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This phenomenological study aimed to explore the journey of non-IP teachers teaching IP students in selected IP schools of La Paz District II, La Paz, Agusan del Sur. The study investigated the experiences of non-IP teachers, their challenges, their coping mechanisms, and insights gained into the language barrier in the teaching and learning process. Utilizing the purposive sampling technique, the research informants were five non-IP teachers who were subjected to in-depth interviews. The findings revealed that the experiences encountered were the way they talk, their dialect, and the gap in communication. The challenges met were learning their language, dispensing knowledge, students' reading comprehension, and misunderstanding and misinterpretation. The difficulties encountered in handling IP students were the medium of communication, classroom management, school attendance, and understanding of the lesson. On the other hand, the study showed that the challenges and difficulties the informants encountered made them become passionate about teaching, motivated to teach students well, considerate in many things, and have a creative mind. The coping mechanisms included learning the IP native language, having students translate the language to their native language, and being flexible and adaptive. Further, their learning and realization included employing various strategies and approaches, a teacher must be approachable, utilize technology, be passionate about teaching, and there must be constant communication and interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Method Results Conclusion In June 2022, the Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia (SHPA) Specialty Practice Medicines Information Leadership Committee formally requested an expanded range of imported medicines to be included in the latest edition of the Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook (AIDH), developed and published by SHPA. This request was to aid medication safety and reduce the duplication of work required by tertiary hospital staff when producing local guidance. This study describes the challenges faced by the AIDH editorial team in obtaining information in English for imported medicines.The purpose of this study was to determine whether machine translation is suitable for translating foreign language product information (PI) documents into English.Three sources (one machine and two human sources) were used to translate the PI provided for five imported medicines from four languages into English. We compared the quality of the translations for obtaining information suitable to inform a medicine administration guideline. Ethical approval was not required for this research article as it involved no experimental investigations on humans and did not involve human participants or cohort comparisons.Our study found machine translation and human translations to be very similar in terms of readability and adequacy. Machine translation was found to be more time‐saving and cost‐effective.Our results suggest that it may be appropriate for pharmacists to harness the time‐ and cost‐saving benefits of machine translation. However, pharmacists must apply their critical evaluation skills to the information provided regardless of the source of the translation. Information translated from another language relating to the administration of an injectable medicine must be verified against an English language source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhijue直觉 is the Chinese translation of the English word ‘intuition’. These two terms, however, do not hold completely equivalent meanings. Before this translation, traditional Chinese lacked a precise counterpart for the concept, though intuitive thinking has long been integral to Chinese culture. Consequently, Zhijue not only inherits the cultural connotations of the Western term ‘intuition’ but also integrates traditional Chinese intuitive thought. Translating intuition into zhijue goes beyond linguistic conversion—it reflects a cultural hybrid shaped by intercultural collision and fusion. This paper investigates how the concept of intuition, as developed in Croce’s aesthetics, is reinterpreted and adapted by Zhu Guangqian in the modern Chinese aesthetic context, generating new meanings. By tracking the cross-cultural journey of the term ‘intuition’, this study explores the comparative exchange between Western and Chinese ways of thinking and their cultural implications, offering insights into the traveling of concepts across cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges and importance of translating cross-language qualitative data in health professions education research. It highlights the methodological complexities faced by culturally and linguistically diverse research teams and emphasizes the need for transparent and rigorous translation practices. The authors, representing diverse linguistic and professional backgrounds, share their experiences and reflections on collaborative cross-language research projects. The article underscores the significance of including diverse perspectives through translation to enhance the credibility and reliability of research findings. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To conduct a translation and validation study of the Chronic Orchialgia Symptom Index (COSI), which has 12 questions in three domains pain (P), sexual symptoms (SS), and quality of life (QoL), in the Turkish language. Material and methods: The study included a total of 175 patients diagnosed with chronic scrotal content pain (CSCP) between January 2023 and January 2024. In addition to demographic data, the scores obtained on the COSI questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were recorded. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach alpha coefficients. Reliability was evaluated using the test-retest correlation method. Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.2 ± 14.1 years and the median (IQR) duration of pain was 5.5 (9) months. The median total COSI score was determined as 13 (13) and the median subscores were 7 (7) for P, 1 (2) for SS, and 5 (6) for QoL. The test-retest correlation coefficient for each item was determined to be higher than r = 0.80 (p < 0.001). The Cronbach alpha values for the subscores were 0.80 for P, 0.71 for SS, and 0.80 for QoL. There was determined to be a statistically significant positive correlation between the VAS score and the COSI P, SS, QoL, and total scores (r : 0.63, p < 0.001; r = 0.32, p < 0.001; r = 0.56, p < 0.001; r = 0.59, p < 0.001, respectively). The optimal cutoff point of the COSI total score was determined to be 16.5 points (AUC:0.77, p < 0.001) for the determination of patients experiencing severe pain (⩾ 7.5) according to the VAS score. