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Further elucidate the interaction mechanism of pressure-flame-wall in channels under the effects of length/diameter ratio (L/D) and vent area, which helps to propose more effective decompression means. Experiments of premixed methane-air explosions in end-vented channels with L/D of 10, 15 and 20 were conducted under initial conditions (301 ± 2 K and 1 atm). The results demonstrate that L/D and vent area are critical external factors causing tulip flames and distorted tulip flames. When the vent area is 60 mm × 60 mm~40 mm × 40 mm, the distorted tulip flame can be generated at L/D of 20. Notably, the critical intrinsic factor causing distorted tulip flame is the interaction of reflected pressure waves-flame. It is deduced that flames stagnate or decelerate during the initial stages of irregular flames because rarefaction waves attenuate the driving force of flames. The new overpressure peaks (Ptulip, Pdis-tulip, and Pirr-tulip) induced by tulip flames, distorted tulip flames and irregular tulip flames are identified. Moreover, the drop size and drop ratio of the maximum overpressure decrease with increasing L/D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Tulipa L., renowned for its ornamental and ecological significance, encompasses a diversity of species primarily concentrated in the Tian Shan and Pamir-Alay Mountain ranges. With its varied landscapes, Kazakhstan harbors 42 Tulipa species, including the endangered Tulipa alberti Regel and Tulipa greigii Regel, which are critical for biodiversity yet face significant threats from human activities. This study aimed to assess these two species' genetic diversity and population structure using 15 expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. Leaf samples from 423 individuals across 23 natural populations, including 11 populations of T. alberti and 12 populations of T. greigii, were collected and genetically characterized using EST-SSR markers. The results revealed relatively high levels of genetic variation in T. greigii compared to T. alberti. The average number of alleles per locus was 1.9 for T. alberti and 2.8 for T. greigii. AMOVA indicated substantial genetic variation within populations (75% for T. alberti and 77% for T. greigii). The Bayesian analysis of the population structure of the two species indicated an optimal value of K = 3 for both species, splitting all sampled populations into three distinct genetic clusters. Populations with the highest level of genetic diversity were identified in both species. The results underscore the importance of conserving the genetic diversity of Tulipa populations, which can help develop strategies for their preservation in stressed ecological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the effect of tube shrinkage rate on the explosion characteristics of premixed hydrogen-air in a confined space using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The wrinkle factor of the flame surface density model is dynamically modeled based on the Fureby and Muppala (FurebyM) model. The numerical results from this model can be better verified with previous experimental results. The results indicate that a lower shrinkage rate results in longer flame propagation time from the reducer region. The peak flame front velocities were 68.6 m/s, 83.6 m/s, 96.4 m/s, and 103.6 m/s for tube shrinkage rates of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, respectively. There is also a negative correlation between explosion overpressure and varying shrinking rates. The split tulip flame forms at a shrinkage rate of 0.25. Analysis of the flame structure and velocity flow field suggests that this phenomenon may be related to the formation of multiple fish-tail vortex structures on the left side of the flame front. Moreover, the effect of different shrinkage rates on the flame structure and the velocity flow field before the propagation of the premixed flame to the reducer region is relatively insignificant for tube structures with different shrinkage rates. This study provides a theoretical basis for protection against confined space explosions with premixed hydrogen-air mixtures. • The wrinkle factor in the flame surface density model is dynamically modeled and the accuracy of the model is verified. • The effect of tube shrinkage on the deflagration characteristics of hydrogen-air was investigated. • The flame structure evolves into a split tulip flame for a shrinkage of 0.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-segment pedicle screw instrumentation is widely used to treat complex spinal disorders. Rods are routinely precontoured to maximize assistance on the correcting side of the deformity, but there often exists a residual gap discrepancy between the precontoured rods and screw tulips. No previous research has investigated the diminished pullout strength of the most proximal or distal pedicle screw resulting from a mismatched rod in long-segment pedicle screw instrumentation. The present study aimed to investigate the decreased pullout force of pedicle screws affected by the gap discrepancy when forcefully engaging a mismatched rod into a tulip in a normal-density porcine spine. The pedicle screw fixation strength under axial pullout force was compared among three different gap discrepancies between rods and tulips using long porcine spine segments. Twelve porcine lumbar vertebrae (L3–L6) were implanted with pedicle screws and rods. Screws on one side had no gap between the tulip and rod (0-mm group), while the most proximal screw on the other side had an intentional gap of 3 mm (3-mm group) or 6 mm (6-mm group). Three hours after forcefully engaging the rod into the tulips at room temperature, the set screws in all specimens were loosened, and each specimen was dissected into individual vertebrae for subsequent pullout testing. The control group exhibited significantly greater pullout strength (1987.68 ± 126.80 N) than the groups from different rod-tulip configurations (p<.05), with significantly greater strength in the 3-mm group (945.62 ± 97.43 N) than the 6-mm group (655.30 ± 194.49 N) (p<.05). Only 47.6% and 33.0% of the pullout strength was retained in the 3-mm and 6-mm groups, respectively, compared to the control group. Gap discrepancies between rods and tulips can significantly reduce pedicle screw pullout strength, with a correlation between decreased strength and increased gaps. Surgeons should avoid forcefully engaging mismatched rods and consider well-fitted contoured rods in spinal surgery to minimize the risk of screw loosening. The gap discrepancy between rod and tulip significantly affected pullout strength, with greater gaps leading to reduced strength. Forcefully engaging mismatched rods into tulips in degenerative spinal surgery should be avoided to minimize the risk of early screw pullout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the effects of 0, 100, 200 and 400 ppm spray applications of GA3 on root and above-ground parts of 