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Duck decoys are trapping devices designed to catch ducks. From the fourteenth century onwards, duck decoys emerged in riverine lowlands in northwestern Europe. Their operation is based on a rigorously maintained physical structure with a woodland that encloses a water body with protruding extensions called pipes, which end in nets and are surrounded by reed screens. Catching ducks in these places requires a complex interplay between different groups of ducks, a dog, and a human decoyman who together are enmeshed in what becomes a deeply deceptive landscape. This paper explores duck decoys in the Netherlands as relational, situated and co‐designed multispecies atmospheres. Through ethnographic descriptions of field visits, interviews and by drawing on historical accounts, we trace how inter‐ and intraspecies relations and behaviours are interpreted in terms of deception, betrayal, trust and curiosity. The varying interpretations of behaviours and the more‐than‐human knowledges at play reflect the essentially elusive character of the duck decoy. Especially when facing the environmental challenges of the Anthropocene, duck decoys and the ambiguous relations that were until recently maintained in them, encourage us to consider the historical trapping and hunting landscapes as places made by multispecies atmospheres. Even though these atmospheres and the intimate collectives of human and more‐than‐human lives have become increasingly fragile, their afterlives resonate through the changing character of the riverine landscape and its various waterfowl, as well as practices of knowing and conserving biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helopeltis cinchonae (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a major pest of tea plantations in Asia. Conventional control of pests with pesticides is unsustainable. Therefore, safe and eco‐friendly alternatives, such as pheromones, are required to manage the pest. Results: In gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) analysis of whole‐body extracts of virgin female H. cinchonae, two compounds elicited electroantennogram (EAG) responses from male antennae. These were identified as hexyl (R)‐3‐acetoxybutyrate and (R)‐1‐acetoxy‐5‐butyroxyhexane using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis compared to synthetic compounds. This is the first study to report 1‐acetoxy‐5‐butyroxyhexane as an insect pheromone component. The synthetic compounds elicited dose‐dependent EAG responses from the antennae of male H. cinchonae. In two field trapping experiments, the individual compounds were highly attractive to male H. cinchonae when dispensed from polyethylene vials. However, higher catches were obtained with blends of the two compounds in a 1:10 ratio. The blend of racemic compounds was as attractive as the blend of (R)‐enantiomers. Conclusions: We reported that 1‐acetoxy‐5‐butyroxyhexane and hexyl 3‐acetoxybutyrate are components of the female‐produced sex pheromone of H. cinchonae, but further work is required on the blend and loading of pheromone and on trap design to provide an optimized system for monitoring and control of this pest. The results may also facilitate the identification of the pheromones of other Helopeltis species, which are major pests in many crops. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static granular packings play a central role in numerous industrial applications and natural settings. In these situations, fluid or fine particle flow through a bed of static particles is heavily influenced by the narrowest passage connecting the pores of the packing, commonly referred to as pore throats, or constrictions. Existing studies predominantly assume monodisperse rigid particles, but this is an oversimplification of the problem. In this work, we illustrate the connection between pore throat size, polydispersity, and particle deformation in a packed bed of spherical particles. Simple analytical expressions are provided to link these properties of the packing, followed by examples from Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of fine particle percolation demonstrating the impact of polydispersity and particle deformation. Our intent is to emphasize the substantial impact of polydispersity and particle deformation on constriction size, underscoring the importance of accounting for these effects in particle transport in granular packings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic antennas leveraging localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) hold a significant premise for efficiently trapping nanoscale particles at low power levels. However, their effectiveness is hindered by photothermal effects that arise with metallic nanoparticles, leading to decreased stability of trapped particles. To address this limitation, a hybrid approach that combines depletion attraction and photothermal effects inherent in plasmonic structures is proposed, capitalizing on thermally induced concentration gradients. Through the thermophoretic depletion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules around plasmonic hotspots, sharp concentration gradients are created, enabling precise localization of nanoscopic particles through a synergistic effect with diffusiophoretic forces. Our experiments successfully demonstrate the ability to trap and dynamically manipulate small extracellular vesicles and 100 nm polystyrene beads, showcasing the platform's potential for assembly at the nanoscale. Remarkably, this method maintains stable trapping performance even at a laser power of 0.78mW$0.78\ {\rm mW}$. The demonstration of stable trapping of small extracellular vesicles showcases the compatibility of this platform with bio species. This study introduces a promising avenue for the precise and efficient manipulation of nanoscale particles, with wide‐ranging implications in nanotechnology, biophysics, and nanomedicine. This research opens new opportunities for advancing nanoscale particle studies and applications, ushering in a new era of nanoscale manipulation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on capacitance and current voltage nonlinearities to understand the resistive switching (RS) behavior in metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors and its dependence on electrode material. Hafnium oxide (HfO2) thin films were deposited at 350°C on various electrode materials, including platinum (Pt), tungsten (W), aluminum copper (AlCu), and titanium nitride (TiN). The current–voltage (I–V) sweep measurements were analyzed using the trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction mechanism. The results were correlated to the first-principles calculations of the HfO2/M heterostructures using the projector-augmented wave coupled to the generalized gradient approximation. The band structure, density of states, and partial density of states were calculated and interpreted. The band offset for the metal–oxide interfaces was determined using the Van de Walle and Martin model. Accordingly, we demonstrated that the dissipation energy of the MIM structures decreased with increasing valence band offset between the metal electrode and oxide. The link between I–V nonlinearity and capacitance–voltage variation was established through the concept of average electrostatic potential. We demonstrated that the observed C–V nonlinearity decreased with increasing potential discontinuity. These findings have promising implications for the design and optimization of future resistive random-access memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Designing conservation interventions for rare species can be hindered by a lack of relevant data. