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Last few decades observed decrease in the quality of the extracted crude oil. Moreover, heavy crudes are cumbersome to refine with conventional processes due to the production of high sulfur residues and low light distillates. Their combustion also generates significant pollutants including particulates, sulfur and nitrous oxides. Gasification is a potential pathway for the declining quality of the crude oil and avoiding environmentally harmful residuals. Here, the technical viability of gasifying different crude oil was investigated with numerical and equilibrium analysis, and the output performance was compared to the gasification of baseline coal. The equilibrium model is based on elemental mass and energy conservations. The assessment of the influence of different parameters such as equivalence ratio, crude oil type and operating temperature on the efficiency of the gasification process was conducted. Results reveal a high gasification efficiency ~ 77% which surpasses the coal efficiency (~ 73%). Furthermore, similar sensitivity trend was observed for both fuels with varying moderator and oxidizer conditions. Devolatilization kinetics of crude oil was determined to run high-fidelity gasification. The third order Coats-Redfern provided the best fit method with dual kinetics for the activation energies and frequency factors of 463.648 kJ/mole and 1.455E+56 s−1, 276.408 kJ/mole and 3.325E+20 s−1 and 96.281 kJ/mole and 5.186E+03 s−1 for the light-, semi- and heavy crudes, respectively. Furthermore, gasification economics assessment of crude oils was conducted given their technical viability and environmental advantages. Using the current crude oil price of about $80/barrel ($0.588/kg) and considering the local sensible energy price in UAE (i.e., 38 fils/kWh) (~ $0.10354/kWh), the process shows potential economic viability between 1150 °C and 1300 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of Thiourea Cadmium hydrogen borate (TCHB), a hybrid nonlinear optical (NLO) material, are grown from an aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique at ambient temperature. Characterization studies have been conducted to probe the nonlinear effects of the crystal. The crystalline nature of TCHB is explored using the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The chemical composition is resolved by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. UV–Vis spectral studies analyze the transparency of the crystal. Optical studies illustrate the UV cut-off wavelength to be 285 nm with wide window of transparency in the infrared and visible regions. The optical and electrical conductivity studies indicate superior optical response essential for optical computing and photonic applications. The Kurtz powder test has confirmed the NLO capability. The thermal stability is analyzed through a thermogravimetric study. Dielectric and AC conductivity measurements carried out over a wide range of frequencies (100 Hz to 5 MHz) for various temperatures establish the semiconducting and photonic capacity of TCBH crystal to be used as photodiodes, optical fibres and laser lights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, environmental groups and policymakers are focusing on waste recycling to create economic value and on the decomposition of waste by leveraging on scarce resources. This work, therefore, explores the thermal decomposition of enhanced biodegradable polymer matrices made from a mixture of discarded Phoenix dactylifera L./high-density polyethylene (PD/HDPE) using the machine learning analysis of experimental data. The experimental results of these samples were obtained via thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis under an oxidation–free environment, with heating rates of 10, 20, and 40 °C·min−1 and a degradation temperature range from 25 to 600 °C. The TGA analyses revealed the continued dependence of the actual percentage weight loss by these materials as a test function of the degradation temperature, shifting thermograms to temperature maxima consistent with increasing heating rates. Although high-density polyethylene (HDPE) materials were found to be thermally more stable than Phoenix dactylifera L. (PD) materials, PD/HDPE composite materials contained a significant amount of residual ash. Using a machine learning deep neural network approach for this process, significantly improved learning algorithms have been developed, which reduces the overall cost function (residual error) to almost zero (0.025) after just over a million iterations (epochs) and provides predictions that overlap with the experimental results ( R 2 ~ 1 ). Learning algorithms, along with optimized synaptic weights and biases, were employed to predict the behaviour of PD materials based on experimental thermograms conducted at higher degradation temperatures, typically ranging between 600 and 1000 °C. Predicted data using the enhanced learning algorithms completely overlapped the experiments ( R 2 ~ 1 ) for these higher degradation temperatures with near unity correlation if the decomposition of the materials continued until the residue was attained. With this approach, it is possible to predict and optimize the thermal characteristics of PD and HDPE with greater efficiency, which reduces the need for multiple design iterations and experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces an innovative approach to developing carbon-negative Ultra-High-Performance fiber-reinforced Concrete (UHPC) by incorporating substantial quantities of biochar, both as a binder and as an aggregate, replacing up to 25% by weight of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and quartz sand (QS). The study examines the impact of biochar on cement hydration processes, microstructure evolution, and various other performance metrics in the modified UHPC. Samples were formulated with 3% double-hooked steel fibers and biochar quantities ranging from 5 to 25% by weight as substitutes for OPC and QS. The investigation included assessments of changes in rheological properties, strength metrics, long-term shrinkage, resistance to sulfate attacks, freeze-thaw durability, microstructure analysis, and a cost-benefit evaluation. Test results indicated that biochar-incorporated samples exhibited up to a 20% increase in heat evolution by the end of the seventh day and plastic energy at 28 days that rose to 32.14% as compared to control samples in 20% biochar-augmented versions. Shrinkage reduction varied between 58 and 69% at 210 days for samples with 20% biochar. Specifically, the mix containing 20% biochar (G2-M5-BC-20) significantly improved the 90-day compressive and flexural strength by 8.9 and 9.3%, and 30.6 and 36.8%, respectively, while further inclusion of biochar showed no marked enhancement in performance metrics. The G2-M5-BC-20 mix also demonstrated excellent resistance to sulfate attacks and freeze-thaw cycles, exhibiting the least mass loss and highest residual compressive strength. An initial cost-benefit revealed that biochar-enhanced UHPC could offer compelling financial benefits. Given its mechanical behavior, potential for harmful CO2 emissions, and economic viability, the G2-M5-BC-20 mix emerged as the most promising formulation, potentially generating an overall profit of $36 per cubic meter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of the sodium salt of mesotrione, namely, catena-poly[[sodium-μ3-2-[(4-methanesulfonyl-2-nitrophenyl)carbonyl]-3-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-olato] ethanol monosolvate], {[Na(C14H12NO7S)]C2H5OH}n, is described. The X-ray structural analysis results reveal that the coordination sphere is established by two chelating O atoms, the O atom of the coordinated ethanol molecule, and an O atom from the methylsulfonyl group of a neighboring molecule. Simultaneously, an O atom of the cyclohexane fragment serves as a bridge to a neighboring sodium ion, forming a flat Na–O–Na–O quadrangle, thereby forming a mono-periodic polymer. The structure displays O—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...O short contacts. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data indicate that the sodium salt of mesotrione decomposes in four stages.