'Jan Reus', 'Bloody Mary' and 'Yokohama' tulip cultivars were determined. According to the results, on the development of plant upper part properties, 200 ppm in 'Jan Reus' and 'Yokohama' and 100 ppm in 'Bloody Mary' were the most effective applications. Again, the least increases in upper part properties were obtained from the control plants in 'Jan Reus' and 'Bloody Mary', and from the 100 ppm application in 'Yokohama'. While 100 ppm was the most effective application in 'Jan Reus' and 'Yokohama' in terms of root development, the effect of the applications in 'Bloody Mary' was lower than the control. The application that least increased root development was determined as 400 ppm in 'Jan Reus' and 200 ppm in 'Bloody Mary' and 'Yokohama'. Root growth was found to be negatively related to GA3 content. High GA3 is thought to negatively affect overall root growth, possibly by suppressing the effect of auxin. It is assumed that GA3 produced by the plant itself may be sufficient for root development or may be effective at much lower dose applications. On the other hand, it has been determined that the effects of GA3 application vary depending on the variety. According to these results, it is recommended to apply it at a dose of 200 ppm to ensure flowering by providing cooling in tulip cultivars and cut flower cultivation. High doses of GA3 are not recommended for root development.

Despite many studies conducted over a period of nearly two centuries since Reboul, who was the first to classify tulips as subgeneric level, there is still no consensus among researchers regarding the infrageneric classification of tulips. Nevertheless, in recent years, efforts to solve this taxonomic problem have been increasing. However, phylogenetic studies covering all species of a genus or at least with species representatives of all subgeneric taxonomy worldwide are very scarce. The main difference of the current study from previous studies is that it is a larger study focused on solving this problem by considering all perspectives together, covering many geographical areas and species in global distribution. For this purpose, we examined the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Tulipa with 82 accessions from 45 Tulipa species and six accessions from two Amana and three Erythronium species, and we positioned our results by discussing them in light of previous morphological, geographical, molecular and anatomical data. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships in the genus using DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The 45 species of Tulipa formed a monophyletic clade. Genera Amana and Erythronium were clustered as outgroups. In the genus Tulipa, two major clades were obtained; the first clade belonged to subgenus Orithyia. The second clade separated subgenus Tulipa and subgenera Eriostemones+Clusianae. Then, Eriostemones and Clusianae subgenera formed two separate clusters. Subgenus Eriostemones separated two main clusters; section Biflores and section Sylvestres. On the other hand, all previously proposed sections and series under the subgenus Tulipa were grouped into a single clade. This situation agrees with previous biosystematic data highlighting the morphological overlap of most of the sections and with previous molecular data showing that many sections are not monophyletic. Consequently, we propose a taxonomic concept consisting of four subgenera and two sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulips are among the most famous plants that are used mainly as ornamental cut flowers. Although widely cultivated, they are mainly reproduced asexually, and knowledge of their sexual reproduction is imperfect, especially in regard to botanical tulips. The aim of the present study was to investigate the temperature effect on seed germination of the Near Threatened wild-growing Greek subendemic plant Tulipa saxatilis (Liliaceae) and to define its seed dormancy type. Seed germination was facilitated by bioclimatic profiling generated with R software (version 4.3.3) connecting its natural distribution points with open access precipitation and temperature data, and it was assessed upon incubation in controlled growth chambers at five constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) under a 12:12 light–dark photoperiod. The seeds were dependent on temperature for germination and germinated only within a very narrow range of relatively low temperatures (5–15 °C) and optimally at 10 °C (93%), corresponding to natural winter temperatures and precipitation profiles. Increase in the incubation temperature at 20 and 25 °C resulted in no germination. The treatment of seeds with gibberellic acid (GA3) at two different concentrations (500, 1000 mg·L−1) did not widen the temperature range for seed germination. The seeds of T. saxatilis initially presented an underdeveloped embryo, and significant embryo development was detected only at low temperatures (10 and 15 °C) with almost triple embryo length after one month, thus confirming the existence of complex morphophysiological seed dormancy. Moreover, germinated seeds (with and without GA3) were planted in small-sized pots under greenhouse conditions, and the growth of bulblets was investigated in response to the application of commercially available chemical fertilizers, an integrated nutrient management scheme, and a biostimulant. The fertilization schemes affected the weight and length of the produced bulblets, whereas initial seed treatment with GA3 negatively affected the growth (weight, length, and width) of the produced bulblets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe ligand tris(2-pyridylmethyliminoethyl)amine (L) has seven nitrogen atoms and can act as a heptadentate or more commonly as a hexadentate ligand. It is also known to act as a tris(bidentate) ligand. This article reports the first complex of this type to be structurally characterized. Complex [(PtMe2)3L] (1) is formed as purple crystals by reaction of [Pt2Me4(μ-SMe2)2] with L, with displacement of dimethylsulfide. The unusual structure of 1 resembles a 3-petal tulip flower and has approximate C3 symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulipa L. is a genus of significant economic, environmental, and cultural importance in several parts of the world. The exact number of species in the genus remains uncertain due to inherent taxonomic challenges. We utilized next-generation sequencing technology to sequence and assemble the plastid genomes of seven Tulipa species collected in Kazakhstan and conducted a comparative analysis. The total number of annotated genes was 136 in all seven studied Tulipa species, 114 of which were unique, including 80 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and 4 rRNA genes. Nine regions (petD, ndhH, ycf2-ycf3, ndhA, rpl16, clpP, ndhD-ndhF, rpoC2, and ycf1) demonstrated significant nucleotide variability, suggesting their potential as molecular markers. A total of 1388 SSRs were identified in the seven Tulipa plastomes, with