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) has potential to provide rapidly collected, cost‐effective data across large spatio‐temporal scales, but has rarely been used as a source of conservation‐relevant information for the Asian Songbird Crisis. The Blue‐crowned Laughingthrush (Pterorhinus courtoisi; BCLT) is a Critically Endangered passerine found only in southeastern China. It is unclear why the species' breeding range and global population are extremely small, as it occurs in human‐occupied forest‐agricultural landscapes similar to surrounding environments across southern China. We conducted systematic range‐wide interviews on BCLT (n = 519) to collect novel information on the species' temporal and spatial distribution, and on potential human activities and landscape changes associated with its presence or absence. Recognition of BCLT was moderate (45.0% of respondents reported sightings), with sightings within the previous 18 months across the study area, within and beyond their known distribution. Over half of known breeding villages were confirmed by LEK data, and nesting was reported from two villages with no previous breeding records. BCLT trapping was reported across the study landscape, mostly from the last decade and associated with trappers from urban centres. BCLT trapping and lack of fengshui forest were associated with sites where BCLTs did not breed. Breeding sites were associated with increases in vegetable gardens over respondents' lifetimes, and other sites within the species' range were associated with decreases in bush/scrub. We demonstrate that LEK can identify potential threats, new breeding sites and landscape changes correlated with species presence or absence for threatened birds affected by the Asian songbird crisis. This study provides the first evidence of ongoing trapping as a threat to BCLT, and remedial measures are urgently required across the region. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Due to its characteristic of low stress brittle fracture, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a great challenge for the alloys exposed to hydrogen-containing environments, threatening the safety and integrity of structural components. The physical and chemical status of the interfaces, among which grain boundary (GB), twin boundary (TB), and matrix/nano-precipitate interfaces (coherent, semi-coherent, and incoherent) are the representative ones, play a crucial role in determining the HE susceptibility of materials. Hence, this study mainly reviews recent progress in the interaction between hydrogen and these interfaces, i.e., 1) hydrogen-GB interaction (dominant HE mechanisms, crystallographic features of hydrogen-assisted intergranular cracking, and the strategies for resisting HE through GB segregation and GB engineering); 2) hydrogen-TB interaction (the effect of deformation/pre-existing twins on HE susceptibility, four types of TB-related cracking mechanisms, and the improvement of HE-tolerance by the control of pre-twins, gradient-twins, and twin orientations); and 3) hydrogen-precipitate interaction (hydrogen capacity, hydrogen trapping sites, hydrogen activation energy, and the effect of nano-precipitates on HE of alloys). The correlation between HE susceptibility, active HE mechanisms and their synergy (HELP + HEDE model), and three types of interfaces have been comprehensively summarized and discussed. Also, the strategies for the improvement of HE resistance are proposed in terms of the control of these microstructural interfaces in metallic alloys. [Display omitted] • Effect of the interfaces on hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of alloys is reviewed. • Hydrogen-assisted interface cracking mechanisms of alloys is summarized. • Strategies for resisting HE are proposed through the control of the interfaces. • Semi-coherent precipitates are suggested to balance strength and HE-resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) (RSC) are a highly invasive species established on five continents. Recent detections of RSC populations in several locations in Michigan, USA spurred action to develop trap-based early detection and response plans based on the best available science, however, few recommendations are available concerning important sampling logistics such as timing and density of deployed traps. We surveyed 231 waterbodies (mainly lentic systems with relatively few small lotic systems) for RSC in two invasion zones in southern Michigan. We used Bayesian hierarchical models to evaluate baited traps for detection of RSC invasions, and qualitatively evaluated feasibility of eDNA metabarcoding for enhancing trap-based detection strategies. While overall occupancy was low, predicted detection probabilities with baited traps ranged from 27 to 98% and depended on season, density of traps, and relative crayfish abundance. There was high agreement between trapping and eDNA detections (94%). However, an improved eDNA sampling design that increases the number of samples is needed. We conclude that trap-based detections of RSC in Michigan are most likely to occur mid-summer, trapping densities should be increased in the spring and fall to offset lower detection probabilities, and eDNA could feasibly supplement trapping in spring and fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The skin beetle Reesa vespulae is regularly found beyond North America where it originated, having arrived in Europe in the mid-20th century. Initially associated with stored food products, the beetle causes damage in museums by attacking hides, furs, dried plants and zoological collections. Although still only found in a small fraction of museums, it is occasionally present in large numbers. A single female can continue to reproduce, meaning this species can persist over long periods of time. Larvae are trapped more frequently during infestations, suggesting R. vespulae may range widely in search of food. The skin beetle Reesa vespulae is regularly found beyond North America where it originated. The larvae cause considerable concern in museums, as they damage hides or furs in addition to being a special source of damage to collections of dried plants in herbaria or collections of insects and other zoological specimens. Reesa vespulae arrived in Europe in the mid-20th century and was associated mostly with stored food products, but over time, it has become recognised as a museum pest. Although it is still uncommon and may only be observed in a small fraction of museums, when the insect is found in large numbers, it can cause problems. Catches from blunder traps in Austrian museums and from an online database in the UK were used to track changing concern over the insect. As a single female beetle can continue to reproduce because the species is parthenogenetic, its presence can persist over long periods of time. Although small populations in museums are typically found in the adult form, the larval forms are more common where a site is infested by high numbers, perhaps because the larvae and adults must range more widely for food. Although R. vespulae can be controlled using pesticides, it is also possible to kill the larvae within infested materials through freezing or anoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The avian vampire fly Philornis downsi (Dodge & Aitken) (Diptera: Muscidae) is native to continental South America and the Caribbean, but invasive in the Galapagos Archipelago. The larvae of P. downsi feed on the blood and tissues of the nestlings of 75% of the small land bird species that are endemic or native to Galapagos, causing high in-nest mortality and severe population declines in some species. Efficient trapping techniques are vital to safeguarding these birds in the short term as well as for monitoring fly populations, but basic information about the ecology of the fly is still needed to help develop a species-appropriate trapping method. In this study, we used a novel trapping regime with a vertical distribution to make inferences about P. downsi 's behavioral and spatial ecology and to optimize trap catch. Our results showed that male and female P. downsi were trapped in greater numbers below the canopy (3.1–7.5 m), lower down than other commonly caught insect species (5.1–11.5 m). Notably, the effect of trap height remained consistent across seasons and different weather conditions. These findings suggest that P. downsi tend to move at heights where their hosts nest (at or below the canopy) and do not spend time above the canopy. This also makes it unlikely that strategies such as hill-topping or aerial swarming are being used to locate mates. As such, trapping and control efforts should be focused below the canopy in forests with similar canopy heights to effectively capture P. downsi and reduce bycatch of other insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomonitoring of agriculturally important insects is increasingly vital given our need to understand: (a) the severity of impacts by pests and pathogens on crop yield and health and (b) the impact of environmental change and land management on insects, in line with sustainable development and global conservation targets. Traditional entomological traps remain an important part of the biomonitoring toolbox, but sample processing is laborious and introduces latency, and accuracy can be variable. The integration of molecular techniques such as environmental DNA and DNA metabarcoding into insect biomonitoring