea in historical texture is to prevent irreparable and horrible events. In addition to controlling the lives of many, valuable works considered the cultural identity of any society is not destroyed. The purpose of this study is to present a model based on a participatory approach in solving problems related to crisis management in historical bazaars and then, in the next step, to examine the coefficient of the importance of risks in the historical bazaar of Tabriz and finally to prioritize sub-spaces of Tabriz bazaar. The present study has used a mixed-method, relying on qualitative and quantitative approaches to achieve the objectives. It has collected and summarized the content of the findings using both approaches. Finally, four components arising from the output of interviews with experts in the field, in the field of qualitative research method, show that crisis management of the historical market of Tabriz is unsolvable without the participation of marketers and merchants. The basic (satisfaction, awareness, social interactions, and trust) are linked, all of which can be observed in the form of the "people component" along with the two components of "government structure" and "space" and form triple participation in the historical market of Tabriz. The results of the quantitative studies section of the research indicate three earthquake hazards with a weight coefficient (0.188), intentional destruction of the structure by marketers and merchants with a weight coefficient (0.173), and finally, fire hazards with a weight coefficient (0.142), respectively. They were ranked first to third. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newspapers emerged as a novel phenomenon in Iran during the Qajar Era following the exposure of Iranian intellectuals to European societal developments. Over time, newspaper publication gained popularity across various regions in Iran. The Constitutional Movement marked a pivotal moment in Iranian journalism with an increase in newspaper publication in several cities following the proclamation of the constitutional decree in 1324 AH. These newspapers underwent significant changes in terms of content. One aspect worth exploring constitutional era newspapers in Qajar is the presence of "advertisements" often referred to as "E'lān". These advertisements provided valuable insights into the social and economic conditions of Iranian cities, shedding light on the neglected aspects of social and economic history that were not found in narrative sources. This study focused on evaluating advertisements in "Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper", one of the prominent newspapers of the constitutional era. The study aimed to answer the fundamental question: What social and economic information did the advertisements in Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper offered about the life in Tabriz during the constitutional era? In other words, what advertising-related data did Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper contain and how significant were these data in understanding urban life in Tabriz at that time? The research utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Qualitative research methods were employed in the collection and description of reports, while quantitative statistical methods were utilized for data analysis. Thus, this research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to studying advertisement. By evaluating and summarizing the available data, the study concluded that the advertisements in Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper not only shed light on the neglected social and economic aspects of Tabriz society during that time, but also reflected the emerging nationalist tendencies and promoted social action, such as supporting domestic goods and imposing embargoes on foreign goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empowerment is one of the most effective ways to improve the situation of informal settlements. The social dimension of empowerment is the concern of many thinkers who consider it effective in solving the problems of marginalization. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of social factors of place in informal settlements on the social empowerment of its residents. Regarding the data collection and analysis method, the current research is of the correlation type and is based on the structural equation model. The library and field data collection method is a questionnaire that is completed with a sample of 150 people from the informal areas of Tabriz city. This research evaluated social factors of place, the independent variable, and social empowerment as the dependent variable. Based on the findings of the research in the theoretical part of social factors affecting the place of two factors, social capital and sense of security, in the informal settlements of Tabriz city, there is a significant relationship between the social factors of the place that affect the body of these settlements and social empowerment (awareness, interaction, and social participation). Also, the factor of social capital has a greater impact on social empowerment than the factor of sense of place security. Among the criteria of social capital, the criterion of social belonging and the components of a sense of security, supervision, and control have the most significant impact on the social empowerment of residents. Therefore, the use of public space, the existence of mixed uses, and the improvement of visual accessibility will impact the social empowerment of the residents of informal settlements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Development (2538-3205) is the property of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Development (2538-3205) is the property of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, the new media have been playing a central role in shaping the actions of teenagers, so that they have become an effective factor in maintaining social order or creating criminal behaviors. In the meantime, along with the increase in the use of new media, the discussion of media literacy has also gained special importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study the relationship between media literacy and tendency to delinquent behaviors among high school students. So, 390 students of Tabriz city were selected multistage cluster sampling method. The data was collected taking surveying method and using a researcher-made questionnaire. The findings indicated that there is no significant difference between tendency to delinquent behaviors and gender and type of school. However, there is a significant difference between tendency to delinquent behaviors among students and their location or area of residence. Tendency to delinquent behaviors among respondents living in low-income areas is more than those living in semi-privileged and privileged areas. There is a significant negative correlation between the socioeconomic status of students' families and students' media literacy with tendency to delinquent behaviors (-0.27) and (-0.33), respectively. Through applying structural equation modeling using Amos software, it was found that socio-economic status of families (-0.30) and media literacy (-0.33) affect students' tendency toward delinquent behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Introduction According to poets' poems, contemporary history is directly related to contemporary poetry, as without knowing history, it may be difficult to understand many poems. From the direct relationship between history and poetry, it is a reflection of the people's struggles in the constitutional revolution that poets with social commitment, with motivational poems, described historical events and praised national characters. the rebellion of the people of Azerbaijan against the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar led by Sattar Khan is a clear example that has a special place in constitutional literature. In this article, the position of Azerbaijan in constitutional poetry has been investigated by studying poets' poems in a library. The main question of the research is that in the constitutional poem, Azerbaijan is considered with which components and which content is mentioned about it. Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Aref Qazvini, Adib al-Mamalek Farahani, Vahid Dastgardi, Nasim Shamal, Farrokhi Yazdi are prominent poets of this period who paid attention to the issues of Azerbaijan And they have reflected the Rebellion of Mohammad Khayabani. 2. Methodology This research was done by library study and descriptive-analytical method with content analysis. First, the Divan of Poets was selected and were collected the poems written on the subject of Azerbaijan, Then, these poems were analyzed according to the components of the research and a note was taken and an article was written by analyzing the notes. 3. Discussion After the death of Muzaffaruddin Shah, who had signed the decree of constitutionalism, Muhammad Ali Shah came to the Monarchy and opposed constitutionalism, This action caused the Rebellion of the constitutionalists against the Qajar government, The first city that openly stood against his tyranny was Tabriz, whose people, under the leadership of Sattar Khan, came to oppose his despotism and the presence of foreigners in the country, and Mohammad Ali Shah had to send forces to confront them. The Sustainability of the people of Tabriz against him lasted for eleven months (from July 2, 1987 to May 19, 1988), and it ended with the intervention of Russian forces and the departure of the constitutional leaders to Tehran. With the advancement of constitutionalists from other cities to Tehran, Mohammad Ali Shah was dethroned. After that, Azerbaijan continued to experience bitter and painful events, the most important of which was the siege of Tabriz by the Ottomans, the war with Russia, and the rebellion of Mohammad Khayabani. These events have been reflected in the poetry of constitutionalist poets, The most important content that can be seen in the poems of poets related to the events in Azerbaijan is the rebellion of the Azerbaijani people, their resistance against despotism and colonialism, and condemnation of foreigners, which is abundant in the following cases. Description of Azerbaijan's resistance against the despotism of Mohammad Ali Shah and the Qajar government: During this period, the encomium of Azerbaijan with this word and the word "Tabriz" can be seen in the Divan of Poets. People's resistance, sorrow from the blockade of Tabriz, Sattar Khan's war with Samad Khan, the victory of the constitutional forces and the escape of Muhammad Ali Shah are the focus of these poems. Even after the constitution, Mohammad Khayabani's rebellion is prominent, and poets supported his rebellion and mourned his death. Description of Azerbaijan and praise of Tabriz resistance forces: In their poems, poets have spoken about the ancient history of Azerbaijan, which was the seat of Zarathustra and witnessed the greatness of the era, and lamented that it has become the seat of internal and foreign despotism in this day and age. But its resistance has been praised. Sattar Khan, Baqer Khan and Mohammad Khabani have been praised from the resistance forces of Azerbaijan against despotism and colonialism, Of course, people's resistance has also been central in all poems with this theme. Sattar Khan's name is mentioned more than others in poets' poems. The presence of foreigners in Azerbaijan: denunciation of the Russia, England and Ottoman government in the events of Azerbaijan is prominent in the poetry of poets. England had no direct connection with the events in Azerbaijan, but Russia and Ottomans directly occupied Tabriz. Denunciation of Russia has the most content. Russia, supporting the Qajar government, went against Azerbaijan and after the constitution, under the pretext of war with the Ottomans, it blockaded Tabriz. Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Adib al-Mamalek Farahani, Farkhi Yazdi, Arif Qazvini paid attention to the England conspiracy and Russia's interference in the country and their confrontation with Tabriz and supported Azerbaijan by denunciation Russia. After the constitution, the Ottoman government occupied Tabriz in the fight against Russia, and poets supported Tabriz and wrote poems condemning the Ottoman government. 4. Conclusion The results show: Azerbaijan, as the cradle of Zoroastrianism and the background of ancient Iran, has been the attention of poets, and its historical events centered on Tabriz are reflected in the content of constitutional poetry. Describing the Despotism of Mohammad Ali Shah, Denunciation of Russia, praising the people's resistance against internal Despotism and the presence of characters in the country, praising Sattar Khan and sympathizing with the people are important components in relation to Azerbaijan in the poetry of the constitutional period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common infection which can lead to gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric-originated malignancies. In this study prevalence of seropositivity of each immunoglobulins against H. pylori and also, their association with sex and age were evaluated in a sample of the ordinary population from Tabriz, Iran.In this study, 3733 individuals referred to the laboratory for Para clinical tests between 2019 and 2022, participated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to detect the quantity of anti-H. pylori Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA). The statistical analysis was conducted using the 20th version of SPSS software.Out of 3733 participants, 1235 (33.1%) were male and 2498 (66.9%) were female. 57.9% of the participants have positive IgG serology. Also, this index was 0.3% and 11.6% for IgM and IgA, respectively. The mean (SD) age was 40.72 (16.91). There was no significant relationship between gender and IgG and IgA positiveness (p-values = 0.11 and 0.08 respectively). For IgM, serum positiveness was higher in females (0.4% for females and 0.2% for males; p-value: 0.009). The prevalence of positive IgG was increasing significantly (p-value < 0.001). For IgM and IgA there was a significant increase in the number of seropositive individuals with an increase in age (p-value = 0.005; and < 0.001 respectively).This study reveals that the prevalence of H. pylori in Tabriz is approximately 57% which is in the range estimated to be in Iran, but in comparison to developed countries, it was higher. The prevalence of anti-H. pylori immunoglobulins increases significantly with age.

Yüz yıllardır Türklere yurt olmuş tarihî Tebriz şehri; iktisadi, dini ve jeopolitik sebeplerle tarihi boyunca büyük ya da küçük birçok devletin yönetimi altına girmiştir. Hz. Ömer’le İslam hâkimiyetine giren bu şehir; Selçuklu, İldenizli ve Harzemşah Devletlerinin ardından İlhanlı dönemiyle –bilhassa Gāzân Han’ın hükümdarlığında- tarihinin zirvesini yaşamıştır. Sonraki dönemlerde sık sık Celâyirliler, Timurlular ve diğer Türkmen devletlerinin arasında el değiştiren Tebriz, maalesef pek çok savaş, tahribat ve depremle yüz yüze gelmiş; tarihî izlerini bir miktar kaybederek bugüne ulaşmıştır. Günümüzde de büyük çoğunluğunu Türklerin oluşturduğu 4.5 milyonluk nüfusuyla İran’ın dördüncü büyük şehri olma özelliğini sürdürmektedir.