The article introduces a cost-effective and user-friendly alternative to traditional pyrolysis techniques, obviating the necessity for intricate tube furnaces and inert gas environments. This novel approach employs materials capable of reacting with and sequestering oxygen to establish an oxygen-depleted atmosphere. The experimental setup entails positioning a crucible containing the sample inside a ceramic pot, enveloped by varying sizes of wood coal particles, and subsequently subjecting the ceramic pot to furnace conditions. Utilizing this oxygen-limited strategy, a biochar sample, derived via hydrothermal processing, underwent carbonization at 650°C for 6.5 hours, with outcomes compared against ambient condition carbonization under identical temperature and duration parameters. Gravimetric analysis revealed that wood coal effectively curtails oxygen availability, augmenting biochar yield from 1.53 % to 19.50 %. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicates diminished oxygen functional groups, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) affirmed a denser, compact carbon structure in biochar produced under oxygen-restricted conditions versus ambient conditions. The carbon content percentage in biochar samples treated at 650°C for 6.5 hours under both conditions was assessed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data. The emergence of a novel carbon nanomaterial, derived from biomass waste through our oxygen-limiting method, may exhibits applications in energy storage and water purification. Our approach offers simplicity, cost-efficiency, and straightforward implementation while upholding the integrity of pyrolysis/thermal treatment within inert conditions, ensuring the robustness of the procedure.

The crystal structure of the sodium salt of mesotrione, namely, catena-poly-[[sodium-μ3-2-[(4-methanesulfonyl-2-nitrophenyl)carbonyl]-3-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-olato] ethanol monosolvate], {[Na(C14H12NO7S)]C2H5OH}n, is described. The X-ray structural analysis results reveal that the coordination sphere is established by two chelating O atoms, the O atom of the coordinated ethanol molecule, and an O atom from the methylsulfonyl group of a neighboring molecule. Simultaneously, an O atom of the cyclohexane fragment serves as a bridge to a neighboring sodium ion, forming a flat Na-O-Na-O quadrangle, thereby forming a mono-periodic polymer. The structure displays O--H…O hydrogen bonds and C--H…O short contacts. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data indicate that the sodium salt of mesotrione decomposes in four stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, environmental groups and policymakers are focusing on waste recycling to create economic value and on the decomposition of waste by leveraging on scarce resources. This work, therefore, explores the thermal decomposition of enhanced biodegradable polymer matrices made from a mixture of discarded Phoenix dactylifera L./high-density polyethylene (PD/HDPE) using the machine learning analysis of experimental data. The experimental results of these samples were obtained via thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis under an oxidation–free environment, with heating rates of 10, 20, and 40 °C·min−1 and a degradation temperature range from 25 to 600 °C. The TGA analyses revealed the continued dependence of the actual percentage weight loss by these materials as a test function of the degradation temperature, shifting thermograms to temperature maxima consistent with increasing heating rates. Although high-density polyethylene (HDPE) materials were found to be thermally more stable than Phoenix dactylifera L. (PD) materials, PD/HDPE composite materials contained a significant amount of residual ash. Using a machine learning deep neural network approach for this process, significantly improved learning algorithms have been developed, which reduces the overall cost function (residual error) to almost zero (0.025) after just over a million iterations (epochs) and provides predictions that overlap with the experimental results (R2~1). Learning algorithms, along with optimized synaptic weights and biases, were employed to predict the behaviour of PD materials based on experimental thermograms conducted at higher degradation temperatures, typically ranging between 600 and 1000 °C. Predicted data using the enhanced learning algorithms completely overlapped the experiments (R2~1) for these higher degradation temperatures with near unity correlation if the decomposition of the materials continued until the residue was attained. With this approach, it is possible to predict and optimize the thermal characteristics of PD and HDPE with greater efficiency, which reduces the need for multiple design iterations and experimentation.

Conjugated molecular materials with fused rings are of considerable interest in area of organic electronics, because of their excellent charge carrier mobility and high stability. A highly Conjugated new Schiff base molecules have been designed, synthesized from p-hydroxyacetophenone, 1-naphthaldehyde and o-dianisidine, and characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques such as FT IR, NMR and Mass Spectral studies. DFT studies are performed to optimise the geometry of the molecule to study the electronic properties. From the DFT studies, the energy gap between first singlet and triplet excited state are found to be 0.102 eV, the value confirmed that molecule possessed better intersystem crossing ability. In order to evaluate the photostability of the molecule, the photophysical properties in various solvents (DMF, DMSO, acetonitrile, and ethanol) at different intervals of time were investigated systematically to demonstrate the relationships between molecular structures and photophysical properties. The results obtained indicated that the molecule showed good stability towards in DMSo medium as compared to the other solvents. The studies of electronic, optical and structural properties of the compound SB proves it to be a more efficient functional photovoltaic organic materials.

Novel water-soluble complex polysaccharides (CPS) were obtained from Pteridium aquilinum and Dryopteris filix-mas. The yield of CPS was determined to be 4.161%-5.677%. As a result of the physicochemical composition, the CPS contained 12.10–13.65% moisture, 1.983–2.686% protein, 0.123–0.916% lipids and 12.06–21.52% ash. In HPLC analysis, sugar components of the samples (glucose+fructose+saccharose+maltose+lactose) ranged between 35.85–40.98%. Peaks of the fingerprint region specific for polysaccharides were identified during FT-IR analysis. DSC analysis showed that the glassy transition temperature of the DFR sample was higher than in the other three samples. A double cold crystallization peak was detected in all samples. During TGA analysis, the CPS samples exhibited a small amount of mass loss (1.2–1.85%) between 0 and 100 °C, and the DTGmax.p1 region continued up to 215–230 °C. These findings indicate that the four types of polysaccharides have excellent thermal stability (up to 230 °C) and are applicable to high-temperature food processing.