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the COSI questionnaire is a valid, reliable, and repeatable questionnaire that can be used to evaluate the effects of symptom severity in patients with CSCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a wider project investigating the theory and practice of song translation and performance. It derives – specifically – from my own desire to attempt to translate Ne me quitte pas into English. (See: Appendix.) It is designed as an investigation into the tenacious misconception that certain English-language versions of Brel's songs are translations thereof. Using Peter Low's typology, many of these versions can more accurately be described as adaptations or as replacement texts. One objective of this comparative study is to draw attention to the need – in theory – to distinguish between translation and adaptation. This work also calls for more precision in attributing authorship to the lyrics or texts sung by different performers. Examination of eight English-language versions of Ne me quitte pas – an exceptional corpus made up of texts sung by Rod McKuen, Scott Walker, Marc Almond (×2), Momus, Arnold Johnston, Des de Moor and The Black Veils – seeks to illustrate and discuss the history of approaches to rendering this song in English. That is one sense in which this article aims to put the record straight. This aim might also hint at the idea of respecting (high) 'fidelity' to the original. However, whether translation, adaptation or replacement text, any Target Text – even if assessed by criteria provided by Song Translation Theory – can only ever be interpreted subjectively. Thus, imagining a single way of putting a record straight is futile. Comparison of versions of Ne me quitte pas can, however, illustrate how different strategies and priorities can 'succeed' differently. Understanding the potential for 'queering' Ne me quitte pas was a by-product of research and close reading of the texts themselves. As this appears to pertain significantly in a handful of versions in the Anglophone world – but not, seemingly, in Turkish versions – this article seeks also to open up the 'queering' (or not) of Brel, in particular, as an avenue of future inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study aims to evaluate the quality of post-edited texts, originally translated using computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, in comparison with traditional human translation. This study investigates the quality of post-editing (PE) compared to traditional translation from scratch (TFS) in the context of Arabic-English translation, utilizing the Phrase CAT tool. The main hypothesis posits that PE yields a final product whose quality is similar or equivalent to that of TFS. The participants' scores and error frequencies were evaluated using the American Translators Association framework for standardized error marking, and terminology, word choice, mistranslation, addition/omission, spelling, punctuation, case, inconsistency, style, and grammar in both approaches were compared. Data from nine professional Saudi translators showed that PE generally outperformed TFS in terminology, spelling, punctuation, and case, whereas TFS exhibited strengths in consistency, style, grammar, and literal translation. Statistical analysis confirmed the similarity in overall error rates between PE and TFS. The difference in mean error numbers between TFS and PE was not statistically significant. Thus, the disparity in means likely resulted from random chance and might not indicate substantive differences between the two groups. These results imply that PE yields quality that is comparable or equivalent to that of TFS, proving the aforementioned hypothesis. The implications highlight the need for CAT tool training and PE skills among translators to meet the demands of evolving translation technologies. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of integrating PE training into translation curricula and organizing workshops to improve CAT tool usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subtitling of obscene language has been the subject of extensive study in the field of audio-visual translation. Nevertheless, most studies have primarily focused on collecting quantitative and qualitative data concerning translation strategies, often overlooking the critical dimension of subtitling norms. Attempting to discern these norms presents substantial methodological challenges, as they are not readily observable. This research addresses this significant gap by meticulously observing and analyzing the norms in English-to-Arabic subtitling of taboo language within a corpus of TV episodes subtitled by independent translators on DVDs spanning the years 2003 to 2015. Through this investigation, we propose a novel methodology for comprehending the dynamic nature of translation norms and their evolution over time. Our analysis provides valuable insights into the prevalent subtitling strategies employed during two distinct historical periods, specifically 2003 and 2015. Furthermore, this research endeavors to establish a plausible norm for subtitling taboo language in the context of English-to-Arabic translation within the specified timeframes. The findings of this study not only enrich the field of audiovisual translation academically but also offer practical insights that empower practitioners with a deeper understanding of the prevailing subtitling norms. This knowledge equips them to make informed decisions during the subtitling process, ultimately enhancing the accessibility and cultural resonance of audiovisual content on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of orthographic and phonological overlaps between the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) during word naming by adult Chinese-Japanese bilinguals, in the light of the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis which posits that the processing of printed words depends on the extent of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in the language. We compared their naming performance of L2 Japanese words written in moraic hiragana which is not used in their L1 Chinese, morphosyllabic kanji utilized in L1, and a mixed condition. Results indicated a longer latency for naming L2 Japanese words with kun-reading which has no phonological overlap with L1, particularly when written in kanji, which has orthographic overlap with L1. Consistent with the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis, participants performed better for words in hiragana as a shallow orthography than for words in kanji as a deep orthography. Furthermore, this study examined the priming effect of L2 Japanese translation equivalents on L1 Chinese targets. We found more accurate and faster naming of L1 words semantically exposed by L2, suggesting that L2 semantic representation facilitates L1 translation equivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a book review published in the Argentine magazine El Hogar in 1937, Jorge Luis Borges was arguably the first author to introduce the Chinese classic Dream of the Red Chamber (红楼梦) to the Spanish-speaking world. By investigating Borges's under-examined book review, this article starts with a comparative analysis of the German translation and Borges's reception of Dream. First, I demonstrate how omissions and interpretations by the German translator Franz Kuhn contribute to Borges's partial reading of this Chinese novel. Next, leveraging Gérard Genette's concepts of transtextuality, my analysis situates Dream of the Red Chamber as a hypotext of Borges's canonical short story "El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan" ("The Garden of Forking Paths"). I argue that "El jardín" not only inherits the narrative and philosophical essence of its Chinese source, but the figurative labyrinth created therein transcends Borges's initial equivocations about the translated text. Ultimately, I contend that Borges's 'transreading' of Dream of the Red Chamber shapes the crucial themes of dream and doubleness in his later works. Although the translator's mediation results in Borges's partial interpretation of the Chinese novel, the Argentine writer constructs a unique labyrinth – his philosophical and literary quintessence – in his creative rewritings and adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractJosep Carner translated Dante’s sonnets for an anthology of poems from Vita Nuova translated into Spanish and Catalan that Lluís Carles Viada i Lluch published together with his own complete translation, La Vida Nueva (1912); and also for ‘Rims de l’hora’, a literary column of the newspaper La Veu de Catalunya (1913–1914). Considering the pieces Carner chose to translate, this article reflects on his interest in Dante’s objective representation of passions and thoughts, and looks for similar uses in one of the modalities of lyrical poetry he put into practice in his book La paraula en el vent (1914). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multicultural and multilingual societies like South Africa, newswork, or the practices that underpin the news-making process, is made possible by linguistic and cultural translation. In other words, both linguistic and cultural translation play a significant role in contemporary journalism practices in South Africa. While the linguistic level is concerned about language, the cultural level focuses on para language, especially the practices around news gathering and reporting. This paper seeks to illustrate how translation works in terms of language, practices and forms of journalism in multicultural contexts like South Africa. The country is a multicultural and multilingual country meaning that the English media content in mainstream journalism almost always appears as a translation. When sourcing in a variety of languages and cultural contexts, journalists and other media producers have to translate at both linguistic and practice levels. The practice level is influenced mostly by the cultural contexts. Operating in an environment where journalism is conducted within a specific news culture whose borders are inscribed by the hegemonic English and western journalistic cultures, journalists working for indigenous languages newspapers like Ilanga newspaper, an isiZulu newspaper, undertake numerous “translation” processes in the conduct of their work. Central to the arguments in this paper is the idea that both journalism practice and translation are routine aspects of news-work in multicultural countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: SARC-F questionnaire is a simple and convenient tool for sarcopenia screening, and SARC-CalF is a modified version of it. The developments of their Chinese versions are warranted for the clinical use for Chinese population. This study aimed to culturally adapt the SARC-F questionnaire into Chinese using standardized methods, validate the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the Chinese version SARC-F and SARC-CalF against five sarcopenia diagnosis criteria, and determine optimal cut-off values for clinical practice in Chinese population. Methods: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of SARC-F into Chinese were conducted following the methodological report from European Union Geriatric Medicine Society Sarcopenia Special Interest Group. The Chinese version of SARC-F was validated through a diagnostic test, using diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia recommended by the revised 2019 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) consensus, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS2019) consensus, the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS), the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Biomarkers Consortium and the Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC). Additional analysis was done against the criteria of severe sarcopenia according to the revised EWGSOP2 and AWGS2019. Results: The Chinese version of SARC-F was well translated and demonstrated good reliability and acceptability. The diagnostic test included 1859 community-dwelling older individuals from two medical centers. Against five different definitions of sarcopenia, the Chinese version of SARC-F showed reasonable diagnostic accuracy for sarcopenia screening (AUC 0.614–0.821), and was demonstrated low sensitivity (13.7–37.9%) but high specificity (94.8–97.7%) with a cut-off value of ≥ 4. SARC-CalF significantly enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of SARC-F when using definitions of EWGSOP2, AWGS2019 and IWGS (all P ≤ 0.001). A score of ≥ 2 for SARC-F and ≥ 7 for SARC-CalF were established as optimal cut-off points for identifying older individuals as at risk of sarcopenia in Chinese population. Conclusions: The Chinese version SARC-F is of reasonable reliability and validity for sarcopenia screening. Despite its low sensitivity, it proves to be a useful tool to identify severe cases in community taking advantage of its simplicity. SARC-CalF appears to be a more suitable screening tool for clinical use in detecting sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP) have provided promising results in the free-form radiological reports' classification in the respective medical domain. In order to classify radiological reports properly, a high-quality annotated and curated dataset is required. Currently, no publicly available breast imaging-based radiological dataset exists for the classification of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories and breast density scores, as characterized by the American College of Radiology (ACR). To tackle this problem, we construct and annotate a breast imaging-based radiological reports dataset and its benchmark results. The dataset was originally in Spanish. Board-certified radiologists collected and annotated it according to the BI-RADS lexicon and categories at the Breast Radiology department, TecSalud Hospitals Monterrey, Mexico. Initially, it was translated into English language using Google Translate. Afterwards, it was preprocessed by removing duplicates and missing values. After preprocessing, the final dataset consists of 5046 unique reports from 5046 patients with an average age of 53 years and 100% women. Furthermore, we used word-level NLP-based embedding techniques, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and word2vec to extract semantic and syntactic information. We also compared the performance of ML, DL and large language models (LLMs) classifiers for BI-RADS category classification. Results: The final breast imaging-based radiological reports dataset contains 5046 unique reports. We compared K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Gradient-Boosting (GB), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and Biomedical Generative Pre-trained Transformer (BioGPT) classifiers. It is