Aims The achievement of a prosperous urban environment encompasses a diverse array of subjective and objective elements. In this pursuit, it is crucial to consider physical indicators, as they play a pivotal role in the creation of a “successful” locale. One strategy that can be employed is the cultivation of social relations. Insufficient social connections within neighborhoods can give rise to issues such as a diminishing sense of belonging and a weakened collective spirit. The aim of this article is to identify the various components of the place-making approach and analyze its influence and function in shaping the social relations within urban spaces. Methodology This is a study that is applied in 2021 in Tabriz, and is conducted using the quantitative approach. In order to assess the components developed in the conceptual model, methods of survey research and descriptive analysis have been utilized. To achieve a comprehensive examination of the role of placemaking in the restoration of social relationships, it has been taken into consideration. The data has been gathered through desk studies and the collection of 384 questionnaires. In the section of data analysis, various neighborhoods of Tabriz have been assessed based on the statistical tests of regression, Spearman, Friedman, and ANOVA. Findings The physical, social, management-policy, perceptual-semantic, and economic aspects constitute the extracted elements of placemaking that exert a substantial influence on the restoration of social interactions as perceived by the populace. Conclusion The enhancement of urban spaces is predominantly driven by a combination of densely populated streets within the vicinity, stringent security measures, and an exceptional sense of individuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iran, the increase in urban population and the need for housing has replaced residential complexes with single-family homes, and Tabriz is no exception to this rule. In the meantime, issues such as applying market taste and people's profit-seeking created a situation where residential complexes were formed without regard to the context. With the aim of analyzing the impact of residential complexes classification on context orientation in Tabriz, this research tries to identify the residential complexes that have a more favorable situation in terms of context orientation, as well as the most important dimensions and components affecting it. Also, provide solutions to create a favorable living environment. The research is practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of nature and method, it is analytical and field in a mixed way. The research method is analytical and field. It should be mentioned that library and field studies (questionnaires) were used to collect the research data, and SPSS statistical tests were used for the research analysis. According to the beta coefficients, in peripheral, scattered, linear, and superblock species, the most significant impact is related to the natural dimension, and in the concentrated species, the greatest impact is related to the historical dimension. The examination of the averages showed that the highest average of physical and cultural dimensions is in the concentrated type, and the highest average of historical and natural dimensions is in the superblock type. According to the path model, the effect of environmental type and historical dimension on contextualism is greater. In the design of residential complexes, attention should be paid to the historical dimension, especially the identity component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing expansion of cities which is affected by population growth and migration, has led to unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial structure and physical development of cities. One of the major problems in urban planning due to the population growth and the lack of infrastructure facilities is determining the appropriate space for the physical development to satisfy the current needs and anticipate future needs. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the population as the main driver of changes in the future of the city. Considering the issue, this research tried to investigate the state of development and physical growth of Tabriz, considering the population of the city and the obstacles to its growth. To collect data, satellite images of Tabriz and document-library studies were used. For data analysis, 2016 Tabriz master plan and land use map (extracted for 1996 to 2022), as well as GIS, ENVI and TERRSET software were used. The ICM method was applied to predict urban growth. The findings showed that the direction of development of Tabriz is strongly affected by natural and human factors and will change the direction of development in the future. By examining the final map, the direction of development is determined. The future development of Tabriz will be towards the north and northwest. Finally, by predicting the population of Tabriz, its growth rate was adapted to the predicted population. At the end, some solutions were suggested to improve the current situation, which require the serious attention of managers and planners of this city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical site of Rab-e Rashidi of Tabriz or Rashidieh of Tabriz, which was built in 700 AH and It was used until the tenth century AH. It has been exploited in various residential and military ways. One of the architectural structures of Rab-e Rashidi is its large tower, which is located on the southern front. According to preliminary studies of this structure it has built in the tenth century AH. The engineering structure of the Rab-e Rashidi has not yet been studied archaeologically from a technological point of view. In particular, this large tower, contrary to the common architecture of the eighth to tenth centuries AH in Iran, especially Tabriz, is made of stone materials. It is natural that the knowledge of construction technology and technology used in this tower, which is contrary to similar buildings of the seventh to tenth centuries AH, requires the adoption of archaeological studies of technology and structure. This study is to review those examples of studies whose process can be repeated experimentally. Therefore, the mortar technology used in this tower, which has fully survived it from the severe earthquakes of the Safavid and early Qajar periods in Tabriz, needs to be re-recognized by scientific methods including field and laboratory studies and analytical and experimental. In this study, five mortar samples were prepared from five different points of the tower and studies of XRD, XRF, SEM, FTIR, petrography and digital microscope were performed. As a result of the studies, it was found that lime mortar was used in all parts of the tower, from the foundation to the upper parts made of stone. Some sand is used in lime mortar and there is a small amount of soil. Contrary to popular belief, no gypsum was detected in the mortar composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In each historical era, economic conditions influence architectural systems and urban development processes, and decorations as parts of architecture are not exception. This study used a historical-interpretive method to investigate the effects of owners’ subsistence situation on the brick decorations of the interior courtyard walls of Tabriz houses in the second half of the Qajar rule. To meet this goal, a question was raised: “What is the relationship between the from and geometry of brickwork decorations and the livelihood and economic situation of people?” The present study used archive sources and field interviews to identify Tabriz’s Qajar houses and to gain some information about the original owners of these houses, while dividing them into two ordinary and well-to-do groups; meanwhile, through field observations, the study also aimed to investigate the brick decorations of interior courtyards’ facades from two execution from and general geometry perspectives. Also, the study investigated the relationship between these decorations and the owners’ subsistence status. According to the findings, in terms of execution form, repetitive patterns fall under patterns shared by both groups. Extended patterns mainly belong to the well-to-do houses, and single and multi-pattern forms are again applied in the same houses. In terms of geometric forms, several certain patterns are shared by both groups, with some patterns particularly belonging to a specific class. In the end, it was concluded that there were distinctions between the decorative patterns of both groups of owners, with none of the samples ever adopting unusual patterns to separate various groups of society and cause class gaps among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry has led to the appearance of antibiotic residues in meat and could threaten public health. The study aimed to determine the oxytetracycline residue level in meat products in Tabriz. A total of 60 samples of meat products (sausages, Persian sausages and hamburgers, 20 samples from each meat product) were randomly collected from food supply stores in Tabriz from March to May 2021. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the level of oxytetracycline residue levels in the samples. The results showed that the mean of oxytetracycline residue in sausage, Persian sausage, and hamburger was 82.48±7.06, 57.35±4.27, and 150.79±3.65 µg/Kg, respectively. The mean value of oxytetracycline residues showed a significant (p

Abstract Background The prevalence of psychiatric disorders by demographic characteristics in elderly people is poorly understood, at least in the northwest of Iran. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of various psychiatric disorders in the elderly population in East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz. A total of 1000 aging people were randomly selected from the general population. Data were collected using valid structured instruments and face-to-face interviews by trained psychologists. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-IV) and Abbreviated Mental Test Questionnaire were used. Chi-square (χ 2) test was used for categorized variables, and an independent T-test was carried out for quantitative variables. Results Overall, 38.5% of the elderly had at least one mental disorder (47.2% women, 27.3% men). The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and any anxiety disorders was 16.6% (22.4% female and 9.3% male) and 16.7% (23.1% female and 8.6% male), respectively. Likewise, the overall prevalence of any depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorders were 21.6%, 7%, 5.3%, and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of any mental disorder in the first, second, and third quartiles of the socio-economic level was 54.3%, 37%, and 17.8%, respectively. The prevalence of any mental disorders among the marginalized and the non-marginalized population is 55.3 and 31.5%, respectively. Conclusions We found 38.5% (47.2% women, 27.3% men) of the elderly people had any mental disorders, and 21.6% of them had any depressive disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders in elders was almost like adults and middle-aged people in this study. However, the prevalence of mental disorders was higher than in marginalized population and low socio-economic status.