mononucleotide repeats being the most abundant (60.09%), followed by dinucleotide (34.44%), tetranucleotide (3.90%), trinucleotide (1.08%), pentanucleotide (0.22%), and hexanucleotide (0.29%). The Ka/Ks values of the protein-coding genes ranged from 0 to 3.9286, with the majority showing values <1. Phylogenetic analysis based on a complete plastid genome and protein-coding gene sequences divided the species into three major clades corresponding to their subgenera. The results obtained in this study may contribute to understanding the phylogenetic relationships and molecular taxonomy of Tulipa species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In Kazakhstan, tulips are not just beautiful flowers but also vital to the environment, with 35 species, 18 of which are protected. Recent research near Kazakhstan's borders uncovered new tulip varieties, highlighting the need for a species inventory. In this study, we identified eight tulip species using both physical traits and advanced DNA testing. By analyzing genetic markers, we discovered that certain DNA regions are particularly useful for identifying tulip species. However, when it comes to closely related tulips, combining data from multiple DNA markers is crucial for accurate classification. This study also unveiled possible natural hybrids, indicating complex interactions between different tulip species. This research sheds light on the diversity and evolutionary relationships among tulips, providing valuable insights for conservation efforts and understanding plant genetics. Further investigations into tulip populations are necessary to confirm these findings and better protect these precious flowers. In Kazakhstan, the genus Tulipa is represented by 35 species, 18 of which are listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and protected by the state. Recent studies of tulip specimens from regions bordering Kazakhstan emphasize the significance of species inventory and report the discovery of several hybrids. In this study, eight tulip species were identified based on morphological characteristics and using DNA barcoding methods. Molecular genetic markers, including nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA markers (rbcL, matK), of the studied species were sequenced and analyzed using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis methods. Our work demonstrates that DNA barcodes based on the ITS, rbcL, and matK marker regions have successful practical applicability, with ITS being the most informative at the intragenic level. However, for distinguishing closely related taxa, the most effective approach would be to use a combined dataset of sequences from multiple DNA markers. The results showed discrepancies in the placement of several taxa (T. kaufmanniana, T. patens), likely due to introgression and natural spontaneous hybridization. The molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests the existence of a previously undescribed hybrid between T. patens and T. alberti. Further detailed population studies are needed to validate this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the potential of three local microalgal isolates as feed for oyster larvae in laboratory‐rearing experiments, towards the optimisation of seed production of Crassostrea tulipa to support its large‐scale farming along the West African coast. Three species of local microalgae—Rhodomonas sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Pseudanabaena sp.—were isolated from waters off the coast of Ghana, West Africa, following a serial dilution technique. The growth performance of the isolates was assessed in the laboratory through daily estimation of cell density until the stationary phase was observed. Characterisation of the microalgal isolates was carried out by estimation of their biovolume, carbon content and energy content. Biovolumes of the microalgae were calculated from the estimated equivalent spherical diameters using proposed geometric shapes and formulae. Carbon weight and carbon energy content were subsequently calculated using derived conversions. The three microalgal isolates showed potential for large‐scale cultivation in the laboratory with marked differences in daily increases in cell densities. Nannochloropsis sp. and Rhodomonas sp. recorded the highest and the lowest peak densities of 2.4 × 105 and 1.5 × 105 cell mL−1, respectively, from an initial inoculating cell density of 1.05 × 105 cell mL−1. The estimated mean biovolumes of Rhodomonas sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. were 238.9, 8.182 and 42.42 µm3, respectively, and the corresponding derived carbon energy contents were 1.7 × 10−6, 7.13 × 10−8 and 1.05 × 10−7 J, respectively. Results from a laboratory rearing experiment indicated that the individual microalgal isolates supported the growth and survival of oyster larvae at different scales, but a mixed diet of the three promoted superior growth and survival of C. tulipa larvae. The three local microalgal isolates‐ Rhodomonas sp., Nannochloropsis sp., and Pseudanabaena sp.‐ were well adapted to laboratory culture conditions, and the observed differences in growth and survival of the oyster larvae fed on these algal diets could be due to the differences in diet properties and biochemical compositions of the different species. A combination of the three algal diets, however, provided complementaery nutrients for the optimal growth and survival of C. tulipa larvae. The outcome of this study shows that local microalgal isolates have the potential to support hatchery rearing of C. tulipa, which is essential for the development of commercial mangrove oyster aquaculture in West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulb rot, a highly damaging disease of tulip plants, has hindered their profitable cultivation worldwide. This rot occurs in both field and storage conditions posing significant challenges. While this disease has been attributed to a range of pathogens, previous investigations have solely examined it within the framework of a single-pathogen disease model. Our study took a different approach and identified four pathogens associated with the disease: Fusarium solani, Penicillium chrysogenum, Botrytis tulipae, and Aspergillus niger. The primary objective of our research was to examine the impact of co-infections on the overall virulence dynamics of these pathogens. Through co-inoculation experiments on potato dextrose agar, we delineated three primary interaction patterns: antibiosis, deadlock, and merging. In vitro trials involving individual pathogen inoculations on tulip bulbs revealed that B. tulipae,was the most virulent and induced complete bulb decay. Nonetheless, when these pathogens were simultaneously introduced in various combinations, outcomes ranged from partial bulb decay to elongated rotting periods. This indicated a notable degree of antagonistic behaviour among the pathogens. While synergistic interactions were evident in a few combinations, antagonism overwhelmingly