observed that the BioGPT classifier with preprocessed data performed 6% better with a mean sensitivity of 0.60 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.391-0.812) compared to the second best performing classifier BERT, which achieved mean sensitivity of 0.54 (95% CI, 0.477-0.607). Conclusion: In this work, we propose a curated and annotated benchmark dataset that can be used for BI-RADS and breast density category classification. We also provide baseline results of most ML, DL and LLMs models for BI-RADS classification that can be used as a starting point for future investigation. The main objective of this investigation is to provide a repository for the investigators who wish to enter the field to push the boundaries further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short note responds to Ellen De Doncker’s recent VT article, “Substituting Anthropomorphisms? God’s Mouth in Num 20:24 and the Possibility of a Different Vorlage.” It proposes an alternative Vorlage for LXX Num 20:24 that offers a better semantic match with the LXX translation of this verse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to validate the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4-J). People in Japan, especially healthcare workers (HCWs) suffer from high rates of mental health symptoms. The PHQ-4 is an established ultra-brief mental health measure used in various settings, populations and languages. The Japanese version of the PHQ-4 has not been validated. Methods: Two hundred eighty people in Japan (142 HCWs and 138 from the general public) responded to the PHQ-4-J. Internal consistency, and factorial validity were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) models. Results: Internal consistency was high (α = 0.70–0.86). CFA yielded very good fit indices for a two-factor solution (RMSEA = 0.04, 95% CI 0.00–0.17) and MIMIC models indicated the performance differed between HCWs and the general population. Conclusions: The PHQ-4-J is a reliable ultra-brief scale for depression and anxiety in Japanese, which can be used to meet current needs in mental health research and practice in Japan. Disaster research and gerontology research can benefit from this scale, enabling mental health assessment with little participant burden. In practice, early detection and personalised care can be facilitated by using the scale. Future research should target specific populations in Japan during a non-emergency time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this series, we explore technology-related themes and topics. The series aims to discuss and demystify what may be new areas for some readers and to consider their relevance for English language teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition mediated by the immune system with various manifestations. The increased prevalence of subclinical joint involvement has led to the development of early diagnostic methods for psoriatic arthritis, including several instruments that have been validated and used in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to perform the Romanian translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of three assessment tools: the Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) Questionnaire, Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST), and Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen 2 (TOPAS 2), which are designed to evaluate early-stage arthritis in patients with psoriasis. Methods: All the activities were carried out in accordance with the internationally recognized methodology recommended by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research (ISPOR), the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the translation process and the validation of instruments, and data from the international literature. These three questionnaires were administered to 29 patients with psoriasis diagnosed by biopsy. A descriptive study was conducted and the data were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests using the PSPP program. A reliability test was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: The obtained values were significant for the first two questionnaires, with a value of 0.89 for the EARP and 0.63 for the PEST, but the value was not as significant for ToPAS2, at 0.40. Conclusions: This pilot study revealed that the Romanian and original versions of the three questionnaires are similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the PROMIS Anxiety Short Form 8a item bank into Arabic for the general population of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The PROMIS Anxiety Short Form was translated according to the FACIT group method. Second, psychometric validation was conducted on a convenience sample of 322 participants (mean age, 26 ± 10.4 years; predominantly female) from the general population in Saudi Arabia. Rasch analysis (Winsteps® version 5.6.1) was used to examine category functioning, item fit, the person separation index, item difficulty, unidimensionality, and local dependency. Results: Translation and cultural adaptation demonstrated that most of the items were culturally suitable and conveyed the same underlying concepts as the original scale. The five response categories of the scale satisfied the category functioning criteria, and all items fit the underlying construct, with the exception of one item that demonstrated a misfit. The item difficulty demonstrated poor targeting for the sample population; however, the person separation index and reliability were good (2.67 and 0.88, respectively) and no local dependency was noted. Conclusions: The Arabic translation of PROMIS-A SF8a demonstrated good structural validity and psychometrics, making it a valuable tool for screening anxiety in Arabic-speaking populations. The application of this outcome measure shows promise for healthcare professionals and patients alike, as it contributes to the provision of high-quality care and formulation of appropriate treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, people have needed translation as a result of their communication and interaction with different cultures. Machine translation programs that have emerged in the recent past have added a new dimension to the translation activities that have continued from the past to the present. Among these programs, Google Translate is one of the most frequently used translation tools. Although Google Translate is a service that offers fast translation, there are doubts and debates about the accuracy of its translations. This study aims to examine the translation errors systematically encountered in adjective clauses when translated from English to Turkish by Google Translate. Based on the model proposed by Katherina Reiss to identify translation errors, the translations of adjective clauses from English into Turkish were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis methods on a corpus composed of three text types: informative, expressive and operative. As a result, it was found that Google Translate made errors in the translation of adjective clauses, the number of errors varied according to the text type, and Google Translate was able to reduce its errors over time and produce more successful translations thanks to the Neural Machine Translation method it used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following section includes an introduction to the work of Okinawan historian Gabe Masao by Wendy Matsumura and Tze M. Loo, along with translations of two of his articles that were previously available only in the original Japanese. First, Matsumura and Loo's introduction situates Gabe's work within the historiographical literature on the Ryūkyū kingdom's annexation by the Japanese state, arguing that although he eschews the word "colonialism" to describe the process through which the newly formed Okinawa prefecture is incorporated into the empire, his work provides compelling evidence to support the application of a colonial framework to understand Japan's rule of the prefecture. Next is Gabe's essay "From Ryūkyū to Okinawa," as excerpted and translated by Matsumura. Last is Loo's excerpt and translation of Gabe's "Actions toward Modern Japanese National Consciousness: The Case of Ryūkyū-Okinawa." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinnitus is a subjective acoustic perception in the absence of any external source. Symptoms associated with tinnitus are insomnia, lack of concentration, depression, anxiety and elevated levels of stress. There were many questionnaires to evaluate the severity of tinnitus, one such questionnaire is the Tinnitus Sample Case History Questionnaire (TSCHQ). TSCHQ focuses on the tinnitus history and descriptive characteristics of tinnitus. As far as we know there have been no translation of TSCHQ in any Indian languages. This study aimed to translate TSCHQ into a Tamil version and validate it for use in clinics for the Tamil population. Rather than a direct translation, cross-cultural adaptation has been carried out. The steps involved in this process were forward translation, Synthesizing common translation, Backward translation, Expert committee review and pre-testing of the final version. Incorporating these procedures, the translated and validated TSCHQ questionnaire was made in Tamil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) is a widely used questionnaire for assessing the impact of dizziness on daily life. There is a need for validated translations of the DHI to accommodate diverse linguistic populations, enabling clinical and research comparisons. This study aimed to translate and validate the DHI into Hindi language. The DHI was translated into Hindi following established guidelines. The translated version underwent validation among Hindi-speaking patients presenting with dizziness at an outpatient ENT clinic in this cross-sectional study. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted, including Cronbach's alpha, split-half reliability, and factor analysis. A total of 153 participants completed the DHI-Hindi, with a mean score of 37.28 (SD = 15.63). Ceiling and floor effects were absent. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was 0.785, indicating good reliability. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution, consistent with previous studies, indicating good construct validity.The translation and validation process yielded a reliable and valid version of the DHI in Hindi language, suitable for assessing the impact of dizziness in Hindi-speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PPPD is a chronic and functional disorder without diagnostic data and definitive laboratory tests. In such conditions, questionnaires are the easiest quantifiable measures to identify and rate the severity of individuals suffering from PPPD. The current study aimed to adapt the Niigata PPPD Questionnaire (NPQ) into Tamil language and analyze its psychometric properties. A conventional method of translation involving forward and backward translation was carried out, followed by subsequent content validation. The translated version was field tested in three groups, the controls, the dizzy group, and PPPD group, for further analysis. The final Tamil version of the questionnaire, NPQ-T, had good reliability and validity. This version was identified to have good sensitivity and specificity in discriminating the PPPD group from the dizzy group. The NPQ in Tamil (NPQ-T) is a valid tool for identifying individuals with PPPD and noting the severity of the exacerbating factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a strong and growing focus on self-determination in French-speaking countries, and this pilot study reports the technical adequacy of the Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report (SDI:SR) French Translation. Data were collected with 471 French-speaking youth with and without disabilities in Canada (Quebec), Switzerland, France, and Belgium. Key findings showed it was feasible to use 20 (of 21) items to represent the self-determination construct in the French-speaking sample. The same set of items function in the same way across students with and without disabilities, and students with disabilities descriptively scored lower. Overall, this study provides promising evidence for reliability and validity of the SDI:SR French Translation and suggests ongoing development and larger-scale testing of the SDI:SR French Translation is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The words τὸ πρῶτον in Heraclitus B1 have been subjected to competing construals, yet this dilemma, and its stakes, are almost never discussed. We argue that the common translation of ἀκούσαντες τὸ πρῶτον , 'when once they have heard it', faces insurmountable philosophical, stylistic, and linguistic objections. We make a new case for the alternative construal, 'after they have heard it for the first time'. This yields a linguistically better account of the Greek, and a philosophically more satisfying one in the broader context of B1 and Heraclitus' thought. Finally, we examine the larger programmatic implications of the small phrase τὸ πρῶτον for Heraclitus' book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila is set in Alexandria under the Patriarchate of Cyril (first half of the 5th century), scholars have attempted to identify an earlier version of the text, dating it to the 3d century. This alleged earlier version, however, is not extant as such, and the present article will show that the author of the Dialogue made an extensive use of Epiphanius of Salamis' De mensuris (dated to 392). The hypothesis that both Epiphanius and the author of the Dialogue used a common source is refuted by a close comparison of the two works in their earliest reconstructable form, taking into account the Georgian-Armenian version of De mensuris and a newly discovered manuscript of the Dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnationals constitute one-third of the population of the economically prosperous Singapore. Applying a family language policy (FLP) framework and collaborative autoethnography from data (interviews, videos, and diaries) spanning 13 years, this study delves into the linguistic journey of an Italian-Chinese family with two children born in Singapore. The analysis demonstrates the dynamics of language ideologies, management, and practices, following changes in parental beliefs, children's linguistic proficiencies and agency, availability of resources within the family