The purpose of this study is determining the most suitable method to evaluate the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz city against a possible earthquake. ELECTRE FUZZY models and the WASPAS model were used in relation to 13 criteria (passage width, building quality, materials, the number of floors, distance from public open space, distance from urban facilities, distance from medical centers, population density, building density, distance from fault, geological type, plot area, land use) were compared. For this purpose, all informal settlements in Tabriz city were analyzed and the results of both models were evaluated by the authors' field studies. Then, the most suitable method was chosen. The results of the research indicate that according to the WASPAS model, informal settlements located in Region 5 with a rank of 1 are the least vulnerable and region 10 is the most vulnerable with a rank of 6. Moreover, more than 57% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz city are exposed to very high vulnerability, 11.05% are exposed to high vulnerability, 03.27% are exposed to moderate, and only 4.01% are exposed to low vulnerability. The results of the ELECTRE FUZZY model calculations indicated that the informal settlements located in Mentafah 3 with the rank of 1 are the least and areas 1 and 10 are the most vulnerable with the rank of 5. Moreover, more than 34% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz city are exposed to very high vulnerability, more than 27% are exposed to high vulnerability, more than 25% are exposed to moderate vulnerability, and only 12.69% are exposed to low vulnerability. Based on the field studies of the researchers, the results of the ELECTRE FUZZY method are more accurate and realistic than the WASPAS method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Welfare Quarterly is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Eurasian Inquiries / Avrasya Incelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Eurasian Inquiries / Avrasya Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The historical city of Tabriz, which has been home to the Turks for centuries, has been under the rule of many large or small states throughout its history due to economic, religious and geopolitical reasons. The city came under the rule of Islam with the second caliph Omar; reached the peak of its history with the Ilkhanid period -especially under the reign of Ghazan Khan- after the Seljuk, Ildenizid and Khwarazmian dynasties. Tabriz, which frequently changed hands between the rules of Jalayirids, Timurids and other Turkmen states in the later periods; unfortunately suffered many wars, destructions and earthquakes, and it has reached today by losing some of its historical traces. Today, it continues to be the fourth largest city in Iran, with a population of 4.5 million, the majority of which is Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, which in 1326 A.H., with the efforts of a group of Tabriz clerics, including Mir Hashem-e Davachi, was established in the vicinity of the gate of Sorkhab and the alley of Davachi/Shotorban. After the parliament was bombed by the king (Muhammad Ali Shah) the association became a supporter of the government. Despite the importance of the subject, so far no independent article has been written about the Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, and the present article seeks to fill a part of the existing scientific gap. In addition, by criticizing the dominant view of Iran's constitutional history, the article has tried to adopt a new approach to constitutional critic associations, especially Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which is based on the review of sources. The establishment, continuity and fall of Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh raises the question of how and with what motivation the association was formed and what role did it play in the developments of Tabriz in the midst of the transition period? in this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. The hypothesis of the current research is that Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which was formed from the religious, political, social and economic motives of the "Founders of Eslamiyeh", at the beginning of the so called "Estebdad-e Saghir" period, became a center of support for the government of MuhammadAli shah in Tabriz, but the conflict of opinions of the founders of Eslamiyeh along with the resistance of the people of Tabriz and their suspicion of the government forces, paved its way to collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is one of the most critical problems for dairy cattle worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mastitis is caused by bacteria in the dairy cows of traditional farms. In this randomized clinical trial, 54 Holstein cows with clinical mastitis (from October 2020 to September 2021) were selected from the traditional farms located in the suburbs of Tabriz city. All cows were subjected to sampling during four seasons according to the National Mastitis Council (NMC) guidelines and the collected samples were rapidly sent to the Veterinary faculty’s microbiological laboratory for bacterial cultures. The distribution of mastitis was evaluated according to the stage of lactation, parity, season, and types of bedding system. The results were as follows: E. coli 39%, Streptococcus uberis 21%, Streptococcus agalactia 7%, and Staphylococcus aureus 33%. The results of this study showed that parturition, increased number of parity, wet and rainy seasons, as well as sawdust and cow manure bedding are among the risk factors for mastitis. In conclusion, in traditional farms, unlike industrial farms, environmental mastitis has more importance than contagious mastitis. Regarding the presence and shedding of E. coli microorganisms in the milk, this should be highlighted as a concern for public health.

