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Ejecta microjets offer an experimental methodology to study high-speed particle laden-flow interactions, as microjets consist of millions of particulates traveling at velocities of several kilometers per second and are easily generated by most common shock drives. Previous experiments on the OMEGA Extended Performance laser found that collisions between two counter-propagating laser-driven tin ejecta microjets varied as a function of drive pressure; jets generated near shock pressures of 10 GPa passed through each other without interacting, whereas jets generated at shock pressures of over 100 GPa interacted strongly, forming a cloud around the center interaction point. In this paper, we present a more systematic scan of tin ejecta microjet collisions over intermediate pressure regimes to identify how and at what shock pressure interaction behavior onsets. Radiographs of interacting microjets at five different laser drive energies qualitatively demonstrate that interaction behavior onsets slowly as a function of laser drive energy. Quantitative mass and density metrics from each radiograph provide trends on jet characteristics and collisional mass dispersion. It is observed that jetting mass, jet densities, and mass dispersion increase with increasing drive pressures and that the increased jet density at the higher drive energies may account for the increased mass dispersion. This work provides an important step in the understanding of tin ejecta microjet collisions and paves the way for future studies on the physics dominating high-speed particle-laden flow interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monoclinic (In 0.25 Al 0.75) 2 O 3 alloy has been suggested as an ideal material to create monoclinic Ga 2 O 3 heterostructures, as it provides a close lattice match to β - Ga 2 O 3 along with a 1 eV conduction-band offset. Achieving intentional n -type doping in Ga 2 O 3 heterostructures is important for device applications, but this may be difficult due to the high Al content of this alloy. Here, we use density functional theory with a hybrid functional to investigate common donor dopants, in particular, Si, Sn, C, and Ge substituting on cation sites, and H interstitials, in In 2 O 3 and InAlO 3. We identify Si as the optimal donor, as it is a shallow donor for In concentrations above 14%. Its formation energy is also low, indicating that these donors will incorporate during growth. For higher In concentrations, Sn (above 33% In) and Ge (above 35% In) are also promising donors, with Sn having comparable formation energies to Si. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sn-doping effects on the electrical conduction and optical properties of GaAs(631)A epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated. We found that the conduction type conversion, frequently observed in the doping of layers grown on high-index substrates, is avoided when tin-doping is implemented. The maximum free-carrier concentration (n) obtained in GaAs(631):Sn was 2 × 1019 cm−3, an order of magnitude higher than previously reported for GaAs(631):Si, and within the same order of magnitude for the growth of GaAs(100):Si. The electron mobility was suitable for many optoelectronic applications. Raman spectroscopy showed low lattice disorder in (631) oriented samples, compared with singular (100) samples. The photoluminescence characterization of the samples revealed the blueshift of the optical transitions close to E0 associated with the Moss–Burstein effect for Sn doping. Photoreflectance spectroscopy was used to study the doping properties at the critical points E1 and E1 + Δ1, where the major affectation with n was perceived in the broadening parameter Γ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-laser beams interacting with small droplets of liquid tin are currently the most efficient systems for producing the 13.5 nm EUV photon radiation source required for the next generation microchips. Usually, EUV light is produced during the second main-pulse stage, while the pre-pulse (PP) is used for target preparation, i.e., droplet preheating, vaporization, and target deformation. However, the PP laser energy can be utilized more efficiently if the EUV producing plasma is being developed during the PP stage as well. In this work, we study the ways of optimization of the PP laser temporal shape to achieve conditions for maximum EUV output during the pre-pulse. The size of the deformed droplet is kept optimized for the following main laser pulse. Our simulations showed a significant increase in the EUV output at the pre-pulse stage when a ramping profile is used for the laser temporal shape. Using the ramped square pre-pulse produces 24% gain in the EUV output in comparison with the standard Gaussian temporal profile (i.e., regular Nd:YAG shape) for the same energy of the laser pulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alloying and site ordering play complementary roles in dictating a material's properties. However, deconvolving the impacts of these separate phenomena can be challenging. In this work, we simulate structures of Zn (Sn , Ge) N 2 with varied Sn content and site ordering to determine the impacts of order and composition on structural and electronic properties. We assess the formation enthalpy, lattice parameters, elastic constants, spontaneous polarization, and piezoelectric coefficients. In mostly disordered structures (order parameters ranging from 0.2 to 0.4), the formation enthalpy exhibits local extrema as a function of the order parameter, deviating from the more linear trends seen in both fully disordered and fully ordered systems. This anomalous deviation from the otherwise linear trend in formation enthalpy with order manifests in each of the other properties calculated. This range of order parameters of interest may be caused by a transition in the ordering of the quaternary material similar to phase changes seen in ternary compounds but stretched over a region inclduing 20% of the order parameter range. Most parameters calculated are more sensitive to order than to composition in the limited composition range tested; however, the lattice parameter c , piezoelectric coefficient e 33 , and elastic moduli C 12 , C 13 , and C 23 are more sensitive to composition. Of the properties compared, the piezoelectric coefficients are influenced most significantly by changes in both the composition and order parameter. Lattice parameters undergo the smallest changes with order and composition, but these small differences appear to impart large trends in the other properties. Better understanding the effects of disorder and group IV alloying in Zn (Sn , Ge) N 2 allows for more accurate modeling of characteristics of this material system for solid state lighting and other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using first-principles calculations and micromagnetic simulations, we investigate the electronic structure, magnetic properties, and skyrmions in two-dimensional Janus Cr 2 XYTe 6 (X,Y = Si, Ge, Sn, X ≠ Y) monolayers. Our findings reveal that the Cr 2 XYTe 6 monolayers are ferromagnetic semiconductors with a high Curie temperature (T c). The bandgap and T c can be further increased by applying tensile strain. In addition, there is a transition from the ferromagnetic to the antiferromagnetic state at a compressive strain. Both