prevailed. The complex interplay of these pathogens during co-infection led to a noticeable change in the overall severity of the disease. This underscores the significance of pathogen-pathogen interactions in the realm of plant pathology, opening new insights for understanding and managing tulip bulb rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulipa iliensis, as a wild plant resource, possesses high ornamental value and can provide abundant parental materials for tulip breeding. The objective of this research was to forecast the worldwide geographical spread of Tulipa iliensis by considering bioclimatic, soil, and topographic variables, the findings of this research can act as a benchmark for the conservation, management, and utilization of Tulipa iliensis as a wild plant resource. Research results indicate that all 12 models have an area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) values greater than 0.968 for the paleoclimatic, current, and future climate scenarios, this suggests an exceptionally high level of predictive accuracy for the models. The distribution of Tulipa iliensis is influenced by several key factors. These factors include the mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio9), calcium carbonate content (T_CACO3), slope, precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), Basic saturation (T_BS), and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19). During the three paleoclimate climate scenarios, the appropriate habitats for Tulipa iliensis showed a pattern of expansion-contraction expansion. Furthermore, the total suitable area accounted for 13.38%, 12.28%, and 13.28% of the mainland area, respectively. According to the current climate scenario, the High-suitability area covers 61.78472 × 104 km², which accounts for 6.57% of the total suitable area, The Midsuitability area covers 190.0938 × 104 km², accounting for 20.2% of the total suitable area, this represents a decrease of 63.53%~67.13% compared to the suitable area of Tulipa iliensis under the paleoclimate scenario. Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios, in 2050 and 2090, Tulipa iliensis is projected to experience a decrease in the High, Mid, and Low-suitability areas under the SSP126 climate scenario by 7.10% ~12.96%, 2.96%~4.27% and 4.80%~7.96%, respectively. According to the SSP245 scenario, the high suitability area experienced a slight expansion of 2.26% in 2050, but a reduction of 6.32% in 2090. In the SSP370 scenario, the High-suitability areas had a larger reduction rate of 11.24% in 2050, while the Mid-suitability and Low-suitability areas had smaller expansion rates of 0.36% and 4.86%, respectively. In 2090, the High-suitability area decreased by 4.84%, while the Mid and Low-suitability areas experienced significant expansions of 15.73% and 45.89%, respectively. According to the SSP585 scenario, in the future, the High, Mid, and Low-suitability areas are projected to increase by 5.09%~7.21%, 7.57%~17.66%, and 12.30%~48.98%, respectively. The research offers enhanced theoretical direction for preserving Tulipa iliensis’ genetic variety amidst evolving climatic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to enhance and increase the phonological awareness of kindergarten and first-grade learners through the use of Digital Tab-Phabet. The five (5) Kindergarten section Tulip, five (5) Grade One section Rose, and five (5) Grade One section Santan learners enrolled in La Suerte Elementary School for the School Year 2022-2023 were the participants in the study. The teacher-made Letter Name and Sound Recognition Checklist was used for both the preand post-test data collection techniques. The pre- and post-assessment results from the Letter Name and Sound Recognition Checklist served as the basis for the data that the researchers used. The 8th Week Digital Tab-Phabet: Reading Remediation Program's Letter Name and Sound Recognition Checklist was used to track non-decoder learners' progress after it was finished. The researcher utilized the quantitative-descriptive design of data and was presented using tables and graphs to further illustrate the efficacy and technique of the intervention program. As demonstrated by the results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Z = -3.422, p = 0.001), there is a statistically significant difference with the performance of learners in kindergarten and first grade when it comes to letter name identification, and there is also a statistically significant difference with the learners' performance before and after the implementation of the Digital Tab-phabet when it comes to letter sound identification. The results of the study showed that using the Digital Tab-Phabet during the academic year 2022-2023 increased the phonological awareness of kindergarten and first-grade learners at La Suerte Elementary School. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research tried to explore the use of floral imagery and literary traditions associated with them in the poetry of Zolali Khansari, a Persian poet of the 11th century. At times driven by necessity and at other times by poetic talent, Khansari revised traditional literary associations with floral motifs in his work. This study employed an analytical, descriptive method to investigate Khansari's approaches to these literary traditions. The findings revealed that Khansari adopted 3 main strategies: repeating established literary traditions, accompanying traditional imagery with new poetic expressions, and innovating entirely new floral representations. In many cases, Khansari drew upon his skill in crafting vivid, artistic images to create novel depictions of motifs like red flower, cypress, anemone, blossom, bud, tulips, and palm tree. These new imaginative renderings were often showcased in the second stanzas of his poems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, soil heavy metal contamination is a severe issue, particularly with Cd pollution. The metal tolerance protein (MTP) proteins, as plant divalent cation transporters, play a crucial role in the transport and tolerance of heavy metals in plants. This study conducted comprehensive identification and characterization of the MTP gene family in the tulip. A total of 11 TgMTP genes were identified and phylogenetically classified into three subfamilies. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses unveiled commonalities and variations among subfamily members. Expression profiling demonstrated several TgMTPs were markedly upregulated under Cd exposure, including the TgMTP7.1. Heterologous expression in yeast validated that TgMTP7.1 could ameliorate Cd sensitivity and enhance its tolerance. These results provide primary insights into the MTP gene family in tulip. Phylogenetic relationships and functional analyses establish a framework for elucidating the transporters and molecular mechanisms governing Cd accumulation and distribution in tulip. Key TgMTPs identified, exemplified by TgMTP7.1, may illuminate molecular breeding efforts aimed at developing Cd-tolerant cultivars for the remediation of soil Cd contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower color is one of the most important ornamental traits of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana). Five typical tulip cultivars were selected to identify the flavonoid components and analyze their key gene expression in their tepals. Firstly, after preliminary determination of the pigment type, the flavonoids were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. A total of 17 anthoxanthins were detected in the five cultivars. The total anthoxanthin content in the white tulip and the red tulip showed a similar decreasing trend, while an increasing trend was observed in the black tulip. Similarly, a total of 13 anthocyanins were detected in five tulip cultivars. The black tulip contained the largest number of anthocyanins, mainly delphinidin derivatives (Dp) and cyanidin derivatives (Cy). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) in the orange, red, and black cultivars was higher than that in the white and yellow cultivars and presented an overall increase trend along with the flower development. TgCHS, TgFLS, TgF3H, TgF3′H, TgF3′5′H, and TgDFR, as key structural genes, were involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, and the expression patterns of these genes are basically consistent with the components and accumulation patterns of flavonoids mentioned above. Taken together, the flower color in tulips was closely related to the composition and content of anthocyanins and anthoxanthins, which were indeed regulated by certain key structural genes in the flavonoid pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen micromorphology of nine species of the genus Tulipa (including three subgenera Tulipa, Clusiana, and Eriostemones) and one species from the genus Amana were examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the pollen wall ultrastructure of five selected taxa from the studied species of Tulipa and one species of Amana were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pollen micromorphology (especially exine ornamentation, sulcus margin and sulcus membrane ornamentation, operculum ornamentation) and pollen wall ultrastructure (sporoderm thickness, tectum/foot layer ratio, number of intine layers in sulcus membrane region) varied in the studied taxa. A dendrogram of the pollen micromorphological characteristics (obtained from LM and SEM observations) distinguished three pollen types and six subtypes. Amana edulis (subtype A) and Tulipa biebersteiniana (subtype B) were placed in pollen type 1. Tulipa tetraphylla (subgenus Eriostemones) with Tulipa urumiensis and Tulipa kolpakowskiana (subgenus Tulipa) were placed in pollen type 2. Tulipa clusiana (subgenus Clusiana) and Tulipa suaveolens (subgenus Tulipa) belonged to pollen type 3. Information from pollen wall ultrastructure provided better differentiation of these taxa for better taxonomical resolution. Pollen micromorphology along with ultrastructure can be useful for better understanding the systematic affinities of the species in the genus Tulipa and its relation with the genus Amana and for establishing subgenus rank for T. biebersteiniana and T. clusiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins play a paramount role in color variation and significantly contribute to the economic value of ornamental plants. The conserved activation complex MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW; MYB: v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog; bHLH: basic helix–loop–helix protein; WD40:WD-repeat protein) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has been thoroughly researched, but there have been limited investigations into the function of repressor factors. In this study, we characterized TgMYB4, an R2R3-MYB transcriptional repressor which is highly expressed during petal coloration in red petal cultivars. TgMYB4-overexpressing tobaccos exhibited white or light pink petals with less anthocyanin accumulation compared to control plants. TgMYB4 was found to inhibit the transcription of ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (TfANS1) and DIHYDRO-FLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (AtDFR), although it did not bind to their promoters. Moreover, the TgMYB4 protein was able to compete with the MYB activator to bind to the :bHLHprotein, thereby suppressing the function of the activator MBW complex. These findings demonstrate that TgMYB4 plays a suppressive role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis during flower pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cut tulip flower production, typically cultivated using hydroponic systems, often faces the challenge of stem toppling due to calcium (Ca) deficiency in the nutrient solution. Growers generally grow various tulip cultivars to meet market demands. In hydroponic production, plants require precise nutrient concentrations to promote growth and development, as the food reserves in the mother bulb are insufficient and vary depending on the plant cultivar. This study aimed to assess the impact of different tulip cultivars and Ca deficiency on tulip growth, flowering, and physiological changes. Two cultivars of tulip, namely, 'Strong Gold' and 'Orange Juice', were subjected to three distinct nutrient solution treatments, namely (1) deionized water (DI) only (without any plant nutrition added), (2) complete solution (Hoagland's complete nutrient solution), and (3) Ca deficiency solution. The results indicate that the 'Orange Juice' tulip was particularly susceptible to Ca deficiency, exhibiting stem toppling and flower abortion similar to those grown in DI. Ca deficiency led to a reduction in root length and leaf area but did not affect the plant height. Additionally, it had a negative impact on bulb qualities, resulting in a decreased bulb fresh weight and bulb circumference in both tulip cultivars. Furthermore, Ca deficiency and DI reduced the photosynthetic rates, and Ca deficiency increased the transpiration rate in the tulip. The leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and Ca were decreased under Ca deficiency and DI, while magnesium (Mg) levels increased under Ca deficiency treatment compared to the complete nutrient solution treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to determine the in vitro regeneration abilities of tulip leaf explants. In the study, both sterile leaf explants obtained by culturing sterilized onions and leaf explants obtained by sterilizing leaves obtained from the onions germinated in pots were used. For this purpose MS medium containing 2.4-D (2 mg.l-1), TDZ (2 mg.l-1), Kinetin (2 mg.l-1), NAA (2 mg.l-1), 2.4-D+Kinetin (1 mg.l-1+ 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1+ 2 mg.l-1), İAA+TDZ (1 mg.l-1+ 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1), İAA+BAP (1 mg.l-1 + 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1), NAA+Kinetin (1 mg.l-1+ 