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One of the current limitations to the progress of the digital television program in Cuba is the lack of funds that the country has to acquire the receiving equipment. The above statement, along with the need to implement the analog switch-off in the national territory, has led to seek autonomous solutions. Consequently, at the Central University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas (UCLV), a prototype of a set-top box (STB) is proposed. This highly integrated device, for digital terrestrial television signals, includes a tuning and demodulation module (NIM, Network Interface Module), a general-purpose single board computer (SBC) with an open-source operating system that allows technological independence and provides facilities for the implementation of new services with high added value. This solution is based on the design and development of an electronic circuit and its Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that serves as an interface between the SBC and the NIM, for future manufacture and commercialization in the country. To validate the technical feasibility of the proposal, the structure of the data frames must be experimentally corroborated, to latter design the software procedure dedicated to the real-time processing of the signal. It is also necessary to fulfill the timing requirements of the control, configuration and monitoring signals present in the different working modes of the Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) standard, which are included in GB 20600-2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While until now news programmes have been designed to be broadcast on large screen formats, especially television and computer screens, for the last decade, programmers have been making efforts to reach consumers on smaller receiver formats such as tablets and, more recently, mobile phones. Faced with this reality, television news has been redefined and reoriented, even using non-professional images for broadcasting. In this article, we review the evolution of audiovisual news, from television news to on-demand television and from there, its transition to vodcasting; all of this through an updated bibliography and the vision of television news managers. We therefore use a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory methodology, applying a questionnaire as a methodological tool. Audiovisual information has always been the most consumed and has increased with situations such as the global pandemic of the COVID-19 disease. According to a report by the Barlovento Comunicación consultancy published in June 2020, audiovisual consumption in Spain grew by 22%, both through conventional television and the Internet. The management of over-information and its adaptation to new consumption environments must be a maxim for journalistic content managers. Our study concludes, among other things, that although the forms of consumption have changed considerably and television news managers believe that they must adapt to them, so far content has been adapted to these new formats, but little material is produced expressly for video podcasting or vodcasting platforms in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently in LACETEL®, Research and Development Telecommunications Institute, has been developed a solution for monitoring the radio spectrum in commercial television bands. To achieve this goal, the deployment of a set of geographically distributed sensors is planned, in order to perform periodic sweeps of the spectrum, measuring the fundamental parameters of the detected signal and sending them to a central node for its management and processing. One of the alternative ways to implement the sensors consists in modifying the basic functionalities of commercial receivers, and so adapt their operation to the requirements of the solution. The receiver, transformed into a measuring instrument, is able to sweep the radioelectric spectrum, detecting specific parameters for each sensed channel and sending them through a communication interface. In a previous development in our Institute, the SOYEA SDP160 receiver was modified to monitor the signal/noise ratio and signal level parameters of a digital television channel and store the information into a removable storage device. Starting from this development, the present work describes the modification to the channels search function in the firmware implementing its automatic execution at periodic time intervals and suppressing any inner processing of transport stream structure. By implementing these modifications, the tool gets better suited for performing a periodic monitoring of the spectrum and the time intervals associated to each swept are conveniently reduced. The measured values are sent to the serial port for later processing. Tests performed in laboratory conditions are explained to evaluate the performance of the implemented algorithms, exposing the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the self-interference on SFN for DTMB based on the results of laboratory tests with professional and commercial receivers. The spectral inefficiency of the actual MFN represents a constraint for the evolution of the telecommunication technologies on Cuba, but It's is necessary to know the real capabilities of SFN on DTMB before a possible transition. The principal restriction for the design of SFN is the incapability of the receivers to estimate and equalize correctly the signals with delays bigger than frame header length. However, signals within this interval could represent either constructive or destructive interference. For that reason, in this paper, two ways to determinate the influence of the auto-interference on the DTMB signal quality are presented. First, the SFN gain values are analyzed using the MER as the measuring parameter. The signal strength and the delay and attenuation between signals are varied to emulate real conditions of a two-transmitter SFN. Second, a group of commercial receivers is evaluated using the TOV condition to determine the necessary attenuation between two SFN signals for keeping the correct visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. television receiver industry evolved to be an oligopoly dominated by firms that produced radios prior to TVs. Data on the experience of all U.S. radio manufacturers