Natural or synthetic substances can be used to create smart medications, which can enhance cognitive performance in healthy individuals. They are frequently used to boost memory, concentration, creativity, intelligence, and motivation in the fiercely competitive world of today.To achieve optimum results, the drug should be applied to the target site at the appropriate concentration, with as few or no adverse effects as possible due to off-target actions. Recent studies have shown that such drugs, which are often used in chemotherapy, can reduce the level of discomfort cancer patients endure. In this study, metal complexes that can carry silver nanoparticles with electrical and optical properties were formed. This article examines the potential of man-made silver N-heterocyclic complexes as smart drugs. Following the synthesis of new carbene species from the Xthantine compound, metal complexes were produced for this use. The chemical structures of these carbenes and metal complexes were investigated using a variety of methods, including melting point studies, conductivity, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, LC-Mass, FT-IR, TGA, and UV-vis spectrophotometry. These metal complexes differ mostly due to their solubility in water. Using the disk diffusion method, the antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of silver(I)-NHC complexes were examined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. It has been observed that the antimicrobial activity of 7,9-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-9-ium silver(I)bromide compound is high. These data suggest that this compound has strong antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the reduction of technology nodes to less than 10 nm, ruthenium (Ru) has emerged as a viable replacement for copper (Cu) for back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) interconnects. Good surface uniformity while maintaining an appropriate thickness of Ru is required during the fabrication process, which can be achieved by employing the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process. However, a crucial step in the CMP process is to attain reasonable removal rates of high-mechanical-strength and chemically inert metals such as Ru. Hence, this study investigates a competent CMP slurry comprising potassium iodate (KIO3) as an oxidizer and fumed silica as an abrasive for polishing Ru. The polishing results show that adding KIO3 to fumed silica modifies the silica particles, thereby enhancing the removal rates of the metal. thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) characterization confirm the modification of the silica particles by KIO3 as an oxidizer. The studies reveal that the abrasive concentration usage was reduced to 60% due to silica modification. The surface morphology of the treated metal surface was evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). No adsorbed contamination or pitting is observed on the metal surface. The inhibition effect of 1,2,3-benzotriazole (BTA) was investigated in detail by performing potentiodynamic polarization experiments. The nature of the metal dissolution in KIO3 was investigated by examining the effect of solution temperature on the etch rates. The thermodynamic process of the system was found to be endothermic in nature, and the dissolution followed an associative mechanism. The results reported in this paper reveal that the proposed slurry can be used to significantly improve Ru polishing efficiency and provide desired selectivity without compromising the surface quality of the metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate how properties of lignin derived from the bio-ethanol industry, affect the chemical and high-temperature characteristics of bitumen–lignin blends. Two types of lignin, fermentation residue lignin (FRL) and isolated lignin (IL) obtained from bio-ethanol residue were analyzed for morphology, thermal stability, elemental composition, and chemical structure. These lignin materials were used to partially replace base bitumen at weight percentages of 5, 10, and 15%. Subsequently, the resulting blends were evaluated for their elemental composition, physical properties (such as softening point, viscosity, and Superpave rutting parameter), and thermal stability. The study revealed that both FRL and IL materials were characterized by spherical particles with rough surfaces. Although the addition of FRL and IL did not notably alter the Hydrogen-to-Carbon ratio of the bitumen, it did elevate the overall content of heteroatoms, including Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur. This partial replacement of bitumen with FRL and IL led to increased softening point, viscosity, and Superpave rutting parameter of the base bitumen. Crucially, thermal analysis demonstrated that there were no adverse effects on thermal stability within the temperature range pertinent to pavement construction. The observed stiffening of the FRL and IL partially replaced bitumen blends across various tests can be attributed to several factors. These factors encompass aging during blending, Van der Waal's interactions between bitumen and lignin materials due to the rough surface, polar interactions arising from the higher heteroatoms content, and the presence of phenolic functional group, which serve as antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW), a by-product of the olive oil industry, each year is generated millions of tons all over Mediterranean countries. Uncontrolled disposal of the OMW leads to massive environmental problems including soil and water pollution. In this experimental study, the OMW was used to partly replace clean water for getting prepared formaldehyde solution. Then, phenol and formaldehyde solutions were synthesized under alkali conditions to obtain more green phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin. The effect of the OMW substitution level on the chemical and thermal properties of PF resin was examined by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, respectively. Moreover, the bonding strength of each PF resin was evaluated under dry and wet conditions. It was found that FT-IR measurements showed that the PF resin containing various amounts of the OMW had a chemical structure very similar to the PF resin. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the low‐molecular‐weight organics in the OMW had negatively affected the thermal stability of the modified PF resins. In addition, the wood samples bonded with the PF resin containing up to 30 wt% OMW met the minimum requirements of interior and exterior bonding performance according to standard EN 12765. The OMW could be replaced by clean water up to 30 wt% for the production of green phenolic resin.