has gained increasing attention, but the advantages of doing so, the kind of data this can generate, and how easily and effectively molecular analyses can be integrated with the diverse types of entomological traps currently used remains relatively unclear. In this review, we examine how combining DNA metabarcoding with a range of conventional and unconventional entomological sampling techniques can advance biomonitoring in a way that is useful to researchers and practitioners. We highlight some of the key challenges and how to mitigate them, using examples of its integration with different sampling methods from the literature (e.g., interception, pitfall and sticky traps) to demonstrate efficacy and suitability. We discuss how metabarcoding data can be used to infer ecological networks, emphasizing the importance of this as a framework for understanding species interactions and ecosystem functioning for more effective and descriptive biomonitoring. Finally, future advances in biomonitoring are highlighted, alongside recommendations of best practice for researchers both new to and experienced in invertebrate biomonitoring with metabarcoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available experimental data of field-dependent steady-state photocarrier grating (SSPG) are numerically modeled employing the derived formula of β (where β represents the ratio of coherent to incoherent currents in SSPG technique) obtained from the analytical solution of the small signal steady-state grating problem by applying Galerkin's method. This numerical analysis shows the extent of validity and success of using the derived formula of β [R. I. Badran, ResultsPhys. 17, 103079 (2020)] in reproducing the field-dependent data for noncrystalline Si: H samples. The best quality of fittings is reproduced when χ 2 value is minimum. This analysis provides us with approximate and corrected values for each of transport quantities, namely, the small-signal response lifetime, electron and hole mobilities that are found in agreement with the values obtained from the applications of other methods. For two polymorphous (pm) Si: H samples, the average estimated, corrected values for the carrier density and mobility-lifetime product, namely, N o ∼ 1. 3 9 × 1 0 1 5 cm − 3 and 1. 5 2 × 1 0 1 5 cm − 3 and ( μ n + μ p) τ ∼ 9. 5 × 1 0 − 8 cm2V − 1 and ∼ 7. 2 × 1 0 − 8 cm2V − 1 , respectively, are obtained. The analysis is also extended to analyze the field-dependent data for nanocrystalline (nc) Si: H samples at low temperatures. The extracted values of N o and ( μ n + μ p) τ are ∼ 2. 0 × 1 0 1 5 cm − 3 and ∼ 7. 5 × 1 0 − 8 cm2V − 1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus galloprovincialis) is a European vector of the invasive pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), one of the most dangerous threats to pine forests worldwide. One recommended method for detecting the nematode is catching and inspecting the M. galloprovincialis beetles. Effective commercial lures are available for that insect but attract non‐target species, particularly beneficial Thanasimus species. Our study aimed to develop an equally effective M. galloprovincialis lure less attractive to beneficial predatory insects. We used electroantennography to test several compounds occurring in the pheromones, hindgut extracts or headspace emissions of non‐Ips bark beetles. The compounds that caused the strongest antennal responses were used along with α‐pinene (host‐tree volatile) and monochamol (2‐undecyloxy‐1‐ethanol, a male‐produced aggregation pheromone of M. galloprovincialis) to prepare the lures for olfactometric and field testing. In the field experiments, the lure containing (+)‐α‐pinene, monochamol, (1R)‐(−)‐myrtenal and (S)‐(−)‐trans‐verbenol was equally effective as the commercial lure Galloprotect Pack. It attracted significantly less Thanasimus formicarius and T. femoralis beetles. Thus, the new lure can serve as a basis for developing an operational lure for monitoring M. galloprovincialis with reduced bycatch of predatory beetles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of trap type and height on the captures of adults of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), was assessed in cotton fields in three experimental sites (Nikaia, Nees Karyes, and Koilada) in Central Greece. Initially, the effectiveness of three different traps (white Delta, red Delta, and green Funnel) was compared. Subsequently, white Delta traps were positioned at three heights, i.e., 30, 60, and 90 cm, above ground level. Overall, captures notably increased in all traps from late July to mid-September. Funnel traps had poor performance for the captures of P. gossypiella adults, as compared with the respective figures for the other two Delta traps. Specifically, in two experimental sites (Nikaia and Koilada), both Delta traps cumulatively captured significantly more adults than the Funnel trap throughout the monitoring period. In the third site (Nees Karyes), the red Delta trap captured in total significantly more adults than the other two tested traps. Moreover, we found that traps in Nikaia placed at 90 cm captured significantly less adults as compared with the other two trap heights. The same trend was observed in Koilada; however, differences were significant only between traps at 30 and 90 cm. No significant differences were determined among different heights in the third site (Nees Karyes). These findings offer valuable insights for the monitoring protocols of P. gossypiella in cotton fields, on the basis of a standardized trapping strategy, that can take into account a wide range of factors, such as trap design and trap height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diel flight activity in Cathartus quadricollis (Guerin-Meneville) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), a predator of two important pests in Hawaii, coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) and tropical nut borer, Hypothenemus obscurus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was studied in a macadamia nut orchard using yellow sticky traps baited with pheromone and fungal volatile attractants. The study was conducted at different months throughout the year and at different times during the lunar cycle (new moon and full moon). Flight activity peaked in the late hours of the photophase into the early hours of the scotophase, between 1830 and 2000 h; flight activity also occurred but to a lesser extent in the early morning hours between 0700 and 1030 h. Numbers of captured C. quadricollis during periods of flight activity were negatively correlated with wind speed. The implications of these findings for the development of optimal pest management strategies including biological control are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issues surrounding the trapping or raising of wild animals for their fur. It points out the pain and suffering inflicted upon these animals and the extreme inhumanity of many of the traps used in capturing them.

Abstract Monitoring navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using pheromone lures is now complicated by the use of mating disruption. Two commercially available lures that are minimally affected by mating disruption use either natural ovipositional substrates (Bait lures) or a combination of phenyl propionate (PPO), a volatile chemical that attracts both sexes and pheromone lures (Combo lures). We compared the season-long trap capture for these two lures in a sterile insect technique (SIT) demonstration project in Fresno County, California, 2020–2023. A total of 194,233 males (96.52%) were caught using Combo lures and 7006 (3.48%) caught using Bait lures, while 95,947 females (48.83%) were caught using Combo lures and 100,532 (51.17%) caught using Bait lures. Capture of A. transitella was 2.3-fold higher in pistachio (278,492) than in almond (119, 316), and within a commodity, there was a moderate correlation in female capture between the two lures; correlation was stronger during the period leading up to July 21 (Julian date 202). For Bait lures, 48.7% of the trap catch in almond occurred by July 21 and 87.1% of the trap catch occurred in pistachio by July 21. For Combo lures, 38.9% of the trap catch in almond occurred by July 21 while 54.6% of the catch occurred in pistachio. Bait lures became less effective after July 21, likely due to diminished attractiveness as new crop nuts split in August through October. Our data indicate that Combo lures are preferable when the goal is consistent season-long capture of A. transitella in almond and pistachio.