and the host country, and unexpected events like COVID-19. The article highlights how multilingual parents' ideologies shape up owning to individual experiences, beliefs, and aspirations, and how these ideologies are translated into language choices and day-to-day language maintenance, vis-à-vis Singapore's English-centric policies. This unique longitudinal case study also touches on features pertaining to transnational families in Singapore, such as the perception of the local variety 'Singlish,' caregiving, and schooling options, illustrating the intricate interplay of micro and macro factors governing family multilingualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal translation is usually a challenging task for many students due to the unique features of legal discourse. Despite this, few studies have experimented training techniques aimed at helping students overcome legal translation difficulties. In this study, 37 Saudi university students received training for eight academic weeks in Arabic-English legal translation using model translated texts. Each translation activity in the training consisted of the following four stages: translating the Arabic legal text into English, comparing the translated text to its translated model, revising the translated text in light of the model, and noticing textual features of the target legal text type in more translated models. The pre- and post-tests showed that the training significantly improved the lexical, syntactic and punctuation aspects in the students' translated texts. The qualitative data also confirmed these positive gains. The results emphasize the importance of raising students' awareness of legal translation conventions and terminology, and the need for using relevant and graded learning materials in legal translator training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has made significant strides in recent years, especially with the advent of deep learning, which has greatly enhanced performance across various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Despite these advances, NMT still falls short of perfect translation, facing ongoing challenges such as limited training data, handling rare words, and managing syntactic and semantic dependencies. This study introduces a multichannel character-level NMT model with hybrid attention for Arabic-English translation. The proposed approach addresses issues such as rare words and word alignment by encoding characters, incorporating Arabic word segmentation as handcrafted features, and using part-of-speech tagging in a multichannel CNN-BiLSTM encoder. The model then uses a Bi-LSTM decoder with hybrid attention to generate target language sentences. The proposed model was tested on a subset of the OPUS- 100 dataset, achieving promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Understanding patients' motives for undergoing metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is key to managing postoperative expectations. We aimed to translate and validate the 14-item European Obesity Academy Questionnaire on Expectations about Surgical Treatment (EOAQ-EST) to Brazilian Portuguese for research and clinical use. Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 198 candidates for MBS at a reference academic hospital in Brazil from January 2021 to February 2022. We followed Beaton and Bombardier's guidelines for translation and cultural adaptation, including translation, back-translation, comparative analysis, expert review, pilot testing, and the creation of the final version of the questionnaire. Reliability was tested with McDonald's omega, and internal validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The final version was applied to 161 patients, 85% female, with a mean age of 46.4 ± 10.3 years and a mean BMI of 48.3 ± 8.2 kg/m2. Validity was supported by a bifactorial model (95% CI 0.044–0.104, p = 0.08), excluding one item (improved fertility) due to a floor effect. The reliability analysis showed that the 13 remaining items were internally consistent, with a McDonald's ω of 0.625. Conclusions: The Brazilian-Portuguese version of EOAQ-EST proved to be user-friendly, consistent, and reliable. This questionnaire may assist multidisciplinary teams in effectively addressing patients' expectations concerning metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text type influences the translator's decision in taking an overall translation approach and consequently selecting translation techniques. While the majority of studies to date have investigated this phenomenon as an end-product, the effect of text types on the translation process has received little attention in the area of cognitive translation processes, especially from an empirical perspective. To fill this gap, the current study employed eye-tracking and keyboard-logging approaches to investigate the effect of text type (informative text, expressive text, and operative text) on the cognitive efforts demanded in the Human Translation (HT) and Neural Machine Translation Post-Editing (PE) processes. The data was collected from 24 participants (12 professional translators and 12 undergraduate students), who were required to manually translate and post-edit three text types from Chinese into English. From the findings, it appears that text types affect the translator's time investment, mental process, and technical input in both HT and PE processes. The findings also suggest that PE, as one mode of Human–Computer Interaction, emancipates translators from the effortful task of traditional from-scratch translation, and this effort change is also affected by the text type. The study has practical implications for both translators and translator training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpersonal aspect of political discourse has long been a central issue in translation studies. This paper adds to this line of research by drawing on the latest modelling of translation by systemic functional linguistics with some related notions of coupling, commitment and grammatical metaphor (GM). The language in focus was the coupling of "manner + cognitive process" as in "kexue renshi (scientifically understand)". This study analysed two processes, renshi 认识 (know) and bawo 把握 (hold), extracted from the Chinese–English paralleled corpus of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China I. The major findings are as follows: (i) Cognitive processes were frequently coupled with evaluative manners in Chinese political discourse; (ii) Translation strategies were highly sensitive to the occurrence of manner; and (iii) Phrasal verbs were likelier to be used to reinstantiate "manner + cognitive process"; and (iv) Semantic prosody, GM and lexicalised intensification were the three mechanisms that helped achieve evaluative adequacy while accommodating acceptability to a target reader. Thus, in a political context, it seems that a translator is highly alert to the peculiarity of the Chinese language and often chooses to retain evaluative forces in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting on the basis of naturalistic data from the Polish Interpreting Corpus (PINC). We wanted to find evidence both for the current load (visible immediately after the exposure