An effective non-covalent compatibilization method for graphite and low-density polyethylene is reported. To obtain this result, pyren-1-yl-stearate (P1S) was synthesized, characterized and mixed with graphite to provide a better dispersion in polyethylene matrix. The P1S improves the dispersion of carbon filler in polyethylene through non-covalent compatibilization: the pyrenyl group gives π−π stacking interactions with graphite and the stearyl chain provides van der Waals interaction with the polymer chain (specifically London dispersion forces). In this study, different P1S/graphite fillers were prepared with a ratio by weight of 90/10 and 50/50, respectively, by using manual and ball-milling mixing. Their stability, interaction and morphology were evaluated through TGA, RX, and SEM. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that ball-milling mixing is more effective than manual mixing in promoting π−π stacking interactions of molecules such as P1S ester containing an alkyl chain and aromatic rings. The role of ball milling is confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements since it was possible to observe both exfoliation and intercalation phenomena when this technique was used to mix the P1S ester with graphite. SEM analyses of polyethylene containing 1% of the carbon fillers again highlighted the importance of ball milling to promote the interaction of the ester with graphite and, simultaneously, the importance of the alkyl chain in order to achieve polyethylene-graphite compatibilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in wood plastic composites (WPCs) has increased in recent years. The utilization of environmentally friendly materials has been of great significance due to the overwhelming pressure on nature. As a widely used material, plastic is, however, easily combustible due to its structure. In this study, WPCs were reinforced with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The effect of higher content of ZnO nanoparticles (1, 3, 5, 10 %) on WPCs thermal stability and fire performance was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) clearly demonstrated that nanoparticles acted as a shield, which inhibited heat transfer and increased the degradation temperature thanks to covering the surface of materials. Free radicals accelerated the thermal degradation of neat-HDPE (high-density polyethylene) by oxidative reactions, while ZnO nanoparticles reduced the degradation velocity. Moreover, the increase in nanoparticle content significantly affected the residue. The fire performance of WPCs was also investigated by the limit oxygen index (LOI) test. While neat-HDPE flamed with dripping, ZnO nanoparticles made flaming difficult for WPCs. Therefore, the LOI values increased with increasing nanoparticle content up to 28.5 %, which indicated the need for more oxygen. The improvement reached up to 54 % compared to neat HDPE. Moreover, the char forming was also improved, which helped enhance the fire resistance. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation indicated that nanoparticles were well dispersed in the matrix. However, the tendency to agglomerate increased with the increase of concentration. The ability of carbonization of wood fiber surface during the combustion also contributed to improving thermal stability and fire performance.

Totally six composite bio-films were produced through a simple solution casting technique by varying the weight percentage (0, 5, 10,15, 20, 25 wt.%%) of the filler material (ground nutshell (GNS) powder) and matrix (Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)). Before making the bio-film GNS was characterized through particle size analysis and chemical analysis. Composite biofilms were characterized by X-ray Diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis and tensile testing. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis results established that complete dispersion of GNS in PVA. X-ray Diffraction analysis results pronounced that the crystallinity index of the films was improved when increasing in the filler content. Derivative thermogravimetric curve was also visualized that maximum degradation temperature of the films was improved from 287°C (Controlled PVA) to 337°C (25% GNS/PVA Film). The tensile strength of the bio-films was increased and elongation at break of the bio-films was decreased while increasing the GNS content. The obtained results were clearly showed that the PVA/GNS composite bio-films were suitable materials to produce packaging applications.

The goal of this work was to evaluate the fire-protection attributes after treating wood with crude acidic carbonate solutions from a natural source. A broader aim of this project was to find ways to increase the period of usefulness of wooden objects, thus contributing to a sustainable society. In this context, samples of scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood with insecticides, fungi, insects+fungi, samples were taken, and sea mussel (Chamelea gallina) powders were impregnated at different solution concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%) according to ASTM D 1413 76 principles. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out. Although there were no significant changes in the initial temperature, the turning point temperature, or the final temperature values compared to the control groups, the percent weight loss and percent residue amount increased in all the impregnated group periods. Although there was little change in some groups due to the heterogeneity and anatomical structure of the wood, the percentage of residue decreased as the percentage of weight loss increased. Compared to the control sample, the second highest adhesion was observed in 3% cork pine wood (0.81%), weight loss (65.7%), and the amount of residue was 22.0%. Based on the TGA results, mussel shell was found to delay the combustion.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal stability and the decomposition kinetics of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) composite samples loaded with and without lead powder (50, 100, and 200 phr lead) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA was carried out at different heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min) under inert conditions in the temperature range of 50–650 °C. Lead addition did not significantly change the onset temperature or peak position corresponding to the maximum decomposition rate of the first derivative of the TGA curve (DTGA) (onset at about 455 °C and Tm at about 475 °C). Peak separation for the DTGA curves indicated that the main decomposition region for EPDM, the host rubber, overlapped the main decomposition region for volatile components. The decomposition activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponent factor (A) were estimated using the Friedman (FM), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) iso-conversional methods. Average activation energy values of around 231, 230, and 223 kJ/mol were obtained for the EPDM host composite using the FM, FWO, and KAS methods, respectively. For a sample loaded with 100 phr lead, the average activation energy values obtained via the same three methods were 150, 159, and 155 kJ/mole, respectively. The results obtained from the three methods were compared with results obtained using the Kissinger and Augis–Bennett/Boswell methods, and strong convergence was found among the results of the five methods. A significant change in the entropy of the sample was detected with the addition of lead powder. For the KAS method, the change in entropy, ΔS, was −3.7 for EPDM host rubber and −90 for a sample loaded with 100 phr lead, α = 0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, novel triazine-based chalcone ligand (1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-((4-((4-nitrophenyl)amino)-6-phenoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy)phenyl) prop-2-en-1-one) (DNPP) is synthesized and used in metal complexes synthesis which contains iron, copper, nickel, and zinc. 1H NMR and IR spectrum of DNPP confirms the formation of the product. UV-Visible spectrum shows a peak around 400–500 nm for d-d transition. SEM with EDX shows the metal complexes is in crystalline state with the size in the range of 20–50 nm. TGA analysis shows the synthesized compound is highly stable and the residue content confirms the presence of metal in the molecular structure. Antioxidant were found out to be <50 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW), a by-product of the olive oil industry, each year is generated millions of tons all over Mediterranean countries. Uncontrolled disposal of the OMW leads to massive environmental problems including soil and water pollution. In this experimental study, the OMW was used to partly replace clean water for getting prepared formaldehyde solution. Then, phenol and formaldehyde solutions were synthesized under alkali conditions to obtain more green phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin. The effect of the OMW substitution level on the chemical and thermal properties of PF resin was examined by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, respectively. Moreover, the bonding strength of each PF resin was evaluated under dry and wet conditions. It was found that FT-IR measurements showed that the PF resin containing various amounts of the OMW had a chemical structure very similar to the PF resin. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the low‐molecular‐weight organics in the OMW had negatively affected the thermal stability of the modified PF resins. In addition, the wood samples bonded with the PF resin containing up to 30 wt% OMW met the minimum requirements of interior and exterior bonding performance according to standard EN 12765. The OMW could be replaced by clean water up to 30 wt% for the production of green phenolic resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastes have been widely used worldwide in the construction industry as a pozzolana aiming to reduce Portland cement utilization and to produce economical, energy-efficient, and environment-friendly concrete. Fly ash is a well-recognized and extensively used pozzolana in concrete, whereas pumice has been scarcely used for this purpose. This study intends to experimentally investigate the beneficial utilization of textile industry waste-derived pumice powder (PP) and its comparison with Fly Ash (FA) in concrete. A total of ten mixes of concrete were prepared with PP, FA, and their ternary mixes (PF) by replacing cement with 15 %, 25 %, and 35 %, respectively. The results show that PP possesses higher pozzolanic potential attributed to the presence of higher content of amorphous silica (SiO2) as detected in the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test and justified by the Strength Activity Index (SAI). Moreover, the addition of both pozzolana enhances rheological properties along with the workability of fresh concrete. In the case of Mechanical properties, the inclusion of 25 % PP shows better performance among all mixes, whereas FA mixes gain strength in later ages. Furthermore, the hydration products assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis justified the formation of secondary hydration products and higher pozzolanic potential of PP.