In this work, we investigated the instability of threshold voltage (Vth) in p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) under positive gate biases and high temperatures. We reveal an abnormal temperature dependence of threshold voltage instability, suggesting that threshold voltage instability significant differences at elevated temperatures and is primarily attributed to the trapping/detrapping of charged carriers. Notably, the positive shift in threshold voltage diminished and eventually reversed at low gate bias as the temperature increased. In contrast, the negative shift intensified with increasing temperature but began to mitigate above 100°C at high gate bias due to an enhanced de-trapping process of electrons and holes. These results suggest the presence of multiple mechanisms behind the threshold voltage instability under varying thermal conditions.

The peristaltic pump of a fluid which is of non-Newtonian type over a curved tube is the main focus of this study. The mathematical formulation of the problem is presented. A small Reynolds number (Re) and a large wavelength (δ) are used to simplify the calculation of the problem. The final expression of the stream function is found by applying the perturbation procedure for different values k, we derive a numerical solution to the nonlinear differential equation. An extensive review of the influence of various physics parameters, such that Hartman number, non-Newtonian fluid number and many others, in two cases, small and large values of the curvature value k, on the axial velocity profile, the pressure rise, the pressure gradient, and the streamlines. This discussion is supported by the inclusion of pictures and illustrations.

Designing hydrogen-resistant Ni-based alloys from the perspective of the Ni/graphene interface (NGI) provides the potential to increase hydrogen trapping away from potential fracture paths. Nonetheless, numerous essential mechanisms of hydrogen penetration behaviors in the Ni-graphene nanocomposites are presently not well understood. Here we investigate the influence of Ni/graphene interfaces (NGIs) on the behavior of hydrogen diffusion and trapping in their vicinity using atomistic simulations. Hydrogen diffusion is competitively affected by elevated temperatures and NGIs. The difference in the mean square displacement for hydrogen between the composites and pure Ni can be of two orders of magnitude, highlighting the sluggish diffusion in the composites. As NGIs reduce hydrogen formation energy and diffusion barrier, hydrogen prefers to migrate towards the interfaces. Hydrogen readily forms sp3 C–H bonds with C atoms, thereby impeding its detachment from graphene and subsequent entry into a non-diffusible state. Results of the study will contribute to the use of Ni–graphene nanocomposites as hydrogen-resistant materials for nuclear reactors.

Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae; Newstead, 1911) are widespread in Europe, being particularly common in the Mediterranean region but rare north of the Alps. Thus, Switzerland is an opportune place to investigate the sand fly fauna on both sides of the Alpine crest, in southern sub‐Mediterranean climate and northern oceanic temperate climate. We reinvestigated the Swiss sand fly fauna with the aim to assess changes in composition, altitudinal distribution, abundance and seasonality. Thirty‐eight sites were investigated with light traps and/or interception sticky traps in 4 years. Ninety and 380 specimens were caught by light traps and sticky traps, respectively, at 15 collecting sites. Four species were identified. Phlebotomus mascittii (Grassi, 1908), Phlebotomus perniciosus (Newstead, 1911) and Sergentomyia minuta (Rondani, 1843) were confirmed in Ticino, and P. mascittii for the first time in neighbouring Grisons. Also, Phlebotomus neglectus (Tonnoir, 1921) is for the first time reported, though at a very low density compared to P. perniciosus at the same site. Its presence in Ticino supports the northward spread observed in Italy. Sand flies were detected north of the Alps at one site only, endorsing a historical report. Overall, the low density of P. perniciosus and very low density of P. neglectus suggest that canine leishmaniosis may not be an important disease risk in Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-dimensional (3D) seismic Data and well log Data from two oil fields (Onshore Field and Offshore Field) were obtained and analyzed with Techlog and Petrotech software in order to attempt the structural styles and Hydrocarbon trapping mechanisms onshore and offshore fields. Suites of Well logs of the two fields were interpreted and appropriate reservoir bodies were characterized. The well log petrophysical analysis revealed three reservoirs in onshore and three reservoir in offshore which cut across four (4) wells respectively. Average reservoir parameters for the onshore such as porosity 30.01% and hydrocarbon saturation 64.33% with average thickness of 26.52m while the offshore average reservoir parameters such as porosity 28% and hydrocarbon saturation 77.67% with average thickness of 10m were derived from petrophysical analysis. A total of three horizons and seven faults were mapped on the onshore seismic sections that indicated faulted anticlines, listric fault, growth fault, synthetic and antithetic fault were closely observed. While three horizons were mapped on the offshore seismic section that indicates back-to-back structures. The structural maps showed that the major structures accommodating the Hydrocarbon in both fields are fault assisted closure, four way closures and growth faults. The trapping mechanisms were identified to be fault dependent. The root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude surface maps reveal sections with bright spot anomalies. The amplitude anomalies served as direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs). Seismic-to-well ties shows the top of the Hydrocarbon bearing sand unit lie on top of the well on the seismic section in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing invasive alien species (IAS) is a critical issue for many countries to preserve native biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. In western France, we analyzed data of captures of aquatic invasive alien rodents (AIARs), the coypu and muskrat, by the local permanent control program from 2007 to 2022 across 26 municipalities encompassing 631 km2. We found that control activities removed up to 10.3 AIARs per km2 annually. The number of coypus removed per trapper per year increased by 220%, whereas it decreased by 85% for muskrats. The number of trappers increased from 2007 to 2014, peaking at 70, and then decreased by 50% in 2022. The number of AIARs captured per trapper per year increased with the density of ponds. The number of coypus captured per year decreased with an increasing amount of woodland per municipality, whereas it increased with road density. Finally, other tested landscape variables did not affect the number of AIARs removed per trapper per year. Our results are discussed in the context of control activities implemented against IAS in other countries. We advocate for stakeholders to assess whether control activities against AIARs effectively mitigate the impacts on social-ecological systems in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries conduct fruit fly surveillance but, while there are guidelines, practices vary widely. This review of some countries in the Pacific region demonstrates the diversity of fruit fly surveillance practices. All utilize 3 parapheromones—trimedlure, cuelure, and methyl eugenol—to trap adult male fruit flies. Some target species are not attracted to these compounds so other attractants such as food-based lures are used in certain areas or circumstances. Lure loading and replacement cycles depend on the target species and the local climate. Malathion and dichlorvos (DDVP) are commonly used toxicants, but not in all countries, and other toxicants are being developed to replace these older-generation pesticides. Jackson and Lynfield are commonly used trap designs but newer designs such as cone and Biotrap are being adopted. Local factors such as chemical registrations and climate affect the choice of trap, lure, dispenser, toxicant, and bait concentration. These choices affect the efficacy of traps, in turn influencing optimal trap deployment in space and time. Most states now follow similar practices around trap inspection, servicing, and data handling, but