to the source text word) and the exported load (visible after the production of the translation equivalent in the target text). We operationalised cognitive load as disruptions in fluency, i.e., silent and filled pauses. We assumed that low-frequency words would trigger higher current cognitive load than high-frequency words and cognates. This could lead to exported load and create a spillover effect, i.e., a decreased interpreting performance somewhere downstream. Our results show increased current cognitive load when processing low frequency words as compared to high frequency words and a directionality effect. We found no evidence for the spillover effect. Our findings suggest that the frequency of source text words affects the current cognitive load especially in B-A interpreting, potentially pointing at comprehension problems. Lexical frequency might not be a good predictor of the spillover effect. The study extends research on cognitive load in interpreting on the basis of naturalistic data and shows future research avenues for studies of the spillover effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Perspectives in Translation Studies is the property of New Perspectives in Translation Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Perspectives in Translation Studies is the property of New Perspectives in Translation Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Perspectives in Translation Studies is the property of New Perspectives in Translation Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Individuals' exposure to morality elicits instantaneous intuitions and influences personal behavior without rational thought or reasoning. Despite our increasing knowledge about the ideology‐driven use of morality in bipartisan systems, we lack a good understanding, on the one hand, of political actors' use of moral appeals in multiparty settings and, on the other hand, of what incentives besides ideology lead political actors to strategically use morality. To fill this gap, we examine parties' use of moral appeals applying newly translated versions of the Moral Foundations Dictionary (MFD) into four languages (French, German, Italian, and Spanish) to party manifestos. Our analysis focuses on 31 elections in nine European multiparty systems over the last two decades. Our findings suggest that the use of morality is ideology‐driven for some moral foundations, whereas some other moral domains are being used by political actors according to an issue‐dependent logic. From a methodological perspective, this article proposes (i) a fully reproducible semi‐automatic translation procedure and (ii) an innovative time‐ and resource‐efficient dictionary validation methodology based on formally translated documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies suggest that cognateness boosts bilingual lexical acquisition. This study proposes an account in which language co‐activation accelerates accumulation of word‐learning instances across languages. This account predicts a larger cognate facilitation for words in the lower‐exposure language than in the higher‐exposure language, as the former receive co‐activation from their translations more frequently. Bayesian Item Response Theory was used to model acquisition trajectories for 604 Catalan‐Spanish translations from a dataset of 366 12–32 month‐old bilinguals (M = 22.23 months, 175 female, mainly White, collected 2020–2022). Results show a larger cognate facilitation for words in the lower‐exposure language (d = .276), than for words in the higher‐exposure language (d = .022), supporting a language exposure‐moderated account for the effect of cognateness on lexical acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To translate the Tendency to Stigmatize Epidemics Diseases Scale (TSEDS) into Chinese and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation using the Brislin translation model, and pre-testing to form a Chinese version of TSEDS. A total of 434 adults participated in the study and the TSEDS were measured using the critical ratio method, Pearson correlation analysis, retest reliability, content validity, structural validity, and concurrent validity. Results: The Chinese version of the TSEDS scale contains 27 items in 5 dimensions, including structural stigma, perceived stigma, organizational stigma, internalized stigma, and social stigma. The average content validity index of the scale was 0.975. The goodness of fit index (c2/df= 1.981, RMSEA = 0.067, CFI= 0.930, IFI = 0.931, TLI = 0.922) indicated a good model fit. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.962 and the dimensionality ranged from 0.882 to 0.928. The retest reliability was 0.912. Conclusion: The Chinese version of TSEDS has good reliability and validity, which can be used to assess the epidemiological stigma tendency of Chinese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a comment on a translation of Franz von Kutschera's paper ‘Ein verallgemeinerter Widerlegungsbegriff für Gentzenkalküle’, which was published in German in 1969. The paper is an important predecessor of what is nowadays called ‘proof-theoretic semantics’, which describes the view that the meaning of logical connectives is determined by the rules governing their use in a proof system. Von Kutschera adopts this view in this paper, and more specifically, a bilateralist view on this subject in that his aim is to give a general framework that provides generalized rule schemata for arbitrary connectives both for proving and refuting and to use this as a reference to prove completeness of certain systems of operators purely proof-theoretically. The main logical system in focus here has been shown to be equivalent to N4, Nelson's constructive logic with strong negation. In order to understand the translated paper better, a contextualizing comment is offered referring and relating it to a preceding paper by von Kutschera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among all the English translations of Liaozhai Zhiyi, Giles' and Minford's translations received the most reviews from Western readers. Their translations are rich in peritexts, which make up a large proportion of the two translations. Based on Genette's Paratexts theory and Batchelor's latest research in this field, this article examines the two translations' peritext strategy, main functions, and efficacy in the reception of Liaozhai Zhiyi with a view to seeing the roles that two types of peritexts play in the dissemination and reception of the book in English world. Looking closer to the two translations' peritext strategies, including covers, acknowledgments, prefaces, introductions, notes, illustrations, and appendices, the author summarizes five main functions of the peritexts: to reveal to some extent the translator's translating aims, to show the commissioner's peritext strategies, to spread Chinese culture, and to consciously or unconsciously manifest socio-cultural context. In addition, the article, through contrastively analyzing readers' reviews of two translations' peritexts, concludes that the efficacy of the peritexts in Minford's translation is much better than that in Giles' translation, which means that the former may, to a large degree, help promote the