Education in the Qajar era had been considered in Iran, especially in Tabriz. Most kind people tried to help scientific development and performed many educational and cultural efforts. The establishment of printing, translation skills, publishing the newspapers, and new schools were the first efforts that had been made in Tabriz. Education was in maktab forms until Nasereldin Shah and had many limitations, but there were more than 100 maktabs in Tabriz; most of the people were poor, the number of pupils was a few, and the lessons were religious. The classes in maktabs were held in houses and mosques. Every maktab had characteristics. The methods of teaching were not equal. The teachers in maktabs had some notable qualifications. The maktabs in that period had many problems. The curriculum in maktabs involved Quranic instructions, Arabic grammar and some religious passages. In that period, some new schools were established by Iranian Muslims, such as Roshdieh, Mozafari, Loghmanieh, Mellieh, Kamal and Sanaye Mostazrafe.

Urban regeneration is a comprehensive and integrated approach and action in the form of providing a strategic, integrated and flexible framework for developing and solving urban problems. Meanwhile, one of the ongoing problems of human settlements is biological hazards and epidemics such as malaria, influenza and coronavirus (Covid virus 19) that pose many challenges to different parts of the world, especially cities has constructed in various economic, social, psychological, environmental and other dimensions. Therefore, there is a need for a framework for planning and regenerating approaches to future cities in order to deal with such risks. For this purpose, the present study has been written with the aim of developing applied knowledge in order to develop a framework and model for sustainable urban regeneration of Tabriz in the post-Corona era. Therefore, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-developmental nature in order to analyze the information using the structural equation modeling technique in Amos software. The statistical population of the present study also includes managers, officials and experts on urban issues as well as academic elites. Due to the uncertainty of the statistical population, Cohen's formula at 95% confidence level was used to determine the sample size and the statistical sample size was estimated at 200 people. Findings indicate that the greatest impact on the realization of sustainable urban regeneration of Tabriz in the post-corona era is related to management factors and variables, urban development plans, socio-economic, transportation and urban design with a value of 0.79, 0.66, 0.61, 0.54 and 0.42, respectively. Also, the results show that in the management dimension, there is coordination between the centers for making key and basic decisions, in the dimension of urban development plans, targeted recognition of issues and flexibility in programs with a future research approach, in the dimension of urban design, allocating more space to pedestrian areas, cycling and green spaces, in terms of transportation, emphasis on green transportation and in the socio-economic dimension, diversity in the economic structure of the city is basic principles of Tabriz metropolis regeneration plans in order to achieve sustainability in the post-corona era.

AbstractToday, one of the critical approaches to controlling and managing informal settlements is the approach of good urban governance. Good urban governance can be defined as the method and process of managing urban affairs with the constructive participation of public, private, and civil society sectors in order to achieve sustainable urban development, create a healthy city, and improve the quality of life. In the current research, the informal settlement areas of the Tabriz metropolis have been investigated with the approach of optimal urban governance. The research method is descriptive-analytical using statistical calculations, and the research data analysis is based on SPSS, EXCEL statistical software, and statistical techniques including T-test. Research data were collected in two ways - library and survey (using a questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes 1400 households living in informal settlements of the Tabriz metropolis and a sample size of 300 heads of households were selected using Cochran's formula and by the simple random sampling method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, and the calculated value was 0.6. Valuation of the variables has been done using the Likert scale. The results of the surveys based on the indicators of good urban governance, participation, accountability, legality, justice, transparency, responsibility, effectiveness, and efficiency show that the utilization rate of good urban governance in Tabriz is at a medium and low level.IntroductionThe amount of informal settlements in the world is increasing, and the World Bank has predicted the number of urban poor to be more than 1500 million people by 2025. At least 600 million people, primarily poor, live in polluted urban environments in health-threatening conditions. One-third of urban residents live in substandard housing. At least 250 million urban dwellers do not have immediate access to clean tap water and 400 million people do not have proper sanitation facilities. Also, many urban centers are surrounded by problems such as increasing crime and delinquency, corruption and bribery, organized crime, drug trafficking, prostitution, and the like. The theory of optimal urban governance, which has been accepted by elites and experts and emphasized by international organizations, especially the United Nations Center for Human Settlements known as Habitat, seeks to make cities more efficient, fairer, safer, and more sustainable. Obviously, the first and most crucial step for any kind of planning and control will be to understand the problem through scientific and logical methods. The essential characteristics of informal settlements can be distinguished into three physical, social, and legal areas )Hakimi & Oskoi, 2021).Informal settlements, marginal settlements, slums, temporary, unconventional settlements, etc., are among the manifestations of urban poverty that show their ugly face in different ways in the housing sector. The history of the contemporary metropolis of Tabriz as a settlement point goes back to the Ashkanian and Sasanian periods. This point was called by various names, such as Tourez, Tourej, and Tabrizo Tori, although it was no more than a small village at the beginning of the Islamic era.The area of this type of settlement in Tabriz is 400 hectares with a population exceeding 450,000 people. Examining the factors affecting the formation of marginalization in Tabriz city shows that unemployment, low income, low housing rent, and large migration from small urban areas and rural areas of the province are important elements. The current slums, despite having a proper connection with urban tissues, do not have a proper urban structure. Among the indicators that determine the difference between the neighborhoods with informal settlements and existing slums and other urban tissues of Tabriz is the fact that they are inhabited by immigrants and their unplanned context. The administrators of the city are so struggling to solve acute problems such as environmental pollution, bad housing, urban traffic, lack of services per capita, huge population flood, etc. that there is less opportunity or even the ability to find solutions to the root of such problems ) Jahanbin et al., 2021). Materials and MethodsThe present study's research method combines descriptive and analytical studies to achieve the desired goals. According to the topic under investigation and the applied nature of the research, information was collected in two ways -- documentary, and survey. The most common way to obtain basic information or statistical data is to obtain it directly from the residents and city managers, which has been used through observation and questionnaires. After collecting the information from the questionnaire questions, it was analyzed with statistical software to achieve the goals of