these processes will be disrupted by emerging automated trap technologies. Ultimately, different practices can be attributed to the unique fruit fly risk profiles faced by each state, particularly the suite of fruit flies already present and those that threaten from nearby. Despite the diversity of approaches, international trade in fruit continues with the assurance that fruit fly surveillance practices evolve and improve according to each country's risk profile and incursion experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the impact of a submerged interface-piercing perforated barrier in a two-layer fluid flowing over a permeable bottom. We investigate oblique wave scattering, trapping and radiation due to the structure focusing on the bottom permeability. The dead water phenomenon is analysed with the consideration of the bottom permeability, which results in a higher variation of the interfacial wave due to the bottom permeability. The matched eigenfunction expansion method and the least square technique are used to calculate various hydrodynamic coefficients. Wave energy identity relation is derived for the scattering scenario, and the associated energy loss due to the barrier is calculated. In order to attain the maximum wave dissipation, an ideal porous-effect parameter of the barrier is proposed for consideration, and it is observed that larger values of porous-effect parameter result in the lowest feasible pressure distribution. A good comparison with a prior result justifies the current semi-analytical procedure. Furthermore, the verification of the energy-identity terms aid in the validation of the computed results. Additionally, wave trapping in a confined region is examined by investigating reflection coefficients by considering a rigid wall. The thin perforated barrier model is further considered for examining the radiation aspect while considering its slow motion. For various porous-effect parameters of the barrier, the amplitude ratio of the radiated potential is investigated, and it is clearly observed that higher frequency significantly lowers the amplitude for both free surface and interfacial propagating modes. The impact of the perforated barrier is analysed by investigating the essential hydrodynamic coefficients, namely, added mass and damping coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use contingent valuation to estimate hunter and trapper willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical bobcat harvest permit being considered in Indiana. Harvest permits would be rationed, with limits on aggregate and individual harvests. A model of permit demand shows that WTP may be subject to "congestion effects" which attenuate welfare gains from relaxing harvest limits. Intuitively, relaxing limits may directly change an individual's expected harvest and, hence, WTP. Participation may subsequently change, with congestion offsetting welfare increases. These effects may lead to apparent scope insensitivity that may be endemic in the context of rationed goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisandrus maiche Stark (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a non-native ambrosia beetle from central Asia that has been spreading throughout the eastern United States since 2005. Preferred hosts of A. maiche are not well characterized within its currently invaded range, but it is established in managed and natural forests throughout Indiana. Current monitoring and detection efforts for this beetle rely on ethanol-baited traps, but fungal volatiles may alter the attraction of A. maiche to ethanol. In this study, we conducted trapping experiments in Indiana to determine the extent to which a suite of common fungal alcohols influences the response of A. maiche to ethanol-baited traps. We then evaluated isoamyl and isobutyl alcohol as potential attractants for A. maiche and their ability to enhance attraction to ethanol. Lastly, we used SPME-GC-MS to identify volatiles from Ambrosiella cleistominuta (Mayers & Harr.), the fungal symbiont of A. maiche , grown for 7 and 14 days on malt extract agar. Benzyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, hexanol, methyl phenylacetate, phenethyl alcohol, and piperitone reduced the attraction of A. maiche to ethanol-baited traps in the field. Moreover, adding methyl benzoate and isoamyl alcohol individually to ethanol-baited traps did not further increase A. maiche capture. When paired with ethanol, isoamyl alcohol repelled beetles in the early flight period but did not significantly increase trap capture during the fall flight. These results represent a first step in understanding the role of fungal volatiles in the colonization behavior of A. maiche and may ultimately inform management strategies for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peristaltic motions are used in a variety of industrial and real-world problems such as pumping mixture with such a high solid content from the mining sector, biogases, sewers facilities, food flow through the gastrointestinal system, urinary tract, and fallopian tube of human females where extremely abrasive, gritty, and viscous fluids are present. The goal of this theoretical study is to examine the impact of the lubricated walls on the peristaltic transport of a viscous fluid in an asymmetric medium. The interfacial condition is derived under the assumptions of thin film lubrication and long wavelength approximation. The theory of a dynamical system is utilized to examine the lubrication effects on the position and bifurcation of stagnation points in the flow. For this, three flow distributions, backward flow, trapping, and augmented flow, are discussed. The obtained system of equations is solved numerically by the shooting method based on Newton–Raphson root-finding algorithm in Mathematica. The prime findings for the velocity profile, pressure increase, trapping, and reflux criteria are illustrated through graphs. Bifurcation occurs earlier by increasing the influence of lubrication. The trapping area diminishes and the augmented flow section expands with the lubrication parameter. This will be useful for medical engineering, industrial and physiological systems. The comparison for the particular case of no-slip condition is presented and found to be in excellent agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 2020, a new population of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) was discovered on the 33-ha Cocos Island, 2.5 km off the south coast of Guam. Cocos Island is a unique conservation resource, providing refuge for many lizards and birds, including endangered species, which were extirpated from mainland Guam by invasive predators including brown treesnakes. We sought to evaluate the usefulness of toxic baiting with acetaminophen-treated carrion baits and cage trapping, common tools for the control of brown treesnakes on mainland Guam, as potential eradication tools on Cocos Island. We evaluated multiple bait types and bait presentations: on the ground, suspended in the canopy emulating aerial bait applications and in four plastic-tube bait station configurations intended to exclude non-target species. We monitored all baits with time-lapse cameras. Despite improved exclusion of non-targets by bait station design, most baits were quickly removed by non-target species, particularly coconut crabs (Birgus latro) and Mariana monitors (Varanus tsukamotoi). Monitoring of 1,250 baits available for 2,427 bait nights resulted in no observations of brown treesnakes taking any bait. Subsequently, we tested two trap types commonly used on Guam and compared trapping success with live versus dead mouse lures. In 10,553 trap nights using live and dead mouse lures, we only captured one brown treesnake, in a trap with a live mouse lure. These baiting and trapping rates are so low as to be ineffectual for all practical purposes. Concurrent visual searching and hand capture of brown treesnakes during initial rapid response efforts demonstrates that these low baiting and trapping success rates are not a result of low snake density. We make a case for our assumption that the ineffectiveness of these tools on Cocos Island is due to the context of extremely high abundance of preferred live prey, primarily large geckos and birds. Our results have profound conservation ramifications, because any future island invasions by brown treesnakes are likely to occur within similarly prey-rich environments where these baiting and trapping methods might be similarly ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a shift in public opinion in the European Union (E.U.), the United States of America (U.S.), Canada and Russia developed standards (International Organization for Standardization, ISO, standards) to increase humaneness in trapping. However, concern for maintaining the viability of the fur industry and management of furbearing animals dependent on trapping undoubtedly catalyzed the development of a Best Management Practices (BMP) initiative to identify and compare traps and trapping techniques. Given the push for the development of BMPs, White et al. (2021) set out to develop recommendations as what they termed BMPs for trapping of "furbearers" in North America to meet agreed upon guidelines. That study is one of the few analyses comparing and evaluating restraining, primary foothold (leghold), trap devices across multiple species. As such, it has been used to justify and promote trapping and to develop trapper education courses in the US and abroad. In this evaluation of White et al. (2021), we demonstrate that 1) trap assessments did not properly use ISO standards and definitions of trap evaluation metrics, and failed to implement the most recent standards accepted by the U.S., and 2) researchers followed a research protocol that was incomplete, inadequate, and non-replicable. When sound policy depends on a solid base of evidence, then too science should be held to the highest standards of the open science movement that prioritizes transparency, reproducibility, and research integrity. We conclude that White et al.'s (2021) study should be redone with a comprehensive, standardized approach and new parameters to arrive at better best management practices for capturing furbearers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phloeosinus aubei is invasive in Central Europe, spreading northward from the Mediterranean region because of climate change. P. aubei has the potential to become a pest of mature, naturally occurring juniper trees (Juniperus communis) in protected areas, as well as junipers, thujas and cypresses in nurseries and urban environments. In 2020 and 2021, we conducted two experiments to compare various lures for trapping P. aubei. In the first experiment, we compared four lures: α‐pinene; turpentine; a mixture of cade oil, juniper berry oil and ethanol; and a juniper branch (8–10 cm long, 3–5 cm wide) deployed with ethanol. In the second experiment, we compared Hostowit® with a juniper branch (8–10 cm long, 3–5 cm wide) deployed with ethanol. In both experiments, juniper branches deployed with ethanol attracted a greater number of P. aubei beetles compared to the other lures. In total, we captured 1056 individuals belonging to 36 species of Scolytinae. Among the most abundant species, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus monographus and Anisandrus dispar were lured by ethanol in combination with other substances or deployed with juniper branches. Xyleborus dryographus showed a positive association with turpentine. Ips typographus was positively associated with α‐pinene, while Orthotomicus laricis, Hylastes attenuatus and Gnathotrichus materiarius were positively associated with Hostowit® lure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scattering phase, defined as log detS(\lambda)/2\pi i where S(\lambda) is the (unitary) scattering matrix, is the analogue of the counting function for eigenvalues when dealing with exterior domains and is closely related to Kre\u {\i}n's spectral shift function. We revisit classical results on asymptotics of the scattering phase and point out that it is never monotone in the case of strong trapping of waves. Perhaps more importantly, we provide the first numerical calculations of scattering phases for nonradial scatterers. They show that the asymptotic Weyl law is accurate even at low frequencies and reveal effects of trapping such as lack of monotonicity. This is achieved by using the recent high level multiphysics finite element software FreeFEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bilateral vertebral artery dissection aneurysm (VADA) is a rare condition that leads to severe stroke. However, the surgical strategy for its treatment is controversial because the pathology is very complicated and varies in each case. Here, we report a case of bilateral VADA that was successfully treated with staged bilateral VADA occlusion and low-flow bypass. Case Description: A Japanese man in his 40s presented with bilateral VADA with subarachnoid hemorrhage. He had only mild headaches without any other neurological deficits. Subsequently, the ruptured left VADA was surgically trapped. However, on postoperative day 11, the contralateral VADA enlarged. The right VADA was then proximally clipped via a lateral suboccipital approach. Furthermore, a superficial temporal artery-superior cerebellar artery bypass was performed through a subtemporal approach in advance to preserve cerebral flow in the posterior circulation. The bilateral VADA was obliterated, and the patient had an uneventful postoperative course during the 1-year and 6-month follow-up period. Conclusion: Bilateral VADA can be successfully treated with staged bilateral VADA obstruction and low-flow bypass. In this case, as the posterior communicating arteries were the fetal type and the precommunicating segments of the posterior cerebral arteries (P1) were hypoplastic, a low-flow bypass was used to supply the basilar and cerebellar arteries, except the posterior cerebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. Furthermore, lowflow bypass is a less invasive option than high-flow bypass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Invasive non-native species are on the rise worldwide, exacerbating already significant environmental and economic impacts. Concurrently, public attitudes towards methods of controlling these species are changing, with greater demand for non-lethal solutions. This has fostered research into developing new, effective technologies and strategies for wildlife management. Aims. On the basis of a case study focusing on the eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in the UK, this study aimed to understand the potential for population management, using either live trapping or oral contraception. First, assuming completely coordinated landscapescale control, and then, coordinated control only on parts of the landscape, accounting for the potential that landowners’ attitudes towards alternative methods may differ and reflect those of the wider public. Methods. We used an existing spatially explicit individual-based modelling approach applying various parameterisations to define management. We varied the density of traps or hoppers delivering contraceptives, the duration of deployment, contraceptive efficacy, initial population size, and the probability of landowner participation. The latter was based on a previous public survey, suggesting that 40% of the respondents were open to management using trapping and 64% to using contraception. Key results. With complete coordinated control, trapping was generally faster and more cost-effective than was contraception. However, when differences in social acceptance were considered, reducing participation and, consequently, the spatial coverage of management, contraception wasfound to maintain greater population reductions than was trapping with similar effort, assuming a contraceptive efficacy of 75% or higher. Conclusions. This study added another layer of complexity to managing invasive non-native species, namely the potential effect that landowners’ attitudes to different methods of population management might have on the level of coordinated control at landscape scale. In a situation such as the one modelled by this study, where management is not a legal requirement, this human dimension must be considered alongside cost-effectiveness, to develop successful control in line with management goals. Implications. Further work isrequired to establish the actual attitudes of landowners, and in different contexts (e.g. urban, rural areas), how this may change as new approaches become available, and then how spatial variation (clustering) in the resulting wildlife population control may affect outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the trapping and desorption of hydrogen isotopes under irradiation of zirconium alloy E110 with ions of deuterium plasma. It is established that, under the irradiation, hydrogen exchange between the alloy and the gaseous ambient