Biomass energy contributes nearly 14% of the total global energy. Therefore, biomass briquettes can be effectively considered an alternate source of fossil fuels. The present study aims at utilizing Senna auriculata and Ricinus communis waste generated locally for the production of biomass briquettes with 10% of tapioca starch as binder. The biomass wastes are blended at various proportions such as 0:100 (S1), 25:75 (S2), 50:50 (S3), 75:25 (S4) and 100:0 (S5) respectively, and the concentration of binder was maintained to be constant. The characterization of the prepared biomass briquettes includes the analysis of physical characteristics, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, SEM analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis and XRD analysis. The results of the proximate analysis have revealed that the biomass briquettes possess lower percentage in terms of moisture content, ash content, sensible fixed carbon and high percentage of volatile matter content. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis has shown that the carbon and oxygen are the major elements for all the biomass briquettes. SEM analysis has revealed that the surface of the biomass briquettes is identified with irregular surface, lumps, cavities and few deposits of carbon particles. Thermogravimetric analysis and DSC analysis have reconfirmed the spontaneous burning characteristics of biomass briquettes. XRD analysis has proved that the bonding between each element present in the biomass briquettes is either monoclinic, tetragonal, orthorhombic or anorthic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Totally six composite bio-films were produced through a simple solution casting technique by varying the weight percentage (0, 5, 10,15, 20, 25 wt.%%) of the filler material (ground nutshell (GNS) powder) and matrix (Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)). Before making the bio-film GNS was characterized through particle size analysis and chemical analysis. Composite biofilms were characterized by X-ray Diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis and tensile testing. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis results established that complete dispersion of GNS in PVA. X-ray Diffraction analysis results pronounced that the crystallinity index of the films was improved when increasing in the filler content. Derivative thermogravimetric curve was also visualized that maximum degradation temperature of the films was improved from 287°C (Controlled PVA) to 337°C (25% GNS/PVA Film). The tensile strength of the bio-films was increased and elongation at break of the bio-films was decreased while increasing the GNS content. The obtained results were clearly showed that the PVA/GNS composite bio-films were suitable materials to produce packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this present investigation is to improve the properties of natural fiber from red banana peduncle plant by alkali treatment for the first time. The main objective of this paper was to study the physico-chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties which are chemically modified by alkaline treatment of red banana peduncle fiber (ARBPF), which is used as a reinforcement in the polymer matrix and finally to make an end product for various industrial applications. The result indicates that cellulose content was improved in ARBPF when compared to untreated red banana peduncle fiber which is proved through X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies recording high crystalline index in fibers. The thermal property of ARBPF also exhibiting good thermal stability was observed by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis confirmed that the surface of the fiber is rough.

Irvingia gabonensis is a non-timber forest product, whose fruit contains an edible fat-rich kernel. This fat can be used not only in human food but also as a source of raw materials in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. This work aimed to provide a physicochemical description of components present in the almonds and butter of I. gabonensis. Oil was extracted by soxhlet and hot-pressing from almonds. Cryo-MEB analyses allowed the observation of oleosomes in which the triglycerides of almonds are located. The triglyceride profile and the fatty acids profile of the butter were determined by gas chromatography, and a statistical analysis was performed. The thermal properties of oil were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that oil bodies have sizes ranging from 30 to 60 µm. With a 63.8 ± 0.2% fat content, I. gabonensis is composed of 98.4% triglycerides. The hot-pressing yield is 47.9%. The main triglycerides are essentially made up of lauric (38.5 ± 0.1%) and myristic (51.9 ± 0.2%) acids. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the butter melted at 43.4 °C and decomposed at 415.2 °C. These results show that I. gabonensis butter may be proposed as a good source of lauric acid for food and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective non-covalent compatibilization method for graphite and low-density polyethylene is reported. To obtain this result, pyren-1-yl-stearate (P1S) was synthesized, characterized and mixed with graphite to provide a better dispersion in polyethylene matrix. The P1S improves the dispersion of carbon filler in polyethylene through non-covalent compatibilization: the pyrenyl group gives π−π stacking interactions with graphite and the stearyl chain provides van der Waals interaction with the polymer chain (specifically London dispersion forces). In this study, different P1S/graphite fillers were prepared with a ratio by weight of 90/10 and 50/50, respectively, by using manual and ball-milling mixing. Their stability, interaction and morphology were evaluated through TGA, RX, and SEM. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that ball-milling mixing is more effective than manual mixing in promoting π−π stacking interactions of molecules such as P1S ester containing an alkyl chain and aromatic rings. The role of ball milling is confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements since it was possible to observe both exfoliation and intercalation phenomena when this technique was used to mix the P1S ester with graphite. SEM analyses of polyethylene containing 1% of the carbon fillers again highlighted the importance of ball milling to promote the interaction of the ester with graphite and, simultaneously, the importance of the alkyl chain in order to achieve polyethylene-graphite compatibilization.