this research. For statistical calculations and analysis of the research data, SPSS, Excel statistical software, and urban and regional planning models, including dispersion coefficient, T-test, and GIS geographic information system were used to prepare and draw maps. For this purpose, 120 people have been selected as the sample size using a simple random sampling method. It should be mentioned that the statistical population of the research was about 1400 people. In this case, the first step was taken by using the scales tested in the research related to informal settlements and asking for the opinion of professors and experts in this field. Then, the compiled questionnaire was completed in two preliminary and final stages, by examining the answers obtained from 30 initial questionnaires and performing the necessary statistical calculations. The analysis has been calculated using the reliability analysis method of the alpha coefficients of all questions. Based on the tests, the alpha coefficients of all questionnaires are more than 0.6 and the total alpha coefficient is 0.752.Research FindingsOut of 300 respondents, 255 are men, and 45 are women, which make up %70.8 and %29.2 of the sample population, respectively. After examining all the questionnaires, it was found that the heads of the families aged 21-30 years were , % 13.3 the heads of the families aged 40- 31 years were , %35 the heads of the families aged 50- 41years were %30, the heads of the families aged 60- 51 years were %15.8 and heads 60 years 8 were %5.0 By dividing the households from 1 to 8 in the questionnaires, it can be seen that %17.6 of the households were less than 3 people%45.8 between 3 and 5 people, %28.3 between 5 and 8 people, and finally, %8.3 of the households were more than 8 people. This indicates the large size of the households in these areas. Of the total respondents to the questionnaires, %62.5 of their previous residence was a village and %37.5 was a small town.In general, the analysis of urban management indicators is significant according to the tests conducted. It can be said that there is a significant difference in the level of error between the actual average and the hypothetical average, and since the actual average obtained is lower than the hypothetical average, it can be concluded that from the point of view of the citizens, all the indicators analyzed were evaluated below the average level of the Likert scale and the inefficiency of the urban management system played a decisive and effective role in the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the city of Tabriz.By emphasizing the amount of t-value obtained, the seven elements of urban governance include participation, accountability, legality, equality and justice, transparency, responsibility, effectiveness, and efficiency. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsSince the actual average obtained in Eidalo and Mollazaynal areas is lower than the hypothetical average, it can be concluded that from the citizens' point of view, the amount of using good urban governance according to the seven analyzed indicators is at a low level among the mentioned areas. Therefore, based on the results of the sample T-test, the citizens have evaluated the level of good governance in the districts below the average. It indicates that the urban management system of Tabriz, despite its efforts, has not been able to attract the satisfaction of the citizens in the mentioned marginal areas, since the level of desirable urban governance indicators is lower than the average level of the Likert scale.In the surveys conducted on the informal neighborhoods of Tabriz, all indicators, including economic, social, cultural, physical, environmental, etc., are at a low level compared to other central structures of the city. For this reason, paying attention to the various aspects of shortcomings and developing an executive plan to fix them can facilitate the movement toward the goals and frameworks related to the issue.In the field of participation, using the opinions of citizens, especially educated and academic people, along with the creation of specialized meetings is important. Considering the accountability factor, inviting citizens to cooperate in various fields, especially students who have more free time and energy than other citizens, should be considered. Optimizing the effects (i.e. creating, strengthening, and empowering people's organizations at the level of localities and districts of the city through holding regular and continuous meetings in the municipality and consulting about the problems of the city with councils and city managers) can also be used to solve the problems of this settlement. Keywords: Empowerment, Urban Management, Informal Settlement, Urban Neighborhoods, Tabriz. 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Introduction: Bread holds a crucial position in Iranian cuisine and encompasses various types such as Barbari, Lavash, and Sangak. However, these bread varieties are often made from refined flours, lacking the nutritional benefits of whole grains. Reports from the Statistical Center of Iran indicate that bread purchases constitute a significant portion of household expenses. Recent studies have raised concerns about the adverse health effects associated with excessive consumption of refined bread, potatoes, and rice, including diabetes, indigestion, obesity, cardiovascular issues, and digestive system disorders. These concerns highlight the limitations of whole grain food consumption, such as whole wheat-grain bread. To address these health concerns, it becomes necessary to provide stronger incentives or encourage individuals to incorporate more whole grain products into their diets. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the factors influencing households' willingness to pay extra for whole wheat-grain bread, specifically Lavash and Sangak, in the city of Tabriz over a specified time period. By examining these factors, valuable insights can be gained to promote the consumption of healthier bread options and enhance public health outcomes. Materials and Methods: To achieve the research objective, a questionnaire was developed, and data was collected through a random sampling method from households residing in the ten provinces of Tabriz city. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 302 households during the summer of 2020. The data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using statistical and empirical techniques, specifically the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), Sequential Logit (LS) model, and Generalized Sequential Logit (GSL) model. To ensure the validity of the models used, the Brant test of parallel regression was applied. This test evaluated whether there was proportionality in the odds model for ordinal logistic regression. It examined whether the observed deviations from our ordinal logistic regression model were significantly larger than what could be expected due to chance alone. This assessment helped ensure the reliability and accuracy of the statistical analysis conducted in the study. Results and Discussion: The results of the study indicate that a high percentage of households in Tabriz city, specifically 90.73% for Lavash bread and 93.38% for Sangak bread, were willing to pay extra for whole wheat-grain options. Among the households, 40.4% expressed their willingness to pay less than 20% extra for the bread, while 26.82% were willing to pay more than 50% extra. Several factors were found to influence households' willingness to pay for whole wheat-grain bread. Positive effects were observed for the health index, knowledge of the benefits of whole wheat bread, education level, family income, presence of elderly individuals in the family, and frequent consumption of whole wheat Lavash bread. However, gender had a negative effect on households' willingness to pay for whole wheat-grain Lavash bread. Similarly, for whole wheat-grain Sangak bread, the health index, knowledge of the benefits of whole wheat bread, family income, and the presence of a patient individual in the family had positive effects, while gender had a negative effect. As the null hypothesis