Cr 2 SiSnTe 6 and Cr 2 SiGeTe 6 exhibit a large magnetic anisotropy energy, which are mainly associated with the significant spin–orbit coupling of the nonmagnetic Te atoms rather than that of the magnetic Cr atoms. Interestingly, the Cr 2 SiSnTe 6 monolayer exhibits a significant Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction of 1.12 meV, which facilitates the formation of chiral domain walls and skyrmions. Furthermore, under tensile strain, chiral DWs can be transformed into skyrmions if applying an external magnetic field. These findings suggest that Janus Cr 2 XYTe 6 monolayers hold promise for spintronic nanodevice applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GeSnC alloys offer a route to direct bandgap semiconductors for CMOS-compatible lasers, but the use of CBr4 as a carbon source was shown to reduce Sn incorporation by 83%–92%. We report on the role of thermally cracked H in increasing Sn incorporation by 6x–9.5x, restoring up to 71% of the lost Sn, and attribute this increase to removal of Br from the growth surface as HBr prior to formation of volatile groups such as SnBr4. Furthermore, as the H flux is increased, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy reveals a monotonic increase in both Sn and carbon incorporation. X-ray diffraction reveals tensile-strained films that are pseudomorphic with the substrate. Raman spectroscopy suggests substitutional C incorporation; both x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman suggest a lack of graphitic carbon or its other phases. For the lowest growth temperatures, scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals nanovoids that may account for the low Sn substitutional fraction in those layers. Conversely, the sample grown at high temperatures displayed abrupt interfaces, notably devoid of any voids, tin, or carbon-rich clusters. Finally, the surface roughness decreases with increasing growth temperature. These results show that atomic hydrogen provides a highly promising route to increase both Sn and C to achieve a strongly direct bandgap for optical gain and active silicon photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aims to clarify the morphotropic phase boundary observed in Zr-doped hafnia systems. We utilize density-functional-theory calculations to examine various structural phases of (Hf,Zr)O 2 thin films on TiN electrodes. We account for Zr composition, film thickness, and temperature to model the free energy of (Hf,Zr)O 2 on TiN electrodes. Our assessment of the thermodynamic stability of each structural phase in terms of surface and interface energies under the substrate strain allows us to determine that the substrate strain and temperature significantly reduce the energy differences between different phases. Our findings lead to the energy reversal between tetragonal and orthorhombic phases when the film thickness increases. Based on our results, we propose that the formation of a high-temperature tetragonal phase, arising from the rapid thermal or annealing processes, is crucial to the appearance of the morphotropic phase boundary in Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2. Understanding the origin of the morphotropic phase boundary can have significant implications for device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the insertion of electron deficient alkyne, dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (DMAD), into the E–Si bond of hypersilyl tetrylenes, PhC(NtBu)2ESi(SiMe3)3 (E = Ge and Sn), at room temperature. Uniquely, the germylene leads to cis alkenes, while the stannylene gives access to trans alkenes, and the insight into divergent stereoselectivity has been obtained by DFT studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Sodium (Na) metal anodes receive significant attention due to their high theoretical specific energy and cost-effectiveness. However, the high reactivity of Na foil anodes and the irregular surfaces have posed challenges to the operability and reliability of Na metals in battery applications. In the absence of inert environmental protection conditions, constructing a uniform, dense, and sodiophilic Na metal anode surface is crucial for homogenizing Na deposition, but remains less-explored. Herein, we fabricated a Tin (Sn) nanoparticle-assembled film conforming to separator pores, which provided ample space for accommodating volumetric expansion during the Na alloying process. Subsequently, a seamless Na-Sn alloy overlayer was formed and transferred onto the Na foil during Na plating through a separator-assisted technique, thereby overcoming conventional operational limitations of metallic Na. As compared to traditional volumetrically expanded cracked ones, the present autotransferable, highly sodiophilic, ion-conductive, and seamless Na-Sn alloy overlayer serves as uniform nucleation sites, thereby reducing nucleation and diffusion barriers and facilitating the compact deposition of metallic Na. Consequently, the autotransferable alloy layer enables a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9 % at 3.0 mA cm−2 and 3.0 mAh cm−2 in the half cells as well as minimal polarization overpotentials in symmetric cells, both during prolonged cycling 1200 h. Furthermore, the assembled Na||Sn-1.0h-PP||Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 @C@CNTs full cell delivers high capacity retention of 97.5 % after 200 cycles at a high cathodic mass loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of micron silicon suboxide (μ-SiOx) as an anode material for commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is hindered by lower conductivity and significant volume expansion. To effectively address the inherent defects of μ-SiOx, in this study, we developed a strategy to confine μ-SiOx to N-doped-carbon networks modified by Sn nanoparticles to form a SiOx@NC/Sn composite, which utilizes tin salts for protein denaturation and NaCl as a pore-forming agent. The coexistence of Sn and N with carbon forms a conductive network, facilitating the migration of lithium ions and electrons and maintaining the structural stability of the SiOx@NC/Sn composite. SiOx@NC/Sn with a carbon content of 50.8% as the anode for LIBs exhibits long-term stability (801.1 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g−1) and rate capability (401.9 mA h g−1 at a current density of 5.0 A g−1). Moreover, the full cell demonstrates a capacity retention rate surpassing 75% after 100 cycles at 0.5C. This work provides a simple and low-cost strategy for preparing metal-modified and nitrogen doped-carbon materials for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we have synthesized an environmentally friendly hybrid organic–inorganic layered two-dimensional (2D) lead-free perovskite nanomaterial. The synthesized perovskites, namely (OleylAm)2SnI4 (MHP1), exhibit outstanding water stability and emit luminous red light. The photodetector constructed using our material showcases superior characteristics, including a faster response than comparable devices and improved rise and fall times compared to other 2D perovskite nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 is an important way to achieve carbon neutrality, and much effort has been devoted to the design of active sites. Apart from elevating the intrinsic activity, expanding the functionality of active sites may also boost catalytic performance. Here we designed "negatively charged Ag (nc‐Ag)" active sites featuring both the intrinsic activity and the capability of regulating microenvironment, through modifying Ag nanoparticles with atomically dispersed Sn species. Different from conventional active sites (which only mediate the surface processes by bonding with the intermediates), the nc‐Ag sites could also manipulate environmental species. Therefore, the sites could not only activate CO2, but also regulate interfacial H2O and CO2, as confirmed by operando spectroscopies. The catalyst delivers a high current density with a CO faradaic efficiency of 97 %. Our work here opens up new opportunities for the design of multifunctional electrocatalytic active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin(ii) iodide (SnI2) faces significant challenges in photodetector applications, primarily due to its sensitivity to moisture and degradation over time. Achieving uniform, high‐quality films with low impurity and defect levels is also a challenge. Potential solutions include advanced deposition techniques to improve film quality and stability, surface passivation and encapsulation, doping and alloying. In this study, SnI2 thin films have been deposited for the first time using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) technique to the best of our knowledge. Process parameters like deposition pressure and RF‐power have been optimised via non‐intrusive in‐situ V−I probe impedance analyser. SnI2 thin films have been deposited on glass & transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and p‐Si wafer at various RF‐power to make SnI2/p‐Si heterojunction followed by metallization to make Ag/SnI2/p‐Si/Ag heterojunction photodetector. Characterization techniques like thin film thickness measurement, UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, glancing incidence x‐ray diffraction (GIXRD), SEM and I−V measurements were carried out to study its optical, structural and electronic properties. Fabricated devices, Ag/SnI2/p‐Si/Ag heterojunction photodiode exhibits best critical performance for the film deposited at 150 W having rectifying ratio of 6.9×104 at 1.0 V and photo‐sensitivity of 1.6×104 at 100 mW/cm2 light intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of co-regulating Mo and Sn on the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel in tropical marine atmospheric was investigated. The combined addition of Mo and Sn has been found to significantly improve the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel, augmenting the protective capabilities of the rust layer. This combined addition promotes the formation of protective compounds like α-FeOOH and FeCr2O4 within the alloy rust layer. Furthermore, it facilitates the conversion of Cr, Ni and Cu into corrosion-resistant oxides such as Cr2O3, NiFe2O4 and CuO, thereby enhancing the density of the rust layer. Additionally, as corrosion progresses over time, higher levels of Sn addition lead to increased Sn content within the inner rust layer, consequently bolstering the protective qualities of the rust layer. This comprehensive understanding sheds light on the synergistic effects of Mo and Sn in fortifying the corrosion resistance of low alloy steel, offering insights for the development of advanced corrosion-resistant materials in marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, bis[aqua(2,2′-bipyridine) fluoridotin (II)] hexafluoridotin(IV), [SnF(C10H8N2)(H2O)]2[SnF6], an ionic mixed-valent tin(II)–tin(IV) compound, the bivalent tin atom is the center atom of the cation and the tetravalent tin atom is the center atom of the anion. With respect to the first coordination sphere, the cation is monomeric, with the tin(II) atom having a fourfold seesaw coordination with a fluorine atom in an equatorial position, a water molecule in an axial position and the two nitrogen atoms of the chelating 2,2′-bipyridine ligand in the remaining axial and equatorial positions. The bond lengths and angles of this hypervalent first coordination sphere are described by 2c–2e and 3c–4e bonds, respectively, all of which are based on the orthogonal 5p orbitals of the tin atom. In the second coordination sphere, which is based on an additional, very long tin–fluorine bond that leads to dimerization of the cation, the tin atom is trapezoidal–pyramidally coordinated. The tetravalent tin atom of the centrosymmetric anion has an octahedral coordination. The differences in its tin–fluorine bond lengths are attributed to hydrogen bonding, as the two of the four fluorine atoms are each involved in two hydrogen bonds, linking anions and cations together to form strands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The susceptibility of either oxidation into Sn(IV) or disproportionation into Sn(IV) and Sn(0) limits the study of metal tin‐(II)‐borate ceramics. We report mullite‐type SnCrBO4 and SnVBO4 synthesized in sealed quartz tubes by conventional solid‐state method. X‐ray powder diffraction data Rietveld refinements confirm that both compounds are isostructural to PbMBO4 phases for M = Al, Ga, Cr, Mn, and Fe. The end‐members show a complete miscibility within the Sn(Cr1−xVx)BO4 solid solution. Both the microstructural (average crystallite size, microstrain, and degree of crystallinity) and crystal structural (metric parameters, bond lengths, polyhedral volume, and polyhedral distortion) parameters are observed with respect to the compositional x‐value. The stereochemical activity of the 5 s2 lone electron pairs of Sn2+ cations has been measured by using the Wang–Liebau eccentricity parameter. The structural features are complemented by 119Sn Mössbauer, Raman, and Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy. The 119Sn Mössbauer isomer shifts and the quadrupole splitting values confirm the SnO4 coordination and an Sn(II) valence state. The electronic band gap has been calculated from the UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, which slightly increases with successive decrease of the cationic radius from V to Cr. Temperature‐dependent inverse DC magnetic susceptibility suggests that SnCrBO4 and SnVBO4 are antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic (FM) with a Néel temperature of 17.2(1) K and a Curie temperature of 29.8(1) K, respectively. Alike the end‐member SnVBO4, Sn(Cr0.5V0.5)BO4 is also found to be a rare FM insulator. The thermal stability decreases with increasing vanadium content in the solid solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrially, the silicon requirement of liquid steel is often met with ferrosilicon (FeSi) instead of high‐purity silicon addition. FeSi, a silicon‐rich alloy, contains impurities typically inherited from its manufacturing stage. Therefore, FeSi addition results in the formation of complex inclusions in the liquid steel. Herein, a detailed inclusion characterization of the samples obtained from the melting experiments for a wide range of silicon concentrations has been carried out to examine the effect of FeSi impurities. Pure silica inclusions evolve to silica‐ and/or alumina‐based Si–Al–(Ti)–O–(TiN) complex inclusions with the increasing addition of FeSi to the steel melt. Reduction of silica by aluminum or titanium, the presence of titanium in the steel melt, and/or TiN inclusions formed at the periphery of oxide inclusions restrict the growth of oxide inclusions, resulting in small‐sized (average) oxide