A new series of metal complexes of innovative bisketimines (L1 - L5) have been synthesized. Schiff base ligands were synthesized by condensing substituted 2'-hydroxy propiophenone and ethylene diamine. The synthesized Schiff bases act as tetradentate ligands with two nitrogen and two phenolic oxygen groups and co-ordinates with Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) salts. Ligands and their metal complexes have been studied using 1H NMR, IR, UV-Vis and thermogravimetric techniques. The complexes were crystalline, according to the XRD pattern. The thermogravimetric data revealed the thermal stability of the complexes. The study of antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ligands and their metal complexes showed more effectiveness of metal complexes than Schiff base ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-based insulators offer major benefits as compared to customary insulators. In the current research, efforts are conducted to enumerate the effect of µATH (Micro Aluminum Trihydrate) and nSiO2 (Nano silicon Di-oxide) fillers loading on to electrical, mechanical, thermal, and tracking resistance properties of Silicone Rubber-RTV/µATH@nSiO2 micro/nano composites for high voltage insulation. The UV-vis and FESEM characterizations were conducted to see the optical behavior and uniform dispersion of all fillers into base material before and after mixing. The prepared composites A, B, and C with wt.% concentrations of the 100% Silicone rubber, (15 wt.%µATH@Silicone rubber), and (15 wt.% µATH@nSiO2@Silicone rubber) respectively were tested for electrical, mechanical, thermal, and tracking resistance properties measurements. The characterization result for all samples A, B, and C indicates that all micro and nanocomposites had high voltage insulation characteristics with the loading of micro and nanofillers in pure silicone rubber. Silicone rubber was been mixed with varying concentrations of (15 wt.%µATH@Silicone rubber) and (15 wt.% µATH@nSiO2@silicone rubber) by using a roll milling sulfur cure system. The outcome that arises from the present research highlighted that the dielectric breakdown has increased with micro and nanofiller loadings which are about 120KV, 179KV, and 190KV for samples A, B, and C correspondingly. Similarly, the surface resistivity was noticed (3.3 × 1014, 5.5 × 1014, and 8.4 × 1014) Ω/Square for all three samples A, B, and C sequentially. Also, the volume resistivity was been recorded as (1.14 × 1014, 4.5 × 1014, and 9.8 × 1014) Ω-cm-Square for all three samples accordingly. Based on all experimental results, it has been concluded that sample C with nSiO2 fillers loadings showed improved electrical, mechanical, thermal, and tracking resistance properties as compares to other samples and suitable for high voltage outdoor applications. Preparation of µATH@nSiO2 based micro and nanocomposites for outdoor high voltage insulation. Preparation of silica rubber micro/nanocomposites by compounding techniques for insulation purposes. UV-vis and FESEM analysis was been comprehended to see optical effects and uniform dispersion Effects of µATH and nSiO2 based nanocomposites on Electrical, Mechanical, and thermal properties of insulators. An erosion tracking test was conducted for micro and nanocomposites of Silica rubber-based insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer nano-biocomposites were prepared from flax fiber, aloe vera fiber, polyamide 6 (PA6), and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) through the hot-pressing method. The effect of TAF/TFF/OMMT with PA6 content on mechanical, thermal, water absorption, and biodegradability properties was investigated. The coefficient of friction of neat-PA6 (Testing conditions: Load of 10 to 30 N, sliding distance of 1000 m, sliding velocity of 1 to 3 m/s) was measured. The improvement in mechanical, water resistance and thermal properties are achieved in PA6/10%(TFF/TAF)/1%OMMT nano-biocomposite compared to neat-PA6. The desired TFF/TAF/OMMT combination shows improvement of strength of material due to filling pores with fine fibers content, and Si-content in OMMT clay leads to increased strength. Microstructural morphology reveals that crack propagation minimizes with an increase in OMMT content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal stability and the decomposition kinetics of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) composite samples loaded with and without lead powder (50, 100, and 200 phr lead) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA was carried out at different heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min) under inert conditions in the temperature range of 50–650 °C. Lead addition did not significantly change the onset temperature or peak position corresponding to the maximum decomposition rate of the first derivative of the TGA curve (DTGA) (onset at about 455 °C and Tm at about 475 °C). Peak separation for the DTGA curves indicated that the main decomposition region for EPDM, the host rubber, overlapped the main decomposition region for volatile components. The decomposition activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponent factor (A) were estimated using the Friedman (FM), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) iso-conversional methods. Average activation energy values of around 231, 230, and 223 kJ/mol were obtained for the EPDM host composite using the FM, FWO, and KAS methods, respectively. For a sample loaded with 100 phr lead, the average activation energy values obtained via the same three methods were 150, 159, and 155 kJ/mole, respectively. The results obtained from the three methods were compared with results obtained using the Kissinger and Augis–Bennett/Boswell methods, and strong convergence was found among the results of the five methods. A significant change in the entropy of the sample was detected with the addition of lead powder. For the KAS method, the change in entropy, ΔS, was −3.7 for EPDM host rubber and −90 for a sample loaded with 100 phr lead, α = 0.5.