and on the length of survival and rate of innovation of all U.S. TV entrants are collected to analyze how radio experience influenced entry, firm performance, and the evolution of market structure in the TV industry. Consistent with a model of the evolution of an oligopolistic industry, more experienced radio firms were more likely to enter TV manufacturing, had higher innovation rates, and in turn had greater market shares and longer survival, suggesting that firm capabilities and the evolution of the TV industry's market structure were critically shaped by firms' experience prior to entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the 3625-4200 MHz frequency band (C-band) is widely used by TV receive-only (TVRO) application in the fixed satellite service (FSS). The 3400-3600 MHz adjacent band can be used by International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) systems, but many low noise block downconverters (LNB) of TVRO sold in Brazil have not a C-band filter. Thus, it is likely that the low cost LNB used in TVRO receivers would be overloaded by the IMT-systems emissions within the LNB wideband receiver, even the IMT stations operating accordingly to international standards. This paper shows that both systems can coexist harmoniously depending on the characteristics of the IMT system and on the FSS receiver specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of color distortion are discussed using the example of a television screen and the current standard television system. The chromaticity distortions between the original and its image on the TV screen obtained with standard color corrector circuits in the camera channel of the TV system are presented. A color correction method substantially suppressing these color distortions in the television receiver is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the radio spectrum gets scarcer, monitoring its usage levels and patterns becomes an important tool to implement technological and regulatory measures to manage this resource more efficiently. Spectrum occupancy surveys have been conducted for limited periods at different locations all over the world. The high cost of the equipment used to conduct those surveys has made it difficult to implement spectrum measurements in more places in a permanent fashion. This paper presents a low cost spectrum monitoring system based on a Dragonboard 410C, an embedded platform developed by Qalcomm®, an RTL-SDR 2832U, whose original purpose is being a digital TV receiver, and Python. The prototype performed as expected during spectrum measurements taken at different frequency bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently in LACETEL®, Research & Development Telecommunications Institute, it is being developed a tool for monitoring DTMB digital TV signal, using the hardware of a commercial receiver. Since the final result is to transform a TV receiver into a measuring instrument, this implies the need for its calibration and adjustment for each of the physical parameters to be measured. The present work focuses on the calibration and adjustment of the instrument for the measurement of the received signal's power. After performing an initial calibration, the results of the measurements obtained for each channel are analyzed in function of the reference signal. A functional relationship between the values is identified, the measurements are adjusted using mathematical regression techniques and the obtained adjustments are built into the instrument. The outcome of the adjustment is validated through a new calibration, verifying a reduction in the systematic errors of the instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide comprehensive coverage for digital TV reception on portable devices, a switchable matching network bank is proposed. Feasibility of this approach is demonstrated via a fully functional dongle-sized tuner with a telescope antenna. Both RF and system level tests are conducted to validate the enhanced reception performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdfunding has become an important funding method for video game developments in the United States. Interestingly, video game crowdfunding projects have significantly lower success rates compared to other product categories. Recognizing this challenge, this study examines factors influencing the success of crowdfunding campaigns for video games. The analysis of 447 crowdfunding campaigns suggests that human capital, geography, media choice, and the intensity of media use influence the success of crowdfunding for video games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores push–pull dynamics in television drama production and reception. Push–pull dynamics are understood as complicated power relations in the transactions between television industries and audiences. The research is underpinned by qualitative data, drawing on more than 170 participants in interviews, focus groups, and participant observations, with producers and audiences from Northern Europe and North and South America. A case study of The Bridge (FX, 2013–2014) crime drama and its adaptations is used to think through the idea of push–pull dynamics. A key question concerns how power is performed in television itself, referring to work in cultural studies and Williams’s notion of the television experience. The Bridge crime drama and its adaptations underscore the particularities of power for television industries and audiences: this is not a tale of surrender to global industrial forces; rather, this is a story of the reality of power and the struggle over how producers and audiences make sense of global television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of radio or TV sets in bars and restaurants to broadcast works for the enjoyment of customers is a disputed issue in copyright law. The Supreme Court of Justice of Portugal has been called to render a judgment of uniformity of case-law, in which it has ruled that said actions do not infringe copyright, even when extra loudspeakers are used, provided that it does not amount to a public show. The Court decided that such acts do not fall under the right of communication to the public and therefore there is also no obligation to pay remuneration to authors. This contrasts with the relevant case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), in particular the