of the parallel regression test was rejected, the Generalized Sequential Logit model was applied to analyze the effects of various factors on households' willingness to pay at different levels (0%, less than 20%, 21-30%, 31-40%, 41-50%, and more than 50%) for different types of whole wheat-grain bread. The results of the model yielded different outcomes. Increases in the health index, awareness of whole wheat bread, family income, education level, presence of a patient individual in the family, and frequent consumption of whole wheat bread positively influenced households' willingness to pay more for both Lavash and Sangak bread. Education level and the presence of a patient individual in the family acted as incentives for whole wheat-grain Lavash bread, while gender and the number of household members deterred households from paying more. The general index of bread purchase was the only factor influencing households' willingness to pay more for whole wheat-grain Sangak bread. Education level, knowledge of the benefits of whole wheat bread, gender, and the number of household members had a negative impact on households' willingness to pay for Sangak bread. Moreover, the marginal effects of the coefficients were estimated at different levels, indicating how changes in the independent variables (such as health index, general index of bread purchase, awareness of whole wheat bread, family income, education level, knowledge of the benefits of whole wheat bread, frequent consumption of whole wheat bread, number of household members, presence of elderly individuals in the family, and presence of a patient individual in the family) affected households' willingness to pay for whole wheat-grain bread. Conclusion: According to the results, limitation in producing, supplying, and distributing the whole wheat-grain breads across the city, lack of easy access to whole wheat-grain stores, high prices, remote locations for purchases, and family awareness were the main and significant factors of using whole wheat-grain Lavash and Sangak breads among the Tabriz households. In this regard, the following policies were recommended: 1) Increasing the number of whole wheat-grain breads baking units and purchasing stores, 2) Group media can help to the acculturation and adaptation to the consumption of the whole grain bread, 3) Increasing awareness of whole wheat-grain bread benefits on health could be effective steps on the consumption of whole wheat-grain breads in Tabriz city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders by demographic characteristics in elderly people is poorly understood, at least in the northwest of Iran. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of various psychiatric disorders in the elderly population in East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz. A total of 1000 aging people were randomly selected from the general population. Data were collected using valid structured instruments and face-to-face interviews by trained psychologists. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-IV) and Abbreviated Mental Test Questionnaire were used. Chi-square (χ2) test was used for categorized variables, and an independent T-test was carried out for quantitative variables. Results: Overall, 38.5% of the elderly had at least one mental disorder (47.2% women, 27.3% men). The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and any anxiety disorders was 16.6% (22.4% female and 9.3% male) and 16.7% (23.1% female and 8.6% male), respectively. Likewise, the overall prevalence of any depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorders were 21.6%, 7%, 5.3%, and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of any mental disorder in the first, second, and third quartiles of the socio-economic level was 54.3%, 37%, and 17.8%, respectively. The prevalence of any mental disorders among the marginalized and the non-marginalized population is 55.3 and 31.5%, respectively. Conclusions: We found 38.5% (47.2% women, 27.3% men) of the elderly people had any mental disorders, and 21.6% of them had any depressive disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders in elders was almost like adults and middle-aged people in this study. However, the prevalence of mental disorders was higher than in marginalized population and low socio-economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the approach of reducing risks of settlements, a system is considered to be resilient if it can address temporary and permanent risks and adapt itself to rapidly changing conditions without losing its functionality. To this end, a dynamic management approach on a local scale is needed for realizing resilience. Due to the importance of local management in improving resilience in cities, this study aims to assess the resilience capacity of the local risk management in terms of exposure to various crises in Tabriz, Iran. The findings in this study show that integrity and coordination in decision- or policy-making, enhancement of organizational and local capacities, and confrontation or rehabilitation approaches in critical conditions and after that are not desirable in Tabriz. Also, the centralized and top-down approaches lead to no proper local planning and management that can facilitate the resilience measures. In light of no spatial equilibrium in Tabriz and the inefficiency of conventional planning and management systems, technocrat-oriented and top-down, changing the management practices and emphasizing the local and bottom-up approach are necessary for the thorough understanding of facilities and limitations and implementation of realistic planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic residues in meat products may have public health implications. The aim of this study was to determine the tylosin residue level in meat products(sausages, persian sausages, and hamburgers) in Tabriz. For this study 60 samples( 20 samples from each meat product) were collected from food supply stores from March to May 2021, randomly. The tylosin residue levels were detected by the HPLC method. Of all samples, 90 percent of sausages, and 100 percent of hamburgers had tylosin residue. The mean of tylosin residue in sausages, persian sausages(Kalbas), and hamburgers were 19.34±2.62, 22.2±2.62, and 39.2±2.62 µg/Kg, respectively. The mean of tylosin residue in hamburgers was higher than in other products significantly. In addition, the residual amount of tylosin in all samples was lower than the allowed limit of CodexAlimentarius(100 µg/Kg). Furthermore, the tylosin residue level in hamburgers with 90 percent meat was higher than hamburgers with 70 percent meat significantly. Even though the amount of tylosin residues is low in meat products in Tabriz, continuous control of antibiotic residues in meat products is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction violations have been among the most important issues in cities which have led to disruption and the emergence of major challenges in urban management and planning. One of the most important negative effects of these violations is seen on the image of the city and is a serious threat to the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this research is to identify construction violations in terms of land use change and the number of floors exceeding the standards, as well as to investigate the type and extent of the effects on the urban appearance in the two neighborhoods of Tabriz (Dameshghieh and Parvaz) in 2019. The scale of the research is in the dimensions of the plots located in these neighborhoods. The survey index was based on the land use of the neighborhoods and the built condition for 2019 and the construction model based on the approved rules of the comprehensive and detailed plan of Tabriz city. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the required data was collected through theoretical review and field observations. Data is analyzed by Excel, AutoCAD and ArcMap software. The results show that 12% of the total parts in Dameshghieh neighborhood, and 38% of the total parts in Parvaz neighborhood, were built contrary to the rules and regulations of the approved plan. It was also found that the most negative effects that construction violations have on the appearance of Parvaz and Dameshghieh were related to the negative effects. In fact, these construction violations have concretely and obviously brought negative effects on each of the parameters of the urban landscape in the studied neighborhoods and weakened the strength of each of the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionVarious physical, semantic and functional factors in the role of the city as a bed to meet the needs and a container for the activities and behaviors of residents are effective, among which the structure and visual values ​​of the environment play an important role in improving the quality of urban space (Hosseini and Et al., 1390: 84). Among these, one of the urban elements that can play an important role in promoting the quality and visual values ​​of the environment and the appearance of the city is the sky line. The skyline is one of the most influential factors in arranging urban spaces and planning appropriate urban environments, etc. A factor that is rarely seen in metropolitan areas today. It seems that in order to have a diverse and at the same time harmonious urban skyline, in the first place, it is necessary to reconnect the fields of philosophy, art and daily life, which are free from the abstract and abstract view of experts. The development of interdisciplinary professions such as GIS, architecture and urban design is one of the measures in this direction that can have a different and more accurate view of the urban skyline. Therefore, the need for advanced geographical models for spatial three-dimensionalization and decision-making and forecasting goals in urban planning and design, especially in the case of vertical evaluation and development, is very clear and necessary. The advantages of using three-dimensional GIS models can be high potential in urban evaluation and analysis in various dimensions of urban aesthetics and high technology in the field of spatial analysis, the ability to test urban proposals and the power of semantic and topological storage. Mentioned above. Therefore, the use of these softwares to analyze urban issues is very important and increases the accuracy of urban planners and managers. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the status of the urban skyline in the study areas and based on this, the importance of the perceptual and managerial dimension of the issue is analyzed using new methods and techniques.Data and Method The analytical approach of the research is physical and the method used in this research is three-dimensional vision analysis. Also, Arc GIS software has been used for easy preparation of the environment in 3D to perform the required analyzes. The data set used includes: digital model data of elevation, surface and floor layers of urban blocks.Results and Discussion In the present study, the concept of skyline was analyzed using three-dimensional GIS analysis in areas of urban areas 1 and 5 located in the east and northeast of Tabriz. Areas of interest include Valiasr town and Rushdieh town. So far, many different methods have been proposed to display and analyze the skyline. Some of these methods were reviewed in the research background and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. But the purpose of this article was to investigate the capabilities of 3D analysis and modeling through the development of 3D GIS in skyline display and analysis. Evaluating the results obtained in this research and comparing it with the results of studies in this field shows that three-dimensional analysis of GIS and 3D GIS development in comparison with other methods, provided there is accurate and comprehensive information, has high efficiency and capability. The research hypothesis is confirmed.ConclusionThe skyline is important both in terms of urban architecture and in terms of urban planners and designers; Although these specialties are different in terms of information extraction methods, methods and analytical contexts, but they are quite similar in terms of results. In general, it can be said that the skyline is one of the analyzes that are analyzed and evaluated in different software environments such as Arc GIS and in different fields.But the results of this study proved in another way that the three-dimensional GIS environment provides an opportunity to easily view and analyze the level of impact, effectiveness, volume, dimensions and angles of the skyline; This software also has high analytical power. While the analysis of the sky line in a two-dimensional environment gives a graphical and dimensionless result, percentage and frequency. But the most important difference and the ability to use 3D GIS analysis is that it provides a platform where even people with little knowledge of urban views can easily see the results and make decisions based on it. Also, the capabilities and capabilities of GIS in the field of various valuations and combined analyzes of vector and raster functions, as well as the presentation of three-dimensional analysis, have led its applications to urban design.

The main purpose of this study is to study the relationship between urban morphology and noise pollution in the three regions of Tabriz (Imamiyeh and Manzaria neighborhoods). Data collection From the study area, audio data were collected in 45 shifts in the morning (7 to 10) and night (19 to 22) at 45 points in the study area. Audio data was collected using the Decibel X application. The results show that the average sound in the morning is 87.06 dB and the standard deviation is 10.16. Also, the average sound in the night interval is equal to 90.08 decibels and the standard deviation is 9.28. It is observed that the average of both mentioned intervals is higher than the standard. Based on the analysis of the average sound by the user, the terminal with the average sound of 95.52 decibels and the standard deviation of 2.94 had the highest average sound during the day. In the night interval, the terminal with the average sound of 95.81 decibels and the standard deviation of 3.43 has the highest average sound. Also, based on the standards presented in the section on theoretical foundations, it is observed that all applications are higher than the standard sound level. Wilcoxon test was also significant at the level of 0.000 which showed that the average sound in the study range for morning and night is higher than the standard 75 decibels.

Eynali Urban Woodland Park (EWP) is a large mountain park in Tabriz, Iran, and is the largest urban woodland park in Iran. It was developed to increase the urban green space in the growing city of Tabriz for recreation, climate improvement, biodiversity, and ecological connection between the city and its natural surroundings. The planted hilly woodland is located in a natural mountain steppe in a semi-arid region and needs intensive management, including irrigation. By questioning 277 randomly selected park visitors’ frequency of visits, activities, accessibility, preferences, and especially nature preferences were analyzed using visualization of different nature types by photographs. The management targets were compared to visitors’ perceptions, preferences, and acceptances. The results show, that visitors prefer natural surroundings instead of artificial landscape design. Expectations of visitors for specific natural design attractions are lower than the actual status offers, and higher for social security, quality of infrastructure, accessibility, and utilization. Especially important are security by monitoring and guarding, enhancing picnic sites, improving the lighting system for evening visits, continuing forestry, public transport, and providing natural risk protection. Most visitors prefer nature-near vegetation, dry grassland with shrubs partly planted with trees and bushes, followed by planted forest. The planted forest is not the preferred preference. Vistors’ mental nature imagination matches quite well with the nature experience they have from the surrounding mountain steppe with forest patches. The use of the visitors’ expectations can improve the park landscape management can reduce the management costs.