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Vodka culture is very different from that of wine. Vodka does not differ according to the regions, and it has not any particular flavour: they don’t drink it for the pleasure of its taste, but for its effects. An almost immutable ritual offers partaking and maintaining a pleasant collective inebriation. The codified succession of the toasts, called by accepted formulas, strengthen guest’ cohesion.

Objective: To document the toast production system and the perception of symptoms of damage to their health derived from exposure to wood smoke among the female population of the rural community of San José Cerro Gordo, municipality of Santa María Tonameca, Oaxaca. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive, through a survey sociodemographic data, characteristics of the kitchen and stove, the making of toast and symptoms of damage to health from exposure to wood smoke were captured. Results: 80 women were interviewed, relatively young (40.13±16.02 years) and in reproductive age, 100% use the open stove, exposing themselves to smoke for 5.9±2.5 hours daily. This activity has been carried out for 11.9±6.5 years. 81.3% of them presented up to ten symptoms related to smoke poisoning, highlighting conditions in the respiratory system. Limitations: No clinical studies were conducted due to financial difficulties of the project. Conclusions: Making toast is an activity that will continue to be maintained as a subsistence strategy in the studied locality, so the health of the women involved will continue to be at risk. It is necessary to promote comprehensive strategies that combine the promotion of ecotechnologies with training in health and economic development, which help reduce exposure to wood smoke and promote better health conditions and marketing of toast. Finally, it is convenient to continue monitoring the health of the study population, in order to identify possible cases that warrant timely medical attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellagitannins and aromatic compounds evolution in Cabernet Sauvignon wines macerated in oak barrels for a year was studied. Identical barrels with different toastings (medium toasting, medium toasting with watering, Noisette) were used in French, Italian and USA cellars. Ellagitannins increased by 84–96% with aging time, as did woody volatiles, by 86–91% in French wines and 23–35% in Italian wines, while fruity aroma compounds declined by 50–57% in the French and Italian wines over a 12-months period. Nevertheless, other behaviors and different kinetics rates for these compounds were observed depending on barrel toasting, wine matrix and their interactions. Perceived overall woody intensity was closely related to trans -whiskey lactone, guaiacol and vanillin, whereas astringency and bitterness were significantly linked to ellagitannins ( p < 0.05). This is the first study that evaluates the toasting effect on wines from different countries matured in the same oak barrels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging practices have significant impact on the final quality of spirits. Wood species, barrel toasting intensity, and maturation period are the key factors that can modify the chemical composition and sensory properties of aged spirits. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of oak wood species, as well as toasting intensity of new barrels made of them, on the development of chemical compounds and sensory quality attributes of cachaça aged for as long as 24 months in toasted American ( Quercus alba ) and French ( Quercus petraea ) oak barrels. American oak barrels were submitted to medium toasting and French oak barrels underwent medium and heavy toasting. Sensory quality was assessed by comparative and descriptive tests using Flash Profile. Cachaças aged in barrels made of French oak and American oak could be distinguished mainly by the content of acetic acid, but also by the different contents of maturation congeners. Toasting intensities were responsible for modulating the chemical composition and influencing the sensory attributes. The ideal period of aging was achieved at about 15 to 24 months, when the maturation congeners reached a better point of stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacchus has been substantiated with a range of written, literary and material sources. As early as in the Renaissance period he spread into the life of all social classes. Originally a Greek god of fertility was perceived such as a king of all drunkards. He attracted the most attention in folk culture where he led carnival processions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To drink to a friend's health was the most popular and chronicled drinking ritual of the early modern period in England. While health drinking appears convivial in Cavalier poetry, such drinking was nonetheless controversial, heavily debated, and at times illegal. Furthermore, a host of writers, including Shakespeare, depict health drinking as compulsive and divisive. This essay traces the significant yet overlooked literature on health drinking, extending over an eighty-year period from pamphleteers and playwrights of the 1580s-1610s through Cavalier poets up to the period of Charles II's restoration. This survey reveals thematic continuities running through the canon of healthing literature, as well as a significant shift in the literary representation of health drinking: a condemned practice reappears as a country ritual within the space of a generation. Whereas Elizabethan writers found national solidarity in satirizing healthing as a foreign and villainous practice, later Jacobean and Caroline poets use health drinking to establish political allegiances. But in doing so these poets become trapped in a mode of compulsory conviviality, and thus their verse resonates with an earlier generation's satirical views on the practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses ritual celebrations depicted in 18th-century drinking songs and toasts published by the Masonic lodge known as True Harmony, which was located in Vienna, Austria. According to the author, these ritual homosocial activities centered around food and drink enabled men to become part of a community and formulate new identities. It is suggested that such celebrations were seen as freeing men from artificial restrictions imposed by aristocratic women and religious institutions and that they were viewed as compatible with a rational, masculine program for social reform. Details on ritual embraces between men are also presented. Other topics include self-improvement and the exclusion of women from freemasonry.