The aim of this present investigation is to improve the properties of natural fiber from red banana peduncle plant by alkali treatment for the first time. The main objective of this paper was to study the physico-chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties which are chemically modified by alkaline treatment of red banana peduncle fiber (ARBPF), which is used as a reinforcement in the polymer matrix and finally to make an end product for various industrial applications. The result indicates that cellulose content was improved in ARBPF when compared to untreated red banana peduncle fiber which is proved through X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies recording high crystalline index in fibers. The thermal property of ARBPF also exhibiting good thermal stability was observed by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis confirmed that the surface of the fiber is rough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades, lightweight materials were become a global concern due to effective and sustainable are evidence most popular utilizing in industrial sectors. This research would concentrate on actions taken by local governments across India that resolve hazardous waste in an environment-friendly and key component to cost reduction and the recovery of waste content. In present work was focused on the utilization of solid waste (PKSA) with TiO2 and SiC nano particles are used as reinforcement materials in reducing material cost for extensive applications in automotive sectors. An attempt was made in varying different five weight fractions (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%) to develop aluminium based nano-composites using modified gas injection ultrasonic probe double-stir casting process. A drastic improvement in mechanical and physical properties was observed with the incorporation of reinforcement content to aluminium alloy. The mechanical properties such as micro-hardness, tensile, impact and flexural strength were analyzed. The size distribution and physical properties like TGA, porosity, density were tested for both Al alloy and aluminium nano-composites. Microstructure analysis is taken using SEM and EDS, XRD has been analyzed. The results showed in this study are the benchmark against compatible alloys and metallic implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research work an attempt is made to utilize the ecofriendly biochar materials as reinforcements in polymer composites. Biochar materials were developed from Arhar stalks and Bael shells waste biomass by pyrolysis process and studied for different characteristics. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, fixed carbon content and elemental composition of synthesized biochar materials were studied using scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction and proximate analysis. The results showed that the biochar (BB) produced using Bael shells are highly amorphous in nature and have high amount of elemental carbon than arhar stalk biochar (AB). Using epoxy as matrix and biochar materials as reinforcement composites were fabricated with three different filler weight fractions i.e., 2%, 4% and 6%. The composites with 4% Bael shell biochar exhibited high tensile strength, and has 183% more strength when compared with neat epoxy. Increasing the filler percentage from 4% to 6% the strength and hardness of composites reduced due to poor interfacial bonding. Morphological studies were performed on fractured surfaces of tensile tested samples by using scanning electron microscope. From thermogravimetric analysis it was found that with the inclusion of biochar materials thermal stability of composites was significantly enhanced. 4% Bael biochar composites (BBC) exhibited higher thermal resistance which left 8% residual mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the study focused on the application of poultry manure as an energy resource. Such solution is expected to bring limitation of fossil fuels exploitation, reduction of poultry farming costs, as well as sustainable waste to energy conversion. The study was performed by the use of a prototype gasification installation. The study involved analysis of the outlet gas composition, calorific value and flue gas emission. Measured heat of combustion of dry poultry manure is comparable to wood or straw. It contains relatively large amount of ash (9.11%), volatile components (78.4%) and low amount of sulphur. The chemical composition of obtained ash, shows low contribution of components elevating the melting temperature and high contribution of components decreasing the melting temperature, which indicates slagging tendency. The calorific value of the process gas, ranges from 6.47 MJ/m3 to 9.47 MJ/m3. Measured emission values match the applicable standards, except dust content. Performed studies indicated that poultry manure is a valuable energy resource, which allows to reduce the use of fossil fuels for the needs of poultry farming. Obtained results are essential for the design and operation of gasification installation in order to avoid operation problems associated with slagging of the gasification chamber. • Poultry manure is a valuable energy resource, however has some drawbacks, e.g. ash. • Gasification of poultry manure allows to eliminate drawbacks of its direct use. • Calorific value of the process gas ranges from 6.47 MJ/m3 to 9.47 MJ/m3. • Emission values match the applicable standards, except dust content. • Poultry manure allows to replace fossil fuels with biofuels in poultry farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a simple procedure for fabricating epoxy/graphite composites using a simple solution blending method. The addition of graphite filler in the epoxy matrix showed a beneficial effect on mechanical properties by enhancing Young's modulus up to 55.25% of its value. The highest thermal conductivity was obtained to be 1.53 ± 0.07 W· m−1· K−1, which depicts a fourfold increment as compared to the neat matrix. The effective thermal conductivity has been predicted using Nan model, which shows a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Besides, the investigated composites display enhanced electrical conductivity; this evolution of electrical conductivity as a function of filler volume fraction is well described using percolation theory. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry have been used to determine the thermal properties of the composites as a function of filler volume fraction. These findings indicate that the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of epoxy/graphite composites could be ideal for thermal management and control of heat transfer devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irvingia gabonensis is a non-timber forest product, whose fruit contains an edible fat-rich kernel. This fat can be used not only in human food but also as a source of raw materials in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. This work aimed to provide a physicochemical description of components present in the almonds and butter of I. gabonensis. Oil was extracted by soxhlet and hot-pressing from almonds. Cryo-MEB analyses allowed the observation of oleosomes in which the triglycerides of almonds are located. The triglyceride profile and the fatty acids profile of the butter were determined by gas chromatography, and a statistical analysis was performed. The thermal properties of oil were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that oil bodies have sizes ranging from 30 to 60 µm. With a 63.8 ± 0.2% fat content, I. gabonensis is composed of 98.4% triglycerides. The hot-pressing yield is 47.9%. The main triglycerides are essentially made up of lauric (38.5 ± 0.1%) and myristic (51.9 ± 0.2%) acids. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the butter melted at 43.4 °C and decomposed at 415.2 °C. These results show that I. gabonensis butter may be proposed as a good source of lauric acid for food and nutrition.