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1), NAA+TDZ (1 mg.l-1 + 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1) and 2.4-D+TDZ (1 mg.l-1 + 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1) were used in the study. As a result of subcultures, 6% callus formation was detected in MS medium containing 2.4-D (2 mg.l-1) and NAA (2 mg.l-1) hormone, which is one of the subcultures of leaves formed from the in vitro germination of Purple Prince Tulip bulbs. The highest rate of regeneration was determined as 10% callus formation in the medium containing Kinetin (2 mg.l-1). As a result, while callus regeneration was achieved in 3 different media containing 2.4-D (2 mg.l-1), NAA (2 mg.l-1) and Kinetin (2 mg.l-1) hormones among subcultured media, no regeneration was achieved in the other mediums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how Tulipa luanica adapts to growth in soil with higher concentrations of heavy metals and to assess potential toxic effects using various biomarkers, in comparison to Tulipa kosovarica, a typical serpentine species. For this purpose, we analyzed the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soil, as well as their accumulation in plants and their associated stress effects. The results indicate that, despite the presence of some metals in very high concentrations in the soil (Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni), they are translocated in minimal amounts within plant organs, particularly in T. luanica. Nearly all metals exhibited significantly higher concentrations in T. kosovarica when compared to T. luanica. Based on the analysis of biomarkers, it is apparent that T. luanica shows greater sensitivity to these conditions. This is evident through the decreased activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and levels of δ-aminolevulinic acid, malondialdehyde, and glutathione observed in T. luanica. It appears that T. luanica effectively restricts the absorption of metals in serpentine soils; however, it experiences oxidative stress induced by these metals, setting it apart from the more resilient T. kosovarica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With versatile biological functions, microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression in plants. Tulipa thianschanica Regel is a key wild tulip resource of the Liliaceae; however, it reproduces poorly under natural conditions, and the spreading and expansion of its population rely on the release of its seeds. In this study, T. thianschanica seeds were subjected to stratification at 4 °C for three different durations: 1 d (physiological dormancy), 20 d (dormancy release), and 40 d (non-dormancy). Nine samples were selected, and miRNA databases were established and annotated. This research revealed information on 34 miRNA families, including 14 newly discovered families and 20 families that were previously known. TpmiRNA167 and TpmiRNA395 were observed to be upregulated. Conversely, TpmiRNA166, which targets the key enzymes involved in antioxidant reactions, was downregulated. Notably, PC-5p-84014 and TpmiRNA159 were found to target TpPYL and TpDELLA, respectively, which influenced the abscisic acid/gibberellin (ABA/GA) ratio. Additionally, TpmiRNA160 and TpmiRNA164 were found to participate in the indole-3-acetic acid signal transduction pathway and interact with ABA, thereby contributing to the release of dormancy. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism used to release dormancy in T. thianschanica seeds at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulipa L. (Liliaceae) comprises approximately 150 species. Although Central Asia, the main center of its diversity, includes around 66 species, detailed mapping of their distribution is limited and research on their ecoregional and phytogeographical dispersion is insufficient. This study aimed to map and analyze the distribution patterns of Tulipa across the Central Asian ecoregions and phytogeographical regions to identify potential hotspots for effective conservation efforts. The results identified the Gissaro-Alai open woodlands ecoregion, which hosts 41 species of Tulipa, as the leading hotspot ecoregion. The Ferghana Valley phytogeographical district (Afghano-Turkestan province) was found to be the most suitable habitat for 25 species of Tulipa. We also determined that altitude has a strong influence on the diversity of Tulipa and indicating increase of species richness as elevation rises. However, as elevation rises up from ca. 2000 m a.s.l. species richness also decreases slightly. An analysis of the distribution of sections of Tulipa in Central Asia revealed that around 61% of all species dwell in this area and that the sections Kolpakowskianae and Biflores, which have their greatest diversity of species, are specific to this area. The findings provide valuable insights into the distribution of Tulipa and allow for feasible recommendations and suggestions for their conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to advance Kazakhstan’s floriculture industry by introducing promising tulip species and varieties for cultivation, implementing effective propagation methods, and adapting innovative cultivation technologies suitable for both open- and closed-ground conditions in the southern region of Kazakhstan. This study includes a novel introduction of exclusive tulip varieties, enabling the selection of source materials with desirable attributes for floriculture. Data analysis focuses on daily growth dynamics, plant height progression, and the evaluation of tulip varieties based on the coefficient of height variation across different substrates, such as soil, sawdust, and peat. These findings indicate significant varietal selectivity regarding substrate usage. Daily plant growth varies from 0.09 cm during the initial growth stage to 4.12–3.53 cm for Albatros and Delta Storm varieties during the flowering phase. Notably, the use of a peat substrate produces the tallest and most uniformly sized plants with enhanced decorative qualities, meeting market demands. This study introduces innovative methods for substrate selection that significantly influence the uniformity of tulip growth. Specific tulip varieties, including Albatros, Delta Storm, Fun for Two, Strong Power, and Dynasty, cultivated on a peat substrate with optimal water-physical properties, demonstrate even height and color properties, aligning with high consumer requirements. These findings recommend these varieties for covered ground conditions in Turkestan, advancing Kazakhstan’s floriculture sector by adapting foreign technologies to local conditions. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-02-06 Full Text: PDF