occurs: part of deuterium from the irradiation flux is trapped by the alloy, and at the same time, hydrogen initially contained in the alloy is partially desorbed. In general, hydrogen exchange results in an increase in the content of hydrogen isotopes in the sample. Addition of 30 at % oxygen to the plasma-forming gas, as well as increasing the sample temperature from T = 450 K to T = 600 K, slows down deuterium trapping and accelerates hydrogen desorption, leading to a decrease in the content of hydrogen isotopes in the sample. Increasing the dose of irradiation of E110 alloy with deuterium plasma ions intensifies both deuterium trapping and hydrogen desorption. On the basis of the experimental results, the mechanism of hydrogen exchange between zirconium alloy and gaseous ambient under the ion irradiation is proposed. The process includes three stages: reactions on the oxidized surface of zirconium alloy (hydroxylation of surface oxide and formation of water molecules); reactions on the metal–oxide boundary; and transport of hydrogen isotopes through the surface oxide layer in both directions. Surface reactions initiated by irradiation trigger the hydrogen exchange process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective early detection, monitoring and management methods are critical for reducing the impacts of insect pests in agriculture and forestry. Combining host plant volatiles with sex pheromones could enhance trapping methodologies, whilst the use of non-host volatiles could improve the effectiveness of pest management through repellency effects. In this meta-analysis approach, we analysed 51 studies that used electroantennograms (EAG), wind tunnels and/or field traps to evaluate the antennal and behavioural responses of Lepidoptera to sex pheromones combined with attractant or repellent plant volatiles. Proposed attractant plant volatiles had a positive association with female Lepidoptera responses to sex pheromone, but effects on males were highly variable, with unexpected repellency reported in some studies. Proposed repellent plant volatiles were significantly or near-significantly negatively associated with male attraction to sex pheromones but were scarcely studied. Sub-group analysis identified that male responses to sex pheromone were reduced when the dose of attractant plant volatile relative to sex pheromone was increased. Green-leaf volatiles were associated with the strongest positive effects for males in field traps. Multiple-compound attractant plant volatile blends were less effective than single compounds in field studies. Our analysis demonstrates, (i) the potential value of combining host plant volatiles with sex pheromones to capture females rather than only males, (ii) the importance of identifying appropriate host plant volatiles and optimal relative doses, and (iii) the potential for non-host plant volatile use in pest management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Biological control, which is the use of natural enemies to regulate crop pests, is considered a key aspect of integrated pest management. In pome fruit (apple and pear) crops of the northwestern United States, the European earwig Forficula auricularia (L.) sensu lato may provide a unique opportunity for augmentative biological control. While this generalist omnivore is a direct pest in stone fruit crops like cherries and peaches, it is a beneficial predator in apple and pear crops. In these crops, it feeds on two key pests, the woolly apple aphid and pear psylla, respectively, and rarely damages fruit. Here, we tested a two-way strategy to reduce fruit damage by removing earwigs from crops where they are pests and releasing earwigs into orchards where they can help control pest populations. We found that mass-trapping earwigs in stone fruit orchards did not significantly reduce earwig numbers or fruit injury; however, this was a relatively easy and practical method for collecting thousands of individuals for augmentative release in pome fruit orchards. Two mass releases (once annually) of earwigs helped control key pests in pears and apples, such as pear psylla and woolly apple aphids, by the second year. We did not find evidence of a reduction in other pests, such as mites and other aphid species. Finally, we found that earwig releases can be useful in establishing their populations in orchards where they are absent or rarely found, potentially providing increased pest control over multiple seasons. The European earwig Forficula auricularia (L.) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) is an omnivorous insect that is considered a minor pest of stone fruit and a key predator of pests in pome fruit orchards. In many pome fruit orchards, earwigs are absent or in low abundance due to broad-spectrum spray programs and the slow recolonization rate of earwigs. Orchards in transition to organic or "selective" conventional programs often struggle to achieve effective levels of biological control, and thus, may benefit from inoculating earwigs to expedite their re-establishment. In a two-year study, we evaluated the potential for mass trapping earwigs from stone fruit using rolled cardboard traps to reduce fruit damage and provide earwigs for augmentation in pome fruit. We also tested whether a single mass release or five releases (on alternating weeks) of the same total number of earwigs in apples and pears reduced pests relative to plots where no releases occurred. Mass trapping did not decrease earwig abundance or substantially reduce fruit damage in stone fruit orchards. However, trapping was an efficient method for providing earwigs for augmentation. Earwig abundances were only increased in orchards where earwigs were previously low or absent; however, multiple orchards with varying prior levels of earwigs exhibited reductions in key pests (woolly apple aphid and pear psylla). For some other pests evaluated, plots with mass releases of earwigs had a slight trend in overall lower pest density when compared with control plots. A strategy for moving earwigs out of stone fruit orchards and into pome fruit orchards could be an effective method for augmenting orchard predator populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term trapping programs of stored product pests provide information for timely and accurate pest management. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) is a highly successful external-infesting grain pest and is frequently monitored using a commercial pitfall trap that combines pheromonal and kairomonal stimuli. However, an often overlooked component of lure-based traps is the potential for the volatile plume to change over time as individuals are captured. These now-dead insects may then release necromones altering the captures of conspecifics. In this study, we evaluated changes in (i) the behavior of T. castaneum and (ii) the relative change in volatiles over time since dead insects were added and among different densities of dead conspecifics in a commercially available kairomone oil. We used multiple behavior assays, including wind tunnel, release-recapture, and 2-way olfactometer, and performed chemical analyses via headspace collection and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Tribolium castaneum response to the kairomone lure was not consistent among assays of density of conspecifics between 4 and 40 adults after 24 or 96 h, or time of seeding over 1–96 h or 8–11 days prior. Tested strains collected in 2012 and 2019 ruled out strain-specific differences. Oil batch effects were also ruled out as a factor contributing to the response of T. castaneum. The relative volatile composition was generally stable among the treatments despite using different seeding densities and seeding times. Given that attraction and relative volatile composition were generally unaffected by prior captures, long-term monitoring programs may be robust in their interpretability over time. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study emphasizes the significance of optimizing heat transmission, energy conversion, and thermal management in electronic devices, renewable energy systems, and emerging technologies like thermoelectric devices and energy storage systems. The aim is to enhance heat transfer efficiency for improved performance and lifespan of electronic equipment. The research utilizes a mathematical flow analysis to study a water-based ternary nanofluid's flow and thermal characteristics in a vertical microfluidic channel driven by peristalsis and electroosmosis. The ternary-hybrid nanofluid (THNF), comprising copper, silver, and alumina nanoparticles dissolved in water, is examined considering induced magnetic fields. The study delves into fluid flow, heat absorption, and mixed convection, using Debye–Hückel, lubrication, and long wavelength approximations. Results show that THNF exhibits superior heat transmission compared to pure water. Increasing solid volume fraction of nanoparticles decreases THNF's temperature. Induced magnetic fields impact the system. This research could influence thermal pipe heat sinks and bioengineered medical devices design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study is to present a novel suggestion to uncover the characteristic features of the peristaltic flow of Eyring–Powell nanofluid through divergent and nondivergent channels. Several strategies are used to enhance the heat transfer capacity. Heat transport can be improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of the materials using nanoparticles. The implementation of a low Reynolds number and large wavelength hypothesis brings to reduce the system's complexity. The resulting nonlinear coupled differential equation system is solved numerically by utilizing Mathematica symbolical software (ND-Solve). Various configurations of the outer boundaries are considered, namely, square wave, multi-sinusoidal wave, trapezoidal wave, and triangular wave. Under the effect of pertinent flow parameters, graphical illustrations of axial velocity, thermal, and concentration profiles have been portrayed. In tabular form, numerical outcomes for the rate of heat as well as mass transfers are displayed. One of the most significant phenomena concerning peristaltic motion, known as the trapping phenomenon, has also been spotlighted using contour plots and circulating bolus. The major outcomes revealed that the square wave shape gives higher pressure gradients near the inlet and outlet parts while the multi-sinusoidal wave gives periodic behaviors of d p d x. It is noteworthy that Eyring–Powell fluid characteristics display a tendency to diminish the thermal resistance and axial velocity near the walls for divergent channels while an enhancement in velocity is observed at the region y ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] as Eyring–Powell fluid parameter is altered. Further, for various kinds of divergent channels, the rate of heat transmission is enhanced due to an augmentation in Eyring–Powell fluid characteristics. Also, the present study uncovers that the parameters of the magnetic field and the Eyring–Powell fluid materials have a significant influence on the trapping phenomenon for both types of channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traps baited with the synthetic pheromone of Anarsia lineatella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) frequently captured also Euxoa tritici L. males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in field tests in Hungary. As (E)‐monounsaturated compounds are uncommon among sex attractants or pheromone components of Noctuidae, it was hypothesized that the Euxoa catches may have been due to impurities of the (Z) isomer in synthetic (E)‐5‐decenyl acetate, which is the major component in the pheromone lure of A. lineatella. Traps baited with synthetic (Z)‐5‐decenyl acetate captured large numbers of E. tritici, and the compound showed a clear dose–response effect. Reanalysis of the synthetic batch of (E)‐5‐decenyl acetate used in preparation of the A. lineatella lure showed the presence of 10% of the (Z) isomer. Traps baited with synthetic (Z)‐5‐decenyl acetate can be used in the future for detection and monitoring purposes of E. tritici, a widely distributed pest of cereals and other field crops. The compound also showed attraction of Euxoa seliginis Duponchel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper has been proposed as a corrosion barrier for used fuel containers due to its thermodynamic stability under the anoxic conditions relevant to a deep geological repository. Laboratory simulations of anticipated repository conditions have demonstrated the production of small quantities of hydrogen gas, which have been interpreted as being indicative of an oxidation (corrosion) process. This work reports new corrosion results for repository‐relevant materials: electrodeposited copper, cold spray copper and junction material under Canadian and Swiss simulated ground waters. The attribution of the recorded hydrogen suggests corrosion is limited to the outermost atomic layers of copper cladding. However, the origins of the hydrogen have not been conclusively determined. Three thermal desorption methods have been used to investigate the outgassing of hydrogen from electrodeposited copper which may permit a more accurate interpretation of the hydrogen evolution profile from corrosion cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring programs provide valuable information on wildlife populations, thereby underpinning strategies for conservation and control. For threatened species, where every animal represents a substantial portion of the population, representative sampling is vital. One fundamental challenge during sampling is understanding drivers of survey bias; for instance, behavioural heterogeneity in trap response. Methods such as capture-mark-recapture have long been used to estimate capture and recapture heterogeneity; yet, this method, like many others, is able to gather data only from the trappable and re-trappable portion of the population; a problem that presents a particular challenge for small or vulnerable populations. A greater understanding of why biases arise can result in improved survey methods, more reliable survey data and increased modelling accuracy. Aims. We focus on an endangered species with unusually high recapture probabilities (0.78-0.92), namely, the mountain pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus). Specifically, we examine whether, within a single trapping session, a recapture bias exists either as a function of past trapping experience or personality. Methods. We tested whether recapture probability differs among cohorts with different capture histories ('known' animals captured during trapping sessions in previous years vs 'new' animals trapped for the first time in this study). We also tested for individual personality, general risk-taking behaviour during foraging, and subsequent links to recapture probability. Key results. Recapture probability was significantly affected by cohort. New animals had lower probabilities of recapture and took fewer risks during foraging than did known animals. Although personality did not significantly influence recapture probability, it did influence risk-taking during foraging. Conclusions. Despite high recapture probability within the populations, captures were significantly skewed towards a subset of the population, likely being due to different perceptions of risk among individuals. Implications. Understanding potential sources of bias during live-capture surveys is the initial step towards modifying and improving surveys to reduce sampling biases and to ensure representative population sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of tritium inventory and permeation is crucial for the safe operation of fusion reactors. To measure these phenomena, a novel tritium experiment is introduced and used to measure tritium permeation through Eurofer97 at room temperature, with several possibilities for the downstream conditions: air or water and overhead air. A pre-loading condition was shown to be required for this experiment. This direct comparison revealed that tritium is preferentially found in the water phase and secondarily in the air phase.

Using the reaction–diffusion model for hydrogen (H) trapping in spherical cavities in metals (Zibrov and Schmid, 2022), we theoretically analyze the case of H trapping only in chemisorption sites at the cavity surface. We show that the model can be reduced to a form that is similar to the conventional model of H trapping in point defects. The reduced model includes analytical expressions for correction factors to account for correlated H retrapping by the same cavity and inhomogeneous H potential energy landscape in the vicinity of the cavity surface. We show that these correction factors play a significant role in thermal desorption (TDS) simulations only in the case of very low cavity number densities (detrapping-limited regime), which is rarely encountered in experiments.