inclusions. The underlying mechanism of such complex (Si–Al–Ti–O–N)‐based inclusions has been explained with the aid of microstructural characterization and thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, the steel–crucible (alumina) interface has also been investigated for inclusion deposits and crucible–steel interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geological and environmental applications of tin (Sn) isotopes have been hindered by the shortcomings of chemical purification, as severe loss of Sn would occur during sample preparation (evaporation and re-dissolution) and column separation, triggering isotope measurement bias. In this study, we develop a novel and robust separation method to purify Sn from natural samples for accurate isotope measurements. The protocol is established by combining two chromatographic columns loaded with AG 1-X8 and AG 50W-X12 resins, and optimizing the sample evaporation and re-dissolution procedures. The method is proven to efficiently eliminate the main interferents such as Ag, Zn, Mo, Cd and Sb and results in low procedural blank (0.54 ± 0.21 ng, n = 3), quantitative recovery (95--102%, n = 32) and good external precision (δ120Sn of 0.02--0.04‰, in 55 measurements) for isotope measurement. The protocol is further applied to seven geological and environmental reference materials (BCR-2, BHVO-2, AGV-2, JG-2, AC-E, PACs-2 and GSS 7) and new values are reported for both odd (δ119Sn and δ117Sn) and even (δ120Sn and δ122Sn) Sn isotope ratios. This study demonstrates clearly the potential application of our method for studying the geochemical behaviors of Sn and its isotopes in various aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the challenge of varied working temperatures of inductance components in new energy vehicle and 5G communication, the high- T C high-permeability MnZn ferrite with excellent temperature stability was developed by the addition of SnO 2. In this series of samples, initial permeability μ i maintains large values in a wide temperature range. With increasing the SnO 2 content, the temperature of the second permeability peak T sp decreases and meanwhile Curie temperature T C maintains as high as 160 °C. For the best sample with 6000 ppm SnO 2 , μ i at 25 °C is 7244 and exhibits the excellent temperature stability with the low specific temperature coefficient of 0.35 × 10−6 °C−1 between 25 and 130 °C. The addition of SnO 2 generates Fe2+ and adjusts the magneto-crystalline anisotropy constant K 1 = 0 point, which is responsible for the wide-temperature high permeability. The effect of SnO 2 addition on magnetization process has also been clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary half-Heusler (HH) alloys are under intense investigations recently towards achieving high thermoelectric (TE) figure-of-merit (ZT). Of particular interest is the ZrNiPb-based HH alloy, where an optimal value of ZT ~ 0.7 at 773 K has been achieved by co-doping Sn and Bi at Pb site. In this work, we identify an excellent ZT of 1.3 in ZrNi1+xPb0.38Sn0.6Bi0.02 (x = 0.03, at 773 K) composite alloy. This is achieved by synergistic modulation of electronic as well as thermal properties via introduction of minor phase of full-Heusler (FH) in the HH matrix through compositional tuning approach. These Ni-rich ZrNi1+xPb0.38Sn0.6Bi0.02 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07) alloys were synthesized via energy efficient and time-curbed techniques that involved Arc melting followed by consolidation via spark plasma sintering. These alloys were characterized by XRD and SEM, which show formation of nanocomposites comprising of HH matrix phase and FH secondary minor phases. Enhancement in ZT is mainly attributed to a synchronized increase in power factor (~42%) and ~25% decrease in its thermal conductivity. Here, TE compatibility factor (S) was also calculated for all samples. The value of |S| ~ 2.7 V−1 (at 773 K) is observed for x = 0.03, which is ~17% higher than bare HH composition (x = 0.0). The theoretically calculated TE device efficiency of best-performing sample ZrNi1.03Pb0.38Sn0.6Bi0.02 is estimated to be η ~ 13.6%. Our results imply that deliberately controlled fine tuning in compositions of HH compounds through compositional tuning approach would lead to novel off-stoichiometric HH phases with enhanced ZT value for efficient TE device fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd‐free high‐bandgap Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells are expected to offer green and low‐cost solutions to single‐junction and tandem photovoltaic markets. Despite attracting considerable attention in past years, reported certified efficiency has yet to exceed the 10% threshold. Sn‐related defects, especially those originating from Sn2+ oxidation states, lead to severe recombination loss and limit device performance. Here, the formation of these detrimental defects is suppressed by creating a more benign chemical environment during sulfurization annealing. With dominant Sn4+ states in the source material and the precursor, the oxidation state of Sn remains primarily in its native Sn4+ state during annealing and in the final film. Engineering the Sn‐related defects leads to shallower tail states in bulk CZTS and fewer interfacial defects. As a result, both radiative and non‐radiative recombination losses are alleviated, contributing to a certified 10.7% efficiency of the Cd‐free high‐bandgap CZTS solar cell. This strategy may advance various kesterite materials and other technologies with multivalent constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetradentate meso‐octaalkylcalix[4]pyrroles are well‐established ligands in d‐ and f‐block chemistry. In contrast to the related porphyrins, the sp3‐hybridized meso‐carbon atoms linking the four pyrrole units result in highly divers coordination modes. We previously reported on the combination of this ligand system with Sn(II) centers yielding tetracoordinated stannate(II) anions which could be employed as electron‐rich, strong σ‐donor ligands in transition metal chemistry. With this work we are extending the coordination chemistry of meso‐octaethylcalix[4]pyrrolato stannate(II) [1]2− onto gold(I). Synthesis of mono‐ and dinuclear gold complexes reveal a new dynamic binding mode involving μ2‐bridging coordination of a pyrrole nitrogen atom to both Sn and Au. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and variable temperature NMR spectroscopy combined with quantum mechanical computations and bond analysis tools shed light on the involved intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐temperature aqueous zinc batteries have recently garnered significant attention for large‐scale energy storage. However, spontaneous hydrogen evolution and passivation on the Zn metal anode severely affect its cycling stability under elevated temperature conditions. Herein, a facile strategy is employed to construct a bifunctional composite protective layer comprising an insulating ZnF2 layer combined with Zn affinity conductive tin (Sn) metal. This combination optimally distributes Zn ions (Zn2+) and maintains consistent thermal field distribution around Zn anodes. Moreover, the presence of fluorides on the interface efficiently suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction, while the Sn metal serves as nucleation seeds with reversible alloying and dealloying process to endow dendrite‐free morphology and fast reaction kinetics. Specifically, the symmetric cell with the coated electrode exhibits excellent stability at a current density of 3 mA cm−2 over 420 h at 50 °C. When coupled with the modified Zn anode and I2 cathode, the Zn//I2 full cells deliver high areal capacity and substantiate their practical application, exhibiting remarkable high‐temperature resilience over 2000 cycles with 97.8% capacity retained at 50 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral 1D tin iodides EBASnI3 were synthesized while incorporating enantiomerically pure and racemic ethylbenzylammonium (EBA) cations between the 1D shared inorganic corners. The dimensionality was reduced to 0D when replacing iodine with bromine. In all the cases, the presence of hydrogen bonds was observed between the organic part and the inorganic part, while transfer of chirality was evidenced for the EBASnI3 enantiomerically pure compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring new applications of negative thermal expansion (NTE) materials is a recent research hotspot. In this work, the IV A element Sn was used to tailor the thermal expansion and dielectric properties of NTE material ZrMgMo 3 O 12 , and the samples Zr 1–x Sn x MgMo 3 O 12 (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) can be used in the field of high-frequency dielectric ceramics. Both the substitution amount of Sn and sintering temperature have a certain effect on the properties of Zr 1-x Sn x MgMo 3 O 12. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) can be adjusted between near zero thermal expansion (ZTE) (−0.24 × 10−6/K−1) and NTE (−8.16 × 10−6/K−1) and become larger toward negative as the amount of Sn increased under the same sintering temperature. The dielectric constants of Zr 1-x Sn x MgMo 3 O 12 can be adjusted in the range of 130∼155, which are about 25 times than ZrMgMo 3 O 12. The dissipation factors of Zr 1-x Sn x MgMo 3 O 12 were adjustable between 4.37 × 10−4 and 5.54 × 10−4, meeting the application requirements of high-frequency dielectric ceramics. This research shows that Sn can adjust the thermal expansion properties and significantly improves the dielectric properties of ZrMgMo 3 O 12 , so that Zr 1-x Sn x MgMo 3 O 12 materials have high value in the field of high-frequency dielectric ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X$X$ be a random variable and define its concentration function by Qh(X)=supx∈RP(X∈(x,x+h]).$$\begin{equation*} {\mathcal {Q}}_{h}(X)=\sup _{x\in {\mathbb {R}}}{\mathbb {P}}(X\in (x,x+h]). \end{equation*}$$For a sum Sn=X1+⋯+Xn$S_n=X_1+\cdots +X_n$ of independent real‐valued random variables, the Kolmogorov–Rogozin inequality states that Qh(Sn)⩽C∑i=1n(1−Qh(Xi))−12.$$\begin{equation*} {\mathcal {Q}}_{h}(S_n)\leqslant C{\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}(1-{\mathcal {Q}}_{h}(X_i))\right)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}. \end{equation*}$$In this paper, we give an optimal bound for Qh(Sn)${\mathcal {Q}}_{h}(S_n)$ in terms of Qh(Xi)${\mathcal {Q}}_{h}(X_i)$, which settles a question posed by Leader and Radcliffe in 1994. Moreover, we show that the extremal distributions are mixtures of two uniform distributions each lying on an arithmetic progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis article introduces a novel robust Shewhart-type control chart designed for monitoring the location of a bivariate process using the Comedian and Sn Covariance estimators. The process of setting control limits for the proposed control charts is demonstrated. To evaluate the performance of the newly proposed control charts, simulations are conducted and compared against existing methods found in the current literature. Furthermore, the article discusses the application of the proposed method using real-life data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Zn ion batteries promise high safety and sustainability for large‐scale energy storage but are severely impeded by catastrophic dendrite growth and parasitic reactions of Zn anode with irreversible Zn loss. Constructing ultrafine zincophilic seeding sites in hosting interphases has emerged as a viable strategy for reversible plating/stripping. Nevertheless, systematic unravelling of downsized nucleation sites and spatial distribution along with manifesting active Zn loss mechanism, remains scant yet imperative. Herein the atomic Sn encapsulated in hollow carbon spheres is proposed (At‐Sn@HCN) as interphase combined with in situ optical microscope for visualizing the active Zn loss. The atomic‐level Sn serves as robust nucleation sites to minimize nucleation barrier while the hollow architecture homogenizes the local charge distribution. Consequently, dense Zn deposition is visualized with neglected Zn loss for At‐Sn@HCN, in sharp contrast to hollow carbon spheres (HCN) and bulk Sn‐loaded HCN visualizing dead Zn formation and interphase peeling off, respectively. Consequently, the full cells achieve prolonged cycling under anode‐lean configuration for 500 cycles, and even can be stably operated under negative to positive areal capacity ratio of 2.2 with alleviated decay rate, superior to those of most reported literatures. These findings open up new horizons for practical deployment of Zn metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength distributions of charge exchange spin-dipole excitations are calculated in the continuum quasiparticle random-phase approximation based on the Fayans density functional with modified isovector part. An impact of the isovector parameter of the DF3-f functional on the strength functions of charge-exchange spin-dipole excitations ( , , ) are studied for Pb, Sn and Zr. The sum rules are calculated using both ground state radii and direct integration of the total SD strength distributions. A comparison with the experimental SD sum rule in Zr gives one a possibility to check previously estimated values which described well the recent combined estimate for in Pb and corresponding equation of state parameters – symmetry energy and a slope parameter . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-consistent method for studying second-order anharmonic effects on the basis of many-body quantum field theory is applied for the first time in calculating probabilities for 1 transitions between the ground state and the two-phonon state in the semimagic tin isotopes Sn. The approach used involves taking into account (i) self-consistency of the nuclear mean field and effective interaction on the basis of the energy density functional method with the parameters of the Fayans functional DF3-a, which were earlier found to provide good results; (ii) ground-state three-quasiparticle correlations; and (iii) nuclear-polarizablility effects. Good agreement with available experimental data, including those for Sn, is obtained. Values of ( 1) are predicted for Sn even–even nuclei. It is shown that dynamical ground-state three-quasiparticle correlations make a substantial contribution to the reduced probabilities for the 1 transitions in question, so that their inclusion is necessary for explaining experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surface dose in megavoltage photon radiotherapy has a significant clinical impact on the skin‐sparing effect. In previously published works, it was established that the presence of medium atomic number (Z) absorbers, such as tin, decreases the surface dose. It was concluded that high‐Z absorbers, such as lead, increase the surface dose, relative to medium‐Z absorbers, due to the increased contributions from photoelectrons and electron‐positron pairs. Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to revisit these conclusions in the context of photon beams from modern linacs. Methods: A metric estimating the relative intensity of charged particles emitted in the forward direction, If${I}_f$, was proposed using cross‐sections for the photon interactions. The If${I}_f$ values were calculated for various absorbers using energy spectra of 6 and 10 MV photon beams from a Varian TrueBeam linac. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed using TOPAS MC code to calculate the surface dose for various absorbers. Surface dose measurements were performed with 6 and 10 MV photon beams with tin and lead absorbers. Results: The If${I}_f$ values were found to decrease as a function of Z for both 6 and 10 MV photon beams indicating that the surface dose from electrons emitted in the forward direction consistently decreases with increasing Z. With the increasing Z of the absorbers, both experimental and MC‐calculated surface dose decreased without exhibiting a minimum at medium‐Z absorbers. The surface dose for lead and tin was determined to be within 1% of each other for both 6 and 10 MV photon beams using MC simulations and experimental measurements. Therefore, no statistically significant difference in surface dose was found between the tin and lead absorbers disproving the presence of any minima in the surface dose versus the Z curve as has been reported in the literature. Conclusions: Surface dose for modern photon beams can be reduced using both medium and high Z absorbers since a consistent decrease in surface dose was found with increasing absorber Z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meso‐octaalkylcalix[4]pyrrolates are a class of redox‐active porphyrinogen ligands. They have been well established in d‐ and f‐block chemistry for over three decades but have only recently been introduced as ligands for p‐block elements. Here, we present a study on the influence of meso‐substituents on the redox chemistry of calix[4]pyrrolato stannate(II) dianions [2R]2− (R=Me, Et). Expansion of the normal‐mode structural decomposition (NSD) method, well known for porphyrin chemistry, provides insights into the ligand conformation of a calix[4]pyrrolato p‐block complex. Combined with the results of spectroscopic donor scaling, electrochemical studies, and quantum mechanical bond analysis tools, subtle but significant substitution and conformational effects on the electronic structure are revealed. Exploiting this knowledge rationalizes the role of this class of tin(II) dianions to act as potent reducing agents, but can also be expanded for other central elements. Photoexcitation boosts this reactivity further, allowing for the reduction of even challenging chlorobenzene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dose optimization in computed tomography (CT) is crucial, especially in CT fluoroscopy (fluoro-CT) used for real-time navigation, affecting both patient and operator safety. This study evaluated the impact of spectral X-ray filtering using a tin filter (Sn filter), and a method called partial-angle computed tomography (PACT), which involves segmentally switching off the X-ray tube current at the ambient dose rate H ˙ * (10) at the interventional radiologist's (IR) position. Measurements were taken at two body regions (upper body: head/neck; lower body: lower legs/feet) using a 120 kV X-ray tube voltage, 3 × 5.0 mm CT collimation, 0.5 s rotation speed, and X-ray tube currents of 43 Eff.mAs (without Sn filter) and 165 Eff.mAs (with Sn filter). The study found significant dose reductions in both body regions when using the Sn filter and PACT together. For instance, in the upper body region, the combination protocol reduced H ˙ * (10) from 11.8 µSv/s to 6.1 µSv/s (p < 0.0001) compared to the protocol without using these features. Around 8% of the reduction (about 0.5 µSv/s) is attributed to the Sn filter (p = 0.0005). This approach demonstrates that using the Sn filter along with PACT effectively minimizes radiation exposure for the IR, particularly protecting areas like the head/neck, which can only be insufficiently covered by (standard) radiation protection material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews and categorizes the structures of tin oxo clusters with nuclearities ≥6 and compares them with oxo clusters of the other group 4 and 14 metals. Basic construction principles of the cluster core are worked out by comparing the different cluster types and by identifying smaller building blocks. The comparison also shows how the different cluster types are influenced by the interplay between the ligands which stabilize the cluster core and the bridging oxygen atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring new methods and protocols for synthesizing tin (II) sulfate (SnSO4) with low energy and time consumption is of significant industrial importance. We have developed synthesis protocols involving critical parameters, such as oxygen gas flow, sulfuric acid concentration and heating temperature dan time, aimed at yielding a high purity of SnSO4 precipitate. Our findings indicate that oxygen gas flow significantly enhances the synthesis process, resulting in a high yield of pure SnSO4 precipitate. The optimal synthesis conditions were identified as 180 °C for 2 h under continuous oxygen gas flow. This research shows the most efficient synthesis time rather than any prior research. Under these conditions, an intermediate oxide formed, which subsequently reacted with 30 %wt sulfuric acid to produce the desired yellowish SnSO4 precipitate. The presence of tin (II) in the synthesized product was confirmed by the iodine test. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was employed to analyze the product's thermal stability. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a single-phase SnSO4 crystal structure with an average particle size of 666 nm. Additionally, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis confirmed the product's purity, showing a tin (II) sulfate content of 98.369 %. Further studies using the Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) confirmed the prismatic particle shape morphology of the SnSO4 crystals, with an average size of 3.473 µm. The developed synthesis protocol provides a facile and energy-efficient approach to synthesize pure SnSO4 material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed theoretical exploration of the stability of the Cu-based bimetallic Cu13-xMx and Cu55-xMx (x = 1–12 and M = In, Sn, Sb, Ni) nanoalloys. We focused on their geometrical structure, stability, and electronic properties. In the present study, we are interested in exploring the best suitable candidates that might be used for future catalytic studies. Indium atoms, preferentially, assemble on the edge site of the CuIn nanoparticle, while the Ni atoms prefer to be inside the CuNi nanoparticles. In addition, a core containing Ni atoms is found to be energetically more stable. Sn and Sb atoms refrain from being positioned inside the nanoparticles; they rather prefer to be located at their corners. Bader charge analysis showed that the outer layer atoms