The initial stages of hydrogen–air flame propagation in tubes and the mechanism of tulip flame formation are investigated using a high-order numerical code to solve the fully compressible reactive Navier–Stokes equations for a spark or planar igniting flame at the closed end of a tube and propagating to the opposite closed or open end. It is shown that the mechanism of tulip flame formation is universal for both sparked and planar ignited flames in tubes with both ends closed. Flame front inversion results from the tulip-shaped profile of the unburned gas axial velocity near the flame front, which is the result of the superposition of the unburned gas flow generated by the accelerating flame and the reverse flow generated by the rarefaction wave during flame deceleration. In a half-open tube, this mechanism is valid for spark ignited flames. In the case of planar ignition, there is no rarefaction wave, but the growth of bulges on the sidewalls leads to the formation of a tulip flame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper and successful methodology of electrical contact design is achieved by combining the theoretical and practical studies. This paper presents an instructional approach involving FEM simulations in order to aid in the practical operations on electrical contacts in MV and HV electrical apparatuses effectively. Prior to the completed engineering and scientific work in the field of the electrical apparatuses, constructing the FEM-based model is an effective way to achieve and understand the pros and cons of the experimental solutions. This design method is widely used by the industrial companies and can be implemented as an educational method giving young engineers a new edge. The desired effect of the proposed course was to develop student understanding of electrical contacts engineering by combining the theoretical (simulations) and the practical approach. Ordered creativity was successfully put into practice by checking the parameters derived from the simulations on the real scale layout, which affected and enhanced student confidence in the field and in engineering skills. This instructional approach consisted of two sections (The Theoretical and the Practical) and is essential for understanding and further exploiting the acquired knowledge and certain other measures in engineering work. Moreover, it renders a complete engineering experience employing consequences and their impact on experimental electrical contact research based on multitasking and diversity. The statistical analysis proved that the proposed method had a significant impact and yielded improved results. Moreover, a major improvement in student learning and satisfaction after participating in the proposed course was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the spring of 2022, botanical surveys carried out in the Belezma National Park allowed the rediscovery of Tulipa sylvestris subsp. primulina, a rare and endemic Algerian-Moroccan species. The provided photographs as well as an accurate description of the plant facilitate its identification. The added map shows its distribution throughout Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the cold response mechanism and low temperature regulation of flowering in tulips, this study identified 32 MADS-box transcription factor family members in tulips based on full-length transcriptome sequencing, named TgMADS1-TgMADS32. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes can be divided into two classes: type I and type II. Structural analysis showed that TgMADS genes from different subfamilies have a similar distribution of conserved motifs. Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that some TgMADS genes (e.g., TgMADS3, TgMADS15, TgMADS16, and TgMADS19) were significantly upregulated in buds and stems under cold conditions, implying their potential involvement in the cold response of tulips. In summary, this study systematically identified MADS family members in tulips and elucidated their evolutionary relationships, gene structures, and cold-responsive expression patterns, laying the foundation for further elucidating the roles of these transcription factors in flowering and the cold adaptability of tulips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amana, commonly known as 'East Asian tulips', has recently been found to harbor cryptic diversity due to recent field work and systematic investigations. In this study, we included 64 populations from all 12 Amana species and performed microscopic observations of their epidermal morphology. The leaf epidermis stomatal distribution of Amana can be characterized into three types: dense stomata (>10/per view or 263/mm2), sparse stomata (<10/per view or 263/mm2), and stomata absent. The epidermal cells of Amana can be characterized into four types: rectangular, long rectangular, nearly rectangular, and rhombic. The anticlinal wall morphology of the epidermal cells can be characterized into three types: linear, wavy, and nearly linear with mixed shallow waves. All the results were helpful for classification of Amana species. According to the reconstruction of ancestral characters analyses, the common ancestor of Amana is most likely to have leaves with dense stomata on both sides, and epidermal cells that have linear vertical walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulip growth involves a warm–cold–warm cycle and this work addresses the possibility of carrying out the final warm step of this cycle during the winter months of a subtropical country where electric power has a low price — Paraguay. This is a result of an abundance of renewable energy resources mainly due to the presence of two large hydroelectric power plants. This final cultivation step requires temperatures between 16 °C and 20 °C during a period of about five months. Historic climate data suggest that the city of Encarnación is suitable for tulip cultivation in Paraguay. However, because of temperature fluctuations, air conditioning may occasionally be necessary for cooling or heating. Using a transient model, we simulate the thermal conditions of the nursery to find the energy needed for air conditioning. Good thermal insulation and injection of external ambient air to control the nursery’s temperature whenever possible reduce the use of electrical energy.