reception of Liaozhai Zhiyi, while the latter may not. It is also anticipated that the research pattern can be used in the study of the roles peritexts and epitexts play in the reception of a wider genre of Chinese works so as to facilitate the going-global of Chinese works and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The therapeutic potential of psychedelics for various mental disorders has gained significant interest. Previous studies have highlighted that psychedelics induce psychoactive effects, including challenging aspects of experiences. These experiences are assessed using the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), yet its Japanese version has been unavailable. This study aimed to create a Japanese version of the CEQ. Methods: We followed the "Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient‐Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation." Initially, two Japanese psychiatrists independently conducted the forward translations. These were then reconciled into a single version, which was back‐translated into English. The original authors reviewed this back‐translation for accuracy, leading to revisions through continuous dialogue until the original authors approved the final version. Results: The final, approved back‐translated version of the CEQ is presented in the figure. Conclusions: This study developed a Japanese version of the CEQ, enabling the assessment of challenging experiences during psychedelic‐assisted therapy for Japanese speakers. Further studies are needed to assess the reliability and validity of this newly translated version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the concept of "constitutional rupture" and its effects on modern constitutional interpretation in the United States. Topics include the impact of historical shifts on constitutional understanding, the contrasting views of originalism versus "living constitutionalism," and the implications of time-related changes on legal frameworks and interpretation methods.

The article focuses on the relevance of historical interpretation within constitutional theory and practice, examining how history can both support and mislead constitutional understanding. Topics include the evidentiary principles for determining history's relevance, the use of history within Originalism, and the role of historical narratives in shaping normative arguments for or against the Constitution's original meaning.

Introduction: obesity is a global health problem. Metabolic/Bariatric surgery (MBS) has proven to be one of the most effective methods for treating the most severe forms. However, a thorough evaluation and preparation of people seeking MBS is necessary. In Spain, there are no standardized interviews to carry out the psychosocial assessment of people seeking MBS. The Boston Interview for MBS (BIBS) is a recognized and flexible tool to evaluate the psychosocial factors. Objective: to present the process of translation into Spanish and cross-cultural adaptation of the BIBS. Materials and methods: the reverse translation procedure was followed. To validate the translation, a multidisciplinary group of experts was formed. They were asked to rate the clarity of wording and cultural adaptation of the translation items. In addition, the translated interview was used to evaluate 173 patients seeking MBS who rated their satisfaction with the interview experience. Results: the evaluation of the translation by a group of experts was favorable (global mode and median were 3-excellent, IQR of 1). The overall percentage agreement of the adequacy of "cultural adaptation" of the text was 85.8 % (95 % CI, 0.784, 0.932) and of the "clarity of wording" was 84.7 % (95 % CI, 0.7644; 0.9286). Furthermore, it was well accepted by the majority of the patients interviewed (p(50) 10 out of 10). Conclusions: the Spanish translation of the BIBS is available for the assessment of Spanish-speaking people seeking MBS. It was rated as having good fidelity to the original English version, and was deemed highly satisfactory by patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With evolving multimedia communication, traditional translation studies focusing on fidelity are being transformed by the need for multimodal and intersemiotic approaches. Extending this discussion to translator training, this study argues for the necessity of teaching adaptation skills in the training of future translators in line with the needs of the multimedia age. By viewing translation as a process of re-creation, the study stresses the often-overlooked creative potential of translation. At this point, the inclusion of adaptations in translator training offers the opportunity to experience the inherent creative potential of translation and emphasizes the intersemiotic dimension. The paper first offers a theoretical justification for this approach, then discusses methods of implementation as well as potential benefits. Integrating adaptation into translator training can be approached theoretically, analytically, and practically. It offers advantages such as broadening the scope of translation beyond language, bridging the gap between training and market needs, and enhancing interdisciplinary knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic writing aims to disseminate scholarly knowledge to a target audience in concise language. During this process, translators sometimes translate academic texts into foreign languages, so that the output of scholarly research can be read by speakers of different languages. In such cases, translators are to translate the source text into the target language in a clear and comprehensible language. This paper discusses how the authors of scholarly texts can structure their writing properly, so that they can help translators compose clear and concise translation output. Although the knowledge and skills of the translator are a key consideration in ensuring the quality of translated texts, the source text itself is highly influential in the quality of the output. Furthermore, although they might partially differ from one language to another, academic writing has some well-established conventions. Therefore, translators might experience some problems when they translate scholarly texts. This study aims to pinpoint such issues and to offer viable strategies that could be used for solving them before the translation process. Commonly encountered problems that impair the quality of the translation output are as follows: wordiness, ambiguous expressions, failing to consider the discourse structure of the target language while organising the source text, using conjunctions carelessly, using the passive voice unnecessarily, using indirect language to express ideas, using synonymous words sequentially, typos, and other similar problems. Though experience in academic translation can help solve some of these issues, it might not be possible to produce good translation output if the source text is poorly written. Success in academic translation can be achieved through collaboration between the author of an academic text and its translator. For this reason, it is necessary to raise the awareness of writers and translators on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]