preliminary ruling in Premier League Football Association and later the Order in Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores. This paper provides an overview of the issue and submits that Portuguese law provides a statutory licence to use radio or TV sets in bars and restaurants, but requires payment of equitable compensation to copyright holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last 5 years have seen a dramatic shift in media distribution. For decades, TV and radio were solely provisioned using push-based broadcast technologies, forcing people to adhere to fixed schedules. The introduction of catch-up services, however, has now augmented such delivery with online pull-based alternatives. Typically, these allow users to fetch content for a limited period after initial broadcast, allowing users flexibility in accessing content. Whereas previous work has investigated both of these technologies, this paper explores and contrasts them, focusing on the network consequences of moving towards this multifaceted delivery model. Using traces from nearly 6 million users of BBC iPlayer, one of the largest catch-up TV services, we study this shift from push- to pull-based access. We propose a novel technique for unifying both push- and pull-based delivery: the Speculative Content Offloading and Recording Engine (SCORE). SCORE operates as a set-top box, which interacts with both broadcast push and online pull services. Whenever users wish to access media, it automatically switches between these distribution mechanisms in an attempt to optimize energy efficiency and network resource utilization. SCORE also can predict user viewing patterns, automatically recording certain shows from the broadcast interface. Evaluations using our BBC iPlayer traces show that, based on parameter settings, an oracle with complete knowledge of user consumption can save nearly 77% of the energy, and over 90% of the peak bandwidth, of pure IP streaming. Optimizing for energy consumption, SCORE can recover nearly half of both traffic and energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Interest in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) broadcast technology is increasing rapidly. With consumer desire for "Television (TV) Anywhere" at an all-time high, more and more leading mobile operators globally are trialling the LTE Broadcast technology within their networks to start identifying different use cases and scenarios to explore its business potential. Broadcasting is usually efficient if more than one user is receiving from one transmitter. Rooftop reception enables a wide reach from high-power high-tower transmitters, so that broadcasting is efficient for popular TV programs, particularly if transmitters operate in single-frequency network mode. LTE, including LTE Broadcast, is currently designed to operate on low-power low-tower networks. This paper discusses the spectral efficiency and flexibility of LTE Broadcast, which is only efficient when several devices receive the same content stream. Unicast is much more efficient for less popular, so called "long-tail" content. For times when there is only low interest in a certain part of the network, the infrastructure can stop the broadcast and use the resources for unicast content delivery and the spare resources for mobile broadband. Furthermore, the implications of differences in replacement cycles of fixed TV receivers and mobile devices are discussed. A signal adapted to the high radio signal quality of rooftop antennas should be used for the legacy technologies supporting fixed receivers, whereas a signal adapted to the low radio signal quality typical for mobile reception is required. Thus, it is essential to use the most efficient technologies soon after ratification of the standards. Finally, we outline a potential use of existing rooftop antenna installations for LTE modems that can be used for TV distribution and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watching television on a portable device is possible on broadcast and cellular systems. With broadcast technologies, due to the absence of a feedback channel it is not possible to guarantee an error free reception at the receivers. With cellular technologies, the transmission is based on unicast and the same content is transmitted as many times as the number of people who are watching the same program in the cell. We propose to combine both technologies and consider the concept of repairing a broadcast data flow for dual-mode (cellular and broadcast) smartphones in real time in order to ensure a better quality of service. We propose to use the constrained application protocol (CoAP) and specify a real-time flow repair (RFR) service based on CoAP in the cellular networks. We describe the architecture to provide such a service. We analyze the load generated in the cellular radio access network due to the retransmission of the packets lost on the broadcast system and also develop a model for the evaluation of the residual errors in the RFR operations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) and mentions its work in the field of broadcasting. Topics include establishing research and development (R&D) of radio systems, serving standards development organization (SDO), role of international unification of standards (STDs) in ARIB such as providing receivers for televisions, and its ultrahigh definition television (UHDTV) related standards such as STD-B56.

In Japan, the services that maintain the television reception and recording device fo r the overseas viewers to watch the aired television programs over the Internet were accused of as infringing the copyrights of the broadcasting companies. The judgments of the Supreme Court of Japan in copyright infringement suits against these services holding them liable significantly expanded the scope of right of reproduction and right of public transmission. These judgments are surely a blessing for copyright holders. But there is a legitimate question whether such expansion would contribute to the further development of the cyberspace and development of culture. This article explores the copyright infringement issues these services presented, traces the history of the suits and examines the implications of the judgments of the Supreme Court of Japan for the protection of copyright over the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]