Aiming at evaluating new candidate species for the cut flower market of Greece and beyond, in this study, the vase life of three Greek tulip plant species, Tulipa cretica 'Hilde' (CRH, local endemic of Crete, Greece), T. clusiana 'Chrysantha' (CLC, naturalized in Chios Island, Greece), and T. australis (AUS, native in the Mediterranean and Greece), was investigated in comparison to the commercial tulip hybrid Île-de-France (IDF). To this end, pre-cooled at 4 °C bulbs of the abovementioned Greek tulip plant species were bought from Dutch nurseries and grown in pots placed in unheated greenhouses located at two different climatic conditions in Northern Greece. The plants were uprooted when the flowers reached a slightly open stage. Half of the flowering stems were immediately placed into bottles with deionized water, while the rest were placed in a preservative solution containing citric acid 5% and sulfuric acid 1% and then remained under laboratory conditions until the entire tepal wilted (end of vase life). The measurements performed concerned: (a) flower stem length and flower maximum diameter, (b) fresh weight (FW) of initial stems, leaves, flowers, and bulbs and at the end of vase life, (c) flower color parameters (L, a, b, c, and H) in all treated flowers, (d) leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD values), and (e) initial and final water volume after removing the flowering stems. The aforementioned measurements showed that CRH cut flowers may exhibit consistent floral opening patterns and were associated with a long mean vase life of 5.7 days, which can be further prolonged to 6.5 days by carefully selecting a cultivation location with proper climatic conditions. The vase life of CLC cut flowers was significantly affected by the climatic parameters (temperature) of the area where the plants were cultivated. The immersion of cut flowering stems in a preservative solution with citric and sulfuric acids did not yield a notable increase in the longevity of cut flowers during the postharvest period. Moreover, this treatment did not have any significant impact on leaf chlorophyll content or flower color at the end of the flowers' vase life. The data of this work show that cut flowers from the native species T. cretica and T. clusiana have satisfactory vase life, especially when plants were grown in favorable climate condition; the latter is an important criterion for their entry into the cut flower market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Academic Studies of Turkish-Islamic Civilization / Türk Islam Medeniyeti Akademik Arastirmalar Dergisi (Timad) is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The tulip is an important cut flower around the globe. The Tulip is not famous in Pakistan for sale and cultivation for commercial purposes as well. The evaluation of exotic varieties are very important for recommendation to local farmers for better yield. Four tulip varieties cv. Antarctica, Oxford, Ballerina and Apeldoorn were purchased for evaluation. The 100 bulbs of each variety were planted in the bed. The performance of the plants during 2017-18 were judged by observing the bulb germination percentage, leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), scape length (cm), flower size (mm), primary color of the flower, secondary color of flower, no. of large, medium and small size of bulbs and number of bulbs harvested. The bulbs were harvested and stored at 5±2oC (In Refrigerator). The morphological attributes of plants were observed better in cv. Antarctica and Oxford. The research was repeated during the subsequent years. The variable response was observed in various varieties of tulip in Rawalpindi climate. The cv. Antarctica and Oxford were observed as best performer wise all the attributes. The same varieties are recommended to local farmers for cultivation as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floral coloration of tulip flowers is one of the most prominent traits contributing to its high ornamental value. The molecular mechanisms of petal coloration remain elusive in tulip species. In this study, we performed comparative metabolome and transcriptome analyses using four tulip cultivars with distinguished petal colors. Four types of anthocyanins were identified, including cyanidin derivatives and pelargonidin derivatives. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 22,303 differential expressed genes (DEGs) from the four cultivars, and 2589 DEGs were commonly regulated in three comparison groups (colored vs. white cultivar), including anthocyanins biosynthesis‐related genes and regulatory transcription factors. Two basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors, TgbHLH42‐1 and TgbHLH42‐2, with differential expression levels among cultivars and petal developmental stages, have high homology to TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (AtTT8) of Arabidopsis. The anthocyanins accumulation in TgbHLH42‐1 overexpressing (OE) seedlings was markedly greater than that in wild‐type seedlings in the presence of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), but not for TgbHLH42‐2 OE seedlings. Both TgbHLH42‐1 and TgbHLH42‐2 restored pigmentation defects in tt8 mutant seeds after complementation assay. TgbHLH42‐1 could interact with MYB protein AtPAP1 to synergistically activate the transcription of AtDFR, whereas TgbHLH42‐2 failed to. Silencing TgbHLH42‐1 or TgbHLH42‐2 individually could not, but simultaneously silencing both TgbHLH42 could reduce the anthocyanin in tulip petals. These results indicate that TgbHLH42‐1 and TgbHLH42‐2 function partially redundantly to positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during tulip petal coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of True Tulip Shell in the genus Fasciolaria has been discovered in lobster traps set in deep water off the Dry Tortugas, western Florida Keys. This new TulipShell is closest to the widespread Carolinian Province-Caribbean Province F. tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758) but differs in having a proportionally shorter siphonal canal, in having a conspicuous stripedcolorpattern and stronger raised cords on the siphonal canal, and by having sharply-angled spire whorls that bear prominent rounded knobs on the first post nuclear whorls. In this aspect, the coronated post nuclear whorls of the new species, here named F. bittneri, resemble those seen on the heavily-ornamented Calabrian Pleistocene species, F. okeechobeensis Tucker & Wilson, 1932, from the Bermont Formation of southern Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to botanical tulips' economic interest coupled with limited information regarding their seed germination, we investigated the effect of temperature on dormancy release and germination in two endangered local endemic tulip species of Greece (Tulipa hageri Heldr., T. orphanidea Heldr.). Their germination responses at five constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C) were evaluated in growth chambers, while the type of seed dormancy and the temperature effect on its release were determined based on open-sourced, R-derived species-specific ecological profiles illustrating abiotic conditions of their wild habitats. The results indicated a range-specific temperature dependence in seed germination for both studied species with seed germination observed only in very low temperatures (5–10 °C). The seeds of both species after dispersal had an underdeveloped embryo. The existence of a complex morphophysiological seed dormancy was confirmed in both species by the significant embryo development only at 5 and 10 °C (almost doubled after 30 days) coupled with observed delay in germination only at low temperatures. Furthermore, to facilitate their cultivation and ex situ conservation, the germinated seeds were planted in pots to develop bulblets in greenhouse conditions resulting in bigger T. orphanidea bulblets compared to T. hageri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]