of all nanoparticles carry negative charges. This indicates that the charge accumulates on the surface. The density of states analysis showed that the doping by the Ni atoms has a significant impact on the electronic structure of the pure Cu55 cluster, due to the overlap of the Cu and Ni atoms 3d orbitals, while the alloying by the In, Sn, and Sb atoms brought no considerable vestige on the electronic structure of this substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the tin alloy module in the material phase diagram and thermodynamic simulation software JMatPro, the phase compositions of different components of Sn-Bi-Pb low melting point alloys with the same Sn content were simulated based on the phase diagrams of Sn-Bi, Sn-Pb, and Pb-Bi binary alloys, and the influence of alloying element content on the melting characteristics of the alloys was investigated, which was used for the optimization of the components and the obtaining of low melting point alloys with excellent melting characteristics. The microstructure and melting characteristics of the optimized alloys were characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetry Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), etc., and the influence of phase content on the mechanical properties was investigated. The results show that the Sn-Bi-Pb alloy possesses Sn-(Bi, Pb) phase, Bi-(Pb) phase and Pb7Bi3 intermetallic compound phase, and the simultaneous increase of the Bi element and decrease of the Pb element content to the Sn-Bi-Pb alloy obviously improves its tensile strength, but the elongation rate shows a decreasing trend, among which Sn50Bi30Pb has the optimal comprehensive performance, with a tensile strength of 38.60 MPa, an elongation of 61.13%, and a melting range of 94.0℃~100.6℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiN is an inevitable inclusion in high-titanium steel, and controlling its size and distribution is the key to balancing the wear resistance and service life of high-titanium steel. In this paper, the precipitation and distribution behavior of TiN in high-titanium steel ([Ti] > 0.4 wt pct) during near-continuous casting solidification were investigated using a self-developed dendritic horizontal growth thermal simulation device. The precipitation density of TiN was greater in the chill zone than in the stable growth zone (columnar zone), and TiN was mainly distributed in the secondary dendritic arms in the chill zone and mushy zone, while in the columnar zone, the quantity proportion of TiN distributed in the dendritic gaps increased. Moreover, the size distribution of TiN changes from unimodal to bimodal as solidification progresses. The equivalent diameter of TiN tends to increase with solidification time and then stabilizes at approximately 5 μm. The effects of the cooling rate on the growth rate and size of TiN are also revealed by using a modified model, which indicates that as the cooling rate increases from 0.5 °C/s to 100 °C/s, the final size of TiN decreases from 10.93 μm to approximately 0.77 μm. Moreover, thermodynamic calculations also indicated a significant impact of TiN precipitation on the localized N content during the solidification process. All the results indicate that reducing the N content and increasing the cooling rate are effective ways to reduce the TiN size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A printed circuit board (PCB) is an essential and central component of electronic waste and comprises majorly valuable metallic values (Sn, Pb, Cu). This study utilizes a short, fast-heating, low-temperature pyrolysis process to recover value-added tin-based alloy from spent cathode ray tube (CRT) PCB. The optimized process condition (550 °C, 10 minutes) resulted in ~ 62 wt pct solid, ~ 8.5 wt pct oil, and ~ 29.5 wt pct gas products. Sn recovery of ~ 75 pct in the Pb-Sn metallic droplet form with the purity of Sn + Pb ~ 85.2 pct at 550 °C within 10 minutes is obtained. Sn-based alloy does not form at 400 °C due to incomplete decomposition of the polymeric fraction and limited surface tension, as revealed by characterization. At higher temperatures (550 °C), the molten alloy spreads over the PCB Cu tracks due to enhanced wetting force, leading to diffusion of Sn in Cu and separation of Pb. The diffusion of Sn in Cu leads to the formation of intermetallics (Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5) at higher residence times and temperatures, inhibiting the recovery of the alloy. Further, the quenching causes spinodal decomposition, leading to a zebra stripe pattern in the alloy, and XPS confirmed the absence of Br in the alloy. The organic functional group disappears from the residual solid char with temperature, as revealed by FT-IR. The gaseous product comprises CH4, CO, CH3OH, C2H6, C2H4, and CO2 with gross heating value of ~ 310 kJ/m3. The pyrolyzed oil comprised ~ 60 pct phenol and phenolic compounds and can be re-utilized for synthesizing phenolic resins and epoxy resin. ~ 0.19 kg of Sn-based alloy (~ 85.2 pct purity) can be recovered from 1 kg of PCB as a feedstock for the tin-making industry and soldering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach for the thermal reduction of tin dioxide (SnO2) in the carbon/sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) system is demonstrated. The process of tin smelting was experimentally optimized by adjusting the smelting temperature and amounts of the chemical components used for the thermal reduction of SnO2. The numbers obtained are consistent with the thermodynamic characteristics of the system and molar fractions of reactants derived from the proposed mechanism of the SnO2 thermal reduction process. They reveal that the maximum yield of tin is obtained if masses of C, Na2SO3 and SnO2 are approximately in the ratio 1:2:3 and the temperature is set to 1050 °C. The key role in the suggested mechanism is the thermal decomposition of Na2SO3. It was deduced from the available experimental data that the produced sulfur dioxide undergoes carbothermic reduction to carbonyl sulfide—an intermediate product involved in the bulk reduction of SnO2. Replacing sodium sulfite with sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide and even elemental sulfur practically terminated the production of metallic tin. The kinetic analysis was focused on the determination of the reaction orders for the two crucial reactants involved in the smelting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sparation and recovery of tin, zinc and cadmium from tin smelting dust by sulfuric acid leaching--removing arsenic with oxidation hydrolysis--replacing cadmium with zinc powder were studied. And the effects of various factors on the sparation and recovery were investigated. The results show that the leaching rates of Zn and Cd are 93.25% and 89.35%, respectively, and the leaching rates of Sn are less than 0.1% under the conditions of initial sulfuric acid concentration of 15%, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 3:1, leaching time of 120 min and leaching temperature of 90 °C. When the amount of hydrogen peroxide is 2% and the control end point pH is 5, the mass concentration of As in the leaching solution can decrease to 0.1 mg/L after arsenic removal. Under the conditions of reaction temperature of 60 °C, dosage of zinc powder 1.0 times of the theoretical amount, stirring speed of 250 r/min and reaction