Within the scope of the research, the impregnation of ferula plant extract (1%, 3%, 5%) from medicinal aromatic plant (antioxidant/antibacterial) species, which has a significant place in the ecological system, into the wood of scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was carried out and the thermal combustion (TGA) feature of the impregnated wood was analyzed. With the destruction of today's forest resources, instead of synthetic preservatives that threaten human/environmental health, medicinal aromatic plants and wastes, which are indispensable materials of humanity, applied in various fields in the ecological environment, as impregnation material in the wood industry (indoor/outdoor furniture, hospitals, playgrounds, children's toys) was planned and fire parameter change, which is a threat to human/environmental health, has been investigated. According to the research results; pre-impregnation and post-impregnation changes on concentrations were not determined. In terms of retention, the highest value was determined as 1% ferula extract (3.99%), and the lowest as 1% ferula extract (insect + fungi) samples (2.83%). In TGA analysis, the residue amount was determined as 22.23% in the highest 5% ferula extract (with insects). Compared to the control sample, positive results were obtained in impregnated (intact) samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic triplets and thermodynamic parameters of the pyrolysis of Putranjiva roxburghii (PR) and Cassia fistula (CF) non-edible oilseeds were studied using thermogravimetric analyzer. The kinetic parameters were assessed using both model-free [Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (OFW), Starink (STR), Li and Tang (LTA), Friedman (FRM), Vyazovkin (VYZ), Kissinger (KN), Avrami (AVM), and Master plot (MP)] and model-fitting [Coats-Redfern (CR)] methods at four different heating rates (10, 25, 40, and 55 °C/min) somewhere in the range of 10% and 80% conversions. The reaction mechanisms were found to be in good agreement with the experimental thermal analysis data. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) are also determined by model-free isoconversional method. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters recommended the appropriateness of PR and CF non-edible oilseeds for pyrolysis process. Image 1 • 1st study concerning the pyrolysis kinetics of putranjiva and amaltas non-edible oilseeds. • Both model-free and model-fitting methods were used. • Non-edible oilseeds pyrolysis model is discriminated by the master-plot method. • Non-edible oilseeds pyrolysis were well represented by A n and R n mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) are used to investigate the thermal degradation and thermal stability of the prepared bamboo/glass hybrid composites in a nitrogen atmosphere. The analysis is carried out in the temperature range of 0 °C to 800 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C min−1 with the nitrogen gas flow of 55 ml min−1. The hybrid glass/bamboo with coconut shell powder in micron and nano-size confirms a mass loss of 32.50% and 33.50%. Tensile and fatigue results confirm that the bamboo/glass hybrid composite added with coconut shell powder in micro- and nano-size exhibits good fatigue property and restrict crack initiation and crack propagation under cyclic loading. Fatigue analysis reveals that at 800 cycles, the hybrid bamboo/glass fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP) composite with nanoparticles posses 22.5% higher load compared to all other combinations. Finally, the fatigue life increases with decreasing the filler dimension of the hybrid composites. TGA/DTG analysis reveals that hybrid bamboo/glass FRP composite with nanoparticles has improved the thermal stability of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nanofiller (NF) additives containing copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by a polymer matrix of maleated polyethylene (MAPE), obtained by the mechanochemical method, on the properties of composites based on high-pressure polyethylene (LDPE) has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermographic (TGA) analysis. The improvement in strength, deformation, and rheological properties, as well as the thermo-oxidative stability of the obtained nanocomposites, has been revealed, which is associated with the synergistic effect of the interaction of copper nanoparticles with maleic groups of MAPE. It has been shown that LDPE-based nanocomposites can be processed both by pressing and by injection molding and extrusion, which expands the scope of its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nylon 66 industrial fabrics (used in the conveyor belts) were exposed artificially to the accelerated ultraviolet rays and the degradation mechanism was evaluated using spectral, thermal, and morphological analyses. The fabric samples were exposed to six different exposure times in a UV chamber and tensile tests were carried out in the main and bias (45°) directions. The results showed that the shear modulus was reduced in the early stages covering 4 h of the UV radiation because of the linkages breakage and the increase in the amorphous regions. However, after this early stage, the shear modulus started to increase. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study were also performed to evaluate the surface morphology and the degradation mechanism of the nylon 66 fibers after UV illumination. The results also revealed that the formation of new links by free radicals caused the change in the bond wavelengths. Furthermore, it was found that there was an interesting mechanism for the UV degradation of nylon 66 fabrics at different exposure times, as confirmed by the results obtained regarding the mechanical properties of the samples. The results of this study can be, therefore, helpful for the industrial application of nylon 66 woven conveyor belts exposed to solar UV radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient treatment processes for petroleum hydrocarbon waste (PHW) can lead to greater impact in the petroleum industry which has been generating disconcerting amounts of hazardous oily sludge. Traditionally, PHW is thermally remediated to stable non-hazardous soil. In this work, PHW in the form of a semi-solid sludge (hydrocarbons, soil, and water) is treated biochemically in a batch reactor. Contrary to municipal solid waste (MSW), biomass or wastewater treatment sludge (WWTS), PHW lacks the necessary nutrients to biodegrade and may include some heavy metals inhibitors. Therefore, co-digestion, addition of inoculum, and using other additives anaerobically and concurrently with adjustment of the reactor conditions is necessary to stimulate the microbial environment and thereby produce higher specific landfill gas (SLFG) generation. Additionally, hydrogen can also be produced in two stage anaerobic digestion. In this work, multiple samples of PHW and WWTS were collected and analyzed per their proximate/elemental composition and heating values. Then several bench-scale batch reactors were incubated with appropriate PHW and WWTS inoculum to assess their biodegradation. The SLFG generation were the maximum when 60% PHW is co-digested with 40% WWTS at 35 °C under additional hydration in a larger reactor. SLFG in this case reached as high as 130 ml/kg which is in reasonable comparison with the stoichiometric model (153 ml/kg), while inferior to the EPA model (180 ml/kg). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the digestate before and after the incubation explains the lower SLFG generation as more remaining organic fraction. These experiments set the baseline metrics for future two stage conversion, in which more favorable conditions (higher temperature and water contents) or remediation of inhibitors are pursued for near complete biodegradation. • Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Waste (PHW) and Wastewater Treatment Sludge (WWTS) is done. • Multiple bench-scale batch reactors were incubated at different PHW and WWTS inoculum to achieve optimal biodegradation. • TGA carried out before and after digestion suggests incomplete conversion and use more aggressive conditions. • Still conversion was compared favorably to EPA-LANDGEYM and stoichiometric models. • These experiments set the baseline metrics for two stage conversion for coproduction of hydrogen and LFG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saharan aloe vera cactus leaves fibers (SACLFs) are a biodegradable and renewable agro textile fiber enriched with cellulose polysaccharides. The isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from SACLFs is an alternative approach to reinforcement for bio-composites applications. In this study, we show that standard chemical methods for the extraction of cellulose microfibrils and sulfuric acid hydrolysis (64 wt%) will result in usable CNCs. The resulting CNCs were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA and TEM. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirms that the maximum amount of noncellulosic materials is removed from SACLFs. High yield content (32%) of CNCs is achieved by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and sonication process. It also enhances the crystalline size and crystallinity index of CNCs, which are confirmed by XRD. TEM analysis of CNCs shows a rod-like structure with diameter (10–14 nm), length (200–255 nm) and high aspect ratio of 18–20, which confers good reinforcing properties. These were tested in biodegradable agar film, whose tensile strength is increased by 27% when 5 wt% of CNCs from SACLFs was incorporated into the matrix. The SACLFs represent an interesting source of cellulosic reinforcing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]