This paper deals with the transmitted text εδειπνιαις; and εδειπνειας; in a fragment of Harmodius of Lepreum (FGrH 319 F1 = Athenaeus 149b and 479c). Modern editors believe both εδειπνιαις; and εδειπνειας; to be a corruption of the genitive εδειπνας;, which is accordingly interpreted as a toast meaning 'a good appetite'. The author claims that this view must be rejected on several grounds. Other conjectures (ε δειπνεας;, ε δεπνειας;) are further analyzed and also discarded. Finally, it is shown that the only satisfactory reading is ε δειπνας; = Att. ε δειπνσαις;, 'may you have a nice dinner'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an anthropological study of ritual feasting in Luzhou, China, particularly the use of what the author describes as expressive feasting in China since 1978 and the reaction of elite men. The ritual of inviting people to a feast and the gestures that are exchanged at the feast are described. The author describes a feast that they attended, the guests, and the way in which they marked the rituals of the feast. Other topics include toasts at feasts, social networks, cultural views on attractiveness, power, and communication at the feast.

The aim of the present study is to address the problem of the image of the woman in the contemporary Lithuanian folk toasts. It is relevant to find out the peculiarities of presenting the woman in this folklore genre, which is widespread today, because the research may contribute to a deeper cognition of gender and popular culture's phenomena. As sources for research, toast texts, preserved in the archives of the Department of Ethnology and Folklore at Vytautas Magnus University, were used. Since Lithuanian folklorists have not written about toasts as a genre yet, the first part of this article presents the general characteristics of the folk toasts. It is stated that the dominating composition model of the contemporary folk toasts is made of two parts: the main text or introduction and a formula, which encourages drinking. Toasts have a didactical purpose. They invite to drink for something, which is considered a value for the orator. In order to make the speech of the orator seem more valid, toasts quite often refer to some other authoritative texts, but that are not always indicated. Since the content of a toast varies according to the gender of the orator, in the article it is explained which text and context details help to indicate whether a man or a woman were saying it. The second part of the article deals with the toasts explaining the origin of a woman. The introductions of this kind of toasts are constructed according to the model of an etiological legend. They emphasize the aesthetic aspect of the divine creation. Comparison of the toasts demonstrated that the toasts, which were liberally referring to the biblical motifs, underlined the unequal position of a man and a woman and the woman was usually considered to be of a lower standing. The third part of the article focuses on the expression of the feminine sexuality. The contemporary folk toasts avoid referring to the sexual relationships directly. Discourses about sex are masked by using fables, folktales and other forms of narratives, and by using linguistic codes. Disguising of the sexual content is determined both by the traditions of the discourses regarding sex and by the toasts' genre canons. Having decoded the content of the toasts it becomes clear that they address a woman as someone meeting the requirements of men and encourage ignoring the traditional norms of the sexual morality. The fourth part of the study is dedicated to the image of the wife in the toasts. For demonstrating the relationships between the wedded, plots of anecdotes and exemplas are used. In the anecdotic toasts it is well-liked to joke about the woman infidelity. An unfaithful wife usually is not judged on openly. A characteristic principle of creating laughter is turning the world upside down and treating the defect as a value. The exempla type toasts explain that the success of the marital life depends on the attempts of the wife to please the husband. They promote patriarchal marital relationships, but it is worth mentioning one difference - when toasts refer to the role of the woman in the family, the characteristics of the woman as a mother are not highlighted. In the end of the article the following conclusions are presented: 1) The artistic image of a woman rather depends on the genres, to which the introductions of the toasts are referring. 2) The woman tends to be viewed from a masculine point of view: the ideal woman is a sex object, easily reachable by men, or a wife, carrying the responsibility for the fortune of the family. 3) For a part of the toasts a masked discourse about sex is characteristic and, after encoding it, it becomes clear that the toasts about a woman reflect a junction of the old, Christian, and the new moral. 4) As an entertaining public discourse, whose main function is appellant, by saying toasts it is sought to suggest a certain attitude towards the woman, however, the expressed ideas sometimes should be considered a joke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the ceremonial of drinking the Loyal Toast in 1935. The loyal toast refers to a toast proposed and drunk to the sovereign. Almost half the cavalry regiments drank the loyal toast less than once a year. These cavalry regiments that drank the toast were not required to provide a reason.

This essay discusses the social and political implications of Protestant public celebrations in eighteenth-century Ireland. The role of alcohol and toasting in such occasions is explored in detail. The public celebrations that followed the acquittal of British Admiral Augustus Keppel for treason are described. Also discussed are celebrations of the birthday of King William III, the role of the Volunteer Movement in public celebrations, and festive uses of "The Nation" periodical.

Academic discourse is a syntagm originating from the Anglo - American literature in which it occurs simultaneously with a sintagm scientific discourse, usually as its synononim. If in the forefront of our observations we set the content of discourse, then we can talk about the scientific discourse (as opposed to administrative, judicial, legal), while if our foreground observation are members of this discourse, then we talk about academic discourse. Also, it is considered that between the scientific and academic discourse there is no overlap completely, but that academic discourse is a broader scope of scientific discourse, and in addition to various forms of scientific discourse, it includes forms of writing such as student work, particularly in the field of sports science, (seminars, written examinations, compositions and essays at the university level), as well as writing requests for funding of scientific projects, which are important in the recent Anglo - American literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]