time of 30 min, sponge cadmium with cadmium content above 95% is obtained. The process can realize efficient recovery and utilization of valuable metals in tin smelting dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific community is moving toward a green environment using several nontoxic photon‐absorbing materials like tin, germanium, antimony, and bismuth. Bismuth halides have essential advantages like low toxicity, Earth abundance, good chemical stability, and optoelectronic behavior which make them suitable for lead‐free perovskite solar cells. Herein, a streamlined one‐step spin‐coating technique is employed using DMF to enhance the morphology of thin films based on BiCl3 perovskite. The resulting thin films of methylammonium bismuth halide ((CH3NH3)3Bi2IxCl9−x) display a remarkably uniform, pinhole‐free, and finely nanostructured morphology, ensuring consistent surface coverage. For the development of hole conductor‐free Bi‐perovskite solar cells (PSCs), carbon is utilized as both counter electrode and hole extraction layer. The device configuration entails FTO/Compact TiO2/meso‐TiO2/((CH3NH3)3Bi2IxCl9−x)/Carbon/FTO, a novel arrangement for Bi‐PSCs. Notably, the fabricated devices demonstrate commendable photovoltaic properties, including Voc of 280 mV, Jsc of 0.25 mA, fill factor of 0.60, and a notably elevated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.042% which has proven significantly advantageous in achieving higher PCE. Furthermore, the fabricated devices exhibit robust chemical stability over 40 d when exposed to an ambient atmosphere without encapsulation. The solar cells retain 25% of their initial PCE after 168 h, further highlighting their durability and suitability for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy atoms can form highly coordinated states, and their optical properties have attracted much attention. Recently, we have demonstrated that a reversible coordination-number shift of hypervalent tin(IV) from five to six can provide predictable hypsochromic shifts in light absorption and emission properties in small molecules and a π-conjugated polymer film. Herein, we show the preparation of seven-coordinated tin and reveal that the binding constant of the seven coordination with ethylenediamine (EDA, K = 2900 M−1) is 200 times higher than that of six coordination with propylamine (PA, K = 14 M−1) owing to the chelate effect. Moreover, reversible vapochromism of the π-conjugated polymer film was observed upon exposure (λabs = 598 nm and λPL = 697 nm) and desorption (λabs = 641 nm and λPL = 702 nm) of EDA vapor. Furthermore, as a unique demonstration, the thermochromic film was prepared by fixing the seven coordination as the initial state using 1,10-phenanthroline. These optical variations are predictable by quantum chemical calculations. Our findings are valuable for the development of designable and controllable stimuli-responsive materials focusing on the inherent properties of the elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The σ-stannyl complexes [M(SnnBu3)(CO)n(η5-C5H5)] (n = 3, M = Mo, W; n = 2, M = Fe) serve as mild reagents for the installation of σ-arsolyl ligands in transmetallation reactions with As-chloro-arsoles ClAsC4R4 (R = Me, Ph) to afford [M(σ-AsC4R4)(CO)n(η5-C5H5)]. The reaction of [Cr(SnnBu3)(CO)3(η5-C5H5)] with ClAsC4Ph4 most likely proceeds in a similar manner but is immediately followed by rapid formation of (AsC4Ph4)2 and [Cr2(CO)6(η5-C5H5)2]. The reaction of [Mo(SnnBu3)(CO)3(η5-C5H5)] with ClAsC4(SiMe3)-2,5-Me2-3,4 is accompanied by monodesilylation to afford [Mo{σ-AsC4(SiMe3)-2-Me2-3,4}(CO)3(η5-C5H5)]. The slow reaction of [Fe(SnnBu3)(CO)2(η5-C5H5)] with ClAsC4Me4 produced only traces of [Fe(σ-AsC4Me4)(CO)2(η5-C5H5)] due to competition with the Diels–Alder type dimerisation of the haloarsole. Although attempts to decarbonylate the σ-arsolyl complexes were unsuccessful, computational analysis suggests that the trigonal 'XL' arsolenium coordination mode is viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bis(ferrocenyl)stannylene, whose ferrocenyl ligands contain sterically demanding substituents, Fc*2Sn (1; Fc*=2,5‐bis(3,5‐di‐t‐butylphenyl)‐1‐ferrocenyl), has been synthesized as a monomeric diorganostannylene. Stannylene 1 undergoes a ligand‐redistribution reaction with SnCl2 to give the corresponding chloro(ferrocenyl)stannylene, Fc*(Cl)Sn:. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This study explores the development of nanocomposites by incorporating multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), titanium nitride (TiN), and cubic boron nitride (c‐BN) nano powders into photo‐polymer epoxy resins for use in Stereolithography (SLA) additive manufacturing. Mechanical and thermal properties were systematically investigated to assess their performance. Initially, MWCNT, TiN, and c‐BN nano powders were homogeneously mixed with the resin to ensure uniformity. The resulting mixtures were then processed using SLA technology to evaluate production quality and material performance. The study revealed significant improvements in mechanical and thermal properties compared to pure resin, aligning with previous research outcomes. Specifically, the incorporation of MWCNT led to a notable enhancement in thermal conductivity, showing an increase of 24.21% as the thermal conductivity coefficient increased from 0.19 to 2.36 W/m·k. On the other hand, c‐BN significantly boosted mechanical strength, resulting in a substantial 20.45% increase as the shore D hardness went from 88.53 to 106.64. These findings highlight the promising potential of nanocomposites across various industries including electronics, aerospace, automotive, construction, medical devices, and manufacturing. Developed nanocomposites with MWCNT, TiN, and c‐BN in SLA resin. c‐BN increased hardness by 20.45%, proving its effectiveness in composites. MWCNT enhanced thermal conductivity by 24.21%, boosting material performance. Pioneering use of TiN and c‐BN in SLA, addressing gaps in existing research. Applications span electronics, aerospace, automotive and medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently reconciling the substantial volume strain with maintaining the stabilities of both interfacial protection and three‐dimensional (3D) conductive networks is a scientific and technical challenge in developing tin‐based anodes for sodium ion storage. To address this issue, a proof‐of‐concept self‐adaptive protection for the Sn anode is designed, taking advantage of the arbitrary substrate growth of graphdiyne. This protective layer, employing a flexible chain doping strategy, combines the benefits of 2D graphdiyne and linear chain structures to achieve 2D mechanical stability, electronic and ion conductions, ion selectivity, adequate elongation, and flexibility. It establishes close contact with the Sn particles and can adapt to dynamic size changes while effectively facilitating both electronic and ion transports. It successfully mitigates the detrimental effects of particle pulverization and coarsening induced by large‐volume changes. The as‐obtained Sn electrodes demonstrate exceptional stability, enduring 1800 cycles at a high current density of 2.5 A g−1. This strategy promises to address the general issues associated with large‐strain